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Lehigh Preserve
Fritz Laboratory Reports
1951
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LADLES
HOT METAL
WELDED and
HOT METAL
RIVETED
TRANSFER
for the
BESSEMER
STEEL
OPEN
HEARTH
COPPER
ELECTRIC
FURNACE
ALUMINUM
FOUNDRY
INDUSTRIES
BRASS
and ALLIED
SALBS Orr.CBS
208 S. LaSalle Street
CHICAGO 4, ILL.
CEntral 6-9784
WOrth 4-3344
ATlantic 1.2883
LS-16
LADLES
WELDED OR RIVETED
5 TO 300 TON CAPACITY
FOR
BLAST FURNACE
OPEN HEARTH
ELECTRIC FURNACE
BESSMER CONVERTER
FOUNDRY
LS15
P6LL6CK
Since 1863
LS-14
22.
23.
24.
25.
ship~ent
will be as follows :
_
_
_
_
.
_
81.
/ 32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
_.,"
. . . _
SPECIAL FEATURES
$0.25 ea
0.25 ea
0.25 ea
0.25 ea
0.25 ea
1.00 'ea
..
0.25ea
: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
0.25 ea
AISE Standard No. 9 - STANDARDS FOR DESIGN OF HOT METAL LADLES (Tentative)....
0.25 ea
0.25 ea
AISE Standard No. 11- D-C MILL MOTOR BRAKE STANDARDS (Tentative - In Process). . ..
0.25 ea
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
AISE Recommended Practice No. I-PLAIN BEARING RECOMMENDED PRACTICE (Tentative)..
1.00 ea
1.8-13
top hot metal ladles have been presented and the results
compared with laboratory tests and actual design
practice. Reasonably good agreement has been found
in each case. Generally accepted rules of good practice
have been incorporated into the specification, as a result
of suggestions by the Hot Metal Ladle Committee of
the Association of Iron and Steel Engineers. Preliminary
drafts of the specification'} later revised by the committee', were prepared by Dr. Bruce G. -Johnston,
Professor of Structural Enginecring, at the Universit.y
of Michigan. The formulas for dished bottom shell
thickness in Section 7 were prepared by Dr. Bruno
Thurlimann, former research worker in the field cif
thin shell structures at Fritz Engineering Laboratory of
Lehigh Universit~,.
__
1. The following specific information, together with the AISE Standard No.9, Specifications for Design of Hot
~.
.----------------------- .--------_
------_
_ ..
-_ . . -
.. __ .
__
. ._
._
- .. -
._
LS-12
--
..
_._
_- .-._
_- .. -
_._ .. _
---
_.. __
_._-_._-- -
_-
_.. -
__
_. . _-. _
_-
--
_..
_..
1952
TABLE III
STRESSES IN TEST LADLE C
(Round, Welded, Sidewall Thickened Between Ribs)
2Yz-in. Hook distance
Location
Formula
Test
I
9,350
Formula
-18,500
-15,430
Outside
Inside
........
+ 12,460
. ....
+20,580
Outside
+ 3,540
+ 5,420
+ 6,020
+ 8,960
Inside
5,930
9,500
Outside
3,100
6,740
Inside
+ 3,700
+ 3,600
+ 7,300
+ 5,950
Outsjde
+,5,250
+ 7,290
+ 9,250
+12,030
Inside
Outside
+ 4,180
+ 4,140
+ 4,430
+ 6,840
Inside
00
9,150
Test
Lip ring
90 0
7,230
4,220
-11,920
--------
6,960
00
Top rib
90 0
Bottom rib
3,400
3,610,
90 0
2,340
2,070
5,700
4,430
5,960
3,420
TABLE IV
STRESSES BY PROPOSED DESIGN METHOD FOR VARIOUS FULL SIZE LADLES
Sample
design
example
225
270
70
140
Outside
-39,000
-36,400*
Inside
+ 19,700
+19,000
Outside
........
. .......
-15,600
-12,100
Inside
........
. .......
