Signals and Systems by Kanodia-150707084730-Lva1-App6892

Eighth Edition
GATE
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
Signals and Systems

Vol 7 of 10
RK Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
NODIA & COMPANY
GATE Electronics & Communication Vol 7, 8e

Signals and Systems
RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia
Copyright By NODIA & COMPANY
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Preface to the Series

For almost a decade, we have been receiving tremendous responses from GATE aspirants for our earlier books:
GATE Multiple Choice Questions, GATE Guide, and the GATE Cloud series. Our first book, GATE Multiple
Choice Questions (MCQ), was a compilation of objective questions and solutions for all subjects of GATE
Electronics & Communication Engineering in one book. The idea behind the book was that Gate aspirants who
had just completed or about to finish their last semester to achieve his or her B.E/B.Tech need only to practice
answering questions to crack GATE. The solutions in the book were presented in such a manner that a student
needs to know fundamental concepts to understand them. We assumed that students have learned enough of
the fundamentals by his or her graduation. The book was a great success, but still there were a large ratio of
aspirants who needed more preparatory materials beyond just problems and solutions. This large ratio mainly
included average students.
Later, we perceived that many aspirants couldnt develop a good problem solving approach in their B.E/B.Tech.
Some of them lacked the fundamentals of a subject and had difficulty understanding simple solutions. Now,
we have an idea to enhance our content and present two separate books for each subject: one for theory, which
contains brief theory, problem solving methods, fundamental concepts, and points-to-remember. The second book
is about problems, including a vast collection of problems with descriptive and step-by-step solutions that can
be understood by an average student. This was the origin of GATE Guide (the theory book) and GATE Cloud
(the problem bank) series: two books for each subject. GATE Guide and GATE Cloud were published in three
subjects only.
Thereafter we received an immense number of emails from our readers looking for a complete study package
for all subjects and a book that combines both GATE Guide and GATE Cloud. This encouraged us to present
GATE Study Package (a set of 10 books: one for each subject) for GATE Electronic and Communication
Engineering. Each book in this package is adequate for the purpose of qualifying GATE for an average student.
Each book contains brief theory, fundamental concepts, problem solving methodology, summary of formulae,
and a solved question bank. The question bank has three exercises for each chapter: 1) Theoretical MCQs, 2)
Numerical MCQs, and 3) Numerical Type Questions (based on the new GATE pattern). Solutions are presented
in a descriptive and step-by-step manner, which are easy to understand for all aspirants.
We believe that each book of GATE Study Package helps a student learn fundamental concepts and develop
problem solving skills for a subject, which are key essentials to crack GATE. Although we have put a vigorous
effort in preparing this book, some errors may have crept in. We shall appreciate and greatly acknowledge all
constructive comments, criticisms, and suggestions from the users of this book. You may write to us at rajkumar.
kanodia@gmail.com and ashish.murolia@gmail.com.
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere thanks to all the co-authors, editors, and reviewers for their efforts in
making this project successful. We would also like to thank Team NODIA for providing professional support for
this project through all phases of its development. At last, we express our gratitude to God and our Family for
providing moral support and motivation.
We wish you good luck !
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
SYLLABUS
GATE Electronics & Communications:
Definitions and properties of Laplace transform, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier series, continuous-time
and discrete-time Fourier Transform, DFT and FFT, z-transform. Sampling theorem. Linear Time-Invariant (LTI)
Systems: definitions and properties; causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros, parallel and
cascade structure, frequency response, group delay, phase delay. Signal transmission through LTI systems.
IES Electronics & Telecommunication

Classification of signals and systems: System modelling in terms of differential and difference equations; State
variable representation; Fourier series; Fourier transforms and their application to system analysis; Laplace
transforms and their application to system analysis; Convolution and superposition integrals and their applications;
Z-transforms and their applications to the analysis and characterisation of discrete time systems; Random signals
and probability, Correlation functions; Spectral density; Response of linear system to random inputs.
**********
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS
1.1
CONTINUOUS - TIME AND DISCRETE - TIME SIGNALS
1.2
SIGNAL-CLASSIFICATION
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.2.5
1.3
Analog and Discrete Signals

1
Deterministic and Random Signal
Periodic and Aperiodic Signal
Even and Odd Signal
3
Energy and Power Signal
4
BASIC OPERATIONS ON SIGNALS
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.3.5
1.3.6
1.3.7
5
5
5
Addition of Signals
Multiplication of Signals
Amplitude Scaling of Signals
Time-Scaling
5
Time-Shifting
6
Time-Reversal/Folding 7
Amplitude Inverted Signals
1.4
MULTIPLE OPERATIONS ON SIGNALS
1.5
BASIC CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.5.4
1.5.5
1.5.6
1.5.7
1.6
1
2
8
8
9
The Unit-Impulse Function

9
The Unit-Step Function
12
The Unit-Ramp Function
12
Unit Rectangular Pulse Function
Unit Triangular Function
13
Unit Signum Function
14
The Sinc Function
14
MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF SIGNALS
EXERCISE 1.1
16
EXERCISE 1.2
41
EXERCISE 1.3
44
EXERCISE 1.4
49
SOLUTIONS 1.1
56
SOLUTIONS 1.2
79
SOLUTIONS 1.3
84
SOLUTIONS 1.4
85
13
15
CHAPTER 2
2.1
CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEMS
CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEM & CLASSIFICATION
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5
2.1.6
2.2
93
Linear and Non-Linear System

93
Time-Varying and Time-Invariant system
93
Systems With and Without Memory (Dynamic and Static Systems)
Causal and Non-causal Systems
94
Invertible and Non-Invertible Systems
94
Stable and Unstable systems
94
LINEAR TIME INVARIANT SYSTEM
2.2.1
2.2.2
95
Impulse Response and The Convolution Integral

Properties of Convolution Integral
96
95
2.3
STEP RESPONSE OF AN LTI SYSTEM
2.4
PROPERTIES OF LTI SYSTEMS IN TERMS OF IMPULSE RESPONSE
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4
2.5
Memoryless LTI System

Causal LTI System
101
Invertible LTI System
102
Stable LTI System
102
Systems in Parallel Configuration

System in Cascade
103
CORRELATION
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.6.3
2.7
2.8
103
109
TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEMS
Natural Response or Zero-input Response

Forced Response or Zero-state Response
The Total Response
111
BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION
EXERCISE 2.1
114
EXERCISE 2.2
133
EXERCISE 2.3
135
EXERCISE 2.4
138
SOLUTIONS 2.1
149
SOLUTIONS 2.2
179
SOLUTIONS 2.3
186
SOLUTIONS 2.4
187
CHAPTER 3
3.1
103
103
Cross-Correlation
103
Auto-Correlation
105
Correlation and Convolution
2.7.1
2.7.2
2.7.3
112
DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS

Representation of Discrete Time signals
109
110
111
INTRODUCTION TO DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS 203
3.1.1
101
101
IMPULSE RESPONSE OF INTER-CONNECTED SYSTEMS
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.6
100
203
94
3.2
SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.3
204
Periodic and Aperiodic DT Signals

Even and Odd DT Signals
205
Energy and Power Signals
207
BASIC OPERATIONS ON DT SIGNALS
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
3.3.6
3.3.7
207
Addition of DT Signals
208
Multiplication of DT Signal
208
Amplitude scaling of DT Signals
208
Time-Scaling of DT Signals
208
Time-Shifting of DT Signals
209
Time-Reversal (folding) of DT signals
Inverted DT Signals
211
3.4
MULTIPLE OPERATIONS ON DT SIGNALS
3.5
BASIC DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS
212
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3
3.5.4
3.5.5
3.5.6
212
213
213
214
214
3.6
Discrete Impulse Function

