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embedded clause
Main clause
embedded clause
TP
NP
Peter
VP
V
V
said
CP
C
that
TP
NP
Danny
VP
V
danced
TP
NP
Peter
Main clause
VP
V
V
said
CP
C
that
TP
NP
Danny
VP
V
danced
TP
NP
Peter
Main clause
VP
V
V
said
Embedded clause
CP
C
that
TP
NP
Danny
VP
V
danced
TP
NP
Main clause
VP
Predicate Phrase
Peter
V
V
said
Embedded clause
CP
C
that
TP
NP
Danny
VP
V
danced
Predicate
Phrase
TP
NP
Main clause
VP
Predicate Phrase
Peter
V
V
said
Embedded clause
CP
C
that
TP
NP
subjects
Danny
VP
V
danced
Predicate
Phrase
Important!
Main clauses CONTAIN embedded clauses
Embedded: Danny danced
Main: Peter said that Danny danced.
Distinguishing finite/nonfinite
Distinguishing finite/nonfinite
I know [you eat asparagus]
finite
Distinguishing finite/nonfinite
I know [you eat asparagus]
finite
Ive never seen [you eat asparagus] non-finite
Distinguishing finite/nonfinite
I know [you eat asparagus]
finite
Ive never seen [you eat asparagus] non-finite
Finite show verbal agreement & tense morphology.
Test: change the tense/person:
Distinguishing finite/nonfinite
I know [you eat asparagus]
finite
Ive never seen [you eat asparagus] non-finite
Finite show verbal agreement & tense morphology.
Test: change the tense/person:
I know [you ate asparagus]
Distinguishing finite/nonfinite
I know [you eat asparagus]
finite
Ive never seen [you eat asparagus] non-finite
Finite show verbal agreement & tense morphology.
Test: change the tense/person:
I know [you ate asparagus]
I know [he eats asparagus]
Distinguishing finite/nonfinite
I know [you eat asparagus]
finite
Ive never seen [you eat asparagus] non-finite
Finite show verbal agreement & tense morphology.
Test: change the tense/person:
I know [you ate asparagus]
I know [he eats asparagus]
*Ive never seen [him eats asparagus]
Distinguishing finite/nonfinite
I know [you eat asparagus]
finite
Ive never seen [you eat asparagus] non-finite
Finite show verbal agreement & tense morphology.
Test: change the tense/person:
I know [you ate asparagus]
I know [he eats asparagus]
*Ive never seen [him eats asparagus]
*Ive never seen [you ate asparagus]
Distinguishing finite/nonfinite
Subjects of finite show nominative case, subjects
of nonfinite (and small) show accusative case.
I know [he ate asparagus]
Ive never seen [him eat asparagus]
1st
2nd
3rd masc
3rd fem
3rd neut
Nominative
Singular
Plural
Accusative
Singular Plural
Anaphoric
Singular
Plural
I
you
he
she
it
me
you
him
her
it
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
we
you
they
us
you
them
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
Distinguishing finite/nonfinite
Types of T
Finite: tense suffixes, modals (could,
should, would, might, can etc),
auxiliaries (is, have)
I think [he should go]
Non-finite: to,
I want [him to go]
Distinguishing finite/nonfinite
Types of Comp
Finite: that, which, if,
I think [that he should go]
Non-finite: for,
I want [for him to leave]
Summary
Summary
Clause = subject + predicate
Summary
Clause = subject + predicate
Embedded vs. Root/Main
Summary
Clause = subject + predicate
Embedded vs. Root/Main
Types of Embedded: specifier, adjunct,
complement
Summary
Clause = subject + predicate
Embedded vs. Root/Main
Types of Embedded: specifier, adjunct,
complement
Types of verbal: tensed/finite vs. untensed/
nonfinite
Summary
Clause = subject + predicate
Embedded vs. Root/Main
Types of Embedded: specifier, adjunct,
complement
Types of verbal: tensed/finite vs. untensed/
nonfinite
Tests of finiteness: inflection, case, C, T
Extending X-bar
Theory
The DP proposal
DP
Abney 1987
D
NP
N
N
The DP hypothesis
Explains why D isnt a phrase (it is a head of
its own phrase!)
Evidence???????
s Genitives
The mans coat
Not a suffix:
[The man standing over there]s coat
[The dancer from New York]s shoes
s attaches to phrases.
s Genitives
The mans coat
The coat of the man
s genitive
free genitive
s Genitives
s is a determiner
NP
D
s
N
N
hat
s Genitives
s is a determiner
NP
D
s
N
N
hat
s Genitives
s is a determiner
?
NP
D
s
the man standing
over there
NP
N
N
hat
s Genitives
DP1
D
D
s
NP
N
hat
s Genitives
DP1
DP2
the man standing
over there
D
D
s
NP
N
hat
s Genitives
DP1
DP2
the man standing
over there
D
D
s
NP
N
hat
notice this is in the specifier of DP1. Is this the subject of the DP1?