+10,000
+ 6,500
Outside
+16,000
+ 5,540
+ 7,800
+13,800
Inside
Outside
+10,500
+ 4,250
Inside
00
Top
rib
At
change of
section
90 0
Bottom
rib
9,200
4,010
90 0
6,800
3,230
-----**
150
----------------**
-16,750
.-13,500
------------
**
+10,300
+ 8,130
------
5,900
-16,700
+10,600
+ 4,600
-15,500
-----+ 8,400
-----+ 13,100
-----------
7,550
3,650
7,950
------
+ 6,100
+ 8,900
+ 4,800
+ 9,600
----------4,700
5,500
3,450
6,700
,-
LS-ll
TABLE I
STRESSES IN TEST LADLE A
(Round, Riveted, with Flat Stiffener Bands)
2Y2-in. Hook distance,
8 x 16-in. trunnion pads
Location
Formula
Test
Formula
6,850
--:- 8,750
-12,200
-14,300
+25,900
+23,400
+20,750
+33,600
+34,000
+ 4,880
+ 5,400
+ 4,010
+ 5,400
+ 7,730
+ 8,900
Inside
-15,500
-14,200
-17,990
-14,200
-29,770
-23,400
Outside
Inside
+ 3,500
+ 5,600
+1,600
+ 4,400
+ 3,400
Outside
+ 3,740
+ 3,800
+ 3,450
+ 3,800
+ 5,570
+ 6,300
Test
Test
Formula
Outside
-10,800
-10,900
Inside
+28,400
Outside
00
Lip
ring
90 0
00
Top
rib
90 0
Inside
-------I
7,300
2,180
1,820
3,000
2,010
5,900
4,360
9,700
-------
3,000
+ 7,300
-------
3,120
------
4,900
-~~----
Outside
Bottom
rib
6,450
+ 4,600
90 0
+ 4,220
+ 3,100
+ 3,100
+ 7,570
+ 5,200
--~----
Inside
1,340
2,700
1,910
2,700
4,150
4,400
TABLE II
STRESSES IN TEST LADLE B
(Oval, Welded, Uniform Sidewall Thickness)
Location
Formula
Outside
........
Inside
Formula
-10,260
-------. .......
-17,500
+ 9,160
+ 13,200
+18,100
+22,600
+ 2,750
+ 4,260
+ 5,800
+ 7,270
Inside
6,330
7,580
-10,130
Outside
9,970
-11,000
-22,400
-18,800
Inside
+ 3,620
+ 5,580
+ 6,900
Outside
+ 3,390
+ 4,560
+ 6,450
Inside
Outside
+ 4,290
Inside
-----
00
Lip ring
Outside
90 0
---~
-------- -------
5,950
---------------
00
Top rib
--------90 0
Bottom rib
LS-l0
----
1,880
90 0
3,310
+ 9,500
-------+ 7,790
-------
2,600
4,220
4,430
+ 4,600
+ 8,500
+ 7,850
--------3,700
6,060
6,320
1952
1600~---I--_J,,{
14001----t------,fJL-+_
12.00f-----1+----+---,<-+-J-
E;\OOO
r'
w
800 f-f----h''---A-----1
I+D
~I'ii
IL----'------L-~J___L_.__J
I.z.o
1.100
2.00
TH \ c:: K N E s:;
2.40
IN' rNC 11
e: s
2.BO
~.ZO
Figure 7 - Sketch shows comparison between design requirements and a number of existing oval flat bottom
ladles.
ASSUMPTION
C. a. The lowest permissible stresses (8000 psi) are
listed for cases where the stress is uniform or nearly so
throughout the thickness of material, and in cases
where initial yielding would be followed hy large
deformations.
C. b., the 'stress in the ladle rib is primarily bending
and the ribs are usually rectangular in shape. After
initial yielding in bending for such a shape, there is still
considerable reserve strength before yielding is completely general throughout. Therefore, an allowable
stress of 16,000 psi is used. Furthermore, yielding in
one place will be followed by a redistribution of stress
and will not be indicative of early failure. This is the
basis for permitting a higher allowable stress in the
elastic range since the real factor of safety of the structure is greater than indicated by the nearness of the
allowable stress to the yield point.
