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NORME EUROPENNE
DRAFT
prEN 15203
EUROPISCHE NORM
March 2005
ICS
English version
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 89.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
2005 CEN
B-1050 Brussels
Contents
Page
Foreword..............................................................................................................................................................3
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................4
1
Scope ......................................................................................................................................................5
Calculated rating..................................................................................................................................17
10
11
Report ...................................................................................................................................................26
Foreword
This document (prEN 15203:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 89 Thermal
performance of buildings and building components, the secretariat of which is held by SIS.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
Introduction
Energy assessments of buildings are carried out for various purposes, such as:
a)
Judging compliance with building regulations expressed in terms of a limitation on energy use or a related
quantity;
b)
Transparency in commercial operations through the certification and/or display of a level of energy
performance (energy certification);
c)
Monitoring of the energy efficiency of the building including heating, ventilation and air conditioning
systems
d)
Helping in planning retrofit measures, through prediction of energy savings which would result from
various actions.
Energy certification of buildings requires a method that is applicable to both new and existing buildings, and
which treats them in an equivalent way. Therefore, a methodology to obtain equivalent results from different
sets of data is presented in this standard. A methodology to assess missing data and to calculate a "standard"
energy use for space heating and cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting is provided. This
standard also includes a methodology that allows assessment of the energy effectiveness of possible
improvements.
Two principal types of ratings for buildings are proposed in this standard:
1)
The asset rating is obtained by calculation for standardised conditions, but there can be different
ways of assembling the input data from drawings and design values for new buildings, from
drawings, site surveys and rules derived from building typology for existing buildings, and by
improving on the latter by making use of metered energy.
2)
The operational rating is obtained by metering and summing up all delivered energywares.
Because of the differences in the way these two ratings are obtained, they cannot be compared directly.
However, the difference between the two ratings for the same building can be used to assess the cumulative
effects of actual construction, systems and operating conditions versus standard ones and the contribution of
energy uses not included in the asset rating.
Scope
This standard defines the uses of energy to be taken into account for setting energy performance ratings for
new and existing buildings, and provides:
a)
A method to compute the asset rating, a standard energy use that does not depend on occupant
behaviour, actual weather and other actual (environment or input) conditions. For this, occupancy, climate
and some other data that do not depend on the building itself are conventional ones, depending on the
intended use of the building and on the climatic zone considered.
b)
c)
A methodology to improve confidence in the building calculation model by comparison with actual energy
consumption.
d)
It is up to national bodies to define under which conditions and for which types of buildings the various ratings
apply.
Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 410, Glass in building Determination of luminous and solar characteristics of glazing
EN 673, Glass in building Determination of thermal transmittance (U value) Calculation method
EN 12412-2, Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters Determination of thermal transmittance
by hot box method Part 2: Frames
EN 13187, Thermal performance of buildings Qualitative detection of thermal irregularities in building
envelopes Infrared method
prEN wi 1+3, Energy performance of buildings Methods for expressing energy performance and for energy
certification of buildings
prEN wi 2, Energy performance of buildings Overall energy use, primary energy and CO2 emissions
prEN wi 7, Heating systems in buildings Method for calculation of system energy requirements and system
efficiencies Part 1: General
prEN wi 8, Heating systems in buildings Method for calculation of system energy requirements and system
efficiencies Part 2.1: Space heating emission systems
prEN wi 9, Heating systems in buildings Method for calculation of system energy requirements and system
efficiencies
Part 2.2.1: Boilers
Part 2.2.2: Heat pumps
Part 2.2.3: Heating generation Thermal solar systems
Part 2.2.4: Performance and quality of CHP
Part 2.2.5: Performance and quality of district heating and large volume systems
Part 2.2.6: Performance of other renewables (heat and electricity)
Part 2.2.7: Space heating generation Biomass combustion systems
prEN wi 10, Heating systems in buildings - Method for calculation of system energy requirements and system
efficiencies Part 2.3: Space heating distribution systems
1)
To be published.
For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 7345 and the following
apply.
3.1
rating
evaluation of the energy performance of a building based on the weighted sum of the calculated or metered
use of energy carriers.
3.2
asset rating
rating based on calculations of the energy used by a building for heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water and
lighting, with standard input data related to internal and external climates and occupancy
NOTE
It represents the intrinsic energy potential of a building under standardised conditions of weather and
occupancy This is particularly relevant to certification of standard performance. The asset rating represents a weighted
sum per energyware of the total energy for heating, hot water heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting. This rating
quantifies the calculated energy intensity of the building under standardised conditions for a given set of energy end uses.
3.3
design rating
rating based on calculations using building drawings and design values, calculated for a building at the design
phase
NOTE
The design rating is calculated on the basis of building plans, whereas the asset rating is calculated using data
for the building as actually constructed.
3.4
tailored rating
rating based on calculations of the energy used by the building for heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water and
lighting, with actual climate and occupancy data
3.5
operational rating
rating based on measured energy use
NOTE
The operational rating is the weighted sum of all energywares used by the building. It is a measure of the inuse performance of the building. This is particularly relevant to certification of actual performance The operational rating
represents the sum per energyware of the total energy used by the building, as measured by meters or other means
described in Annex B. This rating quantifies the total actual energy use of the building.
3.6
building
inhabited construction as a whole, including its envelope,
systems
3.7
new building
building at design stage or under construction or (for operational rating) too recently constructed to have
reliable records of energy use
3.8
existing building
building that is erected, for which actual data necessary to assess the energy use according to this standard
are known or can be measured
3.9
building calculation model
mathematical model of the building used to calculate its energy use
3.10
validated building calculation model
building calculation model in which one or more parameters are adjusted so that its results do not significantly
differ from the measured reality
3.11
confidence interval
interval that has a high probability (e.g. 95 %) to include the actual value
NOTE
3.12
reasonably possible
can be achieved at a reasonable cost
3.13
reasonable cost
investment that is accepted by all parties to reach a given purpose
NOTE
This cost strongly depends on the purpose of the effort. For example, the cost of a rating could be relatively
large if it is to provide an official certificate to put the building on the market or for displaying the building performance to
the public, but reduced if it is simply for statistical purpose.
3.14
energy carrier
substance or phenomenon that can be used to produce mechanical work or heat or to operate chemical or
physical processes [ISO 13600:1997]
3.15
energyware
tradable commodity used mainly to produce mechanical work or heat, or to operate chemical or physical
processes, and listed in Annex A of ISO 13600. [ISO 13600:1997]
NOTE
Energywares form a proper subset of energy carriers. The set of energy carriers is open.
