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Where:
Am-is the amplitude of the waveform.
t-is the angular frequency of the waveform in radian/sec.
(phi) - is the phase angle in degrees or radians that the waveform has shifted either left or right from the
reference point.
If the positive slope of the sinusoidal waveform passes through the horizontal axis before t = 0 then the waveform has
shifted to the left so >0, and the phase angle will be positive in nature, + giving a leading phase angle. In other words it
appears earlier in time than 0o producing an anticlockwise rotation of the vector.
Likewise, if the positive slope of the sinusoidal waveform passes through the horizontal x-axis some time after t = 0 then
the waveform has shifted to the right so <0, and the phase angle will be negative in nature - producing a lagging phase
angle as it appears later in time than 0o producing a clockwise rotation of the vector. Both cases are shown below.
Firstly, lets consider that two alternating quantities such as a voltage, v and a current, i have the same frequency in Hertz.
As the frequency of the two quantities is the same the angular velocity, must also be the same. So at any instant in time we
can say that the phase of voltage, v will be the same as the phase of the current, i.
Then the angle of rotation within a particular time period will always be the same and the phase difference between the two
quantities of v and i will therefore be zero and =0. As the frequency of the voltage, v and the current, i are the same they
must both reach their maximum positive, negative and zero values during one complete cycle at the same time (although
their amplitudes may be different). Then the two alternating quantities, v and i are said to be in-phase.
Now lets consider that the voltage, v and the current, i have a phase difference between themselves of30o, so ( =30o or
/6 radians). As both alternating quantities rotate at the same speed, i.e. they have the same frequency, this phase
difference will remain constant for all instants in time, then the phase difference of 30o between the two quantities is
represented by phi, as shown below.
The voltage waveform above starts at zero along the horizontal reference axis, but at that same instant of time the current
waveform is still negative in value and does not cross this reference axis until 30o later. Then there exists a Phase difference
between the two waveforms as the current cross the horizontal reference axis reaching its maximum peak and zero values
after the voltage waveform.
As the two waveforms are no longer in-phase, they must therefore be out-of-phase by an amount determined by phi,
and in our example this is 30o. So we can say that the two waveforms are now 30o out-of phase. The current waveform can
also be said to be lagging behind the voltage waveform by the phase angle, . Then in our example above the two
waveforms have a Lagging Phase Difference so the expression for both the voltage and current above will be given as.
So we now know that if a waveform is shifted to the right or left of 0o when compared to another sine wave the expression
for this waveform becomes Amsin(t). But if the waveform crosses the horizontal zero axis with a positive going slope
90o or /2 radians before the reference waveform, the waveform is called a Cosine Waveform and the expression becomes.
Cosine Expression
The Cosine Wave, simply called cos, is as important as the sine wave in electrical engineering. The cosine wave has the
same shape as its sine wave counterpart that is it is a sinusoidal function, but is shifted by +90o or one full quarter of a
period ahead of it.
Alternatively, we can also say that a sine wave is a cosine wave that has been shifted in the other direction by -90o. Either way
when dealing with sine waves or cosine waves with an angle the following rules will always apply.
When comparing two sinusoidal waveforms it more common to express their relationship as either a sine or cosine with
positive going amplitudes and this is achieved using the following mathematical identities.
By using these relationships above we can convert any sinusoidal waveform with or without an angular or phase difference
from either a sine wave into a cosine wave or vice versa.
In the next tutorial about Phasors (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/phase-difference.html) we will use a
graphical method of representing or comparing the phase difference between two sinusoids by looking at the phasor
representation of a single phase AC quantity along with some phasor algebra relating to the mathematical addition of two or
more phasors.
AC Circuits (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/tag/ac-circuits)
Sinusoids (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/tag/sinusoids)
Waveform (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/tag/waveform)
ahmed
thanks
Reply (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/phase-difference.html?replytocom=7277#respond)
brijesh mishra
reading carefully and think about answer mini some time
Reply (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/phase-difference.html?replytocom=5228#respond)
sathya
why there is a phase difference between current & voltage,how can it happen?
Reply (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/phase-difference.html?replytocom=5101#respond)
nathan MacInnes
The answer to this is simple. I usually teach it to students using a Graphical method, but it is fairly simple to
understand when you look at the Capacitor alone. The Inductor is a little more difficult.
So.
Imagine the Capacitor as an empty container in a closed environment. Now, if I start to pump water (electrons) in to
it (current), it is easy at first, but due to the container being empty, there is no/little pressure present (voltage).
So when Capacitor is empty; V= 0 and I = Max
This explains the 90 degree phase shift when only a capacitor is used.
note that when the capacitor is Empty, the voltage is 0 and the current is Max, and essentially creates a Short circuit
which is why we cannot create a purely reactive circuits without Purely reactive loads.
Reply (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/phase-difference.html?replytocom=5732#respond)
Md shahnawaz
i=sin(wt 180 30)
V=2sin(wt 10)
I lead by phase 200
Reply (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/phase-difference.html?replytocom=2215#respond)
Sadat Rafi
i=-sin(wt+30)
v=2sin(wt+10)
which one leads?
here answer should be a single one. but it has two answer
v leads i by 160 or, i leads v by 200 degrees .
why?
..from a book of Robert L Boilestade (USA)
Reply (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/phase-difference.html?replytocom=2201#respond)
Neeraj Jangid
both answers are correct, it depend on the reference angle, in above problem if u will take reference angle 0 degree
then v lead i by 160 degree and if u will take 180 degree reference angle then i lead v by 200 degree.
Reply (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/phase-difference.html?replytocom=5212#respond)
MbiliNE
hmmmm great stuff
Reply (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/phase-difference.html?replytocom=142#respond)
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