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BASIC PROFILE
The cyclical outline, in an axial plane, of the
permanently established boundary between the
provinces of the external and internal threads. All
deviations are with respect to this boundary.
BASIC SIZE
That size from which the limits of size are derived by
the application of allowances and tolerances.
BEARING SURFACE
The
bearing
surface is the
supporting
or
locating surface
of a fastener with
respect to the part which it fastens (mates).
The loading of a fastener is usually through the bearing
surface.
BODY DIAMETER
The body diameter
is the diameter of
the body of a
threaded fastener.
CHAMFER
The conical surface at the starting end of a thread.
CHAMFER POINT
A chamfer point
is a truncated
cone point, the
end of which is
approximately
flat and perpendicular to the fastener axis. These
points on threaded fasteners generally have point
included angles of 45 to 90 degrees and a point diameter equal to or slightly less than the minor diameter of
the thread. This point is intended to facilitate entry of
fasteners into holes at assembly.
CLASS OF THREAD
An alphanumerical designation to indicate the standard
grade of tolerance and allowance specified for a thread.
Class 1A and 1B
Classes 1A and 1B are very loosely toleranced, therefore, this class produces the loosest fit; that is, the
greatest amount of play in assembly. An allowance is
applied to the external thread in class 1A and 1B. This
class is ideally suited where quick and easy assembly
is of prime design concern.
Class 1A and 1B is standard for only coarse and fine
threads with sizes of 1/4 inch and larger. Very few
fasteners produced in Canada and the United States
have this class of fit.
Class 2A and 2B
Class 2A and 2B is the most common thread class
specified for inch series fasteners. Class 2A for
external threads has an allowance while class 2B for
internal threads does not. Class 2A and 2B threads
offer excellent value of fit when considering manufacturing conveniences and economy, against fastener
performance. This class offers a good grade of
PROFESSIONALS SERVING PROFESSIONALS
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TECHNICAL
ALLOWANCE
The prescribed difference between the design size
(maximum material) and the basic size.
TECHNICAL
The head of a
fastener is the
enlarged shape
preformed on
one end of a headed fastener to provide a bearing surface.
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MAJOR DIAMETER
On an internal thread, the diameter at the root and on
an external thread the major diameter is the diameter
at the thread crest.
MINOR DIAMETER
On an internal thread, the diameter at the crests and on
an external thread, the diameter at the root.
NOMINAL SIZE
The designation which is used for the purpose of
general identification. The basic major diameter of a
threaded fastener is often referred to as nominal size.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Physical properties are the properties defining the
basic characteristics of the material or fastener.
PITCH
The pitch of a thread having uniform spacing is the
distance, measured parallel to its axis, between
corresponding points on adjacent thread forms in the
same axial plane and on the same side of the axis.
Pitch is equal to the lead divided by the number of
thread starts.
POINT
The point of a
fastener is the
configuration of
the end of the
shank of a
headed fastener or of each
end of a headless fastener.
PROOF LOAD
Proof load represents the maximum useable load limit
of the fastener for many design-service applications.
Proof load is commonly defined as the tension applied
load which the fastener must support without evidence
of any deformation. Often, proof load and yield strength
are interpreted as being the same.
Note: Proof load is a force measurement. The units
are pounds or newton. Yield strength is a stress
measurement. The units are PSI or MPa. The stress at
the proof load is 90-93% of the yield strength.
REFERENCE DIMENSION
A dimension usually without tolerance, used for
information purposes only. It does not govern
production or inspection operations. A reference
dimension is derived from other values shown on the
drawing or on related drawings.
RIGHT-HAND THREAD
A thread is right-hand if, when viewed end-on, it winds
in a clockwise and receding direction. A thread is
considered to be right-hand unless specifically
indicated.
ROLLED THREAD
Threads are cold formed by squeezing the blank
between reciprocating serrated dies. This acts to
increase the major diameter of the thread over and
above the diameter of unthreaded shank (if any).
ROOT
That surface of the thread that joins the flanks of adjacent thread forms and is immediately adjacent to the
cylinder from which the thread projects.
SHEAR STRENGTH
Shear is transverse rupture. It is caused by a pushing
or pulling force at 90 from the axis of a part. Thus, a
rivet used as a pulley axle will shear if the load on the
pulley exceeds the shear value of the rivet. Shear
strengths generally are 60% of the specified minimum
tensile strength.
SHOULDER
A shoulder is
an
enlarged
portion of the
body
of
a
threaded fastener or shank of an unthreaded fastener.
TENSILE STRENGTH
Tensile strength, or ultimate strength, is that property of
a material which determines how much load it can withstand without breaking. It is calculated by
determining the tensile stress corresponding to the
maximum load observed in a tension test. Cold
working raises the tensile strength of most metals and
alloys. Heat treatment can often be used to increase or
reduce the tensile strength.
THREADED FASTENER
A threaded fastener is a fastener a portion of which
has some form of screw thread.
THREAD PITCH
The distance measured parallel to the thread axis
between corresponding points on adjacent threads.
Pitch is equal to the lead divided by the number of
thread starts. Unified threads are designated in threads
per inch and their thread pitch is reciprocal of the number of threads per inch (tpi). Metric threads are designated by their actual pitch.
THREAD SERIES
Thread series are groups of diameter-pitch combinations distinguished from each other by the number of
threads per inch applied to a series of specific diameters. There are two general series classifications:
standard and special.
Coarse Thread Series Applications
The coarse thread series (UNC/UNRC) is generally
used for the bulk production of screws, bolts, and nuts.
It is commonly used in relatively low strength materials
such as cast iron, aluminum, magnesium, brass,
bronze, and plastic because the coarse series threads
provide more resistance to internal thread stripping
than the fine or extra-fine series. Coarse series threads
are advantageous where rapid assembly or disassembly is required, or if corrosion or damage from nicks
due to handling or use is likely.
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TECHNICAL
SHANK
The shank is
that portion of
a headed fastener
which
lies between
the head and the extreme point.
TECHNICAL
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for the first time as an Appendix of the newly issued American National
Standard Square and Hex Bolts and Screws, ANSI B18.2.1-1965.
The new subtlety involved simply modifying the intent of the criterion, screws are used in tapped holes, to be: screws have the
capability of being used in tapped hole. This change led to an extremely simple and yet surprisingly pure set of criteria for distinguishing a
bolt from a screw. The basic premise is that if a fastener is so
designed as to permit it to be properly assembled into a tapped hole,
it is a screw. If, on the other hand, the design of the fastener indicates
that it is not suited for use in a tapped hole and should be assembled
with a nut, it is a bolt. Thus, the difference is based on the design capability of the fastener, and not on actual service application. This new
approach effectively removes the doubt from those fasteners which are
used sometimes in tapped holes and sometimes with nuts.
How It Works
To see how the system works, consider some of the more familiar types of threaded fasteners and how they fit the definitions and
identification procedure. Many are immediately obvious by the application of the primary criteria of ASME B18.12.1 Appendix B. Wood
screws, lag screws, and most types of tapping screws do not have
thread forms which can accommodate standard nuts; therefore, these
products are automatically classified as screws. Plow, carriage, track,
elevator, and step bolts have head configurations which prevent their
being tightened by turning the head during assembly. Consequently,
this makes their use in a tapped hole impractical, and automatically
classifies these products as bolt.
This screening out still leaves a number of externally threaded fasteners, such as square bolts, hex cap screws, hex bolts, machine
screws, and socket head cap screws, which have an indicated dual ability to be turned into a tapped hole, or to be assembled with a nut.
However, in accordance with the ASME B18.2.1 Appendix, if the majority of the design characteristics assist the proper use in a tapped or
other preformed hole, the product is a screw regardless of its installed
service application. The supplementary criteria are then applied to
determine if its primary characteristics contribute to its function as a
screw. These supplementary criteria include the following elements:
Bearing Surface
Head Angularity
Body Control
Shank Straightness
Thread Concentricity
Point
Length Tolerance
Applying these criteria, the majority being present would define
the product in question as a screw.
The criteria established are nondimensional and apply equally to
either inch or metric fasteners. The complete information may be found
in Appendix B or ASME B18.2.1: Specifications for Identification of
Bolts and Screws, page N-52.
Interestingly, of all of the many standard types of fasteners now
covered by American National Standards, only in one or two isolated
instances was a change in nomenclature from screw to bolt, or bolt to
screw, necessary to provide a complete pattern of consistency. These
changes were completed in the late 1960s. Importantly, as new products are designed and introduced into American National Standards,
they can be assigned correct nomenclature at the outset.
PROFESSIONALS SERVING PROFESSIONALS
TECHNICAL
B1. Scope
B2. Definitions
B2.1Bolt
A bolt is an externally threaded fastener designed for insertion
through holes in assembled parts, and is normally intended to be tightened or released by torquing a nut.
B2.2Screw
A screw is an externally threaded fastener capable of being inserted into holes in assembled parts, of mating with a preformed internal
thread or forming its own thread, and of being tightened or released by
torquing the head.
B4. Procedure
To identify an externally threaded fastener as a bolt or as a screw,
two sets of criteria Primary and Supplementary shall be applied.
The Primary Critera (Paras. B5.1 through B5.4) shall be applied first.
Any faster which satisfies one of the Primary Criteria shall be identified
accordingly, and no further examination need be made. The
Supplementary Criteria (Paras. B6.1 through B6.9, and not listed in
order of importance or priority of application) shall be applied to a fastener which does not satisfy complete any one of the Primary Criteria.
The Supplementary Criteria detail the principal features in the design of
an externally threaded fastener which contribute to its proper use as a
screw. A fastener having a majority of these characteristics shall be
identified as a screw.
