Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Research
Article
Review
Article
Open
OpenAccess
Access
Abstract
Setting up of new industries or expansion of existing industrial establishments resulted in the disposal of industrial
effluents, which discharge untreated effluents causing air, water, soil and soil solid waste pollution. These disposed
materials have high persistence capacities and also can change in to toxic recalcitrant up on combining with other
eco-materials or manmade products. Remediation is the only way to tackle these so called xenobiotic compounds
and to reduce the hazards caused by them. Even though, several practices have been implemented for degrading
these recalcitrants, bioremediation step is proved to show the significant impact on them. Giving a brief note on
types of xenobionts and their impact on the environment, this study attempts to highlight on different xenobiotic
degradation methods like bacterial bioremediation, phycoremediation, phytoremediation, photoremediation etc.
Sources of xenobiotics
Direct sources: The prime direct source of xenobiotics is
wastewater and solid residual releases from the industries like chemical
and pharma, plastics, paper and pulp mills, textile mills, agricultural
(enhancement products like pesticides, herbicides etc.) (Figure 1).
Some of the common residual compounds in the wastewater and
other effluents are Phenol, hydrocarbons, different dyes, paint effluents,
Pesticides and Insecticides etc.
1. Phenol: The natural water sources from the effluents of various
J Bioremed Biodegrad
ISSN: 2155-6199 JBRBD, an open access journal
Citation: Varsha YM, Naga Deepthi CH, Chenna S (2011) An Emphasis on Xenobiotic Degradation in Environmental Clean up. J Bioremed Biodegrad
S11:001. doi:10.4172/2155-6199.S11-001
Page 2 of 10
Industrial residual
wastes
Citation: Varsha YM, Naga Deepthi CH, Chenna S (2011) An Emphasis on Xenobiotic Degradation in Environmental Clean up. J Bioremed Biodegrad
S11:001. doi:10.4172/2155-6199.S11-001
Page 3 of 10
Microbial Remediation
Phytoremediation
Photoremediation
Other techniques
J Bioremed Biodegrad
ISSN: 2155-6199 JBRBD, an open access journal
Xenobiotic Degradation
Several methods like physico-chemical and biological methods
have been employed in the treatment or removal of xenobiotics. The
physico-chemical methods are costly and often produce undesirable
products which are toxic, requiring further treatment steps [11].
Such type of techniques often add fragmented elements which cannot
be degraded easily and will make the environment still worse. To
overcome these problems, many other eco-friendly techniques have
been reported such as Bioremediation, phytoremediation etc. (Figure 2).
Bioremediation
Microbial degradation of xenobiotics is one of the important way
to remove the environmentally harmful compounds. The potential
of microorganisms to metabolize xenobiotic compounds has been
recognized as an effective means of toxic and hazardous waste removal
[11,36].
Bioremediation can be defined as any process that uses
microorganisms or their enzymes to return the environment altered
by contaminants to its original condition [37]. It can also be described
as a treatability technology that uses biological activity to reduce the
concentration or toxicity of a pollutant [38]. Bioremediation process
involves detoxification and mineralization, where the waste is converted
into inorganic compounds such as carbon dioxide, water and methane
[39]. When compounds are persistent in the environment, their
biodegradation often proceeds through multiple steps utilizing different
enzyme systems or different microbial populations. Contaminated
wastewater, ground or surface waters, soils, sediments and air where
there has been either accidental or intentional release of pollutants or
chemicals are the sites where bioremediation are employed [40,41].
Microbial bioremediation: Taking the waste product of one process
and using it as fuel or food for another process is one way to get done
biodegradation; it makes intelligent use of resources decreasing
the pollution and microbes does the same. They use these residual
compounds as one of their substrate and grow on them, degrading or
fragmenting them, which is highly valuable in case of bioremediation
[42,43].
Effective Microorganism (EM) is the consortia of valuable and
naturally occurring microorganisms which secretes organic acids and
enzymes for utilization and degradation of anthropogenic compounds
[44]. These days, microbes are collected from the waste water, residual
sites and distillery sludges which are believed to have the resistance
against the hazardous compounds. This is particularly due to their
tolerance capacity even at the higher concentrations of xenobionts
[45]. Heavy metals and toxic organic pollutants which are believed to
have resistance towards some of the microbes can be degraded using
these tolerant microbes [46]. Microbial consortium used in activated
sludges and aerated lagoons are used recently for solid waste effluent
removal [47]. Biofilter technology is used to remove the hazardous
chemicals and heavy metals from the effluents which contain these
microbes capable of utilizing the substrates rapidly due to its high
surface to volume ratio and fixed cell nature [48,49].
