Ibadullah Salt Range Field Report

1
FIELD REPORT
OF SALT RANGE ,MAINWALI AND PUNJAB
Department of
AREA
Geology
Submitted to:
Prof.FAHAD ALI ZAI
Submitted from:
IBADULLAH
ROLL NO:41
SEMESTER: 4TH
Bacha khan university charsadda

(2016)
By IBADULLAH Smester 4th
Written by IBADULLAH (swabian)
Table of content
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
Chapter 1:
Introduction
Introduction to salt range formation

Chapter 2:
Stratigraphy of salt range
Chapter 3
:Field work
Siwalik group
1. Chingi Formation
2. Nagri formation
3. Dhokh pattan formation
Salt Range Formation
4. Sehwal marl member
5. Bandarkas gypsum member

6. Billianwala salt member
Jehlum Group
1.
2.
3.
4.
Khewra
Kussak
Jutana
Baghawalan
Nilawahan Group
1. Tobra
2. Warcha
3. Sardai
Zaluch group
1. Wargal
2. Chidru
Musa khel Group

1. Mianwali
2. Tredian
3. Kingriali
Broach Group
1. Datta
Makarwal Group
1. Hangu
2. Lockhart
3. Patala
Cherrat group
1. Namal
2. Sakessar
3. Chor gali
Refrences
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Countless thanks to almighty Allah, creator of all of us, worthy of all praises, who guides in
darkness and helps in difficulties. All respect to the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him), who
enables us to recognize our creator. Thanks to Almighty Allah for providing us this opportunity
and granting us the capability to proceed successfully.
This Field trip appeared in its current form due to the assistance and guidance of several people.
We would therefore like to offer our sincere thanks to all of them. We are heartily thankful to our
Teachers,Mr.Fahad ali zai, Mr.Taqweem Ul Haq Ali and Mr. Imran, whose encouragement, able
guidance; whole-hearted cooperation and support from the initial to the final level enabled us to
develop an understanding of the Field work. We owe our deepest gratitude to our respected
teacher Mr. Imran for their help during our Field at Salt range formation.And specially Mr Fahad
navigated me through many of the members, formations and groups of the salt range and also
through various secrets of writing this report which made substantial improvements to the text
and artwork. I greatly appreciate the impressive skills of my teachers. I also acknowledge the
department of geology and university of Bacha Khan University that helped a lot in arranging the
field for us in such crucial circumstances of our homeland. To my family who helped me along
every step of my life and in understanding of my geology life while I was out of the native town
in field studies and was a constant source of inspiration.
.We are grateful to all our friends from Department of Geology, Bacha Khan
university,Charsadda KPK, for being the surrogate family during the the three days we stayed
there and for their continued moral support during this short period. We again warmly thanks and
appreciate our parents and teachers for their material, moral and spiritual support in all aspects of
our life.
Abstract
The Salt Range contains the most important geologic and paleontologic
localities in Pakistan,and is one of the outstanding field areas in the entire
world. Despite its easy accessibility, it has a wealth of geological and
paleontological features. In fact, it represents an open book of geology
where various richly fossiliferous stratified rocks are very well exposed due
to lack of vegetation. These include the Permian carbonate succession with
its outstanding brachiopod fauna, Lower Triassic ammonoid beds (the

Mianwali Formation, formerly known as "Ceratite Beds"), and Lower Tertiary
marine strata with age diagnostic foraminifera. These rocks also provide an
excellent opportunity for appreciation of tectonics in the field. In addition to
the easily available roadside geology, some prominent gorges provide
fantastic locations to study the sedimentary succession. Older strata are
exposed in the eastern Salt Range between the Khewra-Choa Saidan Shah
and Fort Kussak including the famous Khewra Gorge. In the west, beyond
Kallar Kahar, are younger strata such as in the Nilawahan Gorge at Nurpur,
the Nammal Gorge near Mianwali, the Chichali Gorge near Kalabagh, and
further west the Lumshiwal Nala at Makerwal. This succession has been
rightly called a Field Museum of Geology and Paleontology and can be
classified as one of the great paleontological areas of the world, fully worthy
of conservation and protection efforts.
Chapter no 1
Introduction
Introduction
The Salt Range forms the southern border of the hydrocarbon-bearing
Potowar Basin in northern Pakistan, along the northwestern margin of the
Indo-Pakistani Plate (Fig. 1). It derives its name from the occurrence of
gigantic deposits of rock salt embedded in the Precambrian bright red marls
of the Salt Range Formation (formerly known as the "Punjab Saline Series").
Strata in the Salt Range dip northwards into the Potowar Basin where nonBy IBADULLAH Smester 4th
marine Tertiary sediments, collectively known as the Siwaliks, are exposed

with a wealth of vertebrate fossils. The southern face of the Salt Range is an
escarpment that rises abruptly from the Punjab Plains with a junction
marked by the Frontal Thurst. Block faulting is the most characteristic
tectonic style within the Salt Range. The Salt Range is essentially an EastWest trending elongated narrow trough bounded on the east by the River
Jhelum and on the west by the River Indus. Beyond the River Indus at
Kalabagh, it takes a sharp turn to run almost in a North-South direction (Fig.
1). The entire mountainous belt has, therefore, previously been differentiated
into the Cis-Indus Salt Range and Trans-Indus Salt Range now known as The
Salt Range and Trans-Indus Surghar Range, respectively.
Figure 1
Figure 1: Map of the Salt Range, Pakistan (after E.H. PASCOE, 1919). The
Salt Range is one of the most important geological regions in Pakistan. It is
easily accessible and displays a wide variety of geological features and
paleontological remains. It has, therefore, been rightly called a field museum
of geology and paleontology. It represents an open book of geology with
richly fossiliferous stratified rocks that include a Permian carbonate
succession with brachiopods, Lower Triassic ammonite bearing beds (the
Mianwali Formation, formerly known as "Ceratite Beds") and Lower Tertiary
marine strata composed of age diagnostic foraminifera. All the strata are
excellently exposed due to lack of vegetation. The quality of the exposure
also provides excellent opportunities to appreciate tectonic features in the
field. The Salt Range is, therefore, of international scientific and educational
value, and is highly worthy of conservation and preservation.
Chapter no 2
STRATIGRAPHY
Straitigraphy of salt range.
Exposed stratigraphic sequence in the vicinity of Zaluch Nala consists of