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TECHNICAL
THREAD LENGTHS
Diameter
of Bolt
(in)
No. 0
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
No. 8
No. 10
No. 12
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
UNC Coarse
Thread
Series
64
56
48
40
40
32
32
24
24
20
18
16
14
13
UNF Fine
Thread
Series
80
72
64
56
48
44
40
36
32
28
28
24
24
20
20
Diameter
of Bolt
(in)
9/16
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1-1/8
1-1/4
1-3/8
1-1/2
1-3/4
2
2-1/4
2-1/2
2-3/4
3
UNC Coarse
Thread
Series
12
11
10
9
8
7
7
6
6
5
4-1/2
4-1/2
4
4
4
UNF Fine
Thread
Series
18
18
16
14
14 (12)*
12
12
12
12
6" and
Shorter
(in)
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1-1/8
1-1/4
1-1/2
1-3/4
2
Longer
Than 6"
(in)
7/8
1
1-1/8
1-1/4
1-3/8
1-1/2
1-3/4
2
2-1/4
Diameter
of Bolt
(in)
1
1-1/8
1-1/4
1-3/8
1-1/2
1-5/8
1-3/4
1-7/8
2
6" and
Shorter
(in)
2-1/4
2-1/2
2-3/4
3
3-1/4
3-1/2
3-3/4
4
4-1/4
Longer
Than 6"
(in)
2-1/2
2-3/4
3
3-1/4
3-1/2
3-3/4
4
4-1/4
4-1/2
*Indicates number of threads per inch for Unified Fine (1"-12 thread is
U.N.F. standard. However 1"-14 thread is popular demand and generally
stocked in place of 1"-12.)
Diameter
in Inches
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
9/16
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1-1/8
1-1/4
1-3/8
1-1/2
1-5/8
1-3/4
1-78
2
2-1/4
2-1/2
2-3/4
3
3-1/4
3-1/2
3-3/4
4
Stud UN
Threads
per Inch
20
18
16
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Bolts UNC
Threads
per Inch
20
18
16
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
7
6
6
Bolts UNF
Threads
per Inch
28
24
24
20
20
18
18
16
14
12
12
12
12
12
Bolts UNS
Threads
per Inch
14
5
4-1/2
4-1/2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
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Grade Identification Markings for Popular Grades of Carbon Steel Externally Threaded Fasteners
Proof
Load
Stress
ksi
Tensile
Strength
Min
ksi
33
55
33
60
74
60
60
60 min
100 max
B70
B80
B70
B69
B69
B100
B100
B100
B100
B95
85
74
55
120
105
90
C25
C19
183
C34
C30
235
85
74
120
105
C24
C19
C35
C31
85
74
120
105
C24
C19
C35
C31
85
74
120
105
C24
C19
C35
C31
120
120
105
150
150
140
C33
C33
C31
C39
C39
C39
120
150 min
170 max
C33
C38
Grade
Identification
Marking
Specification
Material: Low or Medium Carbon Steel
SAE J429 Grade 1
SAE J429 Grade 2
ASTM A307 Grade A
ASTM A307 Grade B
NO MARK
Hardness Rockwell
Min
Max
See Note
7
7
A490
NOTES:
1. In addition to the indicated grade marking, all grades included in this Table must be marked for manufacturer identification.
2. While hex heads are shown, grade markings apply equally to products with other head configurations.
3. Hardnesses are Brinell Hardness Numbers.
4. Grade 5.1 is a popular grade for sems.
5. A325 Type 1 bolts may also be marked with 3 radial lines 120 apart in addition to the A325 marking.
6. The bolt manufacturer, at his option, may add other markings to indicate the use of atmospheric corrosion resistant steel.
7. A354 Grade BD products, in sizes 1-1/2" and smaller, are identified as shown and, at the manufacturers option, may have the letters BD added. Larger sizes
are marked only BD.
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TECHNICAL
TECHNICAL
BOLTS
Identification Strength Clamp Torque Materials
GRADE 2
GRADE 5
A325
325
Diameter
1/4"-3/4"
3/4" - 1-1/2"
Proof
Load
55,000
33,000
Yield
Tensile
Strength Strength
57,000
74,000
36,000
60,000
Diameter
1/4"-1"
3/4" - 1-1/2"
Proof
Load
85,000
74,000
GRADE 8
Yield
Tensile
Strength Strength
92,000
120,000
81,000
105,000
Proof
Load
120,000
Yield
Strength
130,000
Tensile
Strength
150,000
CLAMP
LOAD
PLAIN
PLATED
/4-20 (.250)
1,313
66 in. lbs
49 in. lbs.
/16-18 (.3125)
2,175
11 ft. lbs
8 ft. lbs.
SIZE
5
3
/8-16 (.375)
3,188
20 ft. lbs
15 ft.lbs.
/16-14 (.4375)
4,388
32 ft.lbs.
24 ft. lbs.
/2-13 (.500)
5,850
49 ft.lbs.
37 ft. lbs.
CLAMP
LOAD
PLAIN
PLATED
/4-20 (.250)
2,025
8 ft. lbs
76 in. lbs.
/16-18 (.3125)
3,338
17 ft. lbs
13 ft. lbs.
/8-16 (.375)
4,950
31 ft. lbs
23 ft.lbs.
/16-14 (.4375)
6,788
50 ft.lbs.
37 ft. lbs.
SIZE
CLAMP
LOAD
PLAIN
PLATED
/4-20 (.250)
2,850
12 ft. lbs
9 ft. lbs.
/16-18 (.3125)
4,725
25 ft. lbs
18 ft. lbs.
/8-16 (.375)
6,975
44 ft. lbs
33 ft.lbs.
/16-14 (.4375)
9,600
70 ft.lbs.
52 ft. lbs.
SIZE
/2-13 (.500)
9,075
76 ft.lbs.
57 ft. lbs.
/2-13 (.500)
12,750
106 ft.lbs.
80 ft. lbs.
/16-12 (.5625)
11,625
109 ft.lbs.
82 ft. lbs.
/16-12 (.5625)
16,350
153 ft.lbs.
/8-11 (.625)
14,400
150 ft.lbs.
/8-11 (.625)
20,325
212 ft.lbs.
/4-10 (.750)
21,300
266 ft.lbs.
/4-10 (.750)
30,075
376 ft.lbs.
/8-9 (.875)
29,475
430 ft.lbs.
/8-9 (.875)
41,550
606 ft.lbs.
/8-11 (.625)
9,300
97 ft.lbs.
73 ft. lbs.
/4-10 (.750)
11,400
166 ft.lbs.
/8-9 (.875)
13,800
173 ft.lbs.
1-8 (1.000)
15,000
250 ft.lbs.
1-8 (1.000)
38,625
644 ft.lbs.
1-8 (1.000)
54,525
909 ft.lbs.
11/8-7 (1.125)
18,900
354 ft.lbs.
11/8-7 (1.125)
42,375
794 ft.lbs.
11/8-7 (1.125)
68,700
1288 ft.lbs.
11/4-7 (1.250)
24,000
500 ft.lbs.
11/4-7 (1.250)
53,775
1120 ft.lbs.
11/4-7 (1.250)
87,225
13/8-6 (1.375)
28,575
655 ft.lbs.
13/8-6 (1.375)
64,125
13/8-6 (1.375)
103,950
11/2-6 (1.500)
34,800
870 ft.lbs.
11/2-6 (1.500)
78,000
11/2-6 (1.500)
126,450
5
3
7
PLAIN
PLATED
/4-28 (.250)
3,263
14 ft. lbs
10 ft. lbs.
/16-24 (.3125)
5,113
27 ft. lbs
20 ft. lbs.
/8-24 (.375)
7,875
49 ft. lbs
37 ft. lbs.
/16-20 (.4375)
10,650
78 ft.lbs.
58 ft. lbs.
/2-20 (.500)
14,400
120 ft.lbs.
90 ft. lbs.
/16-18 (.5625)
18,300
172 ft.lbs.
/8-18 (.625)
23,025
240 ft.lbs.
/4-16 (.750)
33,600
420 ft.lbs.
/8-14 (.875)
45,825
668 ft.lbs.
1-12 (1.000)
59,700
995 ft.lbs.
1-14 (1.000)
61,125
1019 ft.lbs.
11/8-12 (1.125)
77,025
11/4-12 (1.250)
96,600
13/8-12 (1.375)
118,350
11/2-12 (1.500)
142,275
SIZE
Stressed
Cross
Section
(sq inch)
0.0318
0.0775
0.1419
0.226
0.334
0.462
0.606
0.969
1.045
Yield
Strength
1,145
2,790
5,108
8,136
12,024
16,632
21,816
34,884
37,620
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TECHNICAL
TECHNICAL
Washers Shims
1008
1010
A36
1018
1026
Mechanical Properties
Shaft
Keys
Tensile
Pins
Structural Strength
1035
1045
1144
Yield
Rockwell Rockwell
Strength Brinnell
Machinability
49,000
41,500
95
55
53,000
44,000
95
55
55,000
30,000
111
B72
50
64,000
54,000
126
B85
70
87,000
72,000
179
72,000
39,500
143
B90
65
70
91,000
77,000
179
C15
65
108,000
90,000
217
C19
80
12L14
78,000
60,000
163
B86
180
1215
78,000
60,000
163
B83
136
78,000
60,000
163
B83
180
83,000
Ledloy 300
1075
1095
140,000
100-164ksi
207-341
100
100-164 ksi
207-341
95
100-164 ksi
207-341
65
4037
4130
4140
8630
303
304
316
Alloy 20
416
Monel 400
2024
6061
C360
Olite
52100
Nylon
94,000
192
98,000
87,000
201
102,000
90,000
223
70
894
95,000
194
90,000
160
B80
35,000
85,000
180
B90
35,000
85,000
200
B95
80,000
35,000
40,000
75,000
180
B90
70,000
28,000
26,000
18,000
70
C19
35,000
SAE 660
97,000
100,000
C110
293
18,000
12,000
32-48 ksi
8-45 ksi
40F-47B
49-68 ksi
18-52 ksi
68F-80B
35,000
20,000
41B
107,000
87,500
66
30
229
41
Forget yourself in your work. If your employer sees that you are more concerned about your own interests than
about his, that you are fussy about getting credit of every little or big thing you do, then you are apt to be passed
by when a responsible job has to be filledDont worry about how big an increase in your salary you can
contrive to get. Dont let your mind dwell on money at all, if you can help it. Throw yourself, body, soul, and
spirit, into whatever you are doingThe truth is that in every organization, no matter how large or how small,
someone is taking notice of any employee who shows special ability.