The same reasoning applies to bending in the flat
bottom plates, and there is the additional factor that
as a flat bottom yields, it becomes dished and starts to
take still more load through direct membrane stresses
that are developed. The recommended allowable
stresses, nevertheless, are within the elastic range of the
material.
C. c. In this class (24,000 psi) are the stresses, such
as concentratons near a sharp fillet or hole, that in
themselves do not effectively help carry the load. They
are to be considered only on a secondary basis as a
possible indication of danger to brittle failure from
fatigue or other cause. In a dished bottom, the load is
carried by the membrane stresses and the local bending
stresses at the boundary are put in this elass. Initial
yielding due to these stresses in itself has practically no
effect on the general structural ~ehavior.
IRON AND STEEL ENGINEER, MARCH, 1952
Figure 8 - Sketch shows comparison between design requirements and a number of existing dished bottom
ladles.
70
1/
s0
b/
00
~oo
V
/ ~
Zl
20
/L
~'
10,000:;&-1
=0, s. 2 +0I04-DOM,,,,
... ~ -0.04) H
o
LAO~E.S
OVAL
{). Roc/NO
iO
10
(0.G4
"
20
30
LADLES
40
0.1+~)
50
G'O
R.
LS-9
APPENDIX B
BASIS AND EXPLANATION OF
THE SPECIFICATION
leo 0
, Dffi
Te"'\G
T"
102.0
II
1400
\600
c
C 0
~l_L_ _ _ ~ml ~I
_j
~'" o
----.
IAFTER.
OF SE
~.VER'LiYEARSIA A
viCE:
i
I
"i !OOO
0'
yT: (02-
<
o
........
~V
/~
o
o
o.BO.
4. DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION
51
I'
TH1C'!<tJESS T of SINC;LE
PLATE 80TTOMS
TOTAL THICKNESS"T8+T~
IN REINFORCED BoTToMS
A BoTToM PLATE. TIlICIl::NES~
(1)
1.2.0
loGO
2.00
BO"TTONI TtlICI<:NE:SS IN
LS-8
~
+TR:::~ 1)-
vy
OAO
.11V
zoo
Z:4o 2.GO
INCHES
E., MUNSE, 'VM. M., and JOHNSTON, B. G., "Stresses in Hot Metal Ladles," Iron and Steel Engineer. Vol. XXVI,
No. XII, December, 1949, pp. 49-70.
KNUDSEN, K.
.lJ'PXIIDnl.
111uat1'.t1.... D.aip EDIlIpl.
GQl"lerQI
as
\,;o-tO"f\ ~jOac.i!y
F;9.5.
We;,,,+Metal
Lb.
30100
Ladle
57)000
Li(lil'\~
-48)000
Lb.
R::z
'r
To [",2
+ 0,<:0'144(0.,+;:;,)J3 00 =
0+
1.25
\0,000
-t':1'~
In.
= 1.'2:.~
F......,
,'.+.
T'~:' 2..381".
~ ..
e:r
+hit..\::.
+\!l""<3;I\' - UH
TB+T... \2i~
,
10
'Toto I
8'y 'S'~c.+'
M,";",.,""
US'e
,Al
18
:ol
\07
F T , 4cS',000(1<;;3-1.2,,<;;7.<;) =
8'(1.37057+ 10"7)
Fe.'
R;b Mom.....+.
1.;7 .. 1.1,OS'0
CSe<+I.~
+0
G:>
Bo1i-o-. Rib,
+.. unl'd.....
.fr"'Oo"l\
-fo = _ "115,000
33,tO
-r~ = -
1'10,.,.".1
be~di~j
.fl=
+8,4 0 5',000
2." 18" 7,H,
[1+
H.G
F'
(Tyo..
Sec BIi)
I
~ll
\00
_ 7,'lS-0
pSI
G2.1
+~IGo~\Jli~
::r
-co
Sf. a,
Top
.+
pSI
.+ 1'3.
II.