3.16
energyware consumption system
technical energy system consuming energyware and in many cases also other energy carriers and producing
products and services [ISO 13600:1997]
NOTE
3.17
renewable energy
energy from sources that will not be exhausted during the lifetime of mankind, such as solar energy (thermal
and photovoltaic), wind, hydraulic, biomass
NOTE
In ISO 13602-1:2002, renewable resource is defined as 'natural resource for which the ratio of the creation of
the natural resource to the output of that resource from nature to the technosphere is equal to or greater than one.
3.18
primary energy
energy that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process
NOTE
For a building, it is the energy used to produce the energy delivered to the building. It is the delivered energy
divided by the conversion or transformation factor of each form of energy.
3.19
energy use of a building
total energy per energy carrier delivered to the energy systems for heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water
heating, lighting, appliances, etc.
NOTE
Appliances are not explicitly included in the asset rating and in the inter alia subset of energy end uses in
Article 2 of the EPBD2) , but they are in fact included in the total energy use of the building.
3.20
auxiliary energy
energy used by heating, cooling, domestic water, lighting and ventilation systems to transform the delivered
energy into the useful energy
NOTE
This includes energy for fans, pumps, pilot flames, electronics, etc., but not the energy that is transformed.
3.21
calorific value
quantity of heat produced by complete combustion, at a constant pressure equal to 101 320 Pa, of a unit
amount of fuel
NOTE
The gross calorific value includes the heat recovered when condensing the water vapour resulting from the
combustion of hydrogen. The net calorific value does not take account of this latent heat.
Symbol
A
c
C
DD
f
I
E
O
Q
t
V&
GCV
Quantity
area
concentration
cost
accumulated temperature differences (degree-days)
factor
solar irradiance
energyware amount
occupancy
quantity of heat or energy
time, time interval
airflow rate
heat flow rate, power
gross calorific value of an energyware
Celsius temperature
Unit
m
Kd
J/m
kg, m, kWh, MJ, etc.
h, h/d, %
J
d, h, s
m/h, m/s
W
MJ/unit, kWh/unit
C
2)
DIRECTIVE 2002/91/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 16 December 2002 on the
energy performance of buildings
Table 2 Subscripts
a
c
CO2
d
E
e
ex
g
h
i
i,j,k
L
l
5
5.1
m
n
o
p
rc
rn
s
st
t
v
w
Y
measured
net
operational
primary
recovered
renewable
system
standard
total
ventilation
hot water
year, annual
The boundaries for the energy performance assessment shall be clearly defined for all energy carriers before
the calculation. It includes all inside and outside areas associated with the building, where energy is
consumed or produced.
For insulated buildings, it is defined by the building envelope for heat flows, the main building meters for gas,
electricity, district heating and water, the loading port of the storage facility for liquid and solid energywares,
and the smoke exhaust of chimney and connection to main wastewater duct for losses.
If a part of a building system (e.g..boiler, chiller, cooling tower, etc.) is outside the building envelope, it is
nevertheless considered to be inside the boundaries.
A building may refer to a group of adjacent buildings as a whole or parts thereof that have been designed or
altered to be used separately. If one building in a row of similar buildings are to be assessed, heat flows
through partition walls are neglected in the balance.
If adjacent buildings do not have the same type of use, and hence not the same internal design or actual
temperature, heat flows through partition walls are taken into account in the balance.
NOTE
In many cases, buildings in rows have the same use and, for calculation purposes, the internal temperature of
all the buildings can be assumed to be the same, and these partition walls can be taken to be adiabatic. However, if the
external envelope is well insulated and partition walls are not, these heat flows can contribute an appreciable amount of
heat gains and losses.
The way the building envelope is considered to calculate heat flows is defined in prEN wi 14.
5.2
Types of ratings
This standard proposes two principal options for energy rating of buildings, the first being calculated, the
second being based on measurements. These options are the asset rating and the operational rating.
10
Figure 1 The operational rating includes all energy uses under actual conditions, while the asset
rating includes only some uses, and for standard conditions
The asset rating is based on calculations of the energy used by the building for heating, cooling, ventilation,
hot water and lighting, with standard input data related to climate and occupancy (see 7.2). This rating
provides an assessment of the energy efficiency of the building under standardised conditions that enables a
comparison to be made between different buildings within climatic main regions and with identical or at least
similar activities.
The operational rating is based on measurement of energy use (see Clause 8). The operational rating
measures the in-use performance of a building, including all deviations between theoretical properties in
calculations and realised properties (air-infiltration, heat transfer, generation efficiency, control, etc.) and is
influenced by the way the building is maintained and operated. It cannot therefore be used to provide
prospective purchasers or tenants with like-for-like comparisons between buildings. It assists those trying to
improve the efficiency of building operation and allows displaying the actual energy performance of a building.
It can also provide useful feedback to the owners, occupiers and designers of new buildings if assessed a few
years after occupation and compared to the calculated asset rating, for the same set of energy end uses.
Only asset rating and operational ratings are used for building energy performance certification.
The design rating is similar to the asset rating, but based on building drawing and design intentions. It can be
used to get a building permit.
The tailored rating is an asset rating, in which either actual climatic data or actual occupancy related data or
both are used instead of standard ones. This can be used to compare two buildings having different climates
or different uses, to compare retrofit scenarios, to optimise energy performance, etc.
The calculation models and input used for the asset rating can be validated against the operational rating,
providing more confidence in the model (see Clause 9). The validated model can then be used to compute a
more accurate asset rating, or to study the effect of retrofit scenarios.
The types of rating are summarised in Table 3. The type of rating (asset rating or operational rating) to be
used for certification of different building types is defined in national regulations.
Table 3 Types of ratings
Calculated
Measured
Input data
Name
Use
Climate
Building
Design
Standard Standard Drawings
Asset
Standard Standard
Actual
Tailored
Depending on purpose
Actual
Operational
Actual
Actual
Actual
Utility or purpose
Building permit
Certificate, regulation
Optimisation, comparisons, retrofit planning
Certification, regulation
11
5.3
5.3.1 General
This standard needs and provides the following information:
5.3.2 Necessary inputs
5.3.2.1
a)
b)
c)
Annual energy use for hot water, calculated according to prEN wi 11;
d)
e)
f)
g)
Conversion factors from delivered energy to primary energy and CO2 production, according to prEN wi 2.
