Grammar 111

NORTON UNIVERSITY
&2'
Assignment
GRAMMAR
Class
Bachelor Degree
Major
English (Semester II, Year II)
Subject
Grammar & Reading
Professor Mr.
Chum Mao
Students Name :
1. Miss. Sirivath Arunvathey
ID: B20140410
2. Mr. Sam Sambat
ID : B20150272
3. Mr. Chhun Meng Cheang
ID : B20143097
4. Mr. Ly Rafa
ID: B20122116
5. Mr. Sem Suntithvibol
ID: B20152750
ACEDEMIC YEAR 2015-2016
CONTENTS
I.
PART A
1. Passive voice ..................................................................................................................2

2. Will (Future Simple), Be going to, Future Arrangement (-ing form) ............................9
II.
PART B
1. Grammatical Words ................................................................................................... 18
2. Translating Words ....................................................................................................... 23
3. Definition of Words .................................................................................................... 25
4. Synonyms .................................................................................................................... 27
5. Making Sentences ....................................................................................................... 29
III.
REFERANCES
RERFRANCES
1. http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/passive-voice/
2. http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/flatmates/episode73/languagepoint.shtml
3. http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/present-continuous-future-arrangements/
4. http://www.grammaring.com/the-difference-between-will-be-going-to-and-the-present-continuousfor-future-events
Norton University
Topic : Passive Voice, Will, Be going to, Future Arrangement
PART A
Choose FOUR of the following topics and write Grammar Lesson based on the rules below:
1. Present Perfect Simple
2. Present Perfect Continuous
3. Zero, First, Second, Third Conditional
4. Passive Voice
5. Causative
6. Modal Verb
7. Gerunds or Infinitives
8. Future Perfect Simple
9. Future Perfect Continuous
10. Modal for Deduction in the Past
11. Modal for Deduction in the Present
12. Modal for Deduction in the Future
13. Indirect Questions
14. Reported Speech
15. Will, Be going to, Future Arrangement
16. Relative Clauses
17. Time Clauses
18. Future Simple
19. Future Continuous
20. Past Perfect Simple & Past Perfect Continuous
Writing Topic: Passive Voice, Will, Be going to, Future Arrangement
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I. Passive Voice
The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences an action rather than
the person or object that performs the action. In other words, the most important thing or person becomes the
subject of the sentence.
Examples
The passive voice is used frequently. (= we are interested in the passive voice, not in who uses it.)
The house was built in 1654. (= we are interested in the house, not in who built it.)
The road is being repaired. (= we are interested in the road, not in the people who are doing the
repairs.)
Sometimes we use the passive voice because we don't know or do not want to express who performed
the action.
Examples
I noticed that a window had been left open.
Every year thousands of people are killed on our roads.
All the cookies have been eaten.
My car has been stolen!

The passive voice is often used in formal texts. Switching to the active voice will make your writing
clearer and easier to read.

Passive
Active
A great deal of meaning is conveyed by a few well-
A few well-chosen words convey a great deal of
chosen words.
meaning.
Our planet is wrapped in a mass of gases.
A mass of gases wrap around our planet.
Waste materials are disposed of in a variety of ways.
The city disposes of waste materials in a variety

of ways.
If we want to say who or what performs the action while using the passive voice, we use the
preposition by. When we know who performed the action and are interested in him, it is always better to
switch to the active voice instead.
Passive
"A Hard Day's Night" was written by the Beatles.
Active
The Beatles wrote "A Hard Day's Night".
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Passive
Active
The movie ET was directed by Spielberg.
Spielberg directed the movie ET.
This house was built by my father.
My father built this house.
Forms & Rules

The passive voice in English is composed of two elements: the appropriate form of the verb 'to be'
+ past participle
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Negative Interrogative
The house was built in
The house wasn't built in Was the house built in
Wasn't the house built in
1899.
1899.
1899?
1899?
These houses were built These houses weren't
Were these houses built in Weren't these houses built
in 1899.
1899?
built in 1899.
in 1899?
Usage of Passive Voice

Subject
Simple present
The house
Present continuous
The house
Simple past
The house
Past continuous
The house
Present perfect
The house
Past perfect
The house
Future
The house
Future continuous
The house
Present conditional
The house
Past conditional
The house
Infinitive
The house
+ to be (conjugated)
+ past participle
+ rest of sentence
is
cleaned
every day.
is being
cleaned
at the moment.
was
cleaned
yesterday.
was being
cleaned
last week.
has been
cleaned
since you left.
had been
cleaned
before they arrived.
will be
cleaned
next week.
will be being
cleaned
tomorrow.
would be
cleaned
if they had visitors.
would have been
cleaned
if it had been dirty.
must be
cleaned
before we arrive.
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Passive Voice with Infinitives