3,.<;
= _'2.I,oS"o_~:.
st.-e, s Au e f"
100
,to
S:
oveV"s+..-t'ssec:l.~ <:
R;lo
~ 4)2~O 1'5",
7 x'ZoZ,'oo
o.".5-d
'Q'?Jbl4'S 8IJCOps;
1710.1
2. IPS"o +45"'1,0'00
'3g.G
0c;).
+iz."o<> r"
"I
""Gol
331
cr>
If>.
_.
+'i
AI::
-4--
4)(;'.
:. _ -"Z.'3.
..
=-1.~,I'5"o"O.;. to':).;
At G)
4xiS
M5t
(-'"J.
331
,8<;.)
+,..ur1r1ion
.f'; .. +775',0
<oz.
:::
= 1.'37
~. i
x.
R... =G7c.
1<03"
+hic.k s'd,,,,.ll
133.S
Botto~ Rib.
".t
-t.o.'lr~ 1.2;.(1,1-;".
-f.. iOI~'TSJC /,so = /,/25",.
a..
5'
2':)!.+o57'M
---
ple-+e-Sec...l;- GD
eeju;,.e<l.
Sidew.11 (Sedi.n
r;~.
T"" Rib
o' 1.5010.
1.44Il'1.
2.94 I. t'uroisl,e,t
1..2,"Reil'lfo"',;l'\~"
11
c.\o-.lhl~
. 2.32 I~.
eEl
~.
ir'\
1:-s+;",0+e4
by
Dimensio;'ls defer-mined.
5~Qwn
(Sec+. SF)
'q+
Gx ,z, z
178"
7,IZ,:
ofl'"'!"'Oro
'* I"per""'>e
oV41 l.dle
sect;." I ,es.,
he
of
QIS..s.5E
+0
Sure
4d<\ ";." as
I ",0 PSi.
0.1<.
Inc.,...~Q:e
Rib
Top
rt,~0
Us.
/~'I
3,160 ps i.
.91<.
=StiHener Ribs
E...f.f~c.+ive Rib
~":l;
(Sedi.n 8)
19 ,
P,...operties.
d-
,~f
Top Rib.
T,..,.\ si,e
4-1'
It
k'elYl+'Hc.e~ Tof'
'1
I'
I \
Mo~'.+
0+
70
S.j. ....
~~ec..k
S+,.t>SJ
sh..~ .. ,; 0.+
,,+
2".53
~'Z. \I'
11.2.4
.3.60
IOC4+iol"\
G .pc.
13,<16-0 pS;.
ciJ
51.\0-""
lb,I,,_
5'2.3 1 00
3'3,';;
All
1952
2.1 $04
M~ 1..1,05'0[0.1,n.b-1.G]"
-0-71.1,
GLI i ....
Inert,...
z,;,.j;i;7~+%.i',o.t1i"+~,iTh""
'5
4.
72.3
~
]'g.7
72,S
I"
A,..q"
-j-+-~-~
43.<;;
5'. 0'4.0'
".
HqG
';"i;fi' 1.1S-
/33.5
1.1., ><0.%1.
1~.3
'3,Z"4.o = 36.\1' "-J.IZ-; .. 115.0
k~; lIt$'
6'>'j
'0,+<;;
3.
1~.5"I.'2S'~
l'il
IIO.S"
N.A.
Rib
~ez:fi&-.-,
rib S+"'~H~I
ru"""
O .K.
LS-7
F<T
W (a~1. 27RM) f
.
'b
(CI
) = orce 111 top fl
8
In + hT
(inside)
9. DESIGN OF SIDEWALL PLATES
A. The main sidewall thickness shall not be less than
given by the following table:
Ladle capacity, tons
10
20
50
75
100
%
%
J/g
1
~50
1~
200 and up
17.;1:
H-l-ll-_ _ .5ec.+iOi!
'1+ _::r",vl'Ir'\j"l'I$
I
It'-\'~
l.D.
(inside)
1
-'N
(inside)
-_
,- -
FT
AT
Mn
STI
(N ot~: STO and $TI may be different at locations 1 and 2 if rib varies in crosssection)
(3). Bottom rib at cross axis:
-----1----
-.-
FT
Mn
- -AT
STO
:0
I
'"
.1
oJ
\-J
1"
Q,
'1'"
..