5.3.2.2
h)
j)
Standard data related to occupancy (temperature, humidity, airflow rate, internal gains, hot water use, and
standard energy use for appliances other than heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water and lighting);
12
Asset rating: the calculated energy use of the building under standard conditions;
13
6
6.1
The total calculated energy used by the building shall comprise the annual energy use for the following
purposes:
heating;
cooling;
ventilation systems;
hot water;
lighting.
6.2
Delivered energy
6.2.1 General
For each of the purposes listed in 6.1, the energy use is calculated for standardised use and climate according
to the standards cited in 6.2.2. The results are allocated to energy carriers for each purpose according to the
scheme in Table 4.
The rows and columns in Table 4 should be adapted to the building concerned. The columns include the
relevant energy carriers. The sub-total row relates to the energy included in the asset rating.
If energy is produced on site, rows and columns are added to the matrix for each energy producing system.
Delivered energy consumed by the systems (e.g. gas for cogeneration) is indicated in the appropriate cell
under "energy consumption", and energy produced by a system is indicated by a negative number in the
appropriate cell under "energy production". Energy produced and consumed on site is indicated by a positive
number in the cell corresponding to the appropriate use. A negative number in the total row means energy
being exported.
Exported amounts of energy carriers (electricity or heat in most cases) are accounted separately, because
different conversion factors may apply to them.
System heat losses that are recovered are, depending on the way they are recovered, either deducted from
the loss of each system or taken into account as gains to calculate energy use for heating and cooling.
NOTE
In buildings with co-generation, it is not straightforward to attribute the fuel used to the heat and electricity
produced and the system loss. This splitting should nevertheless be performed as well as reasonably possible.
The calculation for heating and cooling is based on a mathematical calculation model of the building defined in
prEN wi 14. Other more sophisticated calculation models can be used, provided that they provide the annual
energy use for all the purposes mentioned in 6.1 and that they follow the calculation procedures of prEN wi 14
for detailed simulation methods for heating and cooling calculations.
NOTE
These procedures include rules for the building boundaries, partitioning into zones, the elements to take into
account in the energy balance, the boundary conditions and physical input, plus reference to the validation procedures
according to prEN wi 17.
14
Weighted energy
Heat from
cogeneraration
Electricity from
cogeneration
Solar energy
thermal
Carrier n
Electricity
Wood
District cooling
District heating
Gas
Oil
Use of energy
Coal
Energy carrier
Solar photovoltac
Heating
Cooling
Ventilation system
Hot water
Lighting
Sub-total
Prod. solar thermal
Prod. photovoltaic
Prod: cogeneration
Total
Weighting factors
Weighted energy
(1)
where
Qnw,i
is the annual net use of energy carrier i for hot water, calculated according to prEN wi 11;
Qswc,i
is the annual use energy carrier i for the hot water system, calculated according to prEN wi 11
and prEN wi 9.
If there is no hot water circulation, heat flows between the building and the hot and cold water systems are
either neglected, or heat flow from the hot water system to the internal environment and heat flow from the
internal environment to the cold water network shall be both taken into account in the calculation of the energy
use for heating and cooling.
If there is hot water circulation, heat flow between the hot water circulation systems and the building are
accounted as losses of the hot water system. The part lost within the conditioned space is accounted for in the
internal gains to compute energy for heating and cooling.
6.2.3 Energy use for lighting
The annual energy use of energy carrier i for lighting, Ql,i , is calculated according to prEN wi 13, and the
effects of control according to prEN wi 22. The part of this energy, lighting the conditioned space, is added to
the internal gains to compute energy for heating and cooling.
15
6.3
The delivered energy for each energy carrier is calculated by adding each energy used by that energy carrier.
(2)
where
is the annual delivered energy in carrier i.
Qd,i
The annual on-site production of renewable energy, Qrn, and the annual quantity of energy exported, Qex, are
calculated separately (see prEN wi 9, Parts 2.2.3, 2.2.4 and 2.2.6).
For rating the building, the delivered and exported energy per energy carrier are combined using weighting
factors for each energy carrier. Examples are primary energy, emission and cost. Factors may be different for
delivered and exported energy.
NOTE
The total delivered energy for the operational rating includes also the energy for uses other than those
mentioned in 6.1. and Equation (4).
6.4
Primary energy
Primary energy is calculated from the delivered and exported energy for each energyware:
Qp =
(3)
where
Qd,i
Qex,i
fp,i
is the primary energy factor for energyware i, fpex,i is the primary energy factor for the exported
energyware i. These two factors can be the same.
16
Equation (6) is a sum of energywares. Energy carriers that are not energywares are omitted.
6.5
CO2 emissions are calculated from the delivered energy for each energy carrier:
ECO2 =
(4)
where
Qd,i
Qex,i
fCO2,i
is the CO2 emission factor for energyware i and fCO2ex,i is the primary energy factor for the
exported energyware i. These two factors can be the same.
CO2 emission factors are calculated according to prEN wi 2
NOTE
6.6
Equation (6) is a sum of energywares. Energy carriers that are not energywares are omitted.
The delivered energy use for each energyware is first expressed in terms of amounts of energywares:
Ei =
Qd,i
(5)
GCVi
where
is the delivered energy energyware i;
Qd,i
Ei,
is the annual amount of energyware i delivered to the building expressed in units used to
express the cost of the energyware. This unit shall be consistent with the unit of GCVi.;
is the gross calorific value of each energyware, expressed in units consistent with the unit of E.
GCVi
NOTE
The gross calorific values of several fuels depend on source and quality. Values can be given in national
standards.
The total energy cost is calculated by adding the cost of each delivered energyware and subtracting the
income resulting from energy delivered back to the market:
C=
(6)
where Ci is the unit cost of energyware i. The subscript d is for delivered, and ex for exported.
7
7.1
Calculated rating
General
The calculated rating shall be based on one of the ways of expressing performance defined in prEN wi 1+3. It
is related to weighted sum of the calculated delivered energywares according to Clause 6, where the
weightings can be related to primary energy, CO2 emissions or energy costs.
17
7.2
Asset rating
7.2.1 General
The asset rating is a calculated rating applying to existing buildings, based on standardised use of the building
or the activity areas concerned. It is based on best data available at a reasonable cost, but climate and
occupant-related input data are standard, conventional ones.
The asset rating is calculated according to Clause 6 using input data as defined below.
7.2.2 Climate and occupant-related input data
7.2.2.1
General
Data that are more related to climate or occupants than to building characteristics are standardised for the
calculation of asset rating. These standard input data are defined at the national or the regional level. The
corresponding variables are defined in 7.2.2.2 and 7.2.2.3.