The infinitive passive voice is used after modal verbs and other most verbs normally followed by an
infinitive.
Examples
You have to be tested on your English grammar.
John might be promoted next year.
She wants to be invited to the party.
I expect to be surprised on my birthday.
You may be disappointed.
Passive Voice with Gerunds

Gerunds are used after prepositions and verbs normally followed by a gerund.
Examples
I remember being taught to drive.
The children are excited about being taken to the zoo.
The children are excited to be taken to the zoo.
Most film stars hate being interviewed.
Most film stars hate to be interviewed.
Poodles like to be pampered.
Poodles like being pampered.
Using "To Be Born"

"To be born" is an passive form and is most commonly used in the past tense. However, in some cases,
the present or future tense is appropriate.
Examples
I was born in 1976.
Where were you born?
Around 100 babies are born in this hospital every week.
We don't know on exactly which day the baby will be born.
Sometimes the passive is formed using the verb to get or to have instead of the verb to be.
Alternative Ways to Form The Passive Voice.
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You can form sentences that are passive in meaning but not in form by using the verb to get or the
verb to have in place of the verb to be. These constructions often describe situations where we want
someone else to do something for us or where we are going to hire someone else to do something for us. The
subject is active, but he is only doing the "getting". It is the unnamed person who is gotten who will perform
the action of the main verb in the sentence. That second person is not explicit in the sentence when the
sentence has a passive meaning. We are more interested in the result of the activity than in the person that
performs the activity.
Examples
I must get my hair cut.
I must have my hair cut.
When are you going to get that window mended?
We're having the house painted.

This type of construction can refer to the completion of an activity, especially if a time expression is
used.
Examples
We'll get the work done as soon as possible.
I'll get those letters typed before lunchtime.
She said she'd have my lunch delivered by noon.
You should have your roof repaired before next winter.

If the verb refers to something unwanted, it has the same meaning as a passive sentence.
Examples
Jim had his car stolen last night.
Jim's car was stolen.
They had their roof blown off in the storm.
Their roof was blown off in the storm.
Using "to need" in passive constructions
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You can also use the verb to need followed by the gerund in an active construction with a passive
meaning. The important thing in our minds in these sentences is the person or thing that will experience the
action, not the person performing the action.
Examples
The ceiling needs painting.
The ceiling needs to be painted.
My hair needs cutting.
My hair needs to be cut.
That faucet needs fixing.
That faucet needs to be fixed.
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Exercise
The Passive Voice (Mixed Tenses)
1. They passed me up for that position.
I ________________ for that position.
was passed up
was being passed up
am passed up
2. By tomorrow, I will have bought the car.
By tomorrow, the car ________________ by me.
was being bought
will have been bought
was bought
3. John bought the Picasso painting.
The Picasso painting ________________ by John.
was bought
will have been bought
is bought
4. Most students misunderstand this story.
This story ________________ by most students.
was misunderstood
has been misunderstood
is misunderstood
5. My brother carried the groceries into the room.
The groceries ________________ by my brother into the room.
were being carried
have been carried
were carried
6. Juan is preparing the enchiladas.
The enchiladas ________________ by Juan.
are being prepared
were being prepared
are prepared
7. His brother was telling him to calm down.
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He ________________ to calm down by his brother.

is being told
was being told
is told
8. A dog bit me.
I ________________ by a dog.
was being bitten
was bitten
have been bitten
9. The movers have delivered the furniture.
The furniture ________________ by the movers.
will have been delivered
would be delivered
has been delivered
10. This city will surprise you. You ________________ by this city.
are surprised
will be surprised
will have been surprised
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II. Will (Future Simple), Be going to, Future Arrangement (-ing form)
A. Will (Future Simple)
The simple future refers to a time later than now, and expresses facts or certainty. In this case there is
no 'attitude'.
The simple future is used:
To predict a future event:

It will rain tomorrow.
With I or We, to express a spontaneous decision:

I'll pay for the tickets by credit card.
To express willingness: I'll do the washing-up.

He'll carry your bag for you.
In the negative form, to express unwillingness:

The baby won't eat his soup.
I won't leave until I've seen the manager!
With I in the interrogative form using "shall", to make an offer:

Shall I open the window?
With we in the interrogative form using "shall", to make a suggestion:

Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
With I in the interrogative form using "shall", to ask for advice or instructions:
What shall I tell the boss about this money?
With you, to give orders:

You will do exactly as I say.
With you in the interrogative form, to give an invitation:

Will you come to the dance with me?
Will you marry me?
Note: In modern English will is preferred to shall. Shall is mainly used with I and we to make an offer
or suggestion, or to ask for advice (see examples above). With the other persons (you, he, she, they) shall is
only used in literary or poetic situations, e.g. "With rings on her fingers and bells on her toes, She shall have
music wherever she goes."
Forming the simple future