HARRY B. THAYER
10
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ASTM STANDARDS
A385
A394
TECHNICAL
A380
A437/
A437M Alloy steel turbine-type bolting material specially
heat treated for high-temperature service
A449
A453/
A453M Bolting materials, high-temperature, 50 to 120 ksi
yield strength, with expansion coefficients
comparable to austenitic steels
A29/
A29M
A31
A36
Structural steel
A90
A31
A143
A153
A183
A540/
A540M Alloy steel bolting materials for special applications
A193/
A193M Alloy steel and stainless steel bolting materials for
high-temperature service
A484/
A484M Stainless and heat-resisting wrought steel
products (except wire)
A489
A490
A502
A555/
A555M Stainless and heat-resisting steel wire
A563
A194/
A194M Carbon and alloy steel nuts for bolts for highpressure and high-temperature service
A564
A239
A568
A574
A242
A582
A262
A276
A307
A320/
A320M Alloy steel bolting materials for low-temperature
service
A325
A342
A353/
A353M Pressure vessel plates, alloy steel, 9 percent
nickel, double-normalized and tempered
A354
A370
A588/
A588M High-strength low-alloy structural steel with 50 ksi
minimum yield point to 4 inches thick
A591
A676
A687
A706
A709
A751
A788
Steel forgings
B6
B16
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11
TECHNICAL
B571
B117
B602
B134
Brass wire
B151
B633
B695
B154
B696
B159
B183
B697
B193
F432
F436
F467
F468
F541
F593
F594
F606
Conducting tests to determine the mechanical properties of externally and internally threaded fasteners, washers, and rivets
B201
B211
B242/
B242M Preparation of high-carbon steel for electroplating
B244
B254
B320
B322
F788
B342
F812
B374
F835
B487
F837
B499
F844
F879
B504
F880
B565
F901
F912
B567
F959
B568
A bank is a place where they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back again when it
begins to rain.
ROBERT FROST
12
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Yes. The Austentic 300 Series stainless steel can be hardened but
only through work hardening. That is by cold working the material,
either by cold rolling down to lighter and lighter gauges or by drawing
the wire through a die or size altering operation. Ferritic 400 Series
(409, 430, 434, 439) cannot be hardened by heat treatment.
Martenistic 400 Series (403, 410, 416, 420, 440) can be hardened by
heat treatment.
Stainless does not rust as you think of regular steel rusting with
a red oxide on the surface that flakes off. If you see red rust it is probably due to some iron particles that have contaminated the surface of
the stainless steel and it is these iron particles that are rusting.
Is stainless steel magnetic?
There are several types of stainless steel. Martensitic (400 series)
stainless steels are strongly magnetic. Austenic (300 series) stainless
steels which contain nickel have very low magnetic permeability when
annealed. The situation is far less clear when these steels have been
cold worked by wire drawing, rolling, heading or even heavy polishing,
all of which (except the last) are common aspects of fastener manufacturing. After substantial cold working a Grade 304 stainless fastener
may exhibit quite a strong response to a magnet. In general, higher the
nickel to chromium ratio the more stable the austenic structure and the
less magnetic response that will be induced by cold work. This means
Grade 316 will be in most instances almost totally non-responsive
because of its higher nickel content.
The use of the letter L after the grade number, i.e. 304L means
the carbon content is restricted to a maximum of 0.03% (normal is
0.08% maximum). This lower level of carbon is usually used where
welding will be performed. The lower level of carbon helps to prevent
the chromium from being depleted.
I ordered 18-8 stainless bolts and got a bolt with F593C marked on the
head. Did I get the right bolt?
Yes. 18-8 is a generic specification which includes 304 stainless
steel. F593C is the ASTM spec for 304 stainless steel bolts and is part
of the new marking system.
What is passivation?
When the amount of chromium (in an iron matrix) exceeds 101/2%, a complex chrome oxide forms instantaneously that prevents the
further diffusion of oxygen into the surface and results in the passive
nature of stainless steel and its resistance to oxidation (rusting) or corrosion. A chemical dip into 10% nitric acid plus 2% hydrofluoric acid
bath enhances the development of this Passive oxide.
Can stainless steel be welded?
Yes. Stainless steel is easily welded but the welding procedure is
different than that used with carbon steel. The filler rod or electrode
must be stainless steel.
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13
TECHNICAL
TECHNICAL
MATERIALS AVAILABLE
Alloy 20
This alloy has approximately 20% Chromium and 34%
Nickel plus 3% to 4% Molybdenum. It is very corrosion resistant
and is especially popular when in contact with sulfuric acid.
4. Precipitation hardening stainless steels are iron-chromiumnickel alloys with additional elements which are hardenable
by solution treating and aging.
Brass
This metal is approximately 65% Copper and 35% Zinc.
It offers a good combination of strength, corrosion resistance
and workability.
F593D
F593H
316
Present Head Markings
All Diameters
14
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400 SERIES MARTENSITIC STAINLESS: About 5% of stainless fasteners; magnetic; no nickel and high carbon content mean the lowest corrosion resistance among the different
types of stainless. Tensile and yield will increase sharply in martensitic stainless by heat treating.
400 Mixture Martensitic Often a mixture of different 400 materials, usually with carbon content towards high end of max. giving greater strength but lowering corrosion resistance.
11.5-14%
.30%
1.25%
.06%
.15%
1%
180,000-250,000
150,000-200,000
C34-C45
Usually Usually Usually
Usually
if heat treated
if heat treated
.15-.30% 1%
.04%
.03%
410
Higher carbon content gives strength; most popular of the grades with 12% chrome; used in highly stressed conditions.
11.5-13.5%
.15%
1%
.04%
.03%
1%
180,000 heat treated
150,000 heat treated
C34
416
Higher sulfur content helps machinability but lowers corrosion resistance.
12-14%
.15%
1.25%
.06%
.15%
1%
180,000 heat treated
150,000 heat treated
C34
420
Higher carbon gives greater strength but lowers corrosion resistance.
12-14%
.30%
1%
.04%
.03%
1%
250,000 heat treated
200,000 heat treated
C45
Nom.
15% min
C28
B70
B60 heat
treated
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15
TECHNICAL
Max.
Max.
Max.
Max.
Max.
Other
Approx.
Chromium Nickel
Carbon Mangan. Phosph. Sulphur Molybd. Silicon Copper Elements
Tensile
Yield
Hardness
300 SERIES AUSTENITIC STAINLESS: Accounts for 86%-90% of stainless fasteners; best corrosion resistance of stainless alloys; non-magnetic before cold working; low heat
conductivity; good strength at higher temperatures; not hardenable by heat treatment. Tensile and yield will increase sharply in austenitic fasteners made by cold forming but may
decrease in fasteners made by machining. Consequently, the range for tensile and yield is broad and depends largely on how fasteners are made. Grades commonly used for cold
forming such as 302HQ, 304, and 316 may have much higher strength than other grades.
18/8
Most common designation for non-magnetic stainless fasteners; encompasses 30 to 40 various mixtures of 301, 302, 303, 304, 305 and XM7.
17-20%
8-13%
.08%
2%
.2%
.03-15%
1%
0-4%
80,000-150,000
40,000 min.
B85-95
Usually
Usually
Usually
Usually
Usually
Usually
usual range.
After cold work:
17-19%
8-10.5% .03-05%
.045%
.03%
2%-3%
After cold work:
80,000-90,000
100,000-125,000
typical 1/4-5/8 dia.;
typical for
45,000-70,000
1/4-5/8 dia.;
typical 3/4
100,000 typical for
and over dia.
3/4-1" dia.;
80,000-90,000 typical
over 1" dia.
304
Most popular stainless for hex head cap screws; also frequently used for flat washers.
18-20%
8-10.5% .08%
2%
.45%
.03%
1%
85,000-150,000
40,000 min.
B85-95
range.
After cold work:
After cold work:
90,000 typical for
125,000 typical for
1/4-5/8 dia.;
1/4-5/8 dia.;
50,000-70,000 typical
100,000 typical for
for 3/4 and over dia.
3/4-1" dia.;
90,000 typical above 1" dia.
304L
Low carbon increases corrosion resistance and welding capacity.
18-20%
8-12%
.03%
2%
.045%
.03%
1%
Slightly lower than 304 due to lower carbon content
305
High nickel content lowers work hardening during severe cold forming and keeps parts non-magnetic.
17-19%
10.5-13% .12%
2%
.045%
.03%
1%
90,000-125,000
40,000 min.
Typical: 100,000
Typical: 50,000-70,000
316
Addition of molybdenum increases corrosion resistance to chloride and sulfides.
16-18%
10-14% .08%
2%
.045%
.03%
2-3%
1%
85,000-140,000 usual
40,000 min.
B85-95
range. After cold work:
After cold work:
120,000 typical for
80,000-90,000 typical
1/4-5/8 dia.;
for 1/4-5/8 dia.;
95,000 typical for
50,000-70,000 typical
3/4-1" dia.;
for 3/4 and over dia.
80,000 typical above 1" dia.
309
Higher chromium and nickel give better corrosion resistance at high temperatures (1900F.)
22-24%
12-15% .2%
2%
.045%
.03%
1%
100,000-120,000 60,000-80,000
B85-95
TECHNICAL
Chromium Nickel
BRASS and BRONZE
Brass Alloy 270
Brass Alloy 360
Commercial Brass
Phosphorus Bronze
Naval Bronze
Max
Carbon
Max
Max
Mangan. Phosph.
Max
Sulphur Molybd.
Max
Silicon
Copper
Other
Elements
Tensile
Good cold forming due to high copper content; also used for milled from bar nuts.
65%
35% Zinc
70,000
Good machinability due to added lead; good for screw machine parts.