7.2.2.2
These data depend of the type of building and its usage. They should be provided on a national basis. These
data shall include at least:
i
.
internal set-point temperatures as required by prEN wi 14. If this temperature varies (e.g. night setback), schedules shall also be provided;
air flow rate through the building, including airflows to and from unconditioned spaces. This data can
be normalised to conditioned area or to the number of occupants;
Qg internal heat gains coming form occupancy and heat generated by other sources than heating. This
data can be normalised to conditioned area or to the number of occupants.
Operation schedules of heating and cooling plant.
Hot water use per person and temperatures of cold and heated water.
QE,l Electricity use for lighting, calculated using prEN wi 13using either a standard lighting requirement, or
standard luminaries and standard number of luminaries.
NOTE
7.2.2.3
Climatic data
monthly average or hourly values of external temperature, depending on then method used
in prEN wi 14;
Ij
monthly total solar irradiance for each orientation, in J/m, or hourly values of solar irradiation,
in W/m, depending on then method used in prEN wi 14.
18
7.3
Design rating
The design rating is calculated according to 7.2, but it is based on the building drawings and design data. It can
be used to obtain a building permit.
Once the building has been erected, this rating is adapted to actual building data to obtain the asset rating.
NOTE
same.
7.4
Since the design may change during planning and construction, the design and asset ratings are often not the
Tailored rating
The tailored rating is a rating calculated according to 7.2 but with actual climate and occupancy data.
Operational rating
8.1
Assessment method
The operational rating is the weighted sum of the measured annual amounts of all the energywares used by
the building, where the weights are related to primary energy, CO2 emissions or energy costs.
Table 5 Accounting energywares for operational rating
Weighted energy
use
Heat from
cogeneration
Solar energy
thermal
Energyware n
Grid electricity
Wood
Coal
Gas
Oil
Use of energy
District heating
Energy carrier
Electricity from
cogeneration
Energy production
Solar photovoltac
Energy consumption
Units
Annual delivered quantity
- exported quantity
Quantity used in building
Weighting factors
Weighted energy use.
(primary, kg CO2, etc)
In many cases, all energy delivered to a building is used for that building. In other cases, some of the
delivered energy is surplus to the requirements of the building and is exported either to the grid or to other
buildings. Often it is difficult to identify which energy end use is being served by a specific energyware.
The columns in Table 5 include the relevant energywares and should be adapted to the building concerned:
additional columns can be added as necessary, for example for a wind turbine. The annual delivered row
19
8.2
Assessment period
For example, the assessment period of energywares used mainly for heating could exclude the summer
It is recommended to take the average over several full years, as long as the building and its use pattern do
not change.
No modifications to the building that may change its energy performance should happen during the
assessment period.
It is recommended that the first one or two years after the building construction are discarded.
NOTE
The energy use during the first years is often larger than during the following years for several reasons:
some additional energy is used to dry the building fabric;
the adjustment of control system may not be perfect from the first day of use;
there may be some faults that are corrected during the first year.
It is recommended that the meters are read, or stored quantities are measured, at a time when the
consumption of the energyware concerned is low. In particular, it is recommended the amounts of
energywares used for heating and of energywares used for cooling are assessed separately. The errors
resulting of metering for not exactly 365 days will then be reduced.
8.2.2 Extrapolation methods
a)
If the assessment cannot be performed for a whole year, the annual energy use can be extrapolated to a
whole year, using an appropriate method depending on the use of the energyware. Energywares used for
several purposes, or for purposes for which none of the extrapolation methods listed below can be
applied, shall be assessed for a whole year or an integral number of years.
For energywares used at constant daily average power, the extrapolation is linear:
E=
tY
E (t )
t
(7)
where
tY
E(t) is the amount of energyware used during the assessment time period.
b) For energywares used for heating, the extrapolation can be performed either by using the energy
signature (see informative Annex G.1) or by degree-day weighing (see prEN ISO 15927-6:2004):
20
E=
[i,L e (t )]dt
E (t )
[ i,L e (t )]dt
year
or E =
DDY
E (t )
DD(t )
(8)
period
where
1Qgd
H td
(9)
where
1 is the conventional utilisation factor calculated according to EN ISO 13790 with gain/load ratio equal
to unity;
td
DD(tY) is the number of degree-days according to prEN ISO 15927-6:2004 for the whole year, while
DD(t) is the number of degree-days for the assessment period;
E(t) is the amount of energyware used during the assessment time period.
NOTE
The use of degree-days is adequate for obtaining an operational rating. When measurements need to be
corrected for validating the building calculation model, the use a method which takes the building quality into account, like
the energy signature, is recommended.
If the assessment is done by energy signature, the assessment period shall encompass a wide range of
values of the average external temperature.
c) For energywares used at a rate depending on occupancy:
E=
OY
E (t )
O(t )
(10)
where
OY is the occupancy during the whole year;
O(t) is the occupancy during the assessment time period;
E(t) is the amount of energyware used during the assessment time period.
In any case, the confidence interval of the result shall be assessed.
NOTE
The shorter the assessment period, the larger the influence of the extrapolation on the confidence interval will
be. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to use the whole year as the assessment time period.
If the confidence interval is too large because of a too short assessment period or because the assessment
period is not appropriate (e.g. swing seasons), the assessment period shall be extended, preferably to a
whole year,
21
8.3
The amount of all energywares shall be assessed as accurately as reasonably practicable, from recorded data,
energy bills, or measurements. The confidence intervals of each figure shall be estimated.
Energy used for other purposes than heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water or lighting (i.e. energy use for
cooking, washing, production units, etc.) should be assessed separately as accurately as reasonably
practicable, by separate metering or by estimation of power and operating time.
Methods for assessing used amounts of various energywares are given in Annex B.
8.4
Correction of the measured energy consumption for climate is necessary to ensure that the energy consumed
during the period of measurement is representative for that building location.
To achieve this, the measured energy consumption for heating and cooling shall be adjusted to the average
climate for the building.
The general method to perform this correction is to use the calculation model described in Clause 6 to
calculate and validate a tailored rating according to Clause 9, and to use the validated calculation model to recalculate the energy use with standard climatic data.
If energy for heating is metered separately, the correction for temperature on heating energy can however be
performed using:
[ i e,st (t )]dt
E=
year
[ i e (t )]dt
EWA(t ) or E =
DDst
Em
DD(t )
(11)
year
where
DD is the number of degree-days. DDst is the standard values while DD(t) is the actual value at building
location during the assessment period.
In this case the effects of the variations of other climatic parameter are neglected.