Discrete Unit Step Function
Discrete Unit-ramp Function
Unit-Rectangular Function
Unit-Triangular Function
Unit-Signum Function
215
216
EXERCISE 3.2
241
EXERCISE 3.3
244
EXERCISE 3.4
247
SOLUTIONS 3.1
249
SOLUTIONS 3.2
273
SOLUTIONS 3.3
281
SOLUTIONS 3.4
282
CHAPTER 4
DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS

285
Linear and Non-linear Systems

285
Time-Varying and Time-Invariant Systems 285
System With and Without Memory (Static and Dynamic Systems)
Causal and Non-Causal System
286
Invertible and Non-Invertible Systems
286
Stable and Unstable System
286
LINEAR-TIME INVARIANT DISCRETE SYSTEM 287
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.3
211
DISCRETE TIME SYSTEM & CLASSIFICATION
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.5
4.1.6
4.2
210
MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF DT SIGNALS USING IMPULSE OR STEP FUNCTION
EXERCISE 3.1
4.1
204
Impulse Response and Convolution Sum

Properties of Convolution Sum
288
STEP RESPONSE OF AN LTI SYSTEM
292
287
286
215
4.4
PROPERTIES OF DISCRETE LTI SYSTEM IN TERMS OF IMPULSE RESPONSE
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4
4.4.5
4.5
Memoryless LTID System

Causal LTID System
293
Invertible LTID System
Stable LTID System
FIR and IIR Systems
294
293
294
IMPULSE RESPONSE OF INTERCONNECTED SYSTEMS
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.6
293
Systems in Parallel
System in Cascade
CORRELATION
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
4.6.4
4.6.5
295
295
296
Cross-Correlation
296
Auto-Correlation
296
Properties of Correlation
297
Relationship Between Correlation and Convolution 299
Methods to Solve Correlation 299
4.7
DECONVOLUTION
4.8
RESPONSE OF LTID SYSTEMS IN TIME DOMAIN
4.8.1
4.8.2
4.8.3
4.9
Natural Response or Zero Input Response

Forced Response or Zero State Response
Total Response
302
EXERCISE 4.1
304
EXERCISE 4.2
317
EXERCISE 4.3
320
EXERCISE 4.4
323
SOLUTIONS 4.1
329
SOLUTIONS 4.2
353
SOLUTIONS 4.3
361
SOLUTIONS 4.4
362
5.1
300
CHAPTER 5
The Bilateral or Two-Sided Laplace Transform

The Unilateral Laplace Transform
375
5.3
REGION OF CONVERGENCE
375
375
376
Poles and Zeros of Rational Laplace Transforms

Properties of ROC
377
THE INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM
5.4.1
5.4.2
302
375
THE EXISTENCE OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM
5.4
301
303
5.2
5.3.1
5.3.2
300
THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM
INTRODUCTION
5.1.1
5.1.2
295
376
382
Inverse Laplace Transform Using Partial Fraction Method 383

Inverse Laplace Transform Using Convolution Method
383
292
5.5
PROPERTIES OF THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM 384
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.5.4
5.5.5
5.5.6
5.5.7
5.5.8
5.5.9
5.5.10
5.5.11
5.5.12
5.5.13
5.6
Linearity 384
Time Scaling
384
Time Shifting
385
Shifting in the s -domain(Frequency Shifting)
Time Differentiation
386
Time Integration
387
Differentiation in the s -domain
388
Conjugation Property
389
Time Convolution
389
s -Domain Convolution 390
Initial value Theorem
390
Final Value Theorem
391
Time Reversal Property 391
ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS LTI SYSTEMS USING LAPLACE TRANSFORM
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.7
Response of LTI Continuous Time System

Impulse Response and Transfer Function
Causality 395
Stability
395
Stability and Causality
Parallel Connection
Cascaded Connection
Feedback Connection
395
395
395
396
396
BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION OF CONTINUOUS LTI SYSTEM
5.9.1
5.9.2
5.9.3
5.9.4
Direct Form I structure

Direct Form II structure
Cascade Structure
401
Parallel Structure
402
EXERCISE 5.1
404
EXERCISE 5.2
417
EXERCISE 5.3
422
EXERCISE 5.4
426
SOLUTIONS 5.1
442
SOLUTIONS 5.2
461
SOLUTIONS 5.3
473
SOLUTIONS 5.4
474
CHAPTER 6
6.1
393
394
SYSTEM FUNCTION FOR INTERCONNECTED LTI SYSTEMS
5.8.1
5.8.2
5.8.3
5.9
393
STABILITY AND CAUSALITY OF CONTINUOUS LTI SYSTEM USING LAPLACE TRANSFORM
5.7.1
5.7.2
5.7.3
5.8
386
THE Z-TRANSFORM
INTRODUCTION
6.1.1
397
399
493
The Bilateral or Two-Sided z -transform
493
397
394
6.1.2
The Unilateral or One-sided z -transform
6.2
EXISTENCE OF
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.9
500
Partial Fraction Method

502
Power Series Expansion Method
z -TRANSFORM
494
503
503
Linearity 503
Time Shifting
504
Time Reversal
505
Differentiation in the z -domain
Scaling in z -Domain
506
Time Scaling
506
Time Differencing
507
Time Convolution
508
508
Initial Value Theorem
509
Final Value Theorem
509
506
z -TRANSFORM

Causality
513
Stability
513
514
514
6.8.1
6.8.2
6.8.3
6.8.4
515
516
Direct Form I Realization

Direct Form II Realization
Cascade Form
517
Parallel Form
518
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
EXERCISE 6.1
520
EXERCISE 6.2
536
EXERCISE 6.3
538
EXERCISE 6.4
541
SOLUTIONS 6.1
554
SOLUTIONS 6.2
580
SOLUTIONS 6.3
586
SOLUTIONS 6.4
587
s-PLANE & z -PLANE
511
511
512
STABILITY AND CAUSALITY OF LTI DISCRETE SYSTEMS USING
6.7.1
6.7.2
6.7.3
6.8
494
ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE LTI SYSTEMS USING
6.6.1
6.6.2
6.7
z -TRANSFORM
PROPERTIES OF
6.5.1
6.5.2
6.5.3
6.5.4
6.5.5
6.5.6
6.5.7
6.5.8
6.5.9
6.5.10
6.5.11
494
Poles and Zeros of Rational z -transforms

Properties of ROC
495
THE INVERSE
6.4.1
6.4.2
z -TRANSFORM
494
518
z -TRANSFORM
513
CHAPTER 7
7.1
THE CONTINUOUS TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM
DEFINITION 607
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.2
Magnitude and Phase Spectra 607

Existence of Fourier transform 607
Inverse Fourier Transform
608
SPECIAL FORMS OF FOURIER TRANSFORM
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.3
Real-valued Even Symmetric Signal