The simple future tense is composed of two parts: will / shall + the infinitive without to.
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Subject
will
infinitive without to
Affirmative
I
will
go
shall
go
Negative
They
will not
see
They
won't
see
Interrogative
Will
she
ask?
Interrogative negative
Won't
they
try?
*Shall is dated, but it is still commonly used instead of "will" with the affirmative or interrogative
forms of I and we in certain cases
Contractions
I will
= I'll
We will
= we'll
You will
= you'll
He will
= he'll
She will
= she'll
They will
= they'll
Will not
= won't
The form "it will" is not normally shortened.
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B. Be Going To
The use of going to refer to future events suggests a very strong association with the present. The time
is not important, it is later than now, but the attitude is that the event depends on something in the present
situation that we know about. Going is mainly used to refer to our plans and intentions or to make
predictions based on present evidence. In everyday speech, going to is often shortened to gonna, especially
in American English, but it is never written that way.
Be Going to is used
Using "going" for plans and intentions

Is Freddy going to buy a new car soon?
Are John and Pam going to visit Milan when they are in Italy?
I think Nigel and Mary are going to have a party next week.
We are going to have dinner together tomorrow.
Aren't you going to stay at the library until your report is finished?
Using "going" for predictions

He's going to be a brilliant politician.
I'm going to have a hard time falling asleep.
You're going to be sorry you said that.
Is it going to rain this afternoon?
Aren't they going to come to the party?
Forming the be going to

When we use going in a phrase to talk about the future, the form is composed of three elements:
the verb to be conjugated to match the subject + going + the infinitive of the main verb
Subject
+ to be
(conjugated)
+ going to
+ infinitive
Affirmative
He
is
going
to leave.
Negative
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Subject
+ to be
(conjugated)
He
isnt
+ going to
+ infinitive
going
to leave.
Interrogative
Is
he
going
to jog?
Arent
they
going
to jog?
Contractions
I am going to
= Im going to
We are going to
= Were going to
You are going to
= Youre going to
They are going to
= Theyre going to
He is going to
= Hes going to
She is going to
= Shes going to
It is going to
= Its going to
Are not/ Is not
= Arent/ Isnt
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C. Present Continues (Future Arrangement)

The present continuous is used to talk about arrangements for events at a time later than now. There
is a suggestion that more than one person is aware of the event, and that some preparation has already
happened and a future arrangement is a plan that you have decided and organized with another person.
I'm meeting Jim at the airport = Jim and I have discussed this.
I am leaving tomorrow. = I've already bought my train ticket.
We're having a staff meeting next Monday = all members of staff have been told about it.
Sometimes the arrangement is between a person and a group of people, or an organization or
company:
I'm working over the New Year. (this arrangement is between Alice and her employer)
They are flying to New York tomorrow morning. (they have made this arrangement with the airline)
It is not always necessary to state who the arrangement is with. For example, Tim says:
So what are we all doing at Christmas?
I'm popping over to Poland for a few days.
I'm looking forward to a nice cozy Christmas.

Alice and Helen understand that Tim is talking about arrangements, even though he does not say who
the arrangements are with.
Future Arrangement is used
Using for things which you are about to start

Im going to bed now. Good night!
Will you help me finish the housework? Sorry, I can not. Im leaving for work now.
Using for time expressions

Im working over the New Year.
They are flying to New York Tomorrow morning.
So what all we all doing at Christmas?
Im popping over to Poland for a few days.
Im going to school now.
BE CAREFUL! The simple present is used when a future event is part of a program or time-table.
Notice the difference between:

a. We're having a staff meeting next Monday = just that once.
b. We have a staff meeting every Monday.
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Subject
+ be
+ V-ing
+ rest of
sentence
Affirmative
He
is
going
home
Negative
He
isnt
going
home
Interrogative
Is
he
going
home?
isnt
they
going
home?
WILL and BE GOING TO for future intentions

Will (future simple) is used to express future intentions that are decided at the time of speaking (spontaneous
offers, promises and decisions):
Come on, I'll help you with those bags. (seeing that someone is struggling with their shopping bags)
Be going to is used to express future intentions that have already been decided before the time of speaking:
I can't make it on Saturday. I'm going to help my parents around the house. (referring to a decision that the
speaker has made in the past)
WILL and BE GOING TO for predictions
Will (future simple) is used to make predictions that are based on personal judgement, opinion or intuition:
I'm sure you'll have a lovely time in Italy. (opinion)
Be going to is used to make predictions that are based on present evidence. The predicted event is either
very near (and can be seen) or seems sure to happen:
My sister's going to have a baby. (we can see that she is pregnant)
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BE GOING TO and present continuous for future plans

Be going to refers to future intentions that have been decided but have not been fully planned:
We're going to get married. (referring to a past decision)
The present continuous tense refers to fixed future events and emphasizes that plans or arrangements have
already been made:
We are getting married next month. (the wedding has already been arranged)
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Exercise
I.
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses, then click
the "Check" button to check your answers.
1. Michael: Do you think the Republicans or the Democrats (win)
the next election?
Jane: I think the Republicans (win)
the next election.
John: No way! The Democrats (win)
2. Susan: We (go)
camping this weekend. Would you like to come along?
Sam: That sounds great, but I don't have a sleeping bag.