61.5%
3% Lead
50,000
remainder Zinc
Easier to cold form as copper content increases; as copper content decreases, the metal becomes stronger and harder.
60-65% 35-40% Zinc.
55,000
.05-.15 Lead
Generally used for hex head cap screws.
.07%
2.0%
96.0%
.05% Lead max. 70,000-80,000
min
1.5% Zinc max.
Used for hot forged fasteners.
1.5%
3.8%
94.8%
.05% Lead max. 70,000-80,000
min
1.5% Zinc max.
Addition of lead helps machinability.
2-4%
94-96% .05-.8% Lead,
70,000-80,000
.05-1.5% Zinc.
Tin increases strength; phosphorus helps against stress corrosion; excellent cold forming properties.
.3%
95%
5% Tin
60,000
Addition of tin gives better corrosion resistance against salt water.
59-62% .5-1% Tin,
70,000
2% Lead
remainder Zinc
Yield
Approx.
Hardness
45,000
B65
30,000
B55
35,000
B60
35,000-45,000
B70-B75
35,000-45,000
B70-B75
35,000-45,000
B70-B75
35,000
B60
30,000
B65
F593D
F593H
316
Present Head Markings
All Diameters
Size
1/4 - 20
1/4 - 28
5/16 - 18
5/16 - 24
3/8 - 16
3/8 - 24
1/2 - 13
1/2 - 20
5/8 - 11
5/8 - 18
3/4 - 10
3/4 - 16
7/8 - 9
1-8
1-1/8 - 7
1-1/4 - 7
1-3/8 - 6
1-1/2 - 6
16
Clamp
Load
(lb)
1350
1500
2200
2400
3200
3700
5900
6700
9500
10800
14100
15700
11700
15300
19300
24500
29200
35600
Assembly Torque
Dry
(ft lb)
6
7
12
13
20
23
50
56
100
113
177
197
232
256
363
512
671
891
Min.
Lub
(ft lb)
5
5
9
10
15
17
37
42
75
84
132
148
174
192
272
384
503
668
Tensile
(lb)
2780
3020
4400
4700
6500
9000
11900
12800
18800
20400
27600
29600
37900
49700
62700
78800
94400
114000
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Size
1/4 - 20
1/4 - 28
5/16 - 18
5/16 - 24
3/8 - 16
3/8 - 24
1/2 - 13
1/2 - 20
5/8 - 11
5/8 - 18
3/4 - 10
3/4 - 16
7/8 - 9
1-8
1-1/8 - 7
1-1/4 - 7
1-3/8 - 6
1-1/2 - 6
Clamp
Load
(lb)
2100
2400
3400
3800
5100
5700
9350
10550
14950
16850
20300
22670
16850
22900
25400
32200
38400
46700
Assembly Torque
Dry
(ft lb)
9
10
18
20
32
36
78
88
116
136
178
208
246
368
386
548
629
835
Min.
Lub
(ft lb)
7
7
13
15
24
27
58
66
75
80
132
152
213
290
411
480
629
835
Tensile
(lb)
4600
5000
7400
7900
10900
15000
19800
21400
31400
34000
42300
45400
58100
69500
87800
110300
125900
152000
TECHNICAL
Stainless Steel
Corrosive
Medium
Acetate Solvents, Crude
Acetate Solvents, Pure
Acetate Acid, Crude
Acetate Acid (Pure)
Acetic Acid Vapors
Acetic Anhydride
Acetone
Acetylene
Alcohols
Aluminum Sulfate
Alums
Ammonia Gas4
Ammonium Chloride
Ammonium Hydroxide
Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonium Phosphate
(Ammoniacal)
Ammonium Phosphate
(Neutral)
Ammonium Phosphate (Acid)
Ammonium Sulfate
Asphalt
Beer
Beet Sugar Liquors
Benzene or Benzol8
Benzine8
Borax
Boric Acid
Butane, Butylene, Butadiene9
Calcium Bisulfite
Calcium Hypochlorite
Cane Sugar Liquors
Carbon Dioxide (Dry)
Carbon Dioxide
(Wet and Aqueous)
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Tetrachloride12
Chlorine (Dry)
Chlorine (Wet)
Chromic Acid
Citric Acid
Coke Oven Gas
Copper Sulfate
Core Oils
Cottonseed Oil
Creosote
Ethers
Ethylene Glycol
Ferric Chloride
Ferric Sulfate
Formaldehyde
Formic Acid
Freon
Furfural
Gasoline (Sour)
Gasoline (Refined)
Gelatin
Glucose
Glue
Glycerine or Glycerol
18/8, 302
303, 304
305
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410, 416
430
Good
Excel
Poor2
Poor2
Poor
Poor
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Poor
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Brass and
Naval
Bronze
Fair
Excel
Fair1
Fair1
Poor
Poor
Excel
3
Good
Fair1
Fair1
Poor56
Fair1
Poor
Poor
Silicon
Bronze
Good
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Good
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6
Good
Poor
Fair
Copper
Good
Excel
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Good
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6
Good
Poor
Fair
Copper
(Monel)
Good
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Good
6
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Fair
Aluminum
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17
TECHNICAL
Stainless Steel
Corrosive
Medium
Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrocyanic Acid
(Hydrogen Cyanide)
Hydrofluoric Acid
Hydrogen Fluoride
Hydrogen9
Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydrogen Sulfide (Dry)
Hydrogen Sulfide
(Wet and Aqueous)
Lacquers and Lacquer Solvents
Lime-Sulfur
Magnesium Chloride
Magnesium Hydroxide
Magnesium Sulfate
Mercuric Chloride
Mercury
Milk
Molasses
Natural Gas
Nickel Chloride17
Nickel Sulfate17
Nitric Acid
Oleic Acid
Oxalic Acid
Oxygen9
Palmitic Acid
Petroleum Oils (Sour)
Petroleum Oils (Refined)
Phosphoric Acid 25%
Phosphoric Acid 25%, 50%
Phosphoric Acid 50%, 85%
Picric Acid
Potassium Chloride
Potassium Hydroxide
Potassium Sulfate
Propane9
Rosin (Dark)
Rosin (Light)
Shellac
Soda Ash (Sodium Carbonate)
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Cyanide
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Hypochlorite
Sodium Metaphosphate
Sodium Nitrate
Sodium Perborate
Sodium Peroxide
Sodium Phosphate (Alkaline)
Sodium Phosphate (Neutral)
Sodium Phosphate (Acid)
Sodium Silicate
Sodium Sulfate
Sodium Sulfide
Sodium Thiosulfate (Hypo)
Sludge Acid
Stearic Acid
Sulfur
Sulfur Chloride
Sulfur Dioxide (Dry)9
Sulfur Dioxide (Wet)
18
18/8, 302
303, 304
305
Poor
316
Poor
410, 416
430
Poor
Brass and
Naval
Bronze
Poor
Silicon
Bronze
Fair14
Copper
Fair14
Copper
(Monel)
Fair14
Aluminum
Poor
Nylon
Poor
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Good
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Good
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Poor
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Poor
Excel
Poor
Good
Excel
Excel
Excel
Poor
Poor
Excel
Poor
Excel
Good38
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Fair
Excel
Good
Good38
Fair
Excel
Excel
Fair
Good
Excel
Fair
Good
Excel
Good
Good39
Excel
Good
Poor
Good
Fair
410, 416
430
Poor
Poor
Fair27
Good
Poor
Good
Fair
Excel
Excel
Good28
Excel
Excel
Fair
31
31
31
Excel
Good33
Excel
Excel
Excel
Poor
Good
Excel
Fair33
Excel
Excel
Excel
Good
Excel
Excel
Fair32
Fair
Fair
Excel
Poor
Fair
Brass and
Naval
Bronze
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Good
Fair1
Excel
Excel
Fair28
Good
Good
Poor
Poor
Fair32
Good
Good
Good
Excel
Poor
Fair
Notes:
1. Subject to dezincification and/or stress corrosion; especially at elevated
temperatures and with concentrated solutions.
2. May be useful with cold dilute acid.
3. Alloys containing up to 60 percent copper acceptable; high copper alloys
not acceptable.
4. Temperature assumed to be below that at which gas cracks and liberates
nascent nitrogen.
5. Subject to stress corrosion with low concentrations.
6. Apparently resistant to dry gas at ordinary temperatures; attacked rapidly
by moist gas and by hot gas.
7. Not recommended for use with beverage grade.
8. Chemicals used for treating in manufacture assumed to be absent.
9. Temperature assumed to be no higher than that normally encountered in
compression, storage, and distribution.
10. Useful at elevated temperatures.
11. Not recommended for use with carbonated beverages.
12. Water assumed to be absent.
13. Not recommended for use with edible grades.
14. Only with dilute or unaerated solutions.
15. Subject to stress corrosion by moist gas; and to severe general corrosion
by saturated acqueous solution.
16. Subject to stress corrosion.
17. None of these materials recommended for use with nickel plating solutions.
18. Higher chromium alloys (over 18 percent) preferred.
19. Not recommended for temperatures over 212F (100C).
20. Alloys with less than 18 percent Cr. not recommended for temperatures
over 212F (100C). Others not recommended for temperatures over
392F (200C).
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
Silicon
Bronze
Good25
Fair
Fair26
Fair
Good
Excel
Good
Excel
Excel
Excel
Good
Good
Good
Copper
Good
Fair
Fair26
Poor
Good
Excel
Good
Excel
Excel
Excel
Good
Good
Good
Copper
(Monel)
Good25
Good
Fair26
Poor
Poor
Excel
Good
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Good
30
30
30
Good
Good
Good
Good
Excel
Good
Good
Good
Excel
Good
Good
Excel
Good
Good
Excel
Good
Good
Good
Excel
Excel
Excel
Aluminum
Poor
Poor
Poor
Fair
Poor
Excel
Good
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Fair
Excel
Excel
Fair
Fair
Excel
Poor
Good
TECHNICAL
Corrosive
Medium
Sulfuric Acid 10%
Sulfuric Acid 10%, 75%
Sulfuric Acid 75%, 95%
Sulfuric Acid 95%
Sulfurous Acid
Tar
Tartaric Acid
Toluene or Toluol8
Trichloroethylene12
Turpentine
Varnish29
Vegetable Oils29
Vinegar25
Water (Acid Mine Water)
Water (Fresh)
Water (Salt)
Whiskey
Wines
Xylene or Xylol8
Zinc Chloride
Zinc Sulfate
Stainless Steel
18/8, 302
303, 304
305
316
Poor
Good25
Poor
Poor
Fair27
Good27
Good
Good
Fair
Good
Excel
Excel
Good
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Good
Excel
Nylon
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Fair
Excel
Fair
Excel
Good
Excel
Excel
Excel
Fair
Good
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Good
Good39
Up to 140F (60C).