608
Real-valued Odd Symmetric Signal
610
Imaginary-valued Even Symmetric Signal
Imaginary-valued Odd Symmetric Signal
PROPERTIES OF FOURIER TRANSFORM
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4
7.3.5
7.3.6
7.3.7
7.3.8
7.3.9
7.3.10
7.3.11
7.3.12
7.3.13
7.3.14
7.3.15
7.3.16
7.4
7.5
610
611
612
Linearity 612
Time Shifting
612
Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry
Time Scaling
613
Differentiation in Time-Domain
614
Integration in Time-Domain
614
Differentiation in Frequency Domain 615
Frequency Shifting
615
Duality Property
615
Time Convolution
616
Frequency Convolution 616
Area Under x (t)
617
Area Under X (jw)
617
Parsevals Energy Theorem
618
Time Reversal
618
Other Symmetry Properties
619
612
ANALYSIS OF LTI CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEM USING FOURIER TRANSFORM
620
7.4.1
7.4.2
620
Transfer Function & Impulse Response of LTI Continuous System

Response of LTI Continuous system using Fourier Transform
620
RELATION BETWEEN FOURIER AND LAPLACE TRANSFORM
EXERCISE 7.1
622
EXERCISE 7.2
634
EXERCISE 7.3
641
EXERCISE 7.4
645
SOLUTIONS 7.1
658
SOLUTIONS 7.2
672
SOLUTIONS 7.3
688
SOLUTIONS 7.4
689
CHAPTER 8
8.1
608
THE DISCRETE TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM
DEFINITION 705
621
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
Magnitude and Phase Spectra

Existence of DTFT
705
Inverse DTFT
705
705
8.2
SPECIAL FORMS OF DTFT
8.3
PROPERTIES OF DISCRETE-TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.3
8.3.4
8.3.5
8.3.6
8.3.7
8.3.8
8.3.9
8.3.10
8.3.11
8.3.12
8.3.13
8.4
706
Linearity
707
Periodicity
707
Time Shifting
708
Frequency Shifting
708
Time Reversal
708
Time Scaling
709
Differentiation in Frequency Domain 710
Convolution in Time Domain 711
Convolution in Frequency Domain
Time Differencing
712
Time Accumulation
712
Parsevals Theorem
713
Transfer Function & Impulse Response
Response of LTI DT system using DTFT
RELATION BETWEEN THE DTFT & THE
8.6
DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM (DFT)
8.6.1
FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM (FFT)
EXERCISE 8.1
724
EXERCISE 8.2
735
EXERCISE 8.3
739
EXERCISE 8.4
742
SOLUTIONS 8.1
746
SOLUTIONS 8.2
760
SOLUTIONS 8.3
769
716
716
Linearity 716
Periodicity
717
Circular Time Shifting 718
Circular Frequency Shift
719
Circular Convolution
719
Multiplication
720
Parsevals Theorem
721
Other Symmetry Properties
721
722
714
714
714
715
Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT)
PROPERTIES OF DFT
8.7.1
8.7.2
8.7.3
8.7.4
8.7.5
8.7.6
8.7.7
8.7.8
8.7.9
8.8
711
Z -TRANSFORM
8.5
8.7
710
ANALYSIS OF LTI DISCRETE TIME SYSTEM USING DTFT
8.4.1
8.4.2
707
717
715
SOLUTIONS 8.4
CHAPTER 9
9.1
770
THE CONTINUOUS TIME FOURIER SERIES
INTRODUCTION TO CTFS
9.1.1
9.1.2
9.1.3
775
Trigonometric Fourier Series

Exponential Fourier Series
Polar Fourier Series
779
775
778
9.2
EXISTENCE OF FOURIER SERIES
780
9.3
PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTIAL CTFS
780
9.3.1
9.3.2
9.3.3
9.3.4
9.3.5
9.3.6
9.3.7
9.3.8
9.3.9
9.3.10
9.3.11
Linearity 780
Time Shifting
781
Time Reversal Property
781
Time Scaling
782
Multiplication
782
Differentiation Property 783
Integration in Time-Domain
784
Convolution Property
784
Parsevals Theorem
785
Frequency Shifting
786
783
9.4
AMPLITUDE & PHASE SPECTRA OF PERIODIC SIGNAL
9.5
RELATION BETWEEN CTFT & CTFS
9.5.1
9.5.2
9.6
787
787
CTFT using CTFS Coefficients

787
CTFS Coefficients as Samples of CTFT
787
RESPONSE OF AN LTI CT SYSTEM TO PERIODIC SIGNALS USING FOURIER SERIES
EXERCISE 9.1
790
EXERCISE 9.2
804
EXERCISE 9.3
806
EXERCISE 9.4
811
SOLUTIONS 9.1
824
SOLUTIONS 9.2
840
SOLUTIONS 9.3
844
SOLUTIONS 9.4
845
CHAPTER 10
THE DISCRETE TIME FOURIER SERIES
10.1
DEFINITION
861
10.2
AMPLITUDE AND PHASE SPECTRA OF PERIODIC DT SIGNALS
10.3
PROPERTIES OF DTFS
861
10.3.1
10.3.2
10.3.3
862
862
Linearity 862
Periodicity
Time-Shifting
861
788
10.3.4
10.3.5
10.3.6
10.3.7
10.3.8
10.3.9
10.3.10
10.3.11
10.3.12
10.3.13
Frequency Shift 863

Time-Reversal
863
Multiplication
864
Difference Property
865
Parsevals Theorem
865
Convolution
866
Duality
867
Symmetry
867
Time Scaling
867
EXERCISE 10.1
870
EXERCISE 10.2
880
EXERCISE 10.3
882
EXERCISE 10.4
884
SOLUTIONS 10.1
886
SOLUTIONS 10.2
898
SOLUTIONS 10.3
903
SOLUTIONS 10.4
904
864
CHAPTER 11
SAMPLING AND SIGNAL RECONSTRUCTION
11.1
THE SAMPLING PROCESS
905
11.2
THE SAMPLING THEOREM
905
11.3
IDEAL OR IMPULSE SAMPLING
905
11.4
NYQUIST RATE OR NYQUIST INTERVAL
11.5
ALIASING
11.6
SIGNAL RECONSTRUCTION
11.7
SAMPLING OF BAND-PASS SIGNALS
907
907
EXERCISE 11.1
911
EXERCISE 11.2
919
EXERCISE 11.3
922
EXERCISE 11.4
925
SOLUTIONS 11.1
928
SOLUTIONS 11.2
937
SOLUTIONS 11.3
941
SOLUTIONS 11.4
942
908
909
***********
GATE STUDY PACKAGE
Electronics & Communication
Sample Chapter of Signals
and Systems (Vol-7, GATE Study Package)
CHAPTER 6
Page 493
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
THE Z-TRANSFORM
6.1
INTRODUCTION
As we studied in previous chapter, the Laplace transform is an important tool

for analysis of continuous time signals and systems. Similarly, z -transforms
enables us to analyze discrete time signals and systems in the z -domain.
Like, the Laplace transform, it is also classified as bilateral z -transform
and unilateral z -transform.
The bilateral or two-sided z -transform is used to analyze both causal
and non-causal LTI discrete systems, while the unilateral z -transform is
defined only for causal signals.
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
NOTE :
The properties of z -transform are similar to those of the Laplace transform.
6.1.1
The Bilateral or Two-Sided z -transform
The z -transform of a discrete-time sequence x [n], is defined as

X (z) = Z {x [n]} =
/ x [n] z
-n
(6.1.1)
n =- 3
Where, X (z) is the transformed signal and Z represents the z

-transformation. z is a complex variable. In polar form, z can be expressed as
z = re jW
where r is the magnitude of z and W is the angle of z . This corresponds to
a circle in z plane with radius r as shown in figure 6.1.1 below
Figure 6.1.1 z -plane