Susan: No problem. I (lend)
3. Barbara: I (buy)
you one. My family has tons of camping gear.
a new car this weekend, but I'm a little worried because I don't really
know much about cars. I'm afraid the salesman (try)
to take advantage of me when he sees
how little I know.

Dave: I used to work for a mechanic in high school and I know a lot about cars. I (go)
with you
to make sure you are not cheated.
4. Gina: Fred and I (visit)
Santa Fe next summer. Have you ever been there?
Margaret: My family lives in Santa Fe! I (give)

to Santa Fe, just call them and they (give)
you my parents' phone number. When you get

you a little tour of the town. They can show you
some of the sights that most tourists never see.
5. Pam: Can you see my future in the crystal ball? What (happen)
Fortune Teller: You (meet)
Boston. You (marry)
next year?
a man from the East Coast, perhaps New York or maybe

that mystery man.
Pam: Forget the man! I want to know if I (get)
a new job.
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II.
Circle the following sentences
A. I can't do my homework tonight. I ... a movie.

1. am going to see
2. will see
B. What are you going to give her for your anniversary ? I don't know yet. I ...
1. will see
2.
am going to see
C. So you are going to live in Australia ! What ... when you get there ?
1. are you going to do
2.
will you do
D. I expect you'll pass your exams but what ... if you fail them.
1. are you going to do
1.
will you do
E I ... with you if you like.

1.
will come
2. am going to come
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PART B
I. Write 100 words if grammatical and give definitions of each (e.g. infinitive, phrase, etc.).
1. Pronoun is a word that substitutes of noun.
2. Noun is the name of people place plant and animal.
3. Subjunctive: is the base form of the verb.
4. Imperative: is a word expresses command; make a request; gives a direction.
5. Gerund is a verbal that ends in ing and functions only as a noun.
6. Question: is a linguistic expression to a request for information.
7. Subject is the person or thing doing the action or being described.
8. Verb is a word that expresses an action or a state of being.
9. Article is a word that introduces a noun or a noun phrase, and also limits or clarifies it.
10. Adjective is a word that describes, identifies, modifies, or quantifies something (a noun or a pronoun).
11. Adverb is a word that describes an action, telling "how," "when," "where," "how often," or "how much" an
action took place.
12. Preposition is a word that shows the spatial (space), temporal (time), or logical relationship of its object to the
rest of the sentence.
13. Conjunction is a word that joins other words, phrases, clauses or sentences.
14. Interjection is a word that expresses emotion as an interruption or an aside.
15. Prefix is a group of letters placed before the root of a word.
16. Suffix is a group of letters placed after the root of a word.
17. Contraction is a shortened form of one or two words (one of which is usually a verb).
18. Punctuation marks are symbols that are used to aid the clarity and comprehension of written language.
19. Compound word is a word that is made up of two or more other words.
20. Fragment is a word group that lacks a subject or a verb which does not express a complete thought.
21. Compound sentence is joined by two simple sentences connected
by a comma and a coordinating
conjunction.
22. Dangling modifier is a modifying phrase or clause that does not clearly or logically modify any word in the
sentence.
23. Phrase is a group of related words that functions as a single part of speech and that lacks a subject, a predicate,
or both.
24. Preposition is a word that expresses a relationship between a noun or a pronoun and another word in a
sentence.
25. Appositive is a noun or pronoun placed near another noun or pronoun to explain or identify it.
26. Verbal is a verb form that functions as noun, adjective or adverb.
27. Present participle is a word that formed by adding ing to the infinitive form of a verb.
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28. Clauses are the building blocks of sentences.