9
9.1
In new buildings, all required information exists to compute energy use, when necessary using conventional
occupancy data; but the actual energy use is not available, so there is no experimental validation of the input
data and the building mathematical calculation model. In existing buildings, actual energy use is known in
most cases from energy meters, but often some information, such as thermal transmittances of components
or actual air change rate needs to be estimated. Corrections to the operational rating cannot be performed
without a building calculation model.
The method given in this clause enables the attainment of a higher confidence level in the building calculation
model and input data used for calculations, by comparing the calculated result with the actual energy use. It is
recommended, but not mandatory, to use this method for existing building, in particular for assessing the
energy effectiveness of possible improvement measures or to make corrections to the operational rating.
22
9.2
Procedure
When both confidence intervals are acceptable and overlap significantly, it is assumed that the calculation
model of the building, including estimated input data, is plausible, and the procedure can be continued further.
9.2.2 Ratings based on the validated calculation model
In order to get an asset rating based on the validated model, perform the calculated rating once more, using
the same calculation model but with standard input data according to 7.2.2 for climate and occupancy instead
of actual climate and occupancy data.
NOTE
The difference between operational and asset ratings is a function of the effects of climate variations,
differences between the actual building and its representation in the calculation model, building use and management and
occupant behaviour, as well as the accuracy of the calculation model and uses of energy not taken into account in the
asset rating.
To make climate corrections to the operational rating, perform the calculated rating once more, using the
same calculation model but with standard input data according to 7.2.2 for climate instead of actual climate
and occupancy data.
23
9.3
Climatic data
Obtain monthly average values of external temperature and solar irradiance from the meteorological station
that is most representative of the location of the building. If possible, obtain data measured for the same time
period as that used for energy metering. Hourly values are needed for using an hourly calculation method.
Solar irradiance shall be available for all orientations of the building envelope that include transparent
elements or elements covered with transparent insulation.
NOTE 1
Ways of calculating irradiance on any orientation from solar irradiance on a horizontal surface are found in
literature3.
If the altitude of the meteorological station significantly differs from that of the building, external temperatures
shall be corrected for altitude according to local average temperature gradients.
NOTE 2
9.4
Depending on the climate, the correction is between 0,5 K and 1 K decrease per 100 m altitude difference.
Occupancy data
The actual internal temperature should be assessed, since it often differs from design temperature and has a
significant influence on the energy use for cooling or heating. There are several methods for this.
In buildings with mechanical ventilation, the air temperature in the exhaust duct upwind of the fan can give an
estimate of the average temperature of the ventilated zone when exhaust fan is on.
In many large buildings, a central computer controls all the systems, and records the internal temperature at
several places.
The temperature can be measured or monitored (using small single-channel data loggers) at some
representative places during representative days, i.e. days that have meteorological characteristics that
represent the corresponding month or season.
If the heating or cooling systems are controlled by thermostats, their set points could be used, provided that
the calibration of the thermostat is checked.
9.4.2 Air infiltration and ventilation
External airflow rate should be estimated as well as reasonably possible. Ways to do this include:
a)
b)
In buildings where the occupants are the only source of carbon dioxide gas, monitoring the CO2 concentration
can be used to assess the airflow rate per person. Since the carbon gas production of a sitting person is about
20 l/hour, the air exchange with the external environment at steady state and in cubic metres per hour per
person is:
V& =
20
c ce
where
3 For example in Duffie and Beckmann, Solar energy thermal processes, John Wiley & sons, 1974
24
(12)
is the carbon dioxide concentration measured in the internal air or in the exhaust duct, in parts per
thousand;
ce
is the carbon dioxide concentration measured in the external air, in parts per thousand;
ce 400 ppm = 0,4 %o
The occupancy (number of occupants) and presence time can be assessed from a survey or from the building
management.
The internal gains from artificial lighting and electrical appliances are at best assessed from electricity bills
where there are no heating or cooling systems on the same meter.
NOTE
Not all the electricity used becomes an internal heat gain (e.g. lights can be placed externally or the heat can
be partly exhausted.)
Where a separate meter is installed, hot water use shall be obtained from the difference of two readings at the
beginning and end of the assessment period.
NOTE
In this case, meters are generally used to include hot water use in bills, from which the information can be
obtained without looking at the meters.
Where hot water use is not metered, it should be estimated from the number of occupants, use of the building
and local habits, or data found in national documentation may be used.
9.4.5 Artificial lighting
Electricity bills may be useful to assess energy use for lighting, provided there are no other systems (cooking,
heating, cooling systems or other appliances) on the same meter.
Energy use for lighting can also be assessed by counting the number of luminaries together with their power
and assessing, from enquiries, their times of operation.
NOTE
The total power of a luminaire, including not only the lamp but also the transformer, choke or other
accessories, shall be taken into account.
Otherwise, energy use for lighting is estimated by calculation according to prEN wi 13.
The calculation model used for asset rating can only predict the effects of improvements related to
heating, cooling, hot water, ventilation or lighting. It cannot be used to predict the effects of better
management or user behaviour, since it is based on standard input data;
b)
Specific calculation models that can be used to predict savings of specific measures (such as calculating
the energy savings when improving the thermal performance of a window by multiplying the thermal
25
transmittance by area and degree-hours) do not take account of interactions (such as a low solar
transmittance of the same window, which reduces the solar gains and thus changes the utilisation factor);
c)
If the operational rating is used to validate the building calculation model and input data by aligning its
predictions with measured values, there is increased confidence that predicted measures will in practice
deliver their anticipated benefits.
When a building is sold, used for another purpose or used by another occupant, standard occupancy and
climatic data should be used for planning retrofit measures.
If the building is used in the same way as before, climatic and occupancy data according to the tailored rating
can be used.
NOTE
This allows the effects of adjusting building management or occupant behaviourto be assessed.
Prepare one or more retrofit scenarios, each containing a list of compatible retrofit measures. Priority should
be given to measures that would affect the largest energy uses.
Since some measures may interact (e.g. increased thermal insulation or passive solar gains might decrease
boiler efficiency), the effect of individual measures cannot be added. Combined measures shall be calculated
as one package.
NOTE
Then, for each scenario, the input data is modified according to the planned retrofit measures and the
calculation performed again. The difference between the results without and with the retrofit measures is the
effect of these measures on the energy use.
When a final set of retrofit measures is chosen, an asset rating of the retrofitted building may be calculated
using the building calculation model with a set of input data taking account of the retrofit measures and using
standard climate and occupancy input according to 7.2.2.
NOTE
11 Report
This clause defines the content of the report on assessment of energy use of a building according to this
standard. The content of a certificate is defined in prEN wi 1+3.