:0
I~"
/2.
--\~~----
IO'-?l' I.D.
LS6
1952
e. Oval:dished ladle bottoms (Figure 3) having a maximum diameter not more than 1.4 times the minimum
diameter shall have a bottom plate thickness determined by the following formula:
rr
[ 15.2
+ (0.64 DDmax. - .
0.04)H(0.1
l'
R)
mm
10,000
e=
bhBRf
hhTR~ = a constant
be=:: b r + 1.4vRst
where b r = width of rib stiffener
Rs = sidewall radius
t = sidewall thickness at stiffener
t-+----;+--'-+-,,=----f--~---Z (90)
bi ~ 0.4vRs(ti
2t~)
b~=0.7VRst2
lOp Rib
CtQ]
c=r
3
sl'clewQP~
LS-5
+ TR =DylH
-510
V4io
xx
OF CIRC.ULA.R.. L~oe-.
V~"T1C"l.
+D
min
+ 0.60H(0.1 +i) ]R
10,000
DE = D max
T=
""I'
Figure 3 - Notation used in specification for dished bottom ladles is given in this sketch.
'Oo"oM SEC'TIO>JXX
OF OVAL LAPLE
BO',0M
Xx.
SEcTION
F Clllcul.AlI. Ll'l>L
SE.c-r,,'-'
TRIoNW'ONS
\kR'Tlc"l. SeC'Tloo.l
-TtlllAvGtI
TfI...... N~S
:r::
LS-4
1952
fB
~ (1
2DBtT
+ 6e
tT
Figure 1-Sketch
shows notation used at
trunnion pin.
LS3
.-------------------
--------------------------------------
1. GENERAL
I~SPECTIO~
every respect, and subject to the inspection of purchaser's rcpresentative at all times.
3. }1ATERIALS
A. Matcrials for the following parts of the ladle shall
be in accordance with the latest rcvision of thc following
specifications:
(a). Bottom plate - ASTM, Standard Specification
for Low and Intermediate Tensile Strength
Carbon Stcel Plates of Flange and Firebox
qualities, A-285, firebox qualit,)" gradc C.
(b). Shell plate, stiffener rings, S7Jlash plates, trunnion
block - ASTM, Specification for Steel for Bridges
and Buildings, A-7. If the A-7 steel used exceeds
I-in. and does not exceed 272-in. thickncss, the
steel must also meet the requirements of AWS
Specification No.D2-0-47 Standard Specification
for Welded Highway and Railway Bridgcs.
If specified on the information sheet, material
shall meet the requirements of A-285, gmde C
fircbox quality for thicknesses up to and including 2 in. For thicknesses over 2 in., if specified
on the information shcet, thc material must
mect requirements of specification ASTM A-20I,
Gradc A, f1angc quality.
(c). Trunnion pin, miscellaneous forged fittings:\STM, Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings
for General Industrial Use, A-235, Class C,
normalized or annealed (unless integral part of
cast steel trunnion band or pad).
(d). Trunnions - ASTM, Specification for Mild to
l\Iedium Strength Carbon Steel Castings for
General Application, A-27, Grade 60-30 or
AST]\!( A-2I6, WCA.
(e). Rivets - ASTM A-3I, boiler rivet steel, Gracie A.
(f). Lining - As specified on information sheet.
4. DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION
A. Details of construction not provided for in this
specification shall be consistent with good practice in
ladle design.
B. The bottom plate may bc "flat" Ol' "dished" and
shall be flanged around the edge by hot forming with
an inside radius not less than 3 and prefembly 4 01'
more times the thickness. Connection to thc sidewall
shall be either by a full penetration double butt weld 01'
by a lap riveted joint.
C. Openings in the ladle bottom for nozzles shall be
fully reinforced by a welded stiffener plate. Recom-
LS-2
SPf~JftCA~i;otts101tBtSIGN OF
HOT METAL LADLES
FRITZ ENGINEfRIN
lABORATO~ L;~R:A#1
SEPTEMBER 30,
1951
PUBLISHED BY,