NOTE :
The signal x [n] and its z -transform X (z) are said to form a z -transform pair denoted as
x [n ]
X (z)
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Chap 6
6.1.2
The Unilateral or One-sided z -transform

The z -transform for causal signals and systems is referred to as the unilateral
z -transform. For a causal sequence
x [n] = 0 , for n < 0
Therefore, the unilateral z -transform is defined as
The Z-Transform
X (z) =
/ x [ n] z
-n
(6.1.2)
n=0
NOTE :
For causal signals and systems, the unilateral and bilateral z -transform are the same.
6.2
EXISTENCE OF
-TRANSFORM
Consider the bilateral z -transform given by equation (6.1.1)

3
/ x [ n] z
X [z] =
-n
n =- 3
The z -transform exists when the infinite sum in above equation converges.
For this summation to be converged x [n] z-n must be absolutely summable.
i. n
Substituting z = re jW
3
/ x [n] (re
X [z] =
/ {x [n] r
X [z] =
Thus for existence of z -transform

X (z) < 3
} e-jWn
o
n
/ x [ n] r
.
w
w
n =- 3
-n
a
i
d
n =- 3
o
.c
n =- 3
or,
6.3
jW -n
-n
13
(6.2.1)
The existence of z -transform is given from equation (6.2.1). The values of r for
which x [n] r-n is absolutely summable is referred to as region of convergence.
Since,z = re jW so r = z . Therefore we conclude that the range of values of
the variable z for which the sum in equation (6.1.1) converges is called the
region of convergence. This can be explained through the following examples.
w
6.3.1
Poles and Zeros of Rational z -transforms

The most common form of z -transform is a rational function. Let X (z) be
the z -transform of sequence x [n] , expressed as a ratio of two polynomials
N (z) and D (z).
N (z)
X (z) =
D (z)
The roots of numerator polynomial i.e. values of z for which X (z) = 0 is
referred to as zeros of X (z). The roots of denominator polynomial for which
X (z) = 3 is referred to as poles of X (z). The representation of X (z) through
its poles and zeros in the z -plane is called pole-zero plot of X (z).
For example consider a rational transfer function X (z) given as
H (z) = 2 z
z - 5z + 6
z
=
(z - 2) (z - 3)
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Now, the zeros of X (z) are roots of numerator that is z = 0 and poles are
roots of equation (z - 2) (z - 3) = 0 which are given as z = 2 and z = 3 . The
poles and zeros of X (z) are shown in pole-zero plot of figure 6.3.1.
Page 495
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
Figure 6.3.1 Pole-zero plot of X ^z h

NOTE :
In pole-zero plot poles are marked by a small cross # and zeros are marked by a small dot
o as shown in figure 6.3.1.
6.3.2
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
Properties of ROC
The various properties of ROC are summarized as follows. These properties

can be proved by taking appropriate examples of different DT signals.
PROPERTY 1
The ROC is a concentric ring in the z -plane centered about the origin.
PROOF :
The z -transform is defined as

X (z) =
Put z = re jW
X (z) = X (re jW) =
/ x [n] z-n
n =- 3
3
/ x [n] r-n e-jWn

n =- 3
X (z) converges for those values of z for which x [n] r-n is absolutely summbable
that is
3
/ x [n] r-n < 3
n =- 3
Thus, convergence is dependent only on r , where, r = z

The equation z = re jW , describes a circle in z -plane. Hence the ROC will
consists of concentric rings centered at zero.
PROPERTY 2
The ROC cannot contain any poles.

PROOF :
ROC is defined as the values of z for which z -transform X (z) converges. We

know that X (z) will be infinite at pole, and, therefore X (z) does not converge
at poles. Hence the region of convergence does not include any pole.
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Chap 6
The Z-Transform
PROPERTY 3
If x [n] is a finite duration two-sided sequence then the ROC is entire z

-plane except at z = 0 and z = 3.
PROOF :
A sequence which is zero outside a finite interval of time is called finite

duration sequence. Consider a finite duration sequence x [n] shown in figure
6.3.2a; x [n] is non-zero only for some interval N1 # n # N2 .
Figure 6.3.2a A Finite Duration Sequence
o
.c
The z -transform of x [n] is defined as

X (z) =
N2
i. n
a
i
d
/ x [n] z-n
n = N1
This summation converges for all finite values of z . If N1 is negative and

N2 is positive, then X (z) will have both positive and negative powers of z .
The negative powers of z becomes unbounded (infinity) if z " 0 . Similarly
positive powers of z becomes unbounded (infinity) if z " 3. So ROC of
X (z) is entire z -plane except possible z = 0 and/or z = 3.
o
n
.
w
w
NOTE :
Both N1 and N 2 can be either positive or negative.
PROPERTY 4
If x [n] is a right-sided sequence, and if the circle z = r0 is in the ROC,

then all values of z for which z > r0 will also be in the ROC.
PROOF :
A sequence which is zero prior to some finite time is called the right-sided
sequence. Consider a right-sided sequence x [n] shown in figure 6.3.2b; that is;
x [n] = 0 for n < N1 .
Figure 6.3.2b A Right - Sided Sequence
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Let the z -transform of x [n] converges for some value of z _i.e. z = r0 i

. From the condition of convergence we can write
3
/ x [n] z-n
n =- 3
3
n =- 3
Page 497
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
<3
x [n] r 0-n < 3
The sequence is right sided, so limits of above summation changes as

3
x [n] r 0-n < 3
n = N1
(6.3.1)
Now if we take another value of z as z = r 1 with r 1 < r 0 , then x [n] r 1-n

decays faster than x [n] r 0-n for increasing n . Thus we can write
3
x [n] z-n =
n = N1
x [n] z-n r 0-n r 0n
n = N1
3
(6.3.2)
x [n] r 0-n a z k
r0
n=N
From equation (6.3.1) we know that x [n] r 0-n is absolutely summable.
Let, it is bounded by some value Mx , then equation (6.3.2) becomes as
3
3
(6.3.3)
/ x [n] z-n # Mx / a rz0 k-n
n=N
n=N
The right hand side of above equation converges only if
z > 1 or z > r
0
r0
Thus, we conclude that if the circle z = r0 is in the ROC, then all
values of z for which z > r0 will also be in the ROC. The ROC of a rightsided sequence is illustrated in figure 6.3.2c.
=
-n
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
1
Figure 6.3.2c ROC of a right-sided sequence
PROPERTY 5
If x [n] is a left-sided sequence, and if the circle z = r0 is in the ROC,

then all values of z for which z < r0 will also be in the ROC.
PROOF :
A sequence which is zero after some finite time interval is called a leftsided signal. Consider a left-sided signal x [n] shown in figure 6.3.2d; that is
x [n] = 0 for n > N2 .
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Page 498
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
Figure 6.3.2d A left-sided sequence
Let z -transform of x [n] converges for some values of z _i.e. z = r0 i.