about one and half km thick succession of rocks of Eocambrian to Eocene age (Figure 3). The
Salt Range Formation that is the oldest rock sequence in the area represents the Eocambrian
sequence. The Tobra Formation of the Nilawahan Group marks the base of the Permian sequence
in the study area and grades upward into medium- to coarse-grained Warchha Sandstone,
whereas Dandot Formation is missing in the area. The Warcha Sandstone is overlain by the
Sardhai Formation with a transitional contact and is placed at the top of the highest massive
sandstone bed and grades upward into the Amb Formation, which is composed of sandy
limestone, gray incolor and medium- to thick-bedded.The Amb Formation having a conformable
contact gradeupward into the Wargal Formation. It grades into the overlying Chhidru Formation
which is Para conformably overlain by the Mianwali Formation of early Triassic age. The upper
contact of the Mianwali Formation is marked by the Tredian Formation, which consists of
sandstone, shale and dolomite. The Tredian Formation is conformably overlain by Kingriali
Formation, which is composed of dolomite and olomitic limestone. The upper contact of the
Kingriali Formation with the Data Formation is disconformable. The Data Formation marks the
base of the Jurassic sequence and contains red, grey and white sandstone with siltstone, shale and
mudstone and fine clay horizons. It grades upward into medium-bedded limestone, marl and
sandstone f the Shinawari Formation, which is disconformably overlain by medium-bedded, grey
limestone of Samana Suk Formation. Towards top of the Jurassic sequence overlies Chichali,
Lumshiwal formations of Cretaceous age. The Cretaceous sequence is in turn overlain by
Paleocene age rocks of the Hangu, Lockhart and Patala formations, whereas the youngest rock
exposed .
SiwalikGroup
Lower Siwaliks; Kamlial, Chingji
Danilchik and Shah (1967) established the Siwalik group for the following formation:
4.Soan Formation
3.Dhokh Pattan Formation
2.Nagri Formation
1.Chingji Formation
1. Chingji Formation
Lithology
10
Clay with interclation of sandstone and intraformational conglomerate.

Clay red in colour, sandstone; ash grey, brownish grey, fine to medium grained
occationaly gritty, cross bedded and soft.
sandstone+clay interclation vary at places
Thickness/Distribution
Widely distributed in Upper Indus and Lower Indus Basins
Type section 750m
Shinghar range 1800m
Fossils
Abundant vertebrate fossils, crocodile, lizards, turtles aquatic birds
Age
Early Pliocene
Contact
Lower: conformable with Kamlial Formation
upper: conformable with Nagri Formation
Environment of Deposition
Fluvial with pond condition, due to crocdile
2. Nagri Formation
Lithology
Sandstone+clay and conglomerate
Upper Indus Basin
Sandstone; greenish grey, medium to coarse grained
Clay; is sandy/silty, choclate brown or redish grey
Conglomerate: varies in thickness, composed igneous pebbles
Lower Indus Basin(Suleman-Kirthar)
Clay has nodules and sandstone is soft.
Widely distributed in Upper Indus basin and lower indus basin
Thickness ranges from 300 to 2000m at places
1100m Sibi area (Suleman)
940m Gaj River (Kirthar)
11
Fossils
Rich in Vertebrate assemblages, crocodile, chelorians, rhinoceras
Age
Early to Middle Pliocene
Contact
Lower: conformable with Chingji Formation
Upper: conformable with Dhokh PattanFormation
Fluvial
3. Dhokh Pattan Formation

Lithology
Sandstone+Clay
Sandstone: commonly grey to light grey, thick bedded, calcareous,
Clay: orange, brown to dull red, calcareous and sandy.
Ocassionaly conglomeratic in form of lense and layers
Upper/Lower Indus basin
Max. thickness at Khair-e-Murat Range 1820m
Eastern Suleman Range 1330-1500m
Gaj River 1500m
Fossils
Abundant vertebrate fauna in upper indus basin less fossilierous in lower indus
basin
Age
Middle Pliocene
Contact
Lower: conformable with Nagri Formation
Upper: conformable wih Soan Formation
12
Fluvial
4. Soan Formation
Soan formation was missing here at jaalchakkya
stop.
Precambrian Stratigraphy
1. Salt Range Formation
Asrarullah 1967, Salt Range Formation
Type Locality/Section.
Khewra Gorge, in eastern Salt Range is type section
Lithology
Lower part of the salt range formation composed of;
Red coloured gyseous marl with thick seam of salt
Upper part consitutes
Beds of gysum, dolomite greenish clay and low grade oil shales
Highly weathered igneous body known as Khewra trap has been reported from the
upper part of Formation, also known as Khewrites.
Khewrites: highly decomposed radiating needles of light coloured minerals
probably pyroxene
Asrarullah 1967, carried out detail study of the formation and divided the salt range into;
3 members
A.Sahiwal Marl Member

B. Bhandar Kas Gypsum Member
C. Billianwalan Salt Member
A. Sahiwal Marl Member
Lower part of salt range Can be divided into two units as
UNIT1
Bright red marl beds with irregular gypsum, dolomite beds and khewra trap
Thickness (~3-100m at places)
Unit 2
13
Dull red marl with some salt seams and 10m thick gypsum beds on top (~ more than
40m)
B. Bhandar Kas Gypsum Member

Massive gypsum with minor amount of dolomite and clay (~ more than 80m thickness)
C. Billianwalan Salt Member