The report shall include the following information:
a)
b)
c)
a description of the building and its location, its activities, equipment and occupancy;
d)
e)
f)
Climate parameters used for the calculated asset rating or as known - average external temperature,
solar irradiance, etc.- for the measured operational rating).
Calculated rating:
1)
26
h)
i)
j)
2)
assumptions used to compute the energy use for hot water and lighting;
3)
the energy use for heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water and lighting, for each energyware, together
with their confidence intervals.
2)
the amount used, in units used when assessing it (e.g. litres, cubic meters, kilograms, kWh);
3)
the energy use of each energyware in kWh or MJ or multiples of them, together with their confidence
intervals.
Validated rating:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Improvement measures:
1)
2)
3)
27
Annex A
(normative)
Methods for collecting building data
28
The solar energy transmittance of glazing can be calculated according to EN 410, or measured on site using
simultaneously two radiation pyrometers, installed parallel to the window plane, one externally and one
internally, so that the external pyrometer does not shade the internal one. This is especially necessary for
atypical glazing, such as tinted or reflecting ones, when the manufacturer's data are not known.
C
kJ/(mK)
All walls, floor and ceiling of stone or concrete, no wall coverings, wooden floor, carpets, or false
500
ceiling, relatively small rooms about 20 m
The same for very large rooms
250
400
350
250
Rooms about 20 m with carpeted floor, false ceiling and plasterboard walls
150
200
100
29
Measure the pressure differentials across new filters, and determine the airflow rate from filter
characteristics.
b)
Measure the pressure differential across the fan and the speed or power use of fans, and determine the
airflow rate from fan characteristics.
c)
Perform a velocity traverse using a suitable anemometer though a section of a straight duct.
d)
30
Annex B
(normative)
Assessing the used amounts of energyware
The energy use corresponding to the amount of oil used is obtained by multiplying this amount by the gross
calorific value of oil.
B.2 Gas
If delivered through a network, the gas use is the difference of two readings of the gas meter taken at the
beginning and the end of the assessment period.
If delivered in a liquid form in small bottles, the gas use is assessed by counting the number of used bottles. If
this number is small, the bottle used first and last in the assessment period should be weighed to assess the
remaining stock.
If delivered in a liquid form in a tank, the gas use is assessed from the measurement of the gas level in the
tank. The gas use (in liquid form) is then:
Eg =
The energy use corresponding to the amount of gas used is obtained by multiplying this amount by the gross
calorific value of the type of gas used.
31
Electricity bills can be used for assessing the electricity use. In this case, use one or more full years as the
assessment period. Care should be taken in cases where such bills take account of the electricity produced
on site (e.g with photovoltaic systems or cogeneration plants).
32
Annex C
(informative)
Conventional input data related to occupancy
prEN wi 31, Ventilation for buildings Calculation methods for the determination of airflow rates in buildings,
provides values for internal temperature, ventilation rates, and light, without telling which category applies to
which building type.
CR 1752 Ventilation for buildings: design criteria for the indoor environment, provides occupant areal density,
internal operative temperature and external air ventilation rate for various building types.
EN 13779 Ventilation for non-residential buildings Performance requirements for ventilation and roomconditioning systems provides ranges of values of airflow rates and lighting levels for various types of
buildings.
The following conventional input data can be used where no national or regional information is available to
calculate the building energy use.
Table C.1 Example of conventional input data related to occupancy
Industrial buildings
Warehouse
Swimming pool
i) Other types
Meeting halls
sports facilities
trade services
restaurants
hospitals
d
education buildings
offices
single-family
houses
apartment blocks
Building type a
Unit
20
20
20
20
22
20
20
18
20
18
18
28
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
28
60
40
20
10
30
10
20
20 100 20
m /P
70
70
80
70
W/P
Metabolic gain per conditioned floor 1.2 1.8 4.0 7.0 2.7 20.0 9.0 5.0 16.0 5.0 1.0 3.0
1
area
Presence time per day
12 12 6
4 16 3
4
6
3
6
6
4
(monthly average)
Annual electricity use per
20 30 20 10 30 30 30 10 20 20 6 60
1
conditioned floor area
W/m
Building category
h
kWh/m
0,7 0,7 0,9 0,9 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,8 0,9 0,9 0,7
Outdoor airflow rate per conditioned 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7 1,0 1,2 0,7 0,7 1,0 0,7 0,3 0,7
1
floor area
Outdoor airflow rate per person
m /(hm )
42
28
14
30
14
14
30
14 m/(hpers.)
20
10
10
30
60
10
80
10
10
1,4
80 kWh/m
These figures, refer to the gross conditioned area, calculated with external building dimensions.
33
The average internal heat gains during the calculation period, Qi, can be normalised to conditioned floor area.
It can be calculated from:
Q
Qi = AC P + fE qE
AP
(C. 1)
where
AC is the conditioned floor area used for the calculations;
AP is the conditioned floor area per person (occupancy);
QP is the average heat gain per person;
qE
NOTE This quantity is to compute internal heat gains. It is the electricity not already taken into account for heating,
cooling or hot water.
fE
34
is the fraction of the total electricity used within the building, i.e. part of the electricity use that is
transformed into heat within the conditioned space. This factor equals one if there are no electrical
appliances outside the conditioned space.
Annex D
(informative)
Confidence intervals
D.1 Definitions
Only conventional input data are certain or exact, by definition. The actual value of any other data is not
known, but an interval can in most cases be defined, that has a high probability (e.g. 95 % or 99 %) to contain
the actual value. This is the confidence interval.
From the dispersion of several measurements of the same data. If the distribution is Gaussian, the
confidence interval of the mean value x at probability P when N measurements are performed is:
x =
s( x )
N
T ( PN 1)
(D. 1)
(x 2i x )
sx =
(N 1)
(x 2i ) N x 2
i
(D. 2)
(N 1)
0,8
0,9
0,95
0,99
3,078
6,3138
12,706
63,657
1,886
2,9200
4,304,3=27
1,638
2,3534
3,1825
1,533
2,1318
2,7764
1,476
2,0150
1,440
9,9248
5,8409
0,995
127,32
14,089
0,999
636,619
31,598
7,4533
12,924
4,6041
5,5976
8,610
2,5706
4,0321
4,7733
6,869
1,9432
2,4469
3,7074
4,3168
5,959
1,415
1,8946
2,3646
3,4995
4,0293
5,408
1,397
1,8595
2,3060
3,3554
3,8325
5,041
1,383
1,8331
2,2622
3,2498
3,6897
4,781
10
1,372
1,8125
2,2281
3,1693
3,5814
4,5787
1,2858
1,6525
1,9719
2,6006
2,8386
3,3400
b) By assessing it from experience, common knowledge, accuracy of the used measuring instruments, etc.