Up to 194F (90C).
At room temperature.
Not recommended for temperatures over 392F (200C).
Non-ferrous alloys preferred when unaerated and at temperatures above
normal. Stainless Steel best when aerated and at normal to moderate
temperatures.
With cold acid only.
In the absence of exposure to moist air.
Crude produce may contain acids which corrode these materials.
Some of these ratings may not apply when handling light colored products
at elevated temperatures of 392F (200C).
Good with water containing no oxidizing salts; fair with water containing
oxidizing salts.
Excellent with water containing oxidizing salts; not good with water
containing no oxidizing salts.
Subject to dezincification with hot and/or aerated waters.
Subject to pitting attack.
Copper may act as a catalyst for undesirable reactions.
Free sulphuric acid absent.
Good at concentrations under 10 percent and below 100F (38C).
Suitable for limited service at concentrations under 50 percent and below
100F (38C).
Good only at concentrations under 10 percent and below 100F (38C).
Good only at concentrations under 20 percent and below 100F (38C).
www.boltsupply.com
19
METRIC/ISO/DIN
TECHNICAL
METRIC THREADS
Metric threads evolved similarly to the inch thread series. The
current ISO metric screw thread system includes a coarse
series, fine series and a number of constant pitch thread
series.
The ISO metric coarse thread series is uniquely positioned, in
terms of its thread pitches. It is located approximately half way
between Unified coarse and Unified fine. For a given diameter, metric coarse threads are finer than Unified coarse but
coarser than Unified fine. The metric coarse thread has certain technical advantages over either of the two Unified inch
thread series.
ISO metric fine thread series has much finer thread pitches
than those of the Unified fine series. Use of the metric fine
series for commercial metric fastener applications is not
recommended.
Metric External Fastener Strength Grades
The metric fastener strength grades are called property classes. This term originated in ISO standards and were
continued into ASTM and SAE specifications. The ISO
property class system for externally threaded metric fasteners
is specified in ISO 898/1.
Property class designations, as found on the head of a
metric bolt, are numerals indicating the following information:
The numeral or numerals preceding the first decimal point
approximate 1/100th of the specified minimum tensile
strength in megapascals (MPa).
Metric Grades
The numeral following the first decimal point approximates
1/10th of the ratio (expressed as a percentage), between the
minimum yield strength and the minimum tensile strength.
The yield strength is always a percentage of the tensile
strength. Yield strength is where thread deformation begins,
and this value is always less than the bolts tensile strength.
Metric Strength Grade System Examples
A class 4.6 steel metric bolt has a specified minimum tensile
strength of 400 MPa (4 x 100) and a specified minimum yield
strength of 240 MPa (0.6 x 400). The numbers 4 and .6 make
up the designation, with the .6 being the ratio of 240 MPa minimum yield strength to 400 MPa minimum tensile strength.
Not all metric designations give exact tensile and yield values
as earlier discussed. Each gives reasonable approximates.
Note: It is a mandatory regulation in SAE and ASTM
standards that inch series fasteners of the mediumcarbon and alloy steel strength grades and metric
fasteners of all property classes be marked for grade
identification. The only exceptions are slotted and
recessed head screws and bolts smaller than 5mm. Also
of major importance is that these same standards require
that all steel fasteners be marked to identify the
manufacturer.
Decimal (in)
(0.079)
(0.098)
(0.118)
(0.138)
(0.157)
(0.197)
(0.236)
(0.315)
(0.394)
(0.472)
M14
M16
M20
M24
M30
M36
(0.551)
(0.630)
(0.787)
(0.945)
(1.181)
(1.417)
M42
M48
(1.653)
(1.890)
M56
M64
M72
M80
M90
M100
(2.205)
(2.520)
(2.835)
(3.150)
(3.543)
(3.937)
1 mm = 0.04"
Nearest Diameter (in)
#2
#3
#5
#6
#8
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
9/16
5/8
3/4
1
1-1/8
1-1/4
1-3/8
1-1/2
1-3/4
2
2-1/4
2-1/2
2-3/4
3
3-1/2
4
Decimal (in)
(0.086)
(0.999)
(0.125)
(0.138)
(0.164)
(0.187)
(0.250)
(0.312)
(0.375)
(0.437)
(0.500)
(0.562)
(0.625)
(0.750)
(1.000)
(1.125)
(1.250)
(1.375)
(1.500)
(1.750)
(2.000)
(2.250)
(2.500)
(2.750)
(3.000)
(3.500)
(4.000)
Decimal (in)
(0.394)
(0.472)
(0.630)
(0.787)
(0.984)
(1.181
(1.387)
(1.575)
(1.772)
(1.968)
(2.165)
(2.362)
(2.559)
(2.756)
(2.953)
(3.150)
(3.543)
(3.937)
(4.724)
(5.118)
(5.512)
(5.905)
(6.299)
(6.693)
(7.087)
(7.480)
(7.874)
Decimal (in)
(0.375)
(0.500)
(0.625)
(0.750)
(1.000)
(1.250)
(1.375)
(1.500)
(1.750)
(2.000)
(2.250)
(3.375)
(2.500)
(2.750)
(3.000)
(3.250)
(3.500)
(4.000)
(4.750)
(5.000)
(5.500)
(6.000)
(6.250)
(6.500)
(7.000)
(7.500)
(8.000)
20
www.boltsupply.com
METRIC/ISO/DIN
FASTENER CONVERSION CHART
Gauge or
Dia.
No. 0000
No. 000
No. 00
No. 0
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
No. 8
No. 10
No. 12
INCH TO METRIC
Inch Equivalent
UNC
1 - 64
3 - 48
4 - 40
6 - 32
8 - 32
10 - 24
1/4 - 20
5/16 - 18
3/8 - 16
7/16 - 14
1/2 - 13
5/8 - 11
3/4 - 10
1-8
1-1/4 - 7
1-1/2 - 6
Decimal
(in)
0.021
0.034
0.047
0.060
0.073
0.086
0.099
0.112
0.125
0.138
0.164
0.190
0.216
(mm)
.53
.86
1.19
1.524
1.854
2.184
2.515
2.845
3.175
3.505
4.166
4.826
5.484
UNF
1 - 72
3 - 56
4 - 48
6 - 40
8 - 36
10 - 32
1/4 - 28
5/16 - 24
3/8 - 24
7/16 - 20
1/2 - 20
5/8 - 18
3/4 - 16
1 - 12
1-1/8 - 12
1-1/4 - 12
Metric Size-Pitch
ISO and IFI Recommended
M2 x 0.4
M2.5 x 0.45
M3 x .05
M3.5 x 0.6
M4 x .07
M5 x .08
M6 x 1
M8 x 1.25
M10 x 1.5
M12 x 1.75
M14 x 2
M18 x 2
M20 x 2.5
M24 x 3
M30 x 3.5
M36 x 4
DIN
931
933
930
961
DIN
934
985
980V
DIN
125
127
DIN
912
7991
916
DIN
7985
965
DIN
975
STRENGTHS
METRIC
(ISO 898)
No
Marking
INCH
(SAE J429)
METRIC
(ISO 898)
No
Marking
INCH
(SAE J429)
=
10.9
Grade: 2
Tensile: 60,000 psi
Grade: 10.9
Tensile: 1040 MPa
(150,800 psi)
=
Grade 8.8
Tensile: 830 MPa
(120,350 psi)
12.9
Grade: 5
Tensile: 120,000 psi
Grade: 12.9
Tensile: 1220 MPa
(176,900 psi)
*
Hex Capscrews
Coarse thread pitch partially threaded (specify grade)
Coarse thread pitch fully threaded (specify grade)
Fine thread pitch partially threaded (specify grade)
Fine thread pitch fully threaded (specify grade)
Nuts
Hex nuts (specify pitch and class)
Nylon insert locknuts (specify pitch and class)
All metal locknuts (specify pitch and class)
Washers
Flatwashers
Lockwashers
Socket Products
Socket head capscrews (normally GR 12.9 and coarse thread)
Flat head socket capscrews (normally GR 12.9 and coarse thread)
Socket setscrews (normally GR 12.9 and coarse thread)
Machine Screws
Pan head Phillips drive zinc plated
Flat head Phillips drive zinc plated
Threaded Rod
All threaded rod (normally 1 meter lengths, specify grade and pitch)
Grade: 8
Tensile: 150,000 psi
8.8
TECHNICAL
IMPERIAL/DECIMAL/METRIC
CHART FOR SMALL DIAMETERS
*Note: Metric Hex Socket Cap Screws are available in lower strength grades
(8.8, 10.9) and marked accordingly.
www.boltsupply.com
21
TECHNICAL
Thread Diameter
34.6
1.02
2.00
3.50
8.40
17
29
46
71
97
138
186
235
350
475
645
830
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M18
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M33
M36
3335.6
1.37
2.70
4.60
11
22
39
62
95
130
184
250
315
470
635
865
1,111
Property Classes
38.8
310.9
3.0
4.4
5.9
8.7
10
15
25
36
49
72
85
125
135
200
210
310
300
430
425
610
580
820
730
1,050
1,100
1,550
1,450
2,100
1,970
2,770
2,530
3,560
3 12.9
5
10
18
43
84
145
235
365
500
710
960
1,220
1,800
2,450
3,330
4,280
The only thing to do with good advice is to pass it on; it is never of any
use to oneself.