Ferrogenous red marl with thick seams of salt (~more than 650m thickness)
Fossils
Devoid of fossils
Age
Precambrian age, due to law of superposition (controvertial age description)
Contact
Base of salt range formtaion only known at Karampur Well overlies metamorphic
rocks
Upper contact with Khewra Sandstone conformable
Evaporitic Environment
Cambrian Stratigraphy
Jehlum Group
After the district Jhelum
Jhelum Series, Pascoe 1959
Includes the following formations
4. Baghanwalan Formation
3. Jutana Formation
2. Khussak Formation
1. Khewra Sandstone
14
1. Khewra Sandstone
Name was formalized by SCP as Khewra Sandstone
Lithology
Predominantly sandstone;
Purple to brown, yellowish brown
Fine grained sandstone, mostly thick bedded to massive
Lower most of formation is red flaggy shale
Sedimentary fetures like, ripple marks, mud cracks, ball and pillow structures are
common
Well distributed in upper Indus basin
The formation is sandstone predominantly in Khewra Gorge
In Khisor Range; the upper part of the formation grades upwards into glauconitic
sandstone;
Which marks the upper contact of Khussak Formation
Widely distributed in salt range through out
Thickness at
150m at type locality
200m western salt range
60m in Khisor Range
Fossils
Trace fossisl of Trilobites
Age
Early Cambrian due to Trace of Trilobites
Contact
Lower: conformable with Salt Range Formation
Upper: gradational (conformable) with Khussak Formation
Envoirnment of Deposition
Deltaic
15
Then SCP formalized the name Khussak Formation
Type Locality
Khussak Fort, eastren part of salt range
Lithology
Sandstone: greenish grey, glauconitic micaceous sandstone
Siltstone; greenish grey, interbedded with light grey dolomite and some oolitic
arenaceous dolomite
Thin gypsum layer are present at the top having pink colour
Numerous layers intraformational conglomerate are also present
Fossils
Brachiopods (Neobolus), Trilobites (Redlichia, Lingulella)
Age
Early-Middle Cambrian
Contact
Lower: conformable with Khussak Formation
Upper: conformable with Jutana Formation
Marine to Deltaic (Complex)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Jutana Formation
SCP, Jutana Formation
Type Locality
Lies near Jutana village, eastern salt range
Lithology
Lower part:
Light green, hard, massive partly sandy dolomite
Upper part:
Light green to dirty white, massive dolomite, brecciated at places
16
Well distributed in eastern salt range and dies out at the western salt range
Further west at Khisor range it is distributed
Fossils
Trilobites, Brachiopods, Gastropods
Age
Middle Cambrian
Contact
Upper: conformable with Baghanwalan
Formation, at eastern salt range but at Khisor range is conformable with Khisor Formation
(equivalent to the Baghanwalan Formation).
Tidal Flats (Peritidal Environment)
Marine to Lagoonal
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-4. Baghanwalan Formation

Then SCP formalized the name Baghanwanlan Formation
Type Locality/Section
Baghanwalan village, eastern salt range
Lithology
Red shale, clay and alternate beds of flaggy sandstone
Sandstone
Exhibits several colours including pink grey or blue green, especially in the lower
half of the formation
17
Sedimentary structures like, ripple marks, mud cracke are common

Numerous Pseudomorphic casts of salt crystals is the diagnostic feature of this
formation
Well developed in eastern salt range and disappears as we move to west, but reappears at
different localities at central salt range
Thickness in subsurface at Karampur village, near Baghanwalan is 100-116m, at Khewra
Gorge by erosion reduces to 40m
Fossils
Unfossiliferous, some trace fossils present
Age
Middle to Late Cambrian; can be correlated wit h Khisor Formation at Khisor Rnage
Casts of salt Pseudomorphs represent the lagoonal environment (Arid Condition)
Nilawahan Group
Nilawahan Series, Gee

Then SCP formalized the Nilawahan Group
Group contains the following formations
4. Sardai Formation
3. Warccha Formation
2. Dandot Formation
1. Tobra Formation
1.
Tobra Formation
Talchir Boulder beds and Talchir Stage, Gee (in Pascoe 1959)
Salt Range Boulder beds, Teichert 1967
Type Locality
Near Tobra Village in eastern Salt Range
18
Lithology
Composed of conglomerate, siltstone, sandstone and shale etc
The formation has been divided into three facies by Teichert 1967 as;
A. Tillitic Facies
B. Fresh Water Facies
C. Complex Facies (Tillitic + Fresh Water)
A. Tillitic Facies
Eastern salt range
unit composed of coglomerate:
having matrix of clay and siltstone, calcareous at places
Clast: having boulders, pebbles mainly granite, quartzite, magnetite, garnet,
claystone and siltstone. Few pebbles are polished and scratched.
B. Fresh Water Facies
Central salt range

Alternation of siltstone and shale
Fossils like glossopteris and gangmopteris
Environment is lacustrine, due to less composed of clast etc
C. Complex Facies
Western salt range
Divided into three units
1. Lower Part;
Brownish green, massive unit consisting of unsorted clastic material including clay, silt,sand and
boulders
ii. Middle Part;
Medium to coarse grained, thick bedded, dark to light, olive grey sandstone containing
conglomeritic beds
iii. Upper Part
Similar to lower one and consists of dark green, grey clay and sandstone with pebbles
and boulders
19
Well distributed in salt range, having tillitic facies in eastern, fresh water facies in central
and complex facies in western salt range
At Khisor Range, the lithology is same as western salt range (Zalauch Nala)
Thickness; maximum recorded at western at Zalauch Nala: 113m, eastern salt range: 33m
and central salt range: 0-25m varies)
Fossils
Pollen and spores (Plants Fossils)
Age
Early Permain
Contact
Lower: disconformable with Baghanwalan Formation at Salt Range, but disconformable
with Khisor Formation in Khisor Range
Upper: conformable with Dandot Formation (gradational) in eastern salt range, but in
west and Khisor Formation is disconformable with Warccha Formation
2. Dandot Formation
Dandot was missing here
3. Warccha Sandstone
Noetling 1901, Warccha Group (witch includes the sardai formation)
Gee 1945, Speckled Sandstone
Hussain 1967, Warccha Sandstone proposed by him
Lithology
Medium to coarse, cross bedded sandstone, conglomeratic at places, interbeds of shales
present
Sandstone;
red, purple shows lighter shades of pink
Sandsotne is arkosic
Pebble mostly of granite of pink colour and quartzite
The formation is locally spekeled
20
Economic importance; wester salt range contains carbonaceous shales with impersistent
coal seam,the only permian coal in pakistan
Production low
Quality is poor
Widely distributed in salt range and Khisor Range
Thickness range from 26 to 180m
Fossils
Root casts
Age
By law of Superposition, early Permian
Contact
Lower: conformable with Tobra Formation in Zalauch Nala
Upper: conformable (transitional) with Sardai Formation.
Fluvial (Flood Plain)
4. Sardai Formation
Gee (in Pascoe), Lavender Clays Stage.