Microbial biodegradation is carried out by different organisms like
Bacteria, Fungus, and Algae (Figure 3).
1. Bacteria-Biotic actors in Xenobiotic degradation: The basic
sequence followed by bacteria for biodegradation of xenobiotics
compounds are (Figure 4).
Citation: Varsha YM, Naga Deepthi CH, Chenna S (2011) An Emphasis on Xenobiotic Degradation in Environmental Clean up. J Bioremed Biodegrad
S11:001. doi:10.4172/2155-6199.S11-001
Page 4 of 10
Microbial
remediation
Xenobiotic
techniques
Bacteria
Bioremediation
Microbial
remediation
Photoremediation
Phycoremediation
Cellular uptake of
compounds
Phytoremediation
Mycoremediation
Manipulation of
substrate by ring
ssion
Ring cleavage
formation
Utilization of
metabolites
Conversion of
cleaved product into
standard
metabolites
a) Aerobic bacteria: Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Sphingobium, Pandoraea, Rhodococcus, Gordonia, Bacillus, Moraxella, Micrococcus.
Aerobic
b) Anaerobic bacteria: Pelatomaculum, Desulfotomaculum, Syntrophobacter, Syntrophus, Desulphovibrio, Methanospirillum, Methanosaeta [51].
c) Methanogenic bacteria and Methanotrophic bacteria: The
process of degrading hydrocarbons resulting methane gas and
carbon dioxide as end product is called Methanogenesis [52].
Methanotrophs use oxygen to oxidize methane into carbon
dioxide. Methane monooxygenase, enzyme generated by
methanotrophs to react with methane can degrade a wide variety
of chlorinated hydrocarbons.
d) Cyanobacteria: Cyanobacterial consortia are generally used for
degradation of oil derivatives. The use of cyanobacterial mats for
bioremediation will avoid the costly use of organic and inorganic
fertilizers and their maintenance at large scale can take an
advantage [53].
e) Sphingomonads: Sphingomonads have a high capacity
to degrade wide range of xenobiotics, including synthetic
polymers, aromatic compounds etc and due to its plasmidborne mechanism. Many Sphingomonads contain large plasmids
responsible for xenobiotics degradation which also help them to
adapt to new environment quickly. Sphingomonads show adverse
effect on polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA)
degradation [54].
f) New Technologies: Identification of gene responsible for specific
compound degradation would be beneficial to develop the
recombinant Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) for the
bioremediation of complex waste. Such advancements will always
be a helping hand to already existing techniques. Sequential
aerobic - anaerobic treatments are implied to degrade some of
compounds, which are now replaced by these biochemical and
J Bioremed Biodegrad
ISSN: 2155-6199 JBRBD, an open access journal
Other techniques
Anaerobic
Sphingomonads
Methanogenic
Cynobacteria
Many different types of bacteria are used now a days for common
effluent treatment which is tabulated as below (Table 1).
Pseudomonas sp. has been characterized for complete and partial
mineralization of organophosphorous pesticides and fungicides,
morpholine and methyl parathion. Pseudomonas sp. also
involved in characteristic aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon
degradation of oils [25]. Pseudomonas pseudomallei is used for
Citation: Varsha YM, Naga Deepthi CH, Chenna S (2011) An Emphasis on Xenobiotic Degradation in Environmental Clean up. J Bioremed Biodegrad
S11:001. doi:10.4172/2155-6199.S11-001
Page 5 of 10
Phenol
Plastics
J Bioremed Biodegrad
ISSN: 2155-6199 JBRBD, an open access journal
Citation: Varsha YM, Naga Deepthi CH, Chenna S (2011) An Emphasis on Xenobiotic Degradation in Environmental Clean up. J Bioremed Biodegrad
S11:001. doi:10.4172/2155-6199.S11-001
Page 6 of 10
Along with fungus, plant and its parts like solid residues of oil mill
products, sawdust, straw xanthate, aquatic plants and seaweeds also
plays a pivotal role in adsorbing waste compounds. New techniques
have been evolved which implement the fungal symbiont residing
in the plants where both fungal and plant part help in bioadsorption
[77].
easy to operate
cost effective for the treatment of large volumes of waste waters
it could be selective
More efficient [81].
target the organic and inorganic pollutants in the water, soil and air
simultaneously.
