BIOLOGI - ACHADIAH RACHMAWATI

Cell Death Process

Programmed Cell Death

in Eukaryotes
Cell death can occur by either of two distinct mechanisms
apoptosis or necrosis.
Apoptosis: originally defined according to a set of
characteristic ultrastructural features that include nuclear and
cytoplasmic condensation, cell fragmentation and
phagocytosis.
Necrosis: cell death as the result of injury, disease, or
pathological state (usually involves large numbers of cells and
is associated with inflammation). Chromatin condenses in
multiple small clumps and at later stages, cell membranes
and organelles disintegrate.

Achadiah Rachmawati

Why should a cell commit suicide?

Programmed Cell Death

in Eukaryotes

Apoptosis is needed for proper development

The resorption of the tadpole tail
The formation of the fingers and toes of the fetus
The sloughing off of the inner lining of the uterus
The formation of the proper connections between neurons in the brain

Apoptosis is needed to destroy cells

Cells infected with viruses
Cells of the immune system
Cells with DNA damage
Cancer cells

CELL DEATH PROCESS

BIOLOGI - ACHADIAH RACHMAWATI

Classical View of Cell Death:

Apoptosis vs Necrosis

Necrosis vs. Apoptosis

Necrosis

Cellular swelling
Membranes are broken
ATP is depleted
Cell lyses, eliciting an
inflammatory reaction
DNA fragmentation is
random, or smeared
In vivo, whole areas of the
tissue are affected

Apoptosis

Cellular condensation
Membranes remain intact
Requires ATP
Cell is phagocytosed, no
tissue reaction
Ladder-like DNA
fragmentation
In vivo, individual cells appear
affected

Murder?

Suicide?

Stages of Apoptosis

NECROSIS vs. APOPTOSIS

Induction of apoptosis related genes, signal transduction

Wilde, 1999

CELL DEATH PROCESS

BIOLOGI - ACHADIAH RACHMAWATI

Biological Roles for Apoptosis

Apoptosis in Development

Development
Metamorphosis
Regulation of cell number in
tissues (homeostasis and
tumorigenesis)
Immune defense (cytotoxic T
cell activity)
Develoment of B and T cells
via negative selection
Disease: Cancer,
autoimmunity, infectious
disease etc.
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Definitions
Hyperplasia Number of cells
Prostate
Endometrium
Breast ducts

Hypertrophy SIZE of cells

Myocardium
Muscle fibres

Metaplasia Change of cell TYPE

Cervical where glandular squamous epithelium

Bronchioles where glandular squamous epithelium

Dysplasia Abnormal Development, size, shape,

arrangement
Cervical
fibrous

Tumour, metastasis, carcinogen

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CELL DEATH PROCESS

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