From the condition of convergence we write
3
/ x [n] z-n
or
<3
n =- 3
3
n =- 3
x [n] r 0-n < 3
(6.3.4)
The sequence is left sided, so the limits of summation changes as

N2
/
n =- 3
i. n
x [n] r 0-n < 3
o
.c
(6.3.5)
Now if take another value of z as z = r 1 , then we can write

N2
x [n] z-n =
n =- 3
N2
x [n] z-n r 0-n r 0n
n =- 3
N2
ia
d
o
(6.3.6)
x [n] r 0-n a r 0 k
z
n =- 3
From equation (6.3.4), we know that x [n] r 0-n is absolutely summable. Let it
is bounded by some value Mx , then equation (6.3.6) becomes as
=
n
.
w
w
N2
x [n] z-n # Mx
n =- 3
N2
n =- 3
r0 n
az k
The above summation converges if r0 > 1 (because n is increasing

z
negatively), so z < r 0 will be in ROC.
The ROC of a left-sided sequence is illustrated in figure 6.3.2e.
Figure 6.3.2e ROC of a Left - Sided Sequence

PROPERTY 6
If x [n] is a two-sided signal, and if the circle z = r0 is in the ROC, then

the ROC consists of a ring in the z -plane that includes the circle z = r0
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PROOF :
A sequence which is defined for infinite extent for both n > 0 and n < 0 is
called two-sided sequence. A two-sided signal x [n] is shown in figure 6.3.2f.
Page 499
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
Figure 6.3.2f A Two - Sided Sequence
For any time N 0 , a two-sided sequence can be divided into sum of leftsided and right-sided sequences as shown in figure 6.3.2g.
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
Figure 6.3.2g A Two Sided Sequence Divided into Sum of a Left - Sided and Right - Sided
Sequence
The z -transform of x [n] converges for the values of z for which the
transform of both xR [n] and xL [n] converges. From property 4, the ROC of a
right-sided sequence is a region which is bounded on the inside by a circle and
extending outward to infinity i.e. | z | > r1 . From property 5, the ROC of a left
sided sequence is bounded on the outside by a circle and extending inward to
zero i.e. | z | < r2 . So the ROC of combined signal includes intersection of both
ROCs which is ring in the z -plane.
The ROC for the right-sided sequence xR [n], the left-sequence xL [n] and
their combination which is a two sided sequence x [n] are shown in figure
6.3.2h.
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Page 500
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
Figure 6.3.2h ROC of a left-sided sequence, a right-sided sequence and two sided sequence
PROPERTY 7
If the z -transform X (z) of x [n] is rational, then its ROC is bounded by

poles or extends to infinity.
i. n
PROOF :
The exponential DT signals also have rational z -transform and the poles of
X (z) determines the boundaries of ROC.
o
.c
PROPERTY 8
a
i
d
If the z -transform X (z) of x [n] is rational and x [n] is a right-sided sequence

then the ROC is the region in the z -plane outside the outermost pole
i.e. ROC is the region outside a circle with a radius greater than the
magnitude of largest pole of X (z).
o
n
.
w
w
PROOF :
This property can be be proved by taking property 4 and 7 together.
PROPERTY 9
If the z -transform X (z) of x [n] is rational and x [n] is a left-sided sequence

then the ROC is the region in the z -plane inside the innermost pole i.e.
ROC is the region inside a circle with a radius equal to the smallest
magnitude of poles of X (z).
PROOF :
This property can be be proved by taking property 5 and 7 together.

-Transform of Some Basic Functions
Z-transform of basic functions are summarized in the Table 6.1 with their
respective ROCs.
6.4
THE INVERSE
-TRANSFORM
Let X (z) be the z -transform of a sequence x [n]. To obtain the sequence

x [n] from its z -transform is called the inverse z -transform. The inverse z
-transform is given as
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TABLE 6.1 :
z -Transform of Basic Discrete Time Signals
DT sequence x [n]
d [ n]
1.
2.
d [n - n 0]
3.
u [n]
an u [n]
4.
n-1
5.
6.
7.
u [n - 1]
z -transform
1
Page 501
Chap 6
ROC
The Z-Transform
entire z -plane
z-n
entire
z -plane,
except z = 0
1 = z
1 - z-1 z - 1
z >1
1
z
-1 = z - a
1 - az
z > a
z-1 = 1
1 - az-1 z - a
z > a
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
nu [n]
na u [ n]
z-1
z
=
(1 - z-1) 2 (z - 1) 2
z >1
az-1
az
-1 2 =
(z - a) 2
(1 - az )
z >a
1 - z-1 cos W 0
or
1 - 2z-1 cos W 0 + z-2
8.
cos (W0 n) u [n]
z [z - cos W0]
z - 2z cos W0 + 1
z >1
z-1 sin W0
or
1 - 2z-1 cos W0 + z-2
9.
sin (W0 n) u [n]
z sin W0
z2 - 2z cos W0 + 1
z >1
1 - az-1 cos W0
1 - 2az-1 cos W0 + a2 z-2
10.
an cos (W0 n) u [n]
z [z - a cos W0]
or 2
z - 2az cos W0 + a2
z > a
az-1 sin W0
1 - 2az-1 cos W0 + a2 z-2
11.
an sin (W0 n) u [n]
or
az sin W0
z - 2az cos W0 + a2
z >a
A + Bz-1
1 + 2gz-1 + a2 z-2
12.
ran sin (W0 n + q) u [n]

with a ! R
or
z (Az + B)
2
z + 2g z + g 2
z # a (a)
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x [n] = 1
X (z) zn - 1 dz
2pj
This method involves the contour integration, so difficult to solve. There
are other commonly used methods to evaluate the inverse z -transform given
as follows
1. Partial fraction method
2. Power series expansion
Page 502
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
6.4.1
Partial Fraction Method

If X (z) is a rational function of z then it can be expressed as follows.
N (z)
X (z) =
D (z)
It is convenient if we consider X (z) /z rather than X (z) to obtain the
inverse z -transform by partial fraction method.
Let p1 , p2 , p 3 ....pn are the roots of denominator polynomial, also the
poles of X (z). Then, using partial fraction method X (z) /z can be expressed
as
X (z)
= A1 + A2 + A 3 + ... + An
z - p1 z - p 2 z - p 3
z - pn
z
X (z) = A1 z + A2 z + ... + z
z - p1
z - p2
z - pn
Now, the inverse z -transform of above equation can be obtained by comparing
each term with the standard z -tranform pair given in table 6.1. The values of
coefficients A1 , A2 , A 3 ....An depends on whether the poles are real & distinct
or repeated or complex. Three cases are given as follows
i. n
o
.c
a
i
d
o
n
Case I : Poles are Simple and Real
.
w
w
X (z) /z can be expanded in partial fraction as

X (z)
= A1 + A2 + A 3 + ... + An
z - p1 z - p 2 z - p 3
z - pn
z
where A1 , A2 ,... An are calculated as follows
X (z)
A1 = (z - p1)
z z=p
X (z)
A2 = (z - p2)
z z=p
In general,
(6.4.1)
Ai = (z - pi) X (z) z = p
(6.4.2)
i
Case II : If Poles are Repeated

In this case X (z) /z has a different form. Let pk be the root which repeats l
times, then the expansion of equation must include terms
X (z)
= A1k + A2k 2 + ...
z - pk (z - pk )
z
(6.4.3)
+ Aik i + ... + Alk l
(z - pk )
(z - pk )
The coefficient Aik are evaluated by multiplying both sides of equation (6.4.3)
by (z - pk ) l , differentiating (l - i) times and then evaluating the resultant
equation at z = pk .
Thus,
l-i
X (z)
(6.4.4)
Cik = 1 d l - i :(z - pk ) l
z D
(l - i) dz
z = pk
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Case III : Complex Poles