Plants have exposed the capacity to withstand relatively high
concentrations of organic xenobiotic chemicals without toxic effects
[85] and also have capacity to take up and convert chemicals quickly
to less toxic metabolites [86]. Deep roots, luxuriant leaves have special
sorptive properties and the associated bacteria in root zones allow
plants to absorb, take-up, accumulate, metabolize and/or degrade the
pollutants from water, soil and air.
Phytoremediation can be classified in to subcategories depending
up on the type of remediation (Figure 6).
1. Rhizodegradation: Rhizodegradation is the enhancement of
naturally-occurring biodegradation in soil through the influence of
plant roots, and ideally will lead to destruction or detoxification of
an organic contaminant. A wide range of organic contaminants are
candidates for rhizodegradation, such as petroleum hydrocarbons,
PAHs, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), surfactants
and chlorinated solvents.
2. Phytodegradation: Phytodegradation, also called as phytotransformation, is the uptake, metabolizing, and degradation of contaminants within the plant, or the degradation of contaminants in the
soil, sediments, sludges, ground water, or surface water by enzymes
produced and released by the plant. The term Green Liver Model
is used to describe phytotransformation, as plants behave analogously to the human liver when dealing with these xenobiotic compounds (foreign compound/pollutant). Chlorinated solvents like
TCE, some organic herbicides and trinitrotoluene can be degraded
using this method [87].
3. Phytoextraction: Phytoextraction (also known as phytoaccumulation, phytoabsorption, and phytosequestration) is contaminant
uptake by roots with subsequent accumulation in the aboveground
portion of a plant, generally to be followed by harvest and ultimate disposal of the plant biomass. Phytoextraction has also been
referred to as phytomining or biomining. Phytomining is the use
of plants to obtain a gain from hyperaccumulated metals extracted
by a plant, whether from contaminated soils or from soils having
naturally high concentrations of metals. This is particularly useful
for removing metals from soil and, in some cases; incorporation
of plant incinerations will help metal reuse [87]. These processes
extract both metallic and organic constituents from soil by direct
uptake into plants and translocation to aboveground biomass using
metal- (hyper) accumulating plants. Brassica juncea, Berkeya coddii, Allysum bertolonii, Thlaspi caerulescens and Thlaspi goesingense
are some of the plants involved in phytoextraction [88]. The main
advantage of phytoextraction is the process is eco- friendly but will
take more time than anthropogenic soil clean-up methods.
4. Rhizofiltration: Rhizofiltration (also known as phytofiltration)
is the removal by plant roots of contaminants in surface water,
waste water, or extracted ground water, through adsorption or
precipitation onto the roots, or absorption into the roots. Here
accumulation can occur in root or can be retained in any portion
of the plant. Plants used for rhizofiltration are not planted directly
in situ but are acclimated to the pollutant first, which makes the
process little tedious and time consuming. Sunflowers grown in
radioactively contaminated pools exemplify this process.
5. Phytovolatilization: Phytovolatilization is the uptake of a water
soluble contaminant by a plant, and the subsequent release of a vol-
Citation: Varsha YM, Naga Deepthi CH, Chenna S (2011) An Emphasis on Xenobiotic Degradation in Environmental Clean up. J Bioremed Biodegrad
S11:001. doi:10.4172/2155-6199.S11-001
Page 7 of 10
Phytoremediation
methods
Degradation
Accumulation
Rhizodegradation
Phytoextraction
Phytodegradation
Rhizoltration
Dissipation
Phytovolatilization
Imobilization
Phytohydraulics
Phytostabilization
Photodegradation
Photodegradation is degradation of a molecule which has capability
to absorb photons, particularly those wavelengths found in sunlight,
such as infrared radiation, visible light, and ultraviolet light. The
solution of plastic ecological problem is achieved by this particularly,
due to the development of photodegradable and biodegradable polymer
with controlled lifetime. Many new strategies have been introduced in
order to make this technique applicable for wide range of xenobiotic
degradation. Transition metals like Cr, Mn, Fe, Co act as antioxidant
or bioactive elements in photodegradation of polymer degradation
[98]. Congo red dye used in the cellulose industries (cotton textile,
wood pulp & paper) has long been abandoned, primarily because of its
tendency to change color and its toxicity. Recent advances to degrade
this Congo red include photocatalytic degradation using ZnO/ UV-A
[99,100].