Andrew Carnie, 2006
Problems:
Category Specific
No intermediate structure
What are the heads, complements,
adjuncts?
Heads
Heads of Clauses
TP
DP
subject T
T
VP
HOLD ON!!!!
Weve only seen T in clauses with auxiliaries!!
What about sentences without auxiliaries??
John loves peanut butter sandwiches
If T is optional, how can it be the head?
Maybe T is obligatory in all sentences!
*I will danced
I can dance
*I can danced
Andrew Carnie, 2006
Proposal
TP
DP
TP
T
John T VP
will
V
V
dance
Andrew Carnie, 2006
DP
John T
-ed
VP
V
V
dance
WAIT A MINUTE!
The SUFFIX appears before the Verb? HUH?
Well the suffixes are in complementary distribution
with the auxiliaries
What is the difference between an inflectional suffix
and an Aux?
suffixes as T
suffixes as T
TP
DP
John T
-ed
VP
V
V
dance
suffixes as T
TP
DP
John T
-ed
VP
V
V
dance
suffixes as T
Hack?
TP
DP
John T
-ed
VP
V
V
dance
suffixes as T
Hack?
maybe, but it
will get us
something later
(chpt 9)
Andrew Carnie, 2006
TP
DP
John T
-ed
VP
V
V
dance
(easy case)
TP
DP
John T VP
-[past]
V
Andrew Carnie, 2006
V
dance
(easy case)
TP
DP
John T VP
-[past]
V
Andrew Carnie, 2006
V
dance
(easy case)
TP
DP
John T VP
-[past]
V
run + [past] = ran
Andrew Carnie, 2006
V
dance
TP
T is obligatory, occupied by Auxes or
C(C) TP???
CP
C
C
TP
C(C) TP???
CP
C
C
TP
complementizer?
I said [Louise loved rubber duckies]
Main clauses
Louise loved rubber duckies?
Andrew Carnie, 2006
Q leave John
CP
C
C[+Q] TP
C[+Q] TP
Have+
T
DPsubj
DPsubj T
you T VP
you
tT
VP
have
The C[+Q] must be pronounced, so the T
head moves to the position to fill it.
Andrew Carnie, 2006
You can lead a horse to water but can you make him
drink?
CP
CP
C
Conj
but
CP
C
C
TP
C
TP
[-Q]
[+Q]
DP T
DP
T
you
you
T
VP
T VP
can
can
lead a horse
make him
to water
drink
since there must be a CP in the second clause, for SAI, then
there must ALSO be a CP in the first clause. Therefore all
Andrew Carnie, 2006clauses have a CP, even if the C head is null.
Specifiers!
The notion of subject
Specifier = Subject
By creating DP, we got rid of our only
example of a specifier.
So do we need the notion specifier?
Yes: we are going to use it for subjects
Specifier = Subject
Weve already seen two examples of subjects being
in specifiers:
The subject of a clause is in the specifier of TP
Small Clauses
I consider [Peter a fool]
I consider [Peter foolish]
I want [Peter in the play]
Small Clauses
Small clauses are characterized by having
no verbal inflection (in fact they arent
CP
C
C
TP
DP T
Bill
T VP
-s
V
V
DP
consider
DP
Peter D
a
D
NP
fool
CP
C
C
TP
DP T
Bill
T VP
-s
V
V
DP
consider
DP
Peter D
a
Small Clause
D
NP
fool
CP
C
C
TP
DP T
Bill
T VP
-s
V
V
DP
consider
Small clause
subject
Andrew Carnie, 2006
DP
Peter D
a
Small Clause
D
NP
fool
CP
C
C
TP
DP T
Bill
T VP
-s
V
V
AP
consider
DP
A
Peter
A
foolish
CP
C
C
TP
DP T
Bill
T VP
-s
Small Clause
V
V
AP
consider
DP
A
Peter
A
foolish
CP
C
C
TP
DP T
Bill
T VP
-s
Small Clause
V
V
AP
consider
DP
A
Small clause
subject
Andrew Carnie, 2006
Peter
A
foolish
CP
C
C
TP
DP T
Bill
T VP
-s
V
V
PP
want
DP
Peter P
in
P
DP
the play
CP
C
C
TP
DP T
Bill
T VP
-s
V
V
PP
want
DP
Peter P
in
Small Clause
P
DP
the play
CP
C
C
TP
DP T
Bill
T VP
-s
V
V
PP
want
Small clause
subject
Andrew Carnie, 2006
DP
Peter P
in
Small Clause
P
DP
the play
Summary
D isnt a specifier -- it is a head. Evidence from s genitives.
DP hypothesis
Summary
All clauses have a C head. It may be null.
Evidence comes from subject/aux
inversion in yes/no questions.
Summary
Specifiers are now limited to subjects (of
any category)
Small clauses are clauses without
inflection, and ones without a verbal
predicate
The subject of small clauses resides in
the specifier of the predicates phrase.
Andrew Carnie, 2006