Wynne 1878, Lavender Clays.
Noetling 1901, Upper Part of Warccha Group.
Then SCP approves the Sardai Formation as name proposed by Gee
As suggested by Gee Sardai Gorge in eastern Salt Range
Lithology
Purplish, reddish, bluish and greenish grey with minor amount of sand and siltstone
The clay predominantly display lavender colour
Also contains some carbonaceous shale
Clay contains some copper minerals like chalcopyrite, minor amount of Jarosite chert
and gypsum.
The upper part is calcareous
21
The sardai formation changes facies form predominantly Lavender colour clays In salt
range, to black shale and brownish argillaceous limestone in Khirsor Range
The formation is 50m in Khisor Range, 65m in W. Salt Range, at type locality i.e.,
eastern salt range 42m.
Fossils
Plants remains and fish scales have been reported
Limestone beds well developed at Khisor Range having brachiopods and bryozoans
Age
Early to Middle Permian
Fluvial dominated Delta (Fluvial to Marine; transitional environment)
Zaluch Group
Name introduced by Tiechert 1966.
Zaluch Group derived from Zaluch Nala,western part of Salt Range.
Zaluch Group contains the following late permian formations:
3. Chhidru Formation
2. Wargal Limestone
1. Amb Formation
1. Amb Formation
Amb formation was missing at the Namal gorge but a little expose but not sure .
2. Wargal Limestone
Noetling 1901 called it as a part of Wargal Group.
Waagen 1876 called it as middle productus.
Tiecher 1966, proposed the name Wargal Limestone as approved by Stratigraphic
Committee of Pakistan.
Type locality lies near village Wargal central Salt Range.
22
Type section given by Tiecher 1966 as Zalauch Nala, western Salt Range.
Lithology
Lithology: (limestone+dolomite+sandstone)
Limestone and dolomite, light-medium grey, brownish grey and olive grey in colour.
Limestone at some places sandy, having chert nodules at upper part.
Dolomite is brecciatted and massive at places.
Sandstone is greyish orange, fine grained.
In Khisor and Marwat Ranges the lithology is same as the Salt Range.
Thickness: Khisor/Marwat Ranges: 174m
Salt Range: 180m
Fossils
Abundant fossils; bryozoans, brachiopods, bivavles, gastropods, trilobites and crinoids,
conodonts also pollen and spores.
Age
Late Permian
Contact
Lower: conformable with Amb Formation
Upper: Transitional with Chhiddru Formation
Shallow Marine (Shelfal)
Dunbar 1933, introduces the name Chhidru Formation.
Type Locality
Chhidru Nala,western Salt Range.
Lithology
Basal Part contains:
Shale: Pale yellowish, grey to medium dark grey in colour, contains phosphatic
nodules.
23
Overlies with calcareous sandstone with few sandy limestone.

Upper Part contains:
White sandstone with oscillation ripple marks, medium to fine grained
with sub-ordinate dark shales.
Well distributed in Salt Range and Khisor Range.
Thickness at Chhidru Nala is 64m.
Fossils
Highly fossiliferous, brachiopods, gastropods, bivalves and Ammonoids etc.
Age
Late Permian
Contact
Lower: conformable with Wargal Limestone
Upper: Unconformable, Paraconformity, marking the P-T boundary with Mianwali
Formation.
Shallow Marine
Musakhel Group
Shah 1980 introduces the term.
Type locality, Nammal Nala (lat. 32040 00 N
and long. 71048 00 E) 4km east of Musakhel.
Group contains the following Triassic
Formations:
3. Kingriali Formation
2. Tredian Formation
1. Mianwali Formation
24
Waagen 1879, 1895; Ceratite beds

Gee (in Pascoe 1959) Mianwali series
The Kummel 1966, Mianwali Formation
Nammal Gorge at lat. 320 40 00 N and long. 71048 00 E, western Salt Range,
Lithology
Includs the following members;
A. Kathwai Member
B. Mittiwali Member
C. Narmia Member
A. Kathwai Member
Lower Part: dolomite, the dolomite is finely crystalline and includes fossil fragements
(mainly of ammonoids and echinoderms) and quartz grains
Upper part: limestone, grey to brown and glauconitic.
Thickness of member is 124.7m in Type Section.
B. Mittiwali Member
Lower part: Limestone, The limestone is grey, fine grained and nonglauconitic with
abundant ammonoids
Upper Part: shale, greenish to greenish grey with some sandstone+limestone. Having
fossils.
Thickness of member is 98m in type section.
C. Narmia Member
Lower part: Limestone, dark grey to brown
Upper part: shale, grey to black with sandstone+limestone inter beds. The top most bed is
dolomite.
Thickness of member is 23m in type section.
Well distributed in Khisor and Salt Ranges. It is thick at the west and thins out at the east
of the Salt Range.
It is exposed in Zalauch Nala in Salt Range and Tapan Wahan in Khisor Range.
Thicness at Zalauch Nala: 121m and Tapan Wahan Section: 135-187m.
25
Fossils
Ammonoids, brachiopods, conodonts, fish teeth etc.
Age
Early Triassic
Contact
Lower: unconformable, Paraconfomity marking the P-T boundary with Chhidru
Formation
Upper: conformable with Tredian Formation.
Marine (Open-Deltaic)
Gee 1945, Kingriali Sandstone
Gee (in Kummel 1966) called Tredian Formation
Zalauch Nala, W. Salt Range.
Lithology
Fatmi 1977, divides the formation into two members
A. Landa Member
B. Khatkiara Member
A. Landa Member
Lithology: (Sandstone+Shale)
Sandstone: micaceous, varies in colour from pinkish to reddish grey to greenish grey,
thick bedded having ripple marks & Slump structures.
Thickness at Zalauch Nala: 19m and Tapan Wahan Section 29m.
B. Khatkiara Member
Sandstone, massive, thick bedded, white sandstone.
26
Thickness at Zalauch Nala: 38m and Tapan Wahan Section: 59m.