If X (z) has complex poles then partial fraction of the X (z) /z can be expressed
as
)
X (z)
(6.4.5)
= A1 + A 1 )
z
z - p1 z - p 1
where A 1) is complex conjugate of A1 and p)
1 is complex conjugate of z1 . The
coefficients are obtained by equation (6.4.2)
6.4.2
Page 503
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
Power Series Expansion Method

Power series method is also convenient in calculating the inverse z -transform.
The z -transform of sequence x [n] is given as
3
/ x [ n] z
X (z) =
-n
n =- 3
Now, X (z) is expanded in the following form

X (z) = .. + x [- 2] z2 + x [- 1] z1 + x [0] + x [1] z-1 + x [2] z-2 + ...
To obtain inverse z -transform(i.e. x [n]), represent the given X (z) in the
form of above power series. Then by comparing we can get
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
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w
w
x [n] = {...x [- 2], x [- 1], x [0], x [1], x [2], ...}
6.5
PROPERTIES OF
-TRANSFORM
The unilateral and bilateral z -transforms possess a set of properties, which

are useful in the analysis of DT signals and systems. The proofs of properties
are given for bilateral transform only and can be obtained in a similar way
for the unilateral transform.
6.5.1
Linearity
Like Laplace transform, the linearity property of z transform states that,

the linear combination of DT sequences in the time domain is equivalent to
linear combination of their z transform.
x 1 [ n]
X1 (z),
with ROC: R1
x 2 [ n]
X2 (z),
with ROC: R2
ax1 [n] + bx2 [n]
Let
and
aX1 (z) + bX2 (z),

with ROC: at least R1 + R2
for both unilateral and bilateral z -transform.
then,
PROOF :
The z -transform of signal {ax1 [n] + bx2 [n]} is given by equation (6.1.1) as
follows
3
/ {ax [n] + bx [n]} z
Z {ax1 [n] + bx2 [n]} =
n =- 3
3
=a
/ x [n] z
1
-n
-n
+b
n =- 3
/ x [n] z
2
-n
n =- 3
= aX1 (z) + bX2 (z)

Hence, ax1 [n] + bx2 [n]
aX1 (z) + bX2 (z)
ROC : Since, the z -transform X1 (z) is finite within the specified ROC, R1 .
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Similarly, X2 (z) is finite within its ROC, R2 . Therefore, the linear combination
aX1 (z) + bX2 (z) should be finite at least within region R1 + R2 .
Page 504
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
NOTE :
In certain cases, due to the interaction between x1 [n] and x 2 [n], which may lead to cancellation
of certain terms, the overall ROC may be larger than the intersection of the two regions.
On the other hand, if there is no common region between R1 and R 2 , the z-transform of
ax1 [n] + bx 2 [n] does not exist.
6.5.2
Time Shifting
For the bilateral z -transform
x [n]
X (z),
x [n - n 0]
z-n X (z),
If
then
with ROC Rx
and
x [n + n 0]
zn X (z),
with ROC : Rx except for the possible deletion or addition of z = 0 or
z = 3.
Z
i. n
PROOF :
o
.c
The bilateral z -transform of signal x [n - n 0] is given by equation (6.1.1) as

follows
3
/ x [n - n ] z
a
i
d
Z {x [n - n 0]} =
n =- 3
-n
Substituting n - n 0 = a on RHS, we get
o
n
Z {x [n - n 0]} =
.
w
w
/ x [a] z
- (n 0 + a)
a =- 3
3
/ x [a] z
-n 0 - a
= z-n
/ x [a] z
a =- 3
-a
a =- 3
Z {x [n - n 0]} = z-n X [z]

0
Similarly we can prove

Z {x [n + n 0]} = zn X [z]
0
ROC : The ROC of shifted signals is altered because of the terms zn or z-n ,
which affects the roots of the denominator in X (z).
0
TIME SHIFTING FOR UNILATERAL
z -TRANSFORM
For the unilateral z -transform

If
then
and
x [n]
X (z),
x [n - n 0]
z-n e X (z) +
x [n + n 0]
zn e X (z) 0
with ROC Rx
n0
/ x [- m] z
m=1
n0 - 1
/ x [m] z
-m
o,
o,
m=0
with ROC : Rx except for the possible deletion or addition of z = 0 or

z = 3.
PROOF :
The unilateral z -transform of signal x [n - n 0] is given by equation (6.1.2) as

follows
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Z {x [n - n 0]} =
/ x [n - n ] z
Page 505
Chap 6
-n
n=0
Multiplying RHS by z and z-n

n0
Z {x [n - n 0]} =
The Z-Transform
/ x [n - n ] z
-n n 0 -n 0
z z
n=0
= z-n
/ x [n - n ] z
- (n - n 0)
n=0
Substituting n - n 0 = a
Limits; when n " 0, a " - n 0
when n " + 3, a " + 3
Now, Z {x [n - n 0]} = z-n
= z-n
or,
or,
Z {x [n - n 0]} = z-n
/ x [a] z
-a
a =- n 0
-1
/ x [a] z
a =- n 0
3
/ x [a] z
+ z-n
-a
-a
+ z-n
/ x [a] z
-a
a=0
-1
0
/ x [a] z
-a
i. n
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c
.
a
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n
.
w
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Z {x [n - n 0]} = z-n
a=0
3
/ x [a] z
-a
+ z-n
a =- n 0
n0
a=0
/ x [- a] z
a=1
Changing the variables as a " n and a " m in first and second summation
respectively
Z {x [n - n 0]} = z-n
/ x [n] z
-n
+ z-n
n=0
n0
/ x [- m] z
m=1
= z-n X [z] + z-n

0
n0
/ x [- m] z
m=1
In similar way, we can also prove that

x [n + n 0]
z e X (z) n0
n0 - 1
/ x [m] z
-m
m=0
6.5.3
Time Reversal
Time reversal property states that time reflection of a DT sequence in time

domain is equivalent to replacing z by 1/z in its z -transform.
x [n]
x [- n]
If
then
for bilateral z -transform.
X (z),
X b 1 l,
z
with ROC : Rx
with ROC : 1/Rx
PROOF :
The bilateral z -transform of signal x [- n] is given by equation (6.1.1) as

follows
3
/ x [ - n] z
Z {x [- n]} =
-n
n =- 3
Substituting - n = k on the RHS, we get

Z {x [- n]} =
-3
/ x [ k] z
k=3
Hence,
x [- n]
Xb 1 l
z
/ x [k] (z
k =- 3
-1 -k
= Xb 1 l
z
ROC : z-1 ! Rx or z ! 1/Rx
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Chap 6
6.5.4
Differentiation in the z -domain

This property states that multiplication of time sequence x [n] with n
corresponds to differentiation with respect to z and multiplication of result
by - z in the z -domain.
The Z-Transform
If
X (z),
dX (z)
Z
then
,
nx [n]
-z
dz
For both unilateral and bilateral z -transforms.
x [n]
with ROC : Rx
with ROC : Rx
PROOF :
The bilateral z -transform of signal x [n] is given by equation (6.1.1) as follows

3
/ x [ n] z
X (z) =
-n
n =- 3
Differentiating both sides with respect to z gives