29. Noun clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun.
30. Parallelism means that each item in a list or comparison follows the same grammatical pattern.
31. Complement is a word or group of words that complete the meaning of predicate.
32. Direct object is a noun or pronoun that follows an action verb in the active voice and receives the action of a
verb.
33. Object is a noun or pronoun that follows transitive verb in the active voice.
34. Indirect object is a noun or pronoun that names the person or thing to whom or for whom an action is
performed.
35. Plagiarism is using someone elses words or ideas as if they were your own, and it is a serious offense.
36. Paraphrasing involves restating in your own words the original wording in a source.
37. Past participle is formed by adding ed or d to the infinitive form of regular verbs, and for irregular verb, we
use special form of the verb (V3).
38. Compound
subject
is
one
which
consists
of
more
than
one
noun.
39. Predicate adjective modifies the subject of the sentence, and is connected to the subject by a linking verb.
39. Predicate nominative is the traditional term for a noun, pronoun, or other nominal that follows a linking verb
(usually a form of the verb be).
40. Base form is the original verb form from dictionary.
41. Subordinators are linking words that are used to join clauses together.
42. Coordinator is a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause (e.g.
and, but, if ).
43. Tense is a verb-based method used to indicate the time, and sometimes the continuation or completeness, of
an action or state in relation to the time of speaking.
44. Modal verb are the verbs used with other verbs to express various things like ability, obligation and
possibility
45. Sentence is a group of words which expresses a complete thought.
46. Active voice describes a sentence where the subject performs the action stated by the verb. In passive voice
sentences, the subject is acted upon by the verb.
47. State verbs are verbs that express a state rather than an action. They usually relate to thoughts, emotions,
relationships, senses, states of being and measurements.
48. A linking verb is a verb that connects the subject of a sentence to the complement. It is sometimes called a
copula or a copular verb. An example is the word is in the sentence "The sky is blue".
49. Subjunctive mood (discussed below) expresses wishes, suggestions, and other attitudes, using I were and other
distinctive verb forms (If I were you, I would go to sleep now.)
50. Abbreviations : Many long words, especially those that we use a lot, are shortened; a word that has been
shortened is an abbreviation.
51. Abstract Noun : Refers to states, events, concepts, feelings, qualities, etc., that have no physical existence.
52. Academic Question : Is one whose answer may be of interest but is of no practical use or importance.
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53. Acronym : A kind of abbreviation. It is a word formed by taking letters from a phrase that is too long to use
comfortably.
54. Action Verbs : verbs that describe actions and things taking place rather than states. Unlike moststative verbs,
an action verb can usually be used in the progressive aspect, which is used for actions that are in progress.
55. Adjectival Noun : An Adjective can sometimes function as a Noun; the young, the rich, etc. These
are Adjectival Nouns, meaning the people who are young, the people who are rich, etc.
56. Adjective : An adjective modifies a noun. It describes the quality, state or action that a noun refers to.
57. Adjuncts : is part of a Sentence and modifies the Verb to show time, manner, place, frequency and degree.
58. Adverbs : Most adverbs in English are formed by adding -ly to an Adjective. An adverb is a word that
modifies the meaning of a Verb; an Adjective; another adverb; a Noun or Noun Phrase; Determiner;
a Numeral; a Pronoun; or a Prepositional Phrase and can sometimes be used as a Complement of
a Preposition.
59. Alphabet : The letters used to write a language are its alphabet. The English alphabet consists of 26 letters.
60. Appositive : is a noun or noun phrase is placed next to another that gives some information, explanation or
renames it.
61. Back-Channeling : Is a way of showing a speaker that you are following what they are saying and understand,
often through interjections like I see, yes, OK and uhu.
62. Backchaining : Is a technique to help students pronounce words. Instead of starting at the beginning of the
word, the teacher will say the word as a model and get the student to say the last syllable, or morpheme, then
work backwards to the whole word, which makes natural stress easier. The same technique can also be used
with whole sentences.
63. Backronym : Is a portmanteau word that combines backward and acronym. It is used when a group of letters
is given words that are supposed to make the acronym or initialism up. For instance, when Microsoft released
the internet search engine Bing, some suggested that it stood for Bing Is Not Google, which fits the letters, but
is probably not what the makers had in mind when they created it.
64. Base Form : The Base Form of a verb is the same as the infinitive form, without 'to'; for example 'Come', 'See'
etc.
65. Bilingual Dictionaries : Gives words in two languages. Each language is grouped alphabetically in separate
halves of the book, with translations into the other language.
66. Blended Learning : Where multiple approaches towards learning are combined, the result is blended
learning. The term is most commonly used where standard teaching exists alongside e-learning, so a course
could combine classroom lessons with online activities.
67. Capital Letters : In writing, letters can be written two ways; T or t, for instance. T is a capital letter, or upper
case, and t is lower case. Capital letters are used at the beginning of a Sentence and for a Proper Noun.
68. Cardinal Numbers : One, two, three are cardinal numbers and can be written as words or using numerical
symbols (1, 2, 3, etc.). Ordinal numbers are first, second, third, etc.
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69. Causative Verbs : We use the causative when we do not carry out an action ourselves, but are responsible for
the action being performed.
70. Clauses : Is a part of a sentence that usually contains a Subject and a Verb. It is usually connected to the other
part of the Sentence by a Conjunction. It is not a complete sentence on its own.
71. Cleft Sentences : Is one where the original clause is divided into two clauses.
72. Close Pairs : Two words with sounds that are very similar are called a CLOSE PAIR, like SHIP and SHEEP,
etc.
73. Collective Nouns : Refers to a group of people, animals or objects as a group; family, company, etc.. When a
collective noun is used in the singular, the verb can be either Singular or Plural.
74. Common Adjective : Is an adjective that is not written with a capital letter. Most adjectives are common- ones
that are written with a capital letter are proper adjectives.
75. Comparatives : Is the form of an adjective or adverb used to compare two things. To create a comparative,
remember that with short adjectives add -er to the end, and longer ones use more before the adjective.
76. Complement : Is the part of a Sentence that comes after the Verb and is needed to make the sentence
complete. The following are the most important types of complement used in English.
77. Consonants : Is a sound formed by stopping the air flowing through the mouth.
78. Countable Nouns : Is a noun that has both a singular and a plural form. The plural is normally made by the
addition of '-s'.
79. Dangling Modifiers : are words, phrases or clauses where it is unclear which element of the sentence they are
modifying, because they could either be modifying the subject or object.
80. Defining Relative Clauses : Gives essential information about the noun or noun phrase it modifies, without
which the sentence wouldn't make sense as the listener or reader would not be able to identify the noun in the
sentence.
81. Demonstratives : A demonstrative indicates whether something is near or far from the speaker or writer and
also shows singular or plural.
82. Demonstratives
Adjectives
(this,
that,
these,
those)
show
whether
the noun they
refer
to
is singular or pluraland whether it is located near to or far from the speaker or writer.
83. Demonstratives Nouns : (This, that, these, those, none and neither) are Demonstrative Pronouns that
substitute nouns when the nouns they replace can be understood from the context. They also indicate whether
they are replacing singular or plural words and give the location of the object.
84. Dialects : Is a variety of a language that is spoken by a group in a particular area or of a social group or class.
It can have a different accent and pronunciation, vocabulary and use different grammatical structures.
85. Direct Object : The direct object of a verb is created, affected or altered by the action of a verb, or appreciated
or sensed by the subject of the verb.
86. Direct Speech : Is used to give the exact words used by another speaker. The words are given between
quotation marks (" ") in writing.
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87. Discourse Analysis : Is the area of linguistics that is concerned with how we build up meaning in the larger
communicative rather than grammatical units; meaning in a text, paragraph, conversation, etc, rather than in a
single sentence.
88. Discourse Marker : Is a word or phrase used in a conversation to signal the speaker's intention to mark a
boundary.
89. Ergative Verbs : Are found in sentences where the verb affects the subject.
90. Gerunds : Is a verb when it acts as a noun; gerunds can act as the subject or object of a main verb.
91. Grammar : Is a description of the rules of the structure of a language; the way words combine, the order they
come in, the way they change according to their relationship to other words, how they build up into units like
a sentence etc.
92. Idioms : A phrase which has a meaning that is commonly understood by speakers of the language, but whose
meaning is often different from the normal meaning of the words is called an idiom.
93. Indirect Objects : The indirect object of a verb is not directly affected by the action, but can either receive
the direct object or have the action done for them.
94. Indirect Speech : Is used to communicate what someone else said, but without using the exact words.
The tenses of the verbs are often changed.
95. Infinitives : The infinitive usually occurs with 'To' (for example To go, To come, To wear etc.), except after
an auxiliary or modal verb. It is a verb form that shows no person, tense or aspect.
96. Irregular Verbs : Is one that does not take the -ed ending for the Past Simple and Past Participle forms. Some
irregular verbs do not change; put put put, while others change completely.
97. Letters : There are 26 letters in the English alphabet; the letters are the individual characters that are used to
represent sounds in a written form, either individually or in combination with other letters. Letters can be
either lower or upper case. The latter are the larger versions of the letters that occur at the start of a sentence or
the beginning of a proper noun and the term capital letter is also widely used for them. Lower case letters are
used for the other transcriptions of the word or the sentence.
98. Linking Verbs : Is a verb that connects the subject to the complement. They are sometimes called copula or
copular verbs.
99. Main Verbs : Is the most important verb in a sentence; without it, the sentence would not be complete.
100. Base form : Is the original form from dictionary.
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II. Write 50 words and translate into your language.