Well distributed in Salt Range and Khisor Range.
Thickness at Zalauch Nala: 76m
Fossils
Palynomorphs (Pollen and Spores).
Age
Middle Triassic
Contact
Lower: conformable with Mianwali Formation
Upper: Kingriali Formation
Fluvial (Non-Marine).
Anwar et al 1992, divided the formation into two members
1. Doya Member
2. Vanjari Member
1. Doya Member
After village Doya (lat. 320 27 16 N & long. 710 09 59 E).
Lithology
Sandstone: Light grey to greenish white, pinkish, on weathering brownish grey, fine to
medium grained, thick bedded, soft, micaceous, dolomitic friable and cross bedded.
Dolomite: brownish grey to brown, coarse grained, hard, sandy, jointed and fractured.
Limesotne: grey to brownish grey, medium bedded, dolomitic, sandy and hard.
Shale: black, carbonaceous and micaceous.
Thickness at Trakai Nala: 34m, Narmia Nala: 30m and Landa Nala: 40m.
2. Vanjari Member
After village Vanjari, Surghar Range.
Lithology
27
Mainly dolomite
Lower Part: brown, purple to purplish grey, coarse grainedm massive, hard, highly
brecciated, jointed, fractured.
Upper Part: whitish to light grey, micritic, thin bedded, medium hard.
Formation widely distributed in Salt Range, Trans Indus Ranges, Part of Kala Chitta,
Kohat and SE Hazara.
Thickness at Trakai Nala: 92m, Narmia Nala: 108m and Landa Nala: 104m.
Fossils
Doya Member: Spirifera, Crinoids, echinoids, gastropods and other benthic fossils.
Vanjari Member: Poorly preserved but brachiopods, bivalves are reported.
Age
Doutfully Late Triassic
Contact
Lower: conformable with Tredian Formation in Salt Ranges, Trans Indus Ranges.
& with Chak Jabbi Limestone in Kala Chitta Ranges.
Upper: Disconformable with Datta Formation.
Tidal Flats
Broach/Surghar Group
6.Kawagarh formation
5.Lumshiwal formation
Surghar
Surghar
4.Chichali formation
group
Group
3.Samanasuk formation
2.Shinawri formation
Broach group
28
1.Datta formation
Most of the Formations have type section in Surghar Range.
1. DattaFormation
Name Introduced by Danilchikand Shah 1961 & 1967
Gee 1945 named it as VarigatedStage
Type section is located in DattaNala(lat. 33 0 00 00N & long. 710 19 00 E) in
SurgharRange.
Lithology
Lithologycontains sandstone, siltstone & shales.
Lithologiesgive varigatedcoloursof red, maroon, grey, green and white.
Formation also contains the economic minerals like silica sand, fire clay, sulphur, coal
etc.
Thickness & Distribution
The formation is well developed in Trans-Indus Ranges (Khisor, Surghar, Shinghar) and
Salt Range.
It is also reported from the SamanaRange & Kala ChittaRange.
Thickness at type locality 212m and increases at PannuNalato west.
In SW of KhisorRange it is 150m.
In Salt Range 150m in NammalNalaand decresesfurther east.
In Kala Chittait is upto10m.
In SamanaRange it is 272m.
Fossils
No diagnostic fossils reported, some carbonaceous remains are there.
Age
By Law of super position, Early-Jurassic
Contact
The lower contact is unconformable with Kingriali
29
Formation.
The upper contact is conformable (gradational) with the ShinawariFormation at
SurgharRange, but unconformable with samanasukin Salt Range.
Deltaic
2. Shinawari Formation
Not expose in salt range.
3. Samana Suk Formation
4. Chichali Formation
2.Lumshiwal formation
1.Kawagarh formation
Makarwal Group
Shah 1980, who named and described this group.
Type locality is suggested at Makarwal (lat. 320 51 00N & long. 710 09 00E).
Makarwal group well developed all over the KohatPotwar province with gradational
pinching of lower part of the group in eastern Salt Range.
Makarwal Group consists of the following formation
3.Patala Formation
2.Lockhart Limestone
1.Hangu Formation
Hangu Formation
Mari Limestone of Latif in 1970 .
30
The name has been formalized by the Stratigraphy Committee of Pakistan in 1973 as
Hangu Formation.
Type Locality
A section south of the Lockhart Fort (Lat. 330 33 40 N & long.710 03 00E) &
Dhak Pass located on Lat. 320 40 00N and Long. 71044 00 E has been designated as
principal reference for this Formation.
Lithology
Lithology contains (sandstone+shale+limestone)
At type locality
dominantly of sandstone
which is silty,rich in ferruginous material in the lower part.
highly fossiliferous shale and calcareous sandstone in the upper part.
The sandstone is light grey, reddish brown, weathering to dark rustybrown,
fine to coarse grained (few beds are conglomeratic), medium to thick bedded
with some massive horizons which are current bedded.
In the Salt Range

sandstone, dark grey, a ferruginous pisolitic sandstone bed occurs at its base
sandy carbonaceous shale with intercalation of nodular, argillaceous limestone.
The formation is widely distributed in Salt Range, Trans Indus Ranges, Kohat, Kala
Chitta
and Hazara areas.
It is 90m thick in the type section.
It is 45m in the reference section.
It is 30m in the Surghar Range.
Fossils
Forams, corals, gastropods, bivalves.
Age
Early Palaeocene.
Contact
31
Lower contact: disconformable with

Samana Suk Formation at W. Salt Range.
Cambrian Group at E. Salt Range.
Kawagarh Formation at Kohat, Kala Chitta and SE Hazara areas.
Upper contact: conformable with Lockhart Formation.
3. Lockhart Limestone
Middlemiss in 1896, Nummulitic Series

Wynne in 1873 and Cotter in 1933, The lower part of Hill Limestone
Gee in 1933, the Khairabad Limestone
Eames in 1952, Tarkhobi Limestone
Latif in 1970, used the term Mari Limestone for the Lockhart Limestonein SE Hazara.
Davies 1930, introduces the term Lockhart Limestone in Kohat area and Stratigraphic
Committee of Pakistan in 1977 apply the term to elsewhere.
Type Locality
A section exposed near Fort Lockhart (Lat. 3326N: Long. 7030E) in the Samana
Range has been designated as the type locality.
Lithology
Lithology contains (limestone+shale/marl)
At type section
limestone:
grey to medium grey
medium to thick bedded
lower part being dark grey to bluish grey, flaggy and splintery
Elsewhere in Kohat area, the limestone gets rubbly and brecciated with
the overall lithology remaining the same
In the Salt and Surghar Ranges
Limestone:
is grey and light grey, weathering light brown to yellow
medium grained
medium bedded and nodular with nodules of four to eight inches in
diameter
Some grey marl and dark bluish grey shale is also present as minor
intercalations especially in the lower part
Well distributed throughout the Kohat-Potwar Porvince (Upper Indus Basin).
Type locality: 60m
32
Thal (Kohat): 40m

Nammal Gorge: 70m
Fossils
Forams, corals, mollusks, echinoids, algaes etc.
Age
Middle Palaeocene
Contact
Lower: conformable with Hangu Formation
Upper: conformable with Patala Formation
Shallow Marine
Chapter.3
FIELDWORK
FIELD WORK:
When we reached to our first fieldstop Jhal chakkya on 2:00 pm.
Stop no 1st: Jhal Chakkya

Ist fieldstop at Jhal chakyya we studied siwalik group which have different formation. Detail is
given below.
Siwalik group:
Age: Pliocene age
where we studied about three formations given below:
Chingi formation
Nagri formation
33
Dhokh pattan formation
1:chingi formation:
Age :Early paliocene
Lithology:
we observed merownish clay and interbeds of Sandstone. We identify clay when
water put on it then we feel muddy smell. And secondly will no scratchy feel in mouth.in this
formation there is 90% clay and 10% sandstone.the sandstone is older than the nagri formation
sandstone.
Contact: Upper is confirmable with Nagri formation

lower is confirmable with kamlial formation.
Fossils: Abundent fossils are vertebrate fossil.(crocodile,lizard,turtiles)
2:Nagri formation:
Age:Early to middle Pliocene
Lithology: we observed Sandstone+clay and conglomerate.,Sandstone; greenish grey, medium
to coarse grained, cross bedded and massive.Clay is sandy/silty, choclate brown or redish grey
and pale orange. And90% sandstone and 10%clay interbed of conglumerete.
Contact: Upper is confirmable with Dhokh pattan

lower is confirmable with Chingi formation.
Fossils: Rich in Vertebrate assemblages, crocodile, chelorians, rhinoceros
Environment of Deposition: Fluvial
3. Dhokh Pattan Formation:

Age : Middle Pliocene
Lithlogy: Sandstone+Clay. Major sandstones but also interbeds of clay.
Sandstone was commonly grey to light grey, thick bedded, calcareous, cross bedded. Clay was
orange, brown to dull red, calcareous and sandy. Ocassionaly conglomeratic in form of lense and
layers.
Fossils
34
Abundant vertebrate fauna in upper indus basin less fossilierous in lower indus basin
Contact
Lower: conformable with Nagri Formation
Upper: conformable wih Soan Formation
Fluvial
2. Soan Formation
Soan formation is a part of Siwalik group but was not expose at Jall cakkya stop.
Economic importance of Siwalik group:

From Siwalik group economic mineral Uranium are found in Karak district.
Pictures
35
Day 2nd:
On second day our first stop was Salt range formation. Type locality is Khewra gorge , in eastern
Salt Range is type section.
1. Salt Range Formation

Age: Pre cambrian
Oldest sedimentary formation expose in geology of Pakistan.Salt range formation is composed
of three member .Oldest one is Billian walan salt member or lower limit of salt range
formation.middle part is composed of Bandar khas gypsum member and upper part is Sahiwal
marl member.
Fossils :Devoid of fossils

Contact
Base of salt range formtaion only known at Karampur Well overlies metamorphic
rocks
Upper contact with Khewra Sandstone conformable
36
Evaporitic Environment
Stop no 1st:
Our first stop was Bandar khas gypsum member.
Bhandar Kas Gypsum Member:

We observed Massive gypsum with minor amount of dolomite and clay.
Sahiwal Marl Member:

Then we moved a little from Bandhar khas gypsum member the teacher told us that it is Sahiwal
marl member
Marl is known as impure limestone which possess 50% clay and 50%Calcium carbonate.
UNIT1
The teachers told us that this marl posses higher amount of clay than the calcium
carbonate.Then we observed Bright red marl beds with irregular gypsum its is pure clay
UNIT 2
Then we saw dull red color marl which was composed of higher amount of Calcium carbonate
than clay.and colour is light bright red than birght red marl
Pictures:
37
Dull red marl
38
BRIGHT RED MARL
39
Stop no 2nd: Then we moved second stop at 2nd day there was khewra sandstone or Khewra
formation.Which is the start of Jehlum group possess four formation.
JEHLUM GROUP
3. Jutana Formation
1. Khewra Sandstone
1. Khewra Sandstone
Lithology:
comon sandstone.color was purple to brown.which was fine grained. The lower most part
contain interbed of red flaggy shale.we also observed the sedimentary structure like ripple
marks ,Ball and pillow structure, mud cracks which was commen.and also rain pets,flame
structure
Fossils
Trace fossisl of Trilobites
Age
Early Cambrian due to Trace of Trilobites
Contact
Lower: conformable with Salt Range Formation
Upper: gradational (conformable) with Khussak Formation
Envoirnment of Deposition
Deltaic
40
Pictures
Khewra
sandstone
Ball
pillow structure
and
41
Ripple marks
Mud cracks
Cross bedding
Stop no 3rd:
On 3rd stop we studied the Jhelum group which was Kussak formation.
Age
42
Early-Middle Cambrian
Lithology
Kussak formation is composed of Glauconitic sandstone. Glauconite is a green color clay
mineral which is diagnostic mineral of lake and shelf marine environment and this is a
sedimentary mineral.
Second major lithological unit is glauconitic shale and lenses of carbonicious
shale.which is composed of carbonicious organic matter .
Lower part is composed of shale material and upper part is composed of medium to thick
bedded sandstone.
For unconformity we check conglomeritic beds.we observed conlumeratic beds on the
top of sabdstone,
Fossils
Brachiopods (Neobolus), Trilobites (Redlichia, Lingulella)
Contact
Lower: unconformable with Khewra Formation.
Upper: conformable with Jutana Formation,
Marine to Deltaic (Complex)
Pictures
43
Stop no 4th:
Our 4th stop was jutana formation which was the third formation of jehlum group.
3. Jutana Formation
Age
Middle Cambrian
Lithology
This is also called jutana dolomite because main lithology of this formation is Dolomite.
Dolomite is a carbonate rock which is composed of Calcium carbonate.
Dolomite is a mineral and the rock which is composed of dolomite mineral is known as
dolostone.
Dolostone are of two types:
1:Primery dolomite.
2:Secondery dolomite.
1:Primery dolomite: field features of primery dolomite is given below:
Thinely liminated dolomite.

Possess algal stromatolite.
Association of evaporates.
Lack of marine fossils.
Posses mud cracks.
Posses Sedimentry feature of tidal plate environments.
2:Secondery dolomite:
44
Dolomite formed by the process of dolomitization .