3
3
-n
dX (z)
=
x [n] dz =
x [n] (- nz-n - 1)
dz
dz
n =- 3
n =- 3
Multiplying both sides by - z , we obtain
3
dX (z)
-z
=
nx [n] z-n
dz
n =- 3
dX (z)
Z
Hence,
nx [n]
-z
dz
ROC : This operation does not affect the ROC.
6.5.5
o
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i. n
a
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Scaling in z -Domain
.
w
w
Multiplication of a time sequence with an exponential sequence an corresponds

to scaling in z -domain by a factor of a .
If
X (z),
Z
then
a n x [n]
X a z k,
a
for both unilateral and bilateral transform.
x [n]
with ROC : Rx
with ROC : a Rx
PROOF :
The bilateral z -transform of signal x [n] is given by equation (6.1.1) as

3
/ a x [n] z
Z {an x [n]} =
-n
n =- 3
/ x [n] [a
-1
z] -n
n =- 3
a x [n]
Xa z k
a
ROC : If z is a point in the ROC of X (z) then the point a z is in the ROC
of X (z/a).
n
6.5.6
Time Scaling
As we discussed in Chapter 2, there are two types of scaling in the DT
domain decimation(compression) and interpolation(expansion).
Time Compression
Since the decimation (compression) of DT signals is an irreversible process
(because some data may lost), therefore the z -transform of x [n] and its
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Chap 6
Time Expansion
In the discrete time domain, time expansion of sequence x [n] is defined as
x [n/k] if n is a multiple of integer k
(6.5.1)
x k [ n] = )
0
otherwise
Time-scaling property of z -transform is derived only for time expansion
which is given as
If
then
x [n]
X (z),
x k [ n]
Xk (z) = X (zk ),
The Z-Transform
with ROC : Rx
with ROC : (Rx ) 1/k
for both the unilateral and bilateral z -transform.

PROOF :
The unilateral z -transform of expanded sequence xk [n] is given by
i. n
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.
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Z {xk [n]} =
/ x [n] z
k
-n
n=0
= xk [0] + xk [1] z-1 + ... + xk [k] z-k

+ xk [k + 1] z- (k + 1) + ...xk [2k] z-2k + ...
Since the expanded sequence xk [n] is zero everywhere except when n is a

multiple of k . This reduces the above transform as follows
Z {xk [n]} = xk [0] + xk [k] z-k + xk [2k] z-2k + xk [3k] z-3k + ...
As defined in equation 6.5.1, interpolated sequence is
x k [ n]
n=0
xk [0]
n=k
x k [k]
n = 2k
xk [2k]
Thus, we can write
= x [n/k]
= x [0],
= x [1]
= x [2]
Z {xk [n]} = x [0] + x [1] z-k + x [2] z-2k + x [3] z-3k + ...
=
/ x [n] (z )
k -n
= X (zk )
n=0
NOTE :
k
Time expansion of a DT sequence by a factor of k corresponds to replacing z as z in its z
-transform.
6.5.7
Time Differencing
If
x [n]
X (z),
with ROC : Rx
-1
then
x [ n ] - x [ n - 1]
(1 - z ) X (z), with the ROC
: Rx except for the possible deletion of z = 0 , for both unilateral and
bilateral transform.
Z
PROOF :
The z -transform of x [n] - x [n - 1] is given by equation (6.1.1) as follows

Z {x [n] - x [n - 1]} =
/ {x [n] - x [n - 1]} z
-n
n =- 3
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n =- 3
The Z-Transform
/ x [ n - 1] z
x [n] z-n -
-n
n =- 3
In the second summation, substituting n - 1 = r

3
/ x [ n] z
Z {x [n] - x [n - 1]} =
=
-n
n =- 3
3
/ x [r] z
- (r + 1)
r =- 3
/ x [ n] z
-n
/ x [r] z
- z-1
n =- 3
-r
r =- 3
-1
= X (z) - z X (z)
Hence, x [n] - x [n - 1]
6.5.8
(1 - z-1) X (z)
Time Convolution
Time convolution property states that convolution of two sequence in time
domain corresponds to multiplication in z -domain.
Let
x 1 [ n]
X1 (z),
ROC : R1
and
x 2 [ n]
X2 (z),
ROC : R2
i. n
then the convolution property states that

x 1 [ n] * x 2 [ n]
X1 (z) X2 (z),
ROC : at least R1 + R2
o
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for both unilateral and bilateral z -transforms.
a
i
d
PROOF :
As discussed in chapter 4, the convolution of two sequences is given by
o
n
x 1 [ n] * x 2 [ n] =
.
w
w
/ x [k] x [n - k]
1
k =- 3
Taking the z -transform of both sides gives
x 1 [ n] * x 2 [ n]
/ / x [k ] x [n - k ] z
-n
n =- 3 k =- 3
Interchanging the order of the two summations, we get

x 1 [ n] * x 2 [ n]
/ x [k ] / x [n - k ] z
-n
k =- 3
n =- 3
Substituting n - k = a in the second summation
or
6.5.9
x [n ] * x 2 [n ]
x [n ] * x 2 [n ]
x 1 [ n] * x 2 [ n]
/ x [k ] / x [a] z
1
k =- 3
3
- (a + k)
a =- 3
/ x [k] z
1
-k
k =- 3
oe
/ x [a] z
-a
a =- 3
X1 (z) X2 (z)
x [n]
X (z),
with ROC : Rx
then
x [n]
X (z ),
with ROC : Rx
If x [n] is real, then
X (z) = X )(z ))
If
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PROOF :
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Chap 6
The z -transform of signal x)[n] is given by equation (6.1.1) as follows

Z {x)[n]} =
/ 6x [n] (z )
3
x)[n] z-n =
n =- 3
) -n )
(6.5.2)
The Z-Transform
n =- 3
Let z -transform of x [n] is X (z)

X (z) =
/ x [ n] z
-n
n =- 3
by taking complex conjugate on both sides of above equation

X)(z) =
/ [ x [ n] z
-n )
n =- 3
Replacing z " z), we will get

X)(z)) =
/ 6x [n] (z )
3
) -n
(6.5.3)
n =- 3
Comparing equation (6.5.2) and (6.5.3)

Z {x)[n]} = X)(z))
For real x [n],
(6.5.4)
x)[n] = x [n], so
i. n
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.
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Z {x)[n]} =
/ x [ n] z
-n
= X (z)
(6.5.5)
n =- 3

X (z) = X )(z ))
6.5.10 Initial Value Theorem
If
x [n]
then initial-value theorem states that,
X (z),
with ROC : Rx
x [0] = lim X (z)

z"3
The initial-value theorem is valid only for the unilateral Lapalce transform
PROOF :
For a causal signal x [n]

X (z) =
/ x [ n] z
-n
n=0
= x [0] + x [1] z-1 + x [2] z-2 + ...