1. masculine
(adj):
2. feminine
(adj):
3. expectancy
(n):
4. increase
(v):
5. provider
(n):
6. acceptable
(adj):
7. steady
(adj):
8. extract
(v):
9. affecting
(adj):
10. phenomenon
(n):
11. spread
(v):
12. flexibility
(n) :
13. incrust
(v) : ,
14. avoid
(v) :
15. row
(n) :
16. incunabulum
(n) :
17. loan
(n) :
18. abash
(v) :
19. abandon
(v) :
20. abaft
(adv) :
21. input
(v) :
22. conflict
(n) :
23. boy
(n) :
24. muscle
(n) :
25. offer
(v) :
26. floor
(n) :
27. exit
(v) :
28. official
(adj) :
29. doubt
(v) :
30. handle
(v) :
31. condition
(n) :
32. law
(n) :
33. collapse
(v) :
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34. bank craft
(n) :
35. kill
(v) :
36. offender
(n) :
37. marry
(v) :
38. analyze
(v) :
39. instantly
(adv) :
40. improve
(v) :
41. spouse
(n) : -
42. reality
(n) :
43. wealth
(n) :
44. ex-wife
(n) :
45. humiliate
(v) :
46. concept
(n) :
47. gossipy
(n) :
48. amazing
(n) :
49.
(n) :
freak
50. brillant
(n) :
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II. Write 50 words and give the definitions.