35
c) By combining the confidence intervals of the variables xi used to calculate the data of interest, y.
Assuming that the measurements are affected by random and independent errors, the confidence interval
of any result, y, is:
[ y y; y + y ]
with
y =
x
i
(xi )2
(D.3)
where
is for all variables on which y depends;
xi
d) The confidence interval of a calculated result can also be obtained using the Monte-Carlo method. For this,
run the calculation model used for calculations many times, changing at each run all the variables at
random, according to statistical distributions of each variable. Sort the results in classes in order to get its
distribution. After 100 to 1000 runs (depending on the complexity and sensitivity of the calculation model),
a good estimate of the statistical distribution of the results is obtained (Figure D.1 ).
D.3 Examples
D.3.1 General
In a building, measured annual energy uses for successive years are 251; 267; 245; 274 GJ. Since these are
corrected for climatic data, the remaining variations from year to year are assumed to result from random-like
causes. The average energy use is then 259 GJ with a standard deviation of 14 GJ. Since there are four
measured data, the 95 % confidence interval of the mean is 14*T(0,95, 4-2)/2 = 14*4,3/2 = 30. A good
estimate of the annual energy use is then 260 30 GJ.
If a scale graduated in millimetre is used to make measurements of length, then a confidence interval of about
1 mm should be given to each measurement of length.
Applying Equation (D.3) for two simple examples gives:
if y =
Or if y = ax then
(D.4)
y
a
x
= +
y
a
x
(D.5)
36
Tailored
rating
0%
50 %
log normal
0%
10 %
log normal
Area
2%
2%
log normal
10 %
10 %
log normal
System efficiency
5%
5%
1K
normal distribution
Utilisation time
0%
25 %
log normal
Volume
3%
3%
log normal
Depth, height
1%
1%
log normal
0%
10 %
log normal
5%
5%
Length
1%
1%
log normal
10 %
10 %
log normal
Number of occupants
0%
10 %
log normal
5%
5%
Thickness
5%
5%
log normal
Absorption coefficient
5%
5%
Emissivity
5%
5%
20 %
20 %
log normal
normal distribution
Perimeter
2%
2%
log normal
25 %
25 %
Variable
Internal temperature
Distribution
normal distribution
log normal
The energy use was calculated with EN ISO 13790 using the Monte-Carlo method and standard deviations of Table D.2,
for a tailored rating. The line is the standardised cumulative distribution.
Figure D.1 Example of the distribution of heating energy use of a low-energy single family house
37
Annex E
(informative)
Other uses of energy
E.1 General
In order to compare the calculated rating with the operational rating for the purposes of validation, the
amounts of energywares used for other purposes than heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water or lighting are
added to the tailored rating. If these are not metered separately, they are estimated.
Figures for this estimation are best provided at the national level. When no information is available, the
information given in this annex can be used. Since these values strongly depend on the behaviour of the
occupants, the confidence intervals of these values are rather large, say 50 %.
1
1
Refrigerator
Freezer
Dishwasher
Oven
Washing machine
Dryer
Cooker
Other equipment
Total in kWh
Floor area
2
Total in kWh/m
2
1,5
250
0
110
30
70
130
220
130
940
40
24
250
0
150
40
100
200
240
150
1130
60
19
3
2
4
3
5
4
6
5
270
0
210
80
130
260
260
180
1390
80
17
270
0
260
80
200
390
300
220
1720
110
16
170
200
320
80
270
525
340
270
2175
140
16
170
200
330
80
330
660
380
290
2440
170
14
38
120
230
10 m
12
23
15 m
8
15
20 m
6
12
Annex F
(informative)
Calorific values of fuels
F.1 General
The energy use during a specific time period is calculated by multiplying the consumed amount of energyware,
E, by the gross calorific value, GCV:
Qi = Ei GCVi
(F.1)
The calorific value is the quantity of heat produced by complete combustion, at a constant pressure equal to
101 320 Pa, of a unit amount of fuel The gross calorific value includes the heat recovered when condensing
the water vapour resulting from the combustion of hydrogen. The net calorific value does not take account of
this latent heat.
In order to get Qi in appropriate units (kWh or J), the units of GCVi must be consistent with the units in which Ei
is expressed.
The calorific values depend on the precise composition of the fuel, most of them being mixes of pure
chemicals. Indicative values are given in this annex.
4 From http://www.oeko.de/service/em/docu/model/emmo0003.htm
39
Fuel
Anthracite
32 34
Bituminous coal
1725
Charcoal
29,6
Coke
28 31
Lignite
14 - 16
Peat
13 20
Wood (dry)
14 17
Fuel
Density
kg/l
Gas naphtha
0,65
48,2
31,3
13,4
8,7
0,66
48,1
31,8
13,4
8,8
Natural gasoline
0,67
48,3
32,3
13,4
9,0
0,74
47,0
34,8
13,1
9,7
0,76
47,0
35,5
13,1
9,9
Lighting kerosene
0,79
46,4
36,6
12,9
10,2
Aviation gasoline
0,79
47,3
37,6
13,1
10,4
Aviation kerosene
0,80
46,4
36,9
12,9
10,2
0,82
46,0
37,8
12,8
10,5
0,82
46,4
38,2
12,9
10,6
0,85
45,6
38,6
12,7
10,7
0,89
45,0
40,0
12,5
11,1
0,92
44,5
41,0
12,4
11,4
0,93
44,3
41,2
12,3
11,4
0,94
44,2
41,5
12,3
11,5
0,95
44,1
41,6
12,2
11,6
1,00
43,2
43,0
12,0
11,9
80 propane:20 butane
0,52
49,8
26,1
13,8
7,3
70 propane:30 butane
0,53
49,8
26,4
13,8
7,3
60 propane:40 butane
0,53
49,7
26,5
13,8
7,4
50 propane:50 butane
0,55
49,6
27,0
13,8
7,5
Commercial propane
0,51
50,0
25,5
13,9
7,1
Confidence interval is about 0,5 MJ/kg or MJ/l and 0,2 kWh/kg or kWh/l of fuel.