OSCAR WILDE
Thread
Diameter
M8 x 1.00
M10 x 1.25
M12 x 1.25
M14 x 1.50
M16 x 1.50
M18 x 1.50
M20 x 1.50
M22 x 1.50
M24 x 2.00
Conversion Figures
To get Ncm from Nm
To get inch pounds from Ncm
To get foot pounds from Ncm
To get foot pounds from Nm
Nm x 100
Ncm x 0.08851
Ncm x 0.00737
Nm x 0.7376
We pay for the mistakes of our ancestors, and it seems only fair that
they should leave us the money to pay with.
DONALD MARQUIS
22
www.boltsupply.com
Metric
(mm)
.01
.10
.25
.397
.50
.75
.794
1.
1.191
1.5
1.588
1.984
2.
2.381
2.5
2.778
3.
3.175
3.5
3.572
3.969
4.
4.366
4.5
4.763
5.
5.159
5.5
5.556
5.953
6.
6.350
6.5
6.747
7.
7.144
7l5
7.541
7.938
8.
8.334
8.5
8.731
9.
9.128
9.5
9.525
9.922
10.
10.319
10.5
10.716
11.
11.113
11.509
11.906
12.
12.303
12.5
12.700
13.
13.097
13.494
13.891
14.
14.288
14.5
14.684
15.
15.081
15.478
15.875
16.
16.272
16.5
16.669
17.
17.066
17.463
17.859
18.
18.256
18.5
18.653
19.
19.050
19.447
Fractions
(in)
25/32
51/64
13/16
53/64
27/32
55/64
7/8
57/64
29/32
59/64
15/16
61/64
31.32
63/64
1
1-1/32
1-1/16
1-3/32
1-1/8
1-5/32
1-3/16
1-7/32
1-1/4
_
1-9/32
1-5/16
1-11/32
1-3/8
1-13/32
1-7/16
1-15/32
1-1/2
1-17/32
1-9/16
1-19/32
1-5/8
1-21/32
1-11/16
1-23/32
1-3/4
1-25/32
1-13/16
1-27/32
1-7/8
1-29/32
1-15/16
1-31/32
2
2-1/32
2-1/16
2-3/32
2-1/8
2-5/32
Decimals
(in)
.781
.7874
.797
.8125
.8268
.828
.844
.859
.8661
.875
.8906
.9055
.9062
.922
.9375
.9449
.953
.969
.9843
.9844
1.000
1.0236
1.0312
1.062
1.063
1.094
1.1024
1.125
1.1417
1.156
1.1811
1.1875
1.219
1.2205
1.250
1.2598
1.281
1.2992
1.312
1.3386
1.344
1.375
1.3779
1.406
1.4173
1.438
1.4567
1.469
1.4961
1.500
1.531
1.5354
1.562
1.5748
1.594
1.6142
1.625
1.6535
1.6562
1.6875
1.6929
1.719
1.7323
1.750
1.7717
1.781
1.8110
1.8125
1.844
1.8504
1.875
1.8898
1.9062
1.9291
1.9375
1.9685
1.969
2.000
2.0079
2.03125
2.0472
2.062
2.0866
2.094
2.125
2.126
2.156
Metric
(mm)
19.844
20.
20.241
20.638
21.
21.034
21.431
21.828
22.
22.225
22.622
23.
23.019
23.416
23.813
24.
24.209
24.606
25.
25.003
25.400
26.
26.194
26.988
27.
27.781
28.
28.575
29.
29.369
30.
30.163
30.956
31.
31.750
32.
32.544
33.
33.338
34.
34.131
34.925
35.
35.719
36.
36.513
37.
37.306
38.
38.100
38.894
39.
39.688
40.
40.481
41.
41.275
42.
42.069
42.863
43.
43.656
44.
44.450
45.
45.244
46.
46.038
46.831
47.
47.625
48.
48.419
49.
49.213
50.
50.006
50.800
51.
51.594
52.
52.388
53.
53.181
53.975
54
54.769
Fractions
(in)
2-3/16
2-7/32
2-1/4
2-9/32
2-5/16
2-11/32
2-3/8
2-13/32
2-7/16
2-15/32
2-1/2
2-17/32
2-9/16
2-19/32
2-5/8
2-21/32
2-11/16
2-23/32
2-3/4
2-25/32
2-13/16
2-27/32
2-7/8
2-29/32
2-15/16
2-31/32
3
3-1/32
3-1/16
3-3/32
3-1/8
3-5/32
3-3/16
3-7/32
3-1/4
3-9/32
3-5/16
3-11/32
3-3/8
3-13/32
3-7/16
3-15/32
3-1/2
3-17/32
3-9/16
3-19/32
3-5/8
3-21/32
Decimals
(in)
2.165
2.1875
2.2047
2.219
2.244
2.250
2.281
2.2835
2-312
2.3228
2.344
2.3622
2.375
2.4016
2.406
2.438
2.4409
2.469
2.4803
2.500
2.5197
2.531
2.559
2.562
2.594
2.5984
2.625
2.638
2.656
2.6772
2.6875
2.7165
2.719
2.750
2.7559
2.781
2.7953
2.8125
2.8346
2.844
2.8740
2.875
2.9062
2.9134
2.9375
2.9527
2.969
2.9921
3.000
3.0312
3.0315
3.062
3.0709
3.094
3.1102
3.125
3.1496
3.156
3.1875
3.1890
3.219
3.2283
3.250
3.2677
3.281
3.3071
3.312
3.344
3.3464
3.375
3.3858
3.406
3.4252
3.438
3.4646
3.469
3.500
3.5039
3.531
3.5433
3.562
3.5827
3.594
3.622
3.625
3.656
3.6614
Metric
(mm)
55.
55.563
56.
56.356
57.
57.150
57.944
58.
58.738
59.
59.531
60.
60.325
61.
61.119
61.913
62.
62.706
63.
63.500
64.
64.294
65.
65.088
65.881
66.
66.675
67.
67.469
68.
68.263
69.
69.056
69.850
70.
70.6439
71.
71.4376
72.
72.2314
73.
73.025
73.819
74.
74.613
75.
75.406
76.
76.200
76.994
77.
77.788
78.
78.581
79.
79.375
80.
80.169
80.963
81.
81.756
82
82.550
83.
83.344
84.
84.1377
84.9314
85.
85.725
86.
86.519
87.
87.313
88.
88.106
88.900
89.
89.694
90.
90.4877
91.
91.281
92.
92.075
92.869
93.
Fractions
(in)
3-11/16
3-23/32
3-3/4
3-25/32
3-13/16
3-27/32
3-7/8
3-29/32
3-15/16
3-31/32
4
4-1/16
4-1/8
4-3/16
4-1/4
4-5/16
4-3/8
4-7/16
4-1/2
4-9/16
4-5/8
4-11/16
4-3/4
4-13/16
4-7/8
4-15/16
5
5-1/4
5-1/2
5-3/4
6
6-1/4
6-1/2
6-3/4
7
7-1/2
8-1/2
9-1/2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Decimals
(in)
3.6875
3.7008
3.719
3.7401
3.750
3.7795
3.781
3.8125
3.8189
3.844
3.8583
3.875
3.8976
3.9062
3.9370
3.9375
3.969
3.9764
4.000
4.062
4.125
4.1338
4.1875
4.250
4.312
4.3307
4.375
4.438
4.500
4.5275
4.562
4.625
4.6875
4.7244
4.750
4.8125
4.875
4.9212
4.9375
5.000
5.1181
5.250
5.500
5.5118
5.750
5.9055
6.000
6.250
6.2992
6.500
6.6929
6.750
7.000
7.0866
7.4803
7.500
7.8740
8.000
8.2677
8.500
8.6614
9.000
9.0551
9.4488
9.500
9.8425
10.000
10.2362
10.6299
11.000
11.0236
11.4173
11.8110
12.000
13.000
13.7795
14.000
15.000
15.7480
16.000
17.000
17.7165
18.000
19.000
19.6850
20.000
Metric
(mm)
93.663
94.
94.456
95.
95.
96.
96.044
96.838
97.
97.631
98.
98.425
99.
99.219
100.
100.013
100.806
101.
101.600
103.188
104.775
105.
106.363
107.950
109.538
110.
111.125
112.713
114.300
115.
115.888
117.475
119.063
120.
120.650
122.238
123.825
125.
125.413
127.000
130.
133.350
139.700
140.
146.050
150.
152.400
158.750
160.
165.100
170.
171.450
177.800
180.
190.
190.500
200.
203.200
210.
215.900
220.
228.600
230.
240.
241.300
250.
254.001
260.
270.
279.401
280.
290.
300.
304.801
330.201
350.
355.601
381.001
400.
406.401
431.801
450.
457.201
482.601
500.