Dolomitization means the replacement of Calcium ion by a Magnesium ion.
Fossils
Trilobites, Brachiopods, Gastropods.
Contact
Upper: conformable with Baghanwalan
Formation, at eastern salt range but at Khisor range is conformable with Khisor Formation
(equivalent to the Baghanwalan Formation).
Tidal Flats (Peritidal Environment)
Marine to Lagoonal
Pictures:
45
Stop no 5th:
In stop 5th we studied about Baghan walan formation which is 4 th formation of
jehlum group.
Age
Middle to Late Cambrian; can be correlated with Khisor Formation at Khisor Range.
Lithology
We observed colour of sand stone
46
Red shale, clay and alternate beds of flaggy sandstone. Sandstone exhibits several colours
including pink grey or blue green, especially in the lower half of the formation. Sedimentary
structures like, ripple marks, mud cracke are common
Numerous Pseudomorphic casts of salt crystals is the diagnostic feature of this formation.
Fossils
Unfossiliferous, some trace fossils presen
Casts of salt Pseudomorphs represent the lagoonal environment (Arid Condition)
Pseudomorps; its structure is just like salt but its compostion is mud
Pictures
47
Day 3
On day 3 we started our field from Nilawahan group which is divided into four formation are
given below:
4. Sardai Formation
3. Warccha Formation
2. Dandot Formation
1. Tobra Formation
48
STOP NO.1
Our stop one studied tobra formation .we studied tobra formation in Day 2 which have
pinkish colour and on third day we also studied in stop 1 tobra formation which have
Nagar park garnet
1.
Tobra Formation
Age
Early Permain
Lithology:
Here we observed conglumerates having Nagarparker granite which was pink in color.
Here main lithology was unsorted conglomerate having pebble ,cobble, boulder, which
are in mixed formed.which is known is Glacial deposits which is also called unsorted or
unstratification.the pink color of granite is due to plagioclase. weathered color is black.
And this pink color granite is also found in India which is called Rajisthan
granite.Granite is acidic rock forms at greater depth and is plutonic igneous rock forms at
the last stage of bown reaction series.
Fossils
Pollen and spores (Plants Fossils)
Contact
Lower: disconformable with Baghanwalan Formation at Salt Range, but disconformable
with Khisor Formation in Khisor Range
Upper: conformable with Dandot Formation (gradational) in eastern salt range, but in
west and Khisor Formation is disconformable with Warccha Formation.
Pictures
49
Nagar parker sandstone
tobra
formation
2. Dondot formation
Dondot was missing here .or not exposed here.
Stop no 2nd:
On stop 2nd we studied warcha sandstone which have different from khwera sandstone Actually
warcha sandstone is soft in nature and khwera sandstone is hard in nature
3. Warccha Sandstone
Age
50
By law of Superposition, early Permian.
Lithology
Mainly composed of clay and sandstone.but the clay concentration is more. Color of sandstone is
meronish and Medium to coarse grained it is. Sandstone is arkosic.Pebble mostly of granite of
pink colour and quartzite. This formation is locally spekeled.Here are also anguler sandstone are
present which having anguler fragments due to less transportation.
Economic importance; wester salt range contains carbonaceous shales with impersistent coal
seam,the only permian coal in Pakistan.
Fossils
Root casts
Pictures:
Sandstone speckeled
51
Granuler sandstone
Stop no 3rd:
Our 3rd stop was Sardhai formation.Also called lavender clay.
4. Sardai Formation
Age
Early to Middle Permian
Lithology
we observed seven coloured clay.Different color is due to impurities and different
envoirment.there was more than 90% clay. Purplish, reddish, bluish and greenish grey with
minor amount of sand and siltstone.The clay predominantly display lavender colour. Also
contains some carbonaceous shale.Clay contains some copper minerals like chalcopyrite, minor
amount of Jarosite chert and gypsum.The upper part is calcareous.
Fossils
Plants remains and fish scales have been reported.Limestone beds well developed at Khisor
Range having brachiopods and bryozoans.
Fluvial dominated Delta (Fluvial to Marine; transitional environment)
Pictures
52
Nodule and sandstone
Calcareus
shale
53
ZALUCH GROUP
Then we travelled to Namal gorge located in Central Salt range.First we observed the rock of
Zaluch group which includes the following formation.
2. Wargal Limestone
1. Amb Formation
Stop no 4th:
1. Amb Formation
Amb formation is missing or not exposed there
2. Wargal Limestone
Age
Late Permian
Lithology
Common Lithology is limestone,dolomite,sandstone.Limestone and dolomite, light-medium
grey, brownish grey and olive grey in colour.Limestone at some places sandy, having chert
nodules at upper part.Dolomite is brecciatted and massive at places.Sandstone is greyish orange,
fine grained.Thickness is 70km.
Fossils
54
Abundant fossils; bryozoans, brachiopods, bivavles, gastropods, trilobites and crinoids,

conodonts also pollen and spores
Pictures
Brachiopod fossil
55
Limeston
e
Stop no 5th
Age
Late Permian
Lithology.
Here we obsereved White sandstone with oscillation ripple marks, medium to fine grained with
sub-ordinate dark shales.and White sandstone with oscillation ripple marks, medium to fine
grained with sub-ordinate dark shales.
Fossils
Highly fossiliferous, brachiopods, gastropods, bivalves and Ammonoids etc
Pictures
56
Shale and calcareous sandstone
Stop no 6th
Musakhel group
In this stop we observed the rock of Musakhel group which is further divided into three
formation.
1. Mianwali Formation.
Age
Early Triassic
57
Lithology:
We observed about 4-5 thick bed of dolomite ,dolometic limestone
This formation is further divided into 3 member.
A. Kathwai Member
B. Mittiwali Member
C. Narmia Member
A. Kathwai Member
we observed that the Lower Part is composed of dolomite which is finely crystalline and
includes
fossil
fragements
(mainly
of
ammonoids
and
echinoderms)
and quartz grains.And Upper part is composed of limestone, grey to brown and glauconitic.
B. Mittiwali Member
Here we saw mud stone. Shale thin bed of sand stone,clay,and the upper
part is 30-20m thick bedded is sandy limestone.
C. Narmia Member
most
we observed 30-40 thick bedded lime stone having nimulities(fossil) havimg Triassic age
due to which we gave Triassic age to mianwali.
Fossils
Ammonoids, brachiopods, conodonts, fish teeth etc.
Pictures
Limestone
58
Stop no 7th:
We observed the rock of tredian formation.
Age
Middle Triassic
Lithology
Due to lithology it is divided into two formation.
A. Landa Member
B. Khatkiara Member
A. Landa Member
59
Lithology is composed of Sandstone and Shale.Sandstone is micaceous, varies in