1. Abbess (n) The lady superior of a nunnery.
2. Abbey (n) The group of buildings which collectively form the dwelling-place of a society of
monks or nuns.
3. Aberration (n) Deviation from a right, customary, or prescribed course.
4. Abet (v) To aid, promote, or encourage the commission of (an offense).
5. Accept (v) To take when offered.
6. Abusive (adj) Employing harsh words or ill treatment.
7. Acclaim (v) To utter with a shout.
8. Accurate (adj) Conforming exactly to truth or to a standard.
9. Acquire (v) To get as one's own.
10. Album (n) A book whose leaves are so made to form paper frames for holding photographs or the
like.
11. Minority (n) A smaller number or part.
12. Shift (v) Move or Change.
13. Love (v) Like Someone.
14. Hack (v) Cut.
15. Draft (adj) Silly or Stupid.
16. Wage (v) To fight a war or organize a series of activities in order to achieve something.
17. Wake (v) To (cause someone to) become awake and conscious after sleeping.
18. Obey (v) To act according to what you have been asked or ordered to do by someone in authority
or to behave according to a rule, law or instruction.
19. Behave (v) To act in a particular way, or to be good by acting in a way which has societys
approval.
20. Strangely (adv) in a way that is unusual, unexpected or difficult to understand.
21. Calm (adj) Peaceful and quiet, without hurried movement, worry or noise.
22. Describe (v) To say or write what someone or something is like.
23. Shy (adj) Nervous and uncomfortable with other people.
24. Dance (v) To move the body and feet to music.
25. Move (v) Change position.
26. Help (v) make easier.
27. Wonder (v) To ask yourself questions or express a wish to know about something.
28. Accept (v) To agree to take something.
29. Responsibility (n) Something that it is your job or duty to deal with.
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30. Cabal (n) A number of persons secretly united for effecting by intrigue some private purpose.
31. Cabalism (n) Superstitious devotion to one's religion.
32. Cabinet (n) The body of men constituting the official advisors of the executive head of a nation.
33. Cacophony (n) A disagreeable, harsh, or discordant sound or combination of sounds or tones.
34. Cadaverous (adj) Resembling a corpse.
35. Cadence (n) Rhythmical or measured flow or movement, as in poetry or the time and pace of
marching troops.
36. Cadenza (n) An embellishment or flourish, prepared or improvised, for a solo voice or instrument.
37. Cajole (v) To impose on or dupe by flattering speech.
38. Cajolery (n) Delusive speech.
39. Calculable (adj) That may be estimated by reckoning.
40. Abase (v) To make yourself seem to be less important or not to deserve respect.
41. Doddle (n) Something that is very easy to do.
42. Back-tick (n) The symbol on keyboard, used mainly in writing computer programs.
43. Fairly (adv) More than average, but less than very.
44. Freeze (n) A period of extremely cold weather.
45. Hot (adj) Having a high temperature.
46. Sexy (adj) Sexually attractive.
47. Incredibly (adv) Difficult to believe.
48. Extremely (adv) Very.
49. Fake (v) To make an object look real or valuable in order to deceive people.
50. Fog (v) To make something or someone confused or uncertain.
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IV. Write 50 words and give the synonyms

1. Landscape (n) : Scenery
2. Avoid (v) : Evade
3. Share (v) : Contribute
4. Obligation (n) : Duty
5. Famous (adj) : Well-known
6. Proposal (n) : Request
7. Ground (n) : Land
8. Declaration (n) : Statement
9. Argument (n) : Dispute
10. Handle (v) : Resolve
11. Replace (v) : Substitute
12. Fast (adj) : Quick
13. Urgent (adj) : Emergent
14. Succeed (v) : Win
15. Glow (adj) : Brightly
16. Ruler (n) : Director
17. Good (adj) : Kind
18. Gorgeous (adj) : Shining
19. Grace (n) : Kindness
20. Amazing (adj) : Incredible
21. Anger (n) : Enrage
22. Angry (adj) : Mad
23. Answer (v) : reply
24. Ask (v) : Question
25. Awful (adj) : Dreadful
26. Bad (adj) : Evil
27. Beautiful (adj) : Pretty
28. Begin (v) : Start
29. Big (adj) : Enormous
30. Brave (adj) : Courageous
31. Break (v) : Fracture
32. Bright (adj) : Shining
33. Calm (adj) : Quiet
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34. Come (v) : Approach