Citation: Varsha YM, Naga Deepthi CH, Chenna S (2011) An Emphasis on Xenobiotic Degradation in Environmental Clean up. J Bioremed Biodegrad
S11:001. doi:10.4172/2155-6199.S11-001
Page 8 of 10
Conclusion
Environmental problems caused by the industrial effluents is mainly
due to accumulation of pollutants and other fragmented compounds,
which in turn form into other substitutes (natural or manmade),
finally forming a xenobiont. There is a quick need to degrade these
xenobiotic compounds in an eco-friendly way. Various techniques
like microbial remediation, phytoremediation and photoremediation
and their subtypes have been discussed. Each having their own ways
of degrading these xenobionts, also have negative impact on the
environ (side effects due to fragmentations and bioaccumulations).
Photoremediation, a novel equipment based technique which is rapid
but also have a negative impact on the environment. Being a solar driven
technique, phytoremediation is restricted to particular sites containing
contaminants. Although slow, on the whole microbial bioremediation
was found to cover wide range of recalcitrant degradation and is known
to be a better choice because of its nature of degradation.
References
1. Vidali M (2001) Bioremediation. An overview. Pure Appl Chem 73: 1163-1172.
2. Sethy NK, Jha VN, Sahoo SK, Shukla AK, Tripathi RM, et al. (2011) Ground
Water Ingestion Dose Due to Intake of Radionuclide (Natural U and 226Ra) to
Population Around Uranium Mining Complex at Jaduguda. J Ecosys Ecograph
1: 104.
3. Gursahani YH, Gupta SG (2011) Decolourization Of Textile Effluent by A
Thermophilic Bacteria Anoxybacillus rupiensis. J Pet Environ Biotechnol 2: 111.
4. Sharma SK, Saxena M, Mandal TK, Ahammed YN, Pathak H, et al. (2011)
Variations in Mixing Ratios of Ambient Ammonia, Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen
Dioxide in Different Environments of India. J Food Process Technol 1: 101.
5. le Mellec A, Karg J, Bernacki Z, Slowik J, Korczynski I, et al. (2010) Effects of
Insect Mass Outbreaks on Throughfall Composition in Even Aged European
Pine Stands - Implications for the C and N Cycling. J Earth Sci Climat Change
1: 101.
6. Indu Shekhar Thakur (2006) Xenobiotics: Pollutants and their degradationmethane, benzene, pesticides, bioabsorption of metals.
7. Wilson JT, McNabb JF, Cochran JW, Wang TH, Tomson MB, et al. (1985)
J Bioremed Biodegrad
ISSN: 2155-6199 JBRBD, an open access journal
Citation: Varsha YM, Naga Deepthi CH, Chenna S (2011) An Emphasis on Xenobiotic Degradation in Environmental Clean up. J Bioremed Biodegrad
S11:001. doi:10.4172/2155-6199.S11-001
Page 9 of 10
32. Sethy NK, Jha VN, Shukla AK, Sahoo SK, Tripathi RM, et al. (2011) Natural
Radionuclide (U and 226Ra) in Water, Sediment, Fish and Plant Species in
the Aquatic Environment around Uranium Mining and Ore processing Site at
Jaduguda, India. J Ecosys Ecograph 1: 103.
33. Karanth NGK (2000) Challenges of Limiting Pesticide Residues in Fresh
Vegetables: The Indian Experience Food Safety Management in Developing
Countries. CIRAD-FAO 11-13
53. Raeid MMA (2011) Unraveling the role of cyanobacterial mats in the cleanup of
oil pollutants using modern molecular and microsensor tools. World Congress
on Biotechnology, India.
54. Xenobiotic polymer-degradation by Sphingomonads.
55. Kensuke Furukawa (2003) Super bugs for bioremediation. Trends Biotechnol
21: 187-189.
34. Monadjem, M.D. Anderson, S.E. Piper & A.F. Boshoff (2004) The Vultures of
Southern Africa Quo Vadis?
35. Oaks JL, Gilbert M, Virani MZ, Watson RT, Meteyer CU, et al. (2004) Diclofenac
Residues as the Cause of Vulture Population Decline in Pakistan. Nature 427:
630633.