508.001
www.boltsupply.com
TECHNICAL
Fractions
(in)
1/64
1/32
3/64
1/16
5/64
3/32
7/64
1/8
9/64
5/32
11/64
3/16
13/64
7/32
15/64
1/4
17/64
9/32
19/64
5/16
21/64
11/32
23/64
3/8
25/64
13/32
27/64
7/16
29/64
15/32
31/64
1/2
33/64
17/32
35/64
9/16
37/64
19/32
39/64
5/8
41/64
21/32
43/64
11/16
45/64
23/32
47/64
3/4
49/64
23
TECHNICAL
METRIC TABLES
LINEAR
SQUARE
CUBIC
CAPACITY
WEIGHT
PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE
One METER (m) = 10 decimeter (dm) = 100 centimeter (cm) = 1000 millimeters (mm)
1000 meters = One kilometer (km)
One SQUARE METER (m2) = 100 sq decimeters (dm2) = 1000 sq centimeters (cm2) = 1,000,000 sq millimeters (mm2)
One CUBIC METER (m3) = 1000 cu decimeter (dm3) = 1,000,000 cu centimeters (cm3)
One LITRE (L) = 10 decilitres (dL) = 1000 millilitres (mL)
100 litres = One Hectolitre (hL)
One DILOGRAM (kg) = 100 decagrams (dkg) = 1000 grams (g)
100 kilos = One metric cent (q)
1000 kilos = One ton (t)
KILO PER SQUARE CENTIMETER (kg/cm2)
One kilo per sq centimeter = One ATMOSPHERE (atm)
CENTIGRADE degree (C) = CELCIUS degree (C)
INCH to METRIC
1 inch = 25,400 millimeters
1 inch = 2.540 centimeters
1 foot = 304.800 millimeters
1 foot = 30.480 centimeters
1 foot = 0.3048 meters
1 yard = 91.4400 centimeters
1 yard = 0.9144 meters
1 mile = 1.609.35 meters
1 mile = 1.609 kilometers
AREA
CUBIC
IMPERIAL to METRIC
1 fluid oz = 28.413 millilitres
1 fluid oz = 0.02841 litres
1 pint = 0.56826 litres
1 quart = 1.13652 litres
1 gallon = 4.546 litres
CAPACITY
PRESSURE
POUNDS/INCHES to METRIC
1 pound/sq inch = .0703 kilogram per square centimeter
1 pound/sq inch = .0703 atmosphere (metric)
24
METRIC to IMPERIAL
1 millilitre = 0.035195 fluid oz
1 centilitre = 0.35195 fluid oz
1 decilitre = 3.5195 fluid oz
1 litre = 0.88 quarts
1 hectolitre = 21.9969 gallons
WEIGHT
FAHRENHEIT to CELSIUS
1 Fahrenheit degree (F) = 1.8 x (C) plus 32
METRIC to INCH
1 millimeter = .0393700 inches
1 centimeter = .393700 inches
1 meter = 39.3700 inches
1 meter = 3,2808 feet
1 meter = 1.0936 yards
1 kilometer = .62137 miles
METRIC to POUNDS/INCHES
1 kilogram/sq centimeter = 14.223 pounds/sq inch
1 kilogram/sq centimeter = 1 atmosphere
TEMPERATURE
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CELSIUS to FAHRENHEIT
1 Centigrade (Celsius) degree () = .556 x (F minus 32)
Pitch
mm
.25
.25
.25
.3
.35
.35
.4
.45
.45
.5
6
.7
.75
.8
1
1
1.25
1.25
1.5
1.5
1.75
2
2
2.5
2.5
2.5
3
3
3.5
3.5
4
4
4.5
4.5
5
5
5.5
5.5
6
6
6
6
Size
mm
M2
M2.2
M2.3
M2.5
M2.6
M3
M3.5
M4
M4
M5
M5
M5
M5.5
M6
M6
M7
M8
M8
M8
M9
M9
M10
M10
M10
M10
M11
M11
M11
M12
M12
M12
M12
M12
M14
M14
M14
M15
M15
M15
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M17
M17
M18
M18
M18
M18
M19
M20
M20
M20
M22
M22
M22
M24
Pitch
mm
.25
.25
.25
.35
.35
.35
.35
.35
.5
.35
.5
.75
.5
.5
.75
.75
.5
.75
1
.75
.1
.5
.75
1
1.25
.75
1
1.25
.5
.75
1
1.25
1.5
1
1.25
1.5
.75
1
1.5
.5
.75
1
1.25
1.5
1
1.5
.75
1.25
1.5
2
1
1
1.5
2
1
1.5
2
1
Size
mm
M24
M24
M25
M25
M25
M27
M27
M27
M28
M28
M28
M30
M30
M30
M30
M32
M32
M32
M33
M33
M33
M35
M35
M35
M36
M36
M36
M36
M38
M38
M38
M39
M39
M39
M40
M40
M40
M42
M42
M42
M42
M45
M45
M45
M48
M48
M48
M48
M50
M50
M50
M52
M52
M52
M52
M56
M56
Pitch
mm
1.5
2
1
1.5
2
1
1.5
2
1
1.5
2
1
1.5
2
3
1
1.5
2
1.5
2
3
1.5
2
3
1
1.5
2
3
1
1.5
2
1.5
2
3
1
1.5
3
1.5
2
3
4
1.5
2
3
1.5
2
3
4
1.5
2
3
1.5
2
3
4
2
4
TECHNICAL
Drill
mm
22.5
22
24
23.5
23
26
25.5
25
27
26.5
26
29
28.5
28
27
31
30.5
30
31.5
31
30
33.5
33
32
35
34.4
34
33
37
36.5
36
37.5
37
36
39
38.5
37
40.5
40
39
38
43.5
43
42
46.5
46
45
44
48.5
48
47
50.5
50
49
48
54
52
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25
TECHNICAL
DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS
Fractional Wire Metric Letter Sizes
(Bolt Threads)
Thread
0-80
1-64
1-72
2-56
2-64
3-48
3-56
4-40
4-48
5-40
5-44
6-32
6-40
8-32
8-36
10-24
10-32
12-24
12-28
1/4-20
1/4-28
5/16-18
5/16-24
3/8-16
3/8-24
7/16-14
7/16-20
1/2-13
1/2-20
9/16-12
9/16-18
5/8-11
5/8-18
3/4-10
3/4-16
7/8-9
7/8-14
1-8
1-12
1-14
Drill
3/64
53
53
51
50
5/64
46
43
42
39
37
36
33
29
29
25
21
17
15
7
3
F
I
5/16
Q
U
W
27/64
29/64
31/64
33/64
17/32
37/64
21/32
11/16
49/64
13/16
7/8
59/64
15/16
TAP DRILL
SIZES
NPT (Pipe) Thread
Thread
1/16 (27)
1/8 (27)
1/4 (18)
3/8 (18)
1/2 (14)
3/4 (14)
1" (11-1/2)
1-1/4 (11-1/2)
1-1/2 (11-1/2)
2" (11-1/2)
26
Drill
D
R
7/16
37/64
23/32
59/64
1-5/32
1-1/2
1-47/64
2-7/32
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Drill Size
3.70
26
25
3.80
24
3.90
23
5/32
22
4.00
21
20
4.10
4.20
19
4.30
18
11/64
17
4.40
16
4.50
15
4.60
14
13
4.70
3/16
12
4.80
11
4.90
10
9
5.00
8
5.10
7
13/64
6
5.20
5
5.30
4
5.40
3
5.50
7/32
5.60
2
5.70
1
5.80
5.90
A
15/64
6.00
B
6.10
C
6.20
D
6.30
1/4
E
6.40
6.50
F
6.60
Decimal
.1457
.1470
.1495
.1496
.1520
.1535
.1540
.1562
.1570
.1575
.1590
.1610
.1614
.1654
.1660
.1693
.1695
.1719
.1730
.1732
.1770
.1772
.1800
.1811
.1820
.1850
.1850
.1875
.1890
.1890
.1910
.1929
.1935
.1960
.1969
.1990
.2008
.2010
.2031
.2040
.2047
.2055
.2087
.2090
.2126
.2130
.2165
.2188
.2205
.2210
.2244
.2280
.2283
.2323
.2340
.2344
.2362
.2380
.2402
.2420
.2441
.2460
.2480
.2500
.2500
.2520
.2559
.2570
.2598
Drill Size
G
6.70
17/64
H
6.80
6.90
I
7.00
J
7.10
K
9/32
7.20
7.30
L
7.40
M
7.50
19/64
7.60
N
7.70
7.80
7.90
5/16
8.00
O
8.10
8.20
P
8.30
21/64
8.40
Q
8.50
8.60
R
8.70
11/32
8.80
S
8.90
9.00
T
9.10
23/64
9.20
9.30
U
9.40
9.50
3/8
V
9.60
9.70
9.80
W
9.90
25/64
10.00
X
10.20
Y
10.30
13/32
Z
10.50
27/64
10.80
Decimal
.2610
.2638
.2656
.2660
.2677
.2717
.2720
.2756
.2770
.2795
.2810
.2812
.2835
.2874
.2900
.2913
.2950
.2953
.2969
.2992
.3020
.3031
.3071
.3110
.3125
.3150
.3160
.3189
.3228
.3230
.3268
.3281
.3307
.3320
.3346
.3386
.3390
.3425
.3438
.3465
.3480
.3504
.3543
.3580
.3583
.3594
.3622
.3661
.3680
.3701
.3740
.3750
.3770
.3780
.3819
.3858
.3860
.3998
.3906
.3937
.3970
.4016
.4040
.4055
.4062
.4130
.4134
.4219
.4252
Drill Size
11.00
7/16
11.20
11.50
29/64
11.80
15/32
12.00
12.20
31/64
12.50
1/2
13.00
33/64
17/32
13.50
35/64
14.00
9/16
14.50
37/64
15.00
19/32
39/64
15.50
5/8
16.00
41/64
16.50
21/32
17.00
43/64
11/16
17.50
45/64
18.00
23/32
18.50
47/64
19.00
3/4
49/64
19.50
25/32
20.00
51/64
20.50
13/16
21.00
53/64
27/32
21.50
55/64
22.00
7/8
22.50
57/64
23.00
29/32
59/64
23.50
15/16
24.00
61/64
24.50
31/32
25.00
63/64
1
Decimal
.4331
.4375
.4409
.4528
.4531
.4646
.4688
.4724
.4803
.4844
.4921
.5000
.5118
.5156
.5312
.5315
.5469
.5512
.5625
.5709
.5781
.5906
.5938
.6094
.6102
.6250
.6299
.6406
.6495
.5452
.6693
.6719
.6875
.6890
.7031
.7087
.7188
.7283
.7344
.7480
.7500
.7656
.7677
.7812
.7874
.7969
.8071
.8125
.8268
.8281
.8438
.8465
.8594
.8661
.8750
.8858
.8906
.9055
.9062
.9219
.9252
.9375
.9449
.9531
.9646
.9688
.9843
.9844
1.000
Round
Socket Cap
HEXAGON NUTS
Dia.