colour from pinkish to reddish grey to greenish grey, thick bedded having ripple
marks & Slump structures.
B.Khatkiara Member
Mainly composed of Sandstone, massive, thick bedded, white sandstone.
Fossils
Palynomorphs (Pollen and Spores).
Fluvial (Non-Marine).
Pictures
60
Stop no 8th:
We observed the rocks of the third formation of Musakhel group
Age
Doutfully Late Triassic.
Lithology
Due to different type of rocks divided into two members.
1. Doya Member.
2. Vanjari Member.
1.Doya Member:
Lithology.
Sandstone is Light grey to greenish white, pinkish, on weathering brownish grey,
fine to medium grained, thick bedded, soft, micaceous, dolomitic friable and
cross bedded. Limestone is grey to brownish grey, medium bedded, dolomitic,
sandy and hard. Shale is black, carbonaceous and micaceous.
2. Vanjari Member
Lithology:
Mainly dolomite.Lower Part is composed of brown, purple to purplish grey,
coarse grainedm massive, hard, highly brecciated, jointed, fractured.Upper Part is
composed of whitish to light grey, micritic, thin bedded, medium hard, fractured
and marly.
Fossils
Doya Member: Spirifera, Crinoids, echinoids, gastropods and other benthic fossils.
Vanjari Member: Poorly preserved but brachiopods, bivalves are reported.
Pictures
61
Shale
Minor dolomite
Stop No 9th:
we observed the rock of Broach group. In which we only studied the data formation.
1. DattaFormation
62
Age
By Law of super position, Early-Jurassic.
Lithology
Lithology contains sandstone, siltstone & shales.Formation also contains the
economic minerals like silica sand, fire clay, sulphur, coal etc.
Fossils
No diagnostic fossils reported, some carbonaceous remains are there.
Contact
The lower contact is unconformable with Kingriali
Formation.
The upper contact is conformable (gradational) with the ShinawariFormation at
SurgharRange, but unconformable with samanasukin Salt Range.
Deltaic
Pictures
63
Stop no 10th:
In stop no 10th we observed the rocks of makarwal group.
Makarwal Group
This is further divided into three formation.
3.Patala Formation
2.Lockhart Limestone
1.Hangu Formation
Hangu Formation
Age
Early Palaeocene.
Lithology: In the Salt Range

sandstone, dark grey, a ferruginous pisolitic sandstone bed occurs at its base.sandy
carbonaceous shale with intercalation of nodular, argillaceous limestone.
Fossils
Forams, corals, gastropods, bivalves.
Contact
Lower contact: disconformable with
Samana Suk Formation at W. Salt Range.
Cambrian Group at E. Salt Range.
64
Kawagarh Formation at Kohat, Kala Chitta and SE Hazara areas.

Upper contact: conformable with Lockhart Formation.
Pictures
3. Lockhart Limestone
Age
Middle Palaeocene
Lithology
lithology is Limestone:
Color is grey and light grey, weathering light brown to yellow.medium
grained.medium bedded and nodular with nodules of four to eight inches in
65
diameter.Some grey marl and dark bluish grey shale is also present as minor
intercalations especially in the lower part
Fossils
Forams, corals, mollusks, echinoids, algaes etc.
Age
Middle Palaeocene
Contact
Lower: conformable with Hangu Formation
Upper: conformable with Patala Formation
Shallow Marine
Pictures
Noduler limestone
3. Patala Formation
66
Age
Late-Palaeocene
Lithology
In Salt Range the lithology is
Shale: dark greenish grey, at places carbonaceous and calcareous.
Limestone: white to light grey, nodular occurs as inerbeds with shale at lower part.
Sandstone: interbeds of yellowish brown, calcareous sandstone present at upper part.
Fossils
Abundant forams, mollusks, ostracodes, bivalves.
Contact
Lower: conformable with Lockhart Formation
Upper: conformable with Nammal Formation (Salt Range/TISR) Margalla Hill
Limestone
(KalaChitta/SEHazara)Bahadurkh
el
Salt/Panoba Shale (Kohat
Stop no 11th:
67
Cherrat Group
1 Namal Formation:
Age: Early Eocene
Lithology:
The nammal fm is composed of shale and limestone.
Pictures
2.Sakessar formation:
Age: Middle eocene
Lithology:
The sakesar fm is composed of massive and nodular limestone with marl and chert in
the upper part
Pictures
68
3:Chorgali formation
Age: late Eocene
Lithology:
The chorgali fm is composed of shale interbeds with limestones.
69
Refrence
1) Sir fahad ali zai
2) Sajjad ahmad thesis
3) Ahmad ghani field report
4) The Geological Survey of Pakistan (volume 22)
5) Stratigraphy of Pakistan by S.M.Ibrahim Shah
6) www.brooks/cole.com/geology
7) www.mcgraw-hill.co.uk/geology
8)sir taqweem notes
www.wikipedia.com/
www.brooks/cole.com/geology
www.mcgraw-hill.co.uk/geology
.www.gsp.gov.pk/pakistan/index.html 6. www.wikipedia.com/geology

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1

Prof.FAHAD ALI ZAI

Bacha khan university charsadda

Written by IBADULLAH (swabian)

Introduction to salt range formation

5. Bandarkas gypsum member

Musa khel Group

its outstanding brachiopod fauna, Lower Triassic ammonoid beds (the

marine Tertiary sediments, collectively known as the Siwaliks, are exposed

Straitigraphy of salt range.

Exposed stratigraphic sequence in the vicinity of Zaluch Nala consists of

By IBADULLAH Smester 4th

Clay with interclation of sandstone and intraformational conglomerate.

3. Dhokh Pattan Formation

A.Sahiwal Marl Member

Lower part of salt range Can be divided into two units as

B. Bhandar Kas Gypsum Member

C. Billianwalan Salt Member

Then SCP formalized the name Khussak Formation

By IBADULLAH Smester 4th

-4. Baghanwalan Formation

Sedimentary structures like, ripple marks, mud cracke are common

Nilawahan Series, Gee

By IBADULLAH Smester 4th

Central salt range

By IBADULLAH Smester 4th

Gee (in Pascoe), Lavender Clays Stage.

Overlies with calcareous sandstone with few sandy limestone.

Waagen 1879, 1895; Ceratite beds

Thickness at Zalauch Nala: 38m and Tapan Wahan Section: 59m.

By IBADULLAH Smester 4th

Most of the Formations have type section in Surghar Range.

By IBADULLAH Smester 4th

3. Samana Suk Formation

Not expose in salt range.

In the Salt Range

Lower contact: disconformable with

Middlemiss in 1896, Nummulitic Series

Thal (Kohat): 40m

Stop no 1st: Jhal Chakkya

Dhokh pattan formation

Contact: Upper is confirmable with Nagri formation

Fossils: Abundent fossils are vertebrate fossil.(crocodile,lizard,turtiles)

Contact: Upper is confirmable with Dhokh pattan

3. Dhokh Pattan Formation:

By IBADULLAH Smester 4th

Economic importance of Siwalik group:

By IBADULLAH Smester 4th

1. Salt Range Formation

Fossils :Devoid of fossils

Bhandar Kas Gypsum Member:

Sahiwal Marl Member:

By IBADULLAH Smester 4th

Dull red marl

By IBADULLAH Smester 4th

BRIGHT RED MARL

By IBADULLAH Smester 4th

By IBADULLAH Smester 4th

By IBADULLAH Smester 4th

By IBADULLAH Smester 4th

1:Primery dolomite: field features of primery dolomite is given below:

Thinely liminated dolomite.

By IBADULLAH Smester 4th