40
Acetylene
Butene
Carbon monoxide
Ethane
Ethylene
Hydrogen
Iso Butane
Methane
n-Butane
Propane
Propylene
Chemical
formula
MJ/m
kWh/m
C2H2
C4H8
CO
C2H6
C2H4
H2
iC4H10
CH4
nC4H10
C3H8
C3H6
58,5
125,9
12,6
70,3
63,4
127,5
133,3
39,8
134,1
101,2
93,6
16,2
35,0
3,5
19,5
17,6
35,4
37,0
11,1
37,3
28,1
26,0
GCV
Unit of
supply
Natural gas
43 1
12,0 0,3
kg
49,8 0,2
14,0 0,1
The actual calorific power of common fuel gases depend on their chemical composition. If this is known, the
figure can be more accurate that those given in the table.
41
Annex G
(informative)
Energy monitoring
Key
H
P
P0
Pb
L
e
slope
average power between two successive records
power at 0 C
base power, not dependant on external temperature (e.g. for system loss and hot water)
heating limit external temperature
external average temperature between two successive records
The line drawn outside the heating (or cooling) season has in general a nearly-zero slope and represents the
system loss and energy for uses other than heating and cooling (e.g. hot water).
42
The line drawn during the heating (or cooling) season is characterised by a power P0 at 0 C and a slope H:
P = P0 H e
(G.1)
where
P
The slope reflects the sensitivity of the building to changes in external temperature. The above equation can
be compared to the global, simplified average energy balance of the building:
P = H ' i e + Pa Ae I S
(G.2)
where
H'
Pa
includes system loss and average power for uses other than heating.
As a first approximation, this power does not depend on external temperature, and, if the pattern of use of the
building is constant, this power can be assumed to be the average power measured during the intermediate
season. Ae is the equivalent solar collecting area multiplied by the utilisation factor and IS is the density of
solar radiation.
Comparing equations (G.1)and (G.2), we get H' = H and:
P0 = H i + Pa - Ae IS
(G.3)
Seasonal energy use for heating can be estimated from P0 and H, the seasonal average of the external
temperature e and the duration t of the heating season:
Qh = P0 H e t
(G.4)
This estimate can be obtained without waiting for the whole heating season. However a large range of
external temperatures is necessary to obtain a good accuracy for H and P0.
An estimate of the confidence interval of the energy use for heating is calculated by:
Qh = t 2P02 + e2 t 2H 2 + t 2 H 2 e2 + (P0 H e )2 t 2
(G.5)
The dispersion of the individual measurements above or below the line characterising the signature can result
from several causes:
a)
Variable solar or internal gains (which makes this method not suitable for buildings with large passive
solar gains);
b)
Varying heat transfer coefficients, e.g. resulting from the effect of wind on a permeable building envelope;
malfunctioning of the heating or cooling system.
The analysis of possible explanations to significant differences between a particular record and the line allows
detection of system malfunctions.
43
P Pa
I
= H 0 Ae S = H 0 Ae m
(G.6)
where m is a "meteorological" variable. The slope of the regression line is the equivalent solar collecting area
multiplied by the utilisation factor, and the ordinate at origin is the effective heat loss coefficient.
Key
H
meteorological variable, which is the ratio of the solar irradiance to the internal-external temperature difference
The line a is that of a highly glazed buildings with large losses and large gains, better performing in mild climates, and line
b is for a well insulated building with relatively small passive solar gains, better in Nordic climates.
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Annex H
(informative)
List of possible measures for reducing energy use
H.1 General
Retrofit measures depend on the type of building and its construction, local habits, etc. The items given in this
annex are examples and are not exhaustive.
H.2 Warning
Before applying any improvement measure, care should be taken to possible interactions between measures.
Some examples are:
a)
Improving envelope air tightness might require adding purpose ventilation openings;
b)
Reducing the heating demand also requires reducing the power of the heating plant; otherwise its
efficiency could decrease significantly;
c)
Replacing single glazing by multiple glazing suppresses condensation on windows, but therefore
increases internal air humidity, thus possibly increasing mould growth risk at poorly insulated envelope
components and thermal bridges;
d)
Additional internal thermal insulation could increase the risk of internal condensation and mould growth.
Therefore, it is recommended to plan packages of coherent improvements. The way of packing improvement
measures depends on conditions related to the specific building, its pattern of use, and the external climate.
Therefore, only individual measures rather than recommended packages are listed below.
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Record regularly (weekly interval is recommended) the energy use for all fuels. Drawing the weekly average
heating and cooling power versus average external temperature helps in detecting malfunctions (see
Annex G).
Inform tenants regularly on energy use and possible energy saving measures.
Add thermal insulation to walls between conditioned and unconditioned spaces, preferably on the cold side.
Add thermal insulation to walls under ground, preferably externally (between wall and ground) and down to at
least 1 m. In this case, drain the ground at the bottom on the insulated part.
Add thermal insulating layer behind heaters, if the thermal insulation of the wall is not sufficient.
Install movable, external solar protections where they are not present.
H.4.2 Roofs
Check air tightness of the roof if above a conditioned space. Weather-strip the joints.
If the tiles or the watertight should be renewed, add external insulation under it. If not, add thermal insulation
between rafters or under them. In this case take care of possible condensation problems and thermal bridges.
On flat roof, inverted insulation (extruded polystyrene) can easily be added if the watertight layer is in good
shape. Otherwise, increase the thickness of thermal insulation layer when renewing the watertight layer.
H.4.3 Floors
Add thermal insulation on the floor of unheated attic.
Add thermal insulation under the floors situated above external or unconditioned spaces.
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Change old window frames for frames with a better thermal insulation (wood, metal with thermal breaks,
plastic).
Change glazed units to ones with better thermal properties (e.g. double glazing with low emissivity coating
and heavy gas filling). An alternative is to add a second glazing to the existing one.
In cold or windy climate, add an airlock to the entrance door.
Install external and mobile solar protections.
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Compare the power of the chiller with actual needs at design external temperature. If this power is too large,
reduce it when replacing the unit.
Shut down circulating pumps when cold is not demanded.
Check the balance of the chilled water distribution network.
Check if circulating pumps are well sized. If oversized, change them for a proper size.
Add thermal insulation around distribution ducts and valves
Replace all undersized heat exchangers, thus allowing a better exchange efficiency
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H.4.9 Lighting
Use light colours, preferably white for internal paintings and finishing
Replace tinted or reflecting glazing by white glazing and moveable, external solar protections.
Replace incandescent light bulbs by fluorescent or other, more efficient ones.
Use direct instead of indirect lighting.
Replace old luminaries (which often hide the light source) by high efficiency ones (those which send the light
form the source to the place to lit).
Install presence sensing switches in corridors, staircases and other places where people just pass.
Install smart light control in office rooms, which adapt artificial lighting level to daylighting and needs of
occupants.
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