35. Ugly (adj) : hideous
36. Frightful (adj) : Shocking
37. Horrible (adj) : Monstrous
38. Gross (adj) : Grisly
39. Ghastly (adv) : horrid
40. Homely (adv) Evil
41. Use (v) : Employ
42. Utilize (v) : Exhaust
43. Spend (v) : Expend
44. Consume (v) : Exercise
45. Wrong (adj) : Incorrect
46. Inaccurate (adj) : Mistaken
47. Erroneous (adj) : Improper
48. Unsuitable (adj) : Wrong
49. Think (v) : Judge
50. Deem (v) : Assume
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V. Write 50 words and make sentences.

1. I go home.
2. I play football.
3. I eat dinner with my parents.
4. He is so amazing.
5. She looks so pretty.
6. He always gets up at 7am.
7. They always go to school.
8. Im really happy with my new toys.
9. She is a singer.
10. They are famous.
11. My mother is a nurse.
12. My father is a teacher.
13. Hes so freaky.
14. I am a student.
15. Lets get some party.
16. We are signers.
17. I like Korean music.
18. They are so bad.
19. He likes me.
20. I love my mother so much.
21. This factory is very enormous.
22. Her and I go to play tennis.
23. She is very gorgeous.
24. My school is very big.
25. I like to play Facebook.
26. Ive been studying in year 2.
27. He didnt go to school yesterday.
28. She always counts on me.
29. I was told to buy this book.
30. She didnt take a shower last night.
31. I drink coffee.
32. Its disgusting.
33. She s taller than me.
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34. Im playing football.

35. My father told me dont go out.
36. There a lot of people around here.
37. Today is very hot.
38. She likes dancing.
39. He likes football.
40. They hate tennis.
41. We went to market yesterday.
42. We are really good friends.
43. He loves his friend.
44. She is a good student.
45. They are lazy at school.
46. They want to go home.
47. Its very cold this morning.
48. I like dancing.
49. I saw an accident yesterday.
50. Its dangerous.
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NORTON UNIVERSITY

English (Semester II, Year II)

Grammar & Reading

2. Mr. Sam Sambat

3. Mr. Chhun Meng Cheang

5. Mr. Sem Suntithvibol

ACEDEMIC YEAR 2015-2016

1. Passive voice ..................................................................................................................2

Topic : Passive Voice, Will, Be going to, Future Arrangement

Writing Topic: Passive Voice, Will, Be going to, Future Arrangement

Topic : Passive Voice, Will, Be going to, Future Arrangement

I noticed that a window had been left open.

Every year thousands of people are killed on our roads.

All the cookies have been eaten.

My car has been stolen!

clearer and easier to read.

A great deal of meaning is conveyed by a few well-

A few well-chosen words convey a great deal of

Our planet is wrapped in a mass of gases.

A mass of gases wrap around our planet.

Waste materials are disposed of in a variety of ways.

The city disposes of waste materials in a variety

Topic : Passive Voice, Will, Be going to, Future Arrangement

The movie ET was directed by Spielberg.

Spielberg directed the movie ET.

This house was built by my father.

My father built this house.

Forms & Rules

The house was built in

The house wasn't built in Was the house built in

Wasn't the house built in

These houses were built These houses weren't

Were these houses built in Weren't these houses built

Usage of Passive Voice

since you left.

before they arrived.

if they had visitors.

would have been

if it had been dirty.

Topic : Passive Voice, Will, Be going to, Future Arrangement

Passive Voice with Infinitives

You have to be tested on your English grammar.

John might be promoted next year.

She wants to be invited to the party.

I expect to be surprised on my birthday.

You may be disappointed.

Passive Voice with Gerunds

I remember being taught to drive.

The children are excited about being taken to the zoo.

The children are excited to be taken to the zoo.

Most film stars hate being interviewed.

Most film stars hate to be interviewed.

Poodles like to be pampered.

Poodles like being pampered.

Using "To Be Born"

I was born in 1976.

Where were you born?

Around 100 babies are born in this hospital every week.

We don't know on exactly which day the baby will be born.

Topic : Passive Voice, Will, Be going to, Future Arrangement

I must get my hair cut.

I must have my hair cut.

When are you going to get that window mended?