36. Agarry SE, Durojaiye AO, Yusuf RO, Aremu MO, Solomon BO, et al. (2008)
Biodegradation of Phenol in Refinery Wastewater by Pure Cultures of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIB 950 And Pseudomonas fluorescence NCIB
3756. Int J Environ Poll 32: 3-11.
59. Joe J, Kothari RK, Raval CM, Kothari CR, Akbari VG, et al. (2011) Decolorization
of Textile Dye Remazol Black B by Pseudomonas aeruginosa CR- 25 Isolated
from the Common Effluent Treatment Plant. J Bioremed Biodegrad 2: 118.
60. Elbanna K, Hassan G, Khider M, Mandour R (2010) Safe Biodegradation
of Textile Azo Dyes by Newly Isolated Lactic Acid Bacteria and Detection of
Plasmids Associated With Degradation. J Bioremed Biodegrad 1: 110.
61. Hadad D, Geresh S, Sivan A (2005) Biodegradation of polyethylene by
the thermophilic bacterium Brevibacillus borstelensis. Journal of Applied
Microbiology 98: 1093-1100.
62. Amin GA (2010) A Potent Biosurfactant Producing Bacterial Strain for
Application in Enhanced Oil Recovery Applications. J Pet Environ Biotechnol
1: 104.
63. Owolabi RU, Osiyemi NA, Amosa MK, Ojewumi ME (2011) Biodiesel from
Household/Restaurant Waste Cooking Oil (WCO). J Chem Eng Process
Technol 2: 112.
64. Bordenave S, Goni-Urriza M, Caumette P, Duran R (2009) Differential Display
Analysis of cDNA Involved in Microbial Mats Response after Heavy Fuel Oil
Contamination. J Microbial Biochem Technol 1: 001-004.
65. Schillaci D (2011) Staphylococcal Biofilms: Challenges in the Discovery of
Novel Anti-infective Agents. J Microbial Biochem Technol 3: iv-vi.
66. Reddy MS, Achal V, Mukherjee A (2011) Microbial concrete a wonder metabolic
product improves durability of building structures. World Congress on
Biotechnology, India.
67. Amin GA (2011) Integrated Two-Stage Process for Biodesulfurization of
Model Oil by Vertical Rotating Immobilized Cell Reactor with the Bacterium
Rhodococcus erythropolis. J Pet Environ Biotechnol 2: 107.
68. Kenneth E. HAMMEL (1996) Extracellular Free Radical Biochemistry of
Ligninolytic Fungi. New J Chem 20: 195-198.
69. Cho NS, Wilkolazka AJ, Staszczak M, Cho HY, Ohga S (2009) The role of
laccase from white rot fungi to stress conditions. J Fac Agric Kyushu Univ 54:
81-83.
70. Olusola SA, Anslem EE (2010) Bioremediation of a Crude Oil Polluted Soil with
Pleurotus Pulmonarius and Glomus Mosseae Using Amaranthus Hybridus as a
Test Plant. J Bioremed Biodegrad 1: 111.
71. El-Bondkly AM, Aboshosha AAM, Radwan NH, Dora SA (2010) Successive
Construction of -Glucosidase Hyperproducers of Trichoderma Harzianum
Using Microbial Biotechnology Techniques. J Microbial Biochem Technol 2:
070-073.
72. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosorption
51. Chowdhury S, Mishra M, Adarsh VK, Mukherjee A, Thakur AR, et al. (2008)
Novel metal accumulator and protease secretor microbes from East Calcutta
Wetland. Am J Biochem Biotechnol 4: 255-264.
52. Jha AK, Singh K, Sharma C, Singh SK, Gupta PK (2011) Assessment of
Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Livestock in India. J Earth Sci
Climat Change 1: 107.
75. Kumar KK, Prasad MK, Sarma GVS, Murthy CVR (2009) Removal of Cd (II)
from Aqueous Solution Using Immobilized Rhizomucor Tauricus. J Microbial
Biochem Technol 1: 015-021.