MACHINE SCREWS
TECHNICAL
WOOD SCREWS
Round
Width
Flat
Oval
Flat
Socket Set
Oval
Square Set
Pan
Studs
Thick
WASHERS
I.D.
Length
Length
Truss
O.D.
Plain Steel Washers
Dia.
Fillister
Length
TAPPING SCREWS
Lock Washers
STANDARD PINS
Measuring Threads
Dia.
Hex
Cotter
Clevis
Flat
Carriage
Plow
Dia.
Oval
Taper
Pan
Truss
Lag
Length
Length
www.boltsupply.com
27
TECHNICAL
Head
Style
Description
Applications /
Advantages
Bugle
Pan
Flat 82
Flat
Undercut
Indented Hex
Indented Hex
Washer
Serrated Hex
Washer
Truss
Wafer
Oval
Round
(U-drive)
Schematic
DRIVE TYPES
Schematic
28
Drive
Type
Phillips
Slotted
Uses
Increases productivity
with excellent torque
transmission and
resists cam-out.
Phillips/Sq. Drive
Hex / Slotted-hex
Combination
Accepts Phillips and
square drive
screwdrivers. Used
when fastener is
expected to be backed
out several times.
www.boltsupply.com
Torx
Positive-engaging,
Accepts hex wrench.
fast-locating method
Slotted drive is added to
which transmits drive
make it easier to remove
torque with less required
the fastener.
downward pressure.
Square
Description
Applications /
Advantages
Pan
Binding
Undercut
Flat 82
Flat
Undercut
Flat 100
Fillister
Indented
Hex
Indented Hex
Washer
Truss
Oval
Round
TECHNICAL
Head
Style
Schematic
DRIVE TYPES
Schematic
Drive
Type
Square
Phillips
Uses
Slotted
Phillips/Sq. Drive
Combination
Hex /
Slotted-hex
Torx
Positive-engaging,
fast-locating method
of transmitting drive
torque and optimizing
worker efficiency.
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29
TECHNICAL
Point Styles
Die Point: Minimum reduction of point is
approximately 10% below maximum minor
diameter.
Dog Point: Straight pointed section
reduced in diameter slightly below root
diameter of thread for ease in starting.
Pinch Point (Rounded): Point has
rounded contour with pinch-off marks for
aligning or assembling parts requiring
pilot action.
No. 6
(.137)
No. 6
(.138)
No. 7
(.151)
No. 7
(.155)
No. 7
(.155)
No. 8
(.163)
No. 10
(.186)
No. 10
(.191)
No. 12
(.212)
No. 12
(.218)
No. 14
(.251)
30
No. 8
(.165)
www.boltsupply.com
No. 14
(.243)
METAL
(ga)
28
26
.025
24
22
20
28
26
24
22
20
28
26
24
22
20
26
24
22
20
18
16
28
24
22
20
18
16
28
26
24
22
20
26
24
22
20
18
26
24
22
20
26
24
22
20
18
26
24
22
20
18
24
22
20
18
24
22
20
18
24
22
20
18
22
20
18
16
(in)
.016
.019
B
.025
.031
.038
.016
.019
.025
.031
.038
.016
.019
.025
.031
.038
.019
.025
.031
.038
.050
.063
.016
.025
.031
.038
.050
.063
.016
.019
.025
.031
.038
.019
.025
.031
.038
.050
.019
.025
.031
.038
.019
.025
.031
.038
.050
.019
.025
.031
.038
.050
.025
.031
.038
.050
.025
.031
.038
.050
.025
.031
.038
.050
.031
.038
.050
.063
POINT
Type
A/AB/B
A/AB/B
43
A/AB
A/AB/B
A/AB/B
B
B
B
B
B
A/AB
A/AB
A/AB
A/AB
A/AB
B
B
B
B
B
B
A/AB
B
B
B
B
B
A/AB
A/AB
A/AB
A/AB
A/AB
B
B
B
B
B
A/AB
A/AB
A/AB
A/AB
B
B
B
B
B
A/AB
A/AB
A/AB
A/AB
A/AB
B
B
B
B
A/AB
A/AB
A/AB
A/AB
A/AB
A/AB
A/AB
A/AB
B
B
B
B
DRILL
No.
44
44
42
42
40
37
37
43
42
35
39
39
39
38
36
32
32
32
32
31
30
39
32
32
32
31
30
39
39
39
38
36
32
32
32
32
30
33
39
38
36
27
27
27
27
27
30
30
30
29
25
19
19
19
19
26
25
24
22
14
12
11
9
13
13
11
8
To Use
Type 2
Type 3
Type 4
Special Type 3 or 4
Dril-it
Recommended
Material
Diameter Thickness
No. 4
.035 to .080
No. 6
.035 to .090
No. 8
.035 to .100
No. 10
.035 to .110
No. 12
.035 to .187
1/4"
.035 to .175
Point
Length
.140
.140
.156
.203
.234
.296
No. 6
No. 8
No. 10
No. 12
1/4"
.090 to .110
.100 to .140
.110 to .175
.110 to .210
.110 to .220
.171
.203
.250
.281
.312
No. 11
No. 12
1/4"
.175 to .312
.175 to .250
.175 to .250
.387
.281
.312
No. 10
No. 12
1/4"
.175 to .315
.210 to .375
.250 to .375
.406
.437
.468
No. 12
.250 to .500
.625
Type 5
MATERIAL TO BE DRILLED
TOP MATERIAL
BOTTOM MATERIAL
TOTAL THICKNESS
"PILOT LENGTH"
IS IMPORTANT HERE
TOP MATERIAL
VOID OR INSULATION
BOTTOM MATERIAL
TOTAL THICKNESS
TOP MATERIAL
VOID OR INSULATION
BOTTOM MATERIAL
TOTAL THICKNESS
Aluminum
.580
.5165
.4600
.4096
.3658
.3249
.2893
.2576
.2294
.2043
.1819
.1620
.1443
.1285
.1144
.1019
.0907
.0808
.0720
.0641
.0571
.0506
.0453
.0403
.0359
.0320
.0285
.0253
.0226
.0201
.0179
.0159
.0142
.0126
.0113
.0100
.0089
.0080
.0071
.0063
.0056
.0050
.0045
.0040
Sheet
Steel
.4062
.375
.3437
.3125
.2812
.2656
.2391
.2242
.2092
.1943
.1793
.1644
.1495
.1345
.1196
.1046
.0897
.0747
.0673
.0598
.0538
.0478
.0418
.0359
.0329
.0299
.0269
.0239
.0209
.0179
.0164
.0149
.0135
.0120
.0105
.0097
.0090
.0082
.0075
.0067
.0064
.0060
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31
TECHNICAL
TECHNICAL
Length (in)
1/2
5/8
3/4
1
1-1/4
1-1/2
1-3/4
2
2-1/4
2-1/2
2-3/4
3
3-1/4
3-1/2
3-3/4
4
4-1/2
5
5-1/2
6
6-1/2
7
7-1/2
8
9
10
12
1/4"
3300
3000
2700
2200
1900
1600
1400
1200
1000
900
750
750
600
550
500
450
450
400
400
350
5/16"
1950
1800
1650
1400
1100
1000
850
800
700
600
550
500
450
450
400
400
300
250
250
250
3/8"
1300
1200
1100
900
800
675
600
550
450
400
400
325
325
300
250
250
225
225
175
175
175
150
150
150
130
120
100
7/16"
1/2"
750
650
550
500
450
400
350
300
300
275
250
225
225
200
175
150
150
125
475
400
375
300
275
250
225
225
200
200
175
150
150
150
125
125
100
100
100
90
80
80
75
65
55
9/16"
350
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
150
125
125
125
100
100
100
75
75
Diameter
5/8"
3/4"
7/8"
1"
250
225
200
175
175
150
125
125
100
100
100
100
90
80
75
70
65
60
55
55
50
45
40
35
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
50
45
45
40
35
35
30
30
25
25
25
23
20
17
55
55
50
50
45
40
40
40
35
35
35
30
25
25
25
20
20
20
18
15
15
13
150
140
125
120
100
100
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
45
45
40
40
35
35
35
30
30
25
1-1/8"
1-1/4"
1-1/2"
40
30
35
25
30
25
15
30
20
15
25
20
20
20
15
15
15
15
15
13
12
10
20
15
15
15
15
14
12
12
10
10
10
8
12
12
11
10
10
9
9
8
8
7
6
5
Length
(in)
#6
#8
#10
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
9/16
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1-1/8
1-1/4
1-3/8
1-1/2
1-5/8
1-3/4
2
2-1/4
2-1/2
2-3/4
3
Pkg
100
100
100
100
100
100
50
50
25
25
20
20
20
15
15
10
10
HEX NUTS
Case
Bulk
2000
15000
2000
15000
2000
15000
2000
5500
2000
3600
1500
2500
800
1400
800
1000
300
650
300
540
325
200
135
95
65
50
40
30
23
15
10
8
6
5
USS WASHERS
Pkg
Bulk (lb)
100
50
100
50
100
50
100
50
100
50
100
50
50
50
50
50
25
50
25
50
20
50
20
50
20
50
15
50
15
50
10
50
10
50
10
50
10
50
10
50
SAE WASHERS
Pkg
Bulk (lb)
100
100
100
50
50
25
25
20
20
20
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
USS WASHERS
Qty/100 lb
(approx)
29400
16200
9600
7460
3800
2740
2300
1290
1000
720
580
490
520
360
340
250
230
180
SAE WASHERS
Qty/100 lb
(approx)
24400
21200
15140
11360
5900
5740
3880
2360
1720
1310
LOCKWASHERS
Pkg
Case
100
7500
100
7500
100
7500
100
7500
100
7500
100
7500
50
3750
50
2500
25
1250
25
1250
20
1000
20
780
20
40
15
300
15
300
10
150
10
150
When I am working on a problem, I never think about beauty. I think only about how to solve the problem. But
when I have finished, if the solution is not beautiful, I know it is wrong.
BUCKMINSTER FULLER
32
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