J Bioremed Biodegrad
ISSN: 2155-6199 JBRBD, an open access journal
Citation: Varsha YM, Naga Deepthi CH, Chenna S (2011) An Emphasis on Xenobiotic Degradation in Environmental Clean up. J Bioremed Biodegrad
S11:001. doi:10.4172/2155-6199.S11-001
Page 10 of 10
76. Rajesh D, Anju H, Radha S, Poonam AS (2011) Saccharomyces cerevisiae:
A Potential Biosorbent for Biosorption of Uranium. International Journal of
Engineering Science And Technology 3: 5397- 5407. http://www.ijest.info/docs/
IJEST11-03-06-212.pdf
77. Kumar NK, Reddy DSR, Venkateswarlu P (2010) Application of Response
Surface Methodology for Optimization of Chromium Biosorption from an
Aqueous Solution onto Syzigium cumini (java) Seed Powder. J Microbial
Biochem Technol 2: 020-027.
78. Bennet JW, Wunch KG, Faison BD (2002) Use of Fungi Biodegradation Manual
of Environmental Microbiology ASM Press Washington DC.
79. Imamul Huq SM, Abdullah MB, Joardar JC (2007) Bioremediation of arsenic
toxicity by algae in rice culture. Land Contamination & Reclamation 15: 327334.
80. Sivasubramanian V, Subramanian VV, Muthukumaran M (2010) Bioremediation
of Chrome-Sludge from an Electroplating Industry Using the Micro Alga
Desmococcus olivaceus A pilot study. J. Algal Biomass Utln. 3: 104-128.
81. Parameswari E, Lakshmanan A, Thilagavathi T (2010) Phycoremediation of
Heavy Metals in Polluted Water Bodies. Elec J Env Agricult Food 9: 808-814.
82. Wenzel WW, Lombi E, Adriano D (1999) Biogeochemical Processes in the
Rhizosphere: Role in Phytoremediation of Metal-Polluted Soils. In Heavy metal
stress in plants - from molecules to ecosystems. Springer Verlag 273-303.
83. Maria NDSU, Walter WW (2006) Phytoextraction of Metal Polluted Soils in Latin
America. Environmental Applications of Poplar and Willow Working Party.
84. Lorestani B, Cheraghi M, Yousefi N (2011) Phytoremediation Potential of Native
Plants Growing on a Heavy Metals Contaminated Soil of Copper mine in Iran.
World Acad Sci Eng Techno 77: 377-382.
85. Briggs GG, Bromilow RH, Evans AA (1982) Relationships between lipophilicity
and root uptake and translocation of non-ionised chemicals by barley. Pestic
Sci 13: 495-504.
89. Pilon-Smits EAH, de Souza MP, Hong G, Amini A, Bravo RC et al. (1999)
Selenium volatilization and accumulation by twenty aquatic plant species. J
Environ Qual 28: 1011-1017
90. Saharan BS, Nehra V (2011) Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria: A Critical
Review. Life Sciences and Medicine Research 2011: LSMR-21.
91. Ram SV, Srivastava PN (2008) Phytoremediation- Green for Environmental
Clean. The 12th World Lake Conferance: 1016-102 India.
92. http://arabidopsis.info/students/dom/mainpage.html
93. Jaanis Juhanson (2010) Impact of Phytoremediation and Bioaugmentation on
the Microbial Community in Oil Shale Chemical Industry Solid Waste. Tarutu
University Press.
94. Annette CD, Jerald LS (2001) Advances in Phytoremediation. Environ Health
Perspect 109: 163-168.
95. Sonoki T, Kajita S, Uesugi M, Katayama Y, Iimura Y (2011) Effective Removal of
Bisphenol a from Contaminated Areas by Recombinant Plant Producing Lignin
Peroxidase. J Pet Environ Biotechnol 2: 105.
96. Wei SH, Zhou QX, Wang X, Cao W, Ren LP, et al. (2004) Potential of Weed
Species Applied to Remediation of Soils Contaminated With Heavy Metals. J
Environ Sci 16: 868-873.
97. Zhai G (2011) Phytoremediation: Right Plants for Right Pollutants. J Bioremed
Biodegrad 2: 102e.
98. Zhang B, Shahbazi A (2011) Recent Developments in Pretreatment Technologies
for Production of Lignocellulosic Biofuels. J Pet Environ Biotechnol 2: 108.
99. Elaziouti, Laouedj N, Ahmed B (2011) ZnO-Assisted Photocatalytic Degradation
of Congo Red and Benzopurpurine 4B in Aqueous Solution. J Chem Eng
Process Technol 2: 106.
102. Prasad MNV (2011) Eco-Industrial parks for pollution abatement and
remediation World Congress on Biotechnology, India.
Special features:
J Bioremed Biodegrad
ISSN: 2155-6199 JBRBD, an open access journal