Taking limit as z " 3 on both sides we get
lim X (z) = lim (x [0] + x [1] z-1 + x [2] z-2 + ...) = x [0]
z"3
x [0] = lim X (z)
z"3
z"3
6.5.11 Final Value Theorem

If
x [n]
then final-value theorem states that
X (z),
with ROC : Rx
x [3] = lim (z - 1) X (z)

z"1
Final value theorem is applicable if X (z) has no poles outside the unit
circle. This theorem can be applied to either the unilateral or bilateral z
-transform.
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Chap 6
The Z-Transform
PROOF :
= lim
Z {x [n + 1]} - Z {x [n]}
(6.5.6)
/ {x [n + 1] - x [n]} z
-n
k"3
n=0
From the time shifting property of unilateral z -transform discussed in section

6.5.2
x [n + n 0]
For n 0 = 1
x [ n + 1]
zn e X (z) 0
z e X (z) -
n0 - 1
/ x [m] z
m=0
0
-m
/ x [m] z
-m
m=0
x [ n + 1]
z ^X (z) - x [0]h
Put above transformation in the equation (6.5.6)
Z
zX [z] - zx [0] - X [z] = lim
/ (x [n + 1] - x [n]) z
(z - 1) X [z] - zx [0] = lim
/ (x [n + 1] - x [n]) z
-n
k"3
n=0
k
-n
k"3
n=0
Taking limit as z " 1 on both sides we get

lim (z - 1) X [z] - x [0] = lim
z"1
i. n
/ x [n + 1] - x [n]
k"3
n=0
o
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lim (z - 1) X [z] - x [0] = lim {(x [1] - x [0]) + (x [2] - x [1]) + (x [3] - x [2]) + ...
z"1
k"3
... + (x [k + 1] - x [k])
a
i
d
lim (z - 1) X [z] - x [0] = x [3] - x [0]

z"1
Hence,
x [3] = lim (z - 1) X (z)
z"1
o
n
Summary of Properties
.
w
w
Let,
x [n]
X (z),
with ROC Rx
x 1 [ n]
X1 (z),
with ROC R1
x 2 [ n]
X2 (z),
with ROC R2
The properties of z -transforms are summarized in the following table.

TABLE 6.2 Properties of
z -transform
Properties
Time domain
z -transform
ROC
Linearity
ax1 [n] + bx2 [n] aX1 (z) + bX2 (z)
Time shifting
(bilateral or
non-causal)
x [n - n 0]
z-n X (z)
x [n + n 0]
zn X (z)
at least R1 + R2
Rx except for the
possible
deletion
or
addition
of
z = 0 or z = 3
z-n ^X (z)
0
x [n - n 0]
Time shifting
(unilateral or
causal)
n0
/ x [- m] z
m=1
zn ^X (z)
0
x [n + n 0]
n0 - 1
/ x [m] z
-m
Rx except for the

possible
deletion
or
addition
of
z = 0 or z = 3
m=0
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Properties
Time domain
z -transform
Time reversal
x [- n]
Xb 1 l
z
Differentiation
in z domain
nx [n]
-z
Scaling in z
domain
a n x [n]
Xa z k
a
Time scaling
(expansion)
xk [n] = x [n/k] X (zk )
Page 511
Chap 6
ROC
The Z-Transform
Time
differencing
1/Rx
dX (z)
dz
Rx
a Rx
(Rx ) 1/k
-1
x [n] - x [n - 1] (1 - z ) X (z)
Rx , except for the

possible deletion of
the origin
i. n
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.
a
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n
.
w
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Time
convolution
x 1 [ n] * x 2 [ n]
X1 (z) X2 (z)
at least R1 + R2
Conjugations
x [n]
X (z )
Rx
x [0] = lim X (z)
provided
for n < 0
x [n] = 0
provided
exists
x [3]
Initial-value
theorem
z"3
x [3]
= lim x [n]
Final-value
theorem
n"3
= lim (z - 1) X (z)
z"1
6.6
ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE LTI SYSTEMS USING
z -TRANSFORM
The z -transform is very useful tool in the analysis of discrete LTI system. As
the Laplace transform is used in solving differential equations which describe
continuous LTI systems, the z -transform is used to solve difference equation
which describe the discrete LTI systems.
Similar to Laplace transform, for CT domain, the z -transform gives
transfer function of the LTI discrete systems which is the ratio of the z
-transform of the output variable to the z -transform of the input variable.
These applications are discussed as follows
6.6.1

As discussed in chapter 4 (section 4.8), a discrete-time LTI system is always
described by a linear constant coefficient difference equation given as follows
N
/ a y [n - k ] = / b x [n - k ]
k
k=0
k=0
aN y [n - N] + aN - 1 y [n - (N - 1)] + ....... + a1 y [n - 1] + a0 y [n]
(6.6.1)
= bM x [n - M] + bM - 1 x [n - (M - 1)] + ..... + b1 x [n - 1] + b0 x [n]
where, N is order of the system.
Z
The time-shift property of z -transform x [n - n 0]
z-n X (z), is used
to solve the above difference equation which converts it into an algebraic
equation. By taking z -transform of above equation
0
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aN z-N Y (z) + aN - 1 z- (N - 1) Y (z)] + ....... + a1 z-1 + a0 Y (z)
Page 512
Chap 6
= bM z-M X (z) + bM - 1 z- (M - 1) X (z) + ..... + b1 z-1 X (x) + b0 X (z)
The Z-Transform
-N
M-1
Y (z)
= bM z N + bM - 1 zN - 1 + ..... + b1 + b 0
X (z)
+ ..... + a1 + a 0
aN z + aN - 1 z
this equation can be solved for Y (z) to find the response y [n].The solution or
total response y [n] consists of two parts as discussed below.
1. Zero-input Response or Free Response or Natural Response

The zero input response yzi [n] is mainly due to initial output in the system.
The zero-input response is obtained from system equation (6.6.1) when input
x [n] = 0 .
By substituting x [n] = 0 and y [n] = yzi [n] in equation (6.6.1), we get
=0
On taking z -transform of the above equation with given initial conditions,
we can form an equation for Yzi (z). The zero-input response yzi [n] is given by
inverse z -transform of Yzi (z).
aN y [n - N] + aN - 1 y [n - (N - 1)] + ....... + a1 y [n - 1] + a0 y [n]
NOTE :
The zero input response is also called the natural response of the system and it is denoted
as y N [n].
2. Zero-State Response or Forced Response
i. n
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The zero-state response yzs [n] is the response of the system due to input
signal and with zero initial conditions. The zero-state response is obtained
from the difference equation (6.6.1) governing the system for specific input
signal x [n] for n $ 0 and with zero initial conditions.
Substituting y [n] = yzs [n] in equation (6.6.1) we get,
a
i
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n
aN yzs [n - N] + aN - 1 yzs [n - (N - 1)] + ....... + a1 yzs [n - 1] + a0 yzs [n]

= bM x [n - M] + bM - 1 x [n - (M - 1)] + ..... + b1 x [n - 1] + b0 x [n]
.
w
w
Taking z -transform of the above equation with zero initial conditions for
output (i.e., y [- 1] = y [- 2] ... = 0 we can form an equation for Yzs (z).
The zero-state response yzs [n] is given by inverse z -transform of Yzs (z).
NOTE :
The zero state response is also called the forced response of the system and it is denoted as
y F [n].
Total Response
The total response y [n] is the response of the system due to input signal and
initial output. The total response can be obtained in following two ways :
Taking z -transform of equation (6.6.1) with non-zero initial conditions
for both input and output, and then substituting for X (z) we can form
an equation for Y (z). The total response y [n] is given by inverse Laplace
transform of Y (s).
Alternatively, that total response y [n] is given by sum of zero-input
response yzi [n] and zero-state response yzs [n].
Therefore total response,
y [n] = yzi [n] + yzs [n]
6.6.2

System function or transfer function is defined as the ratio of the z -transform
of the output y [n] and the input x [n] with zero initial conditions.
L
Z
Let x [n]
Y (z) is the output of an LTI
X (z) is the input and y [n]
L
discrete time system having impulse response h (n)
H (z). The response
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y [n] of the discrete time system is given by convolution sum of input and
impulse response as
y [n] = x [n] * h [n]
By applying convolution property of z -transform we obtain
Page 513
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
Y (z) = X (z) H (z)

Y (z)
H (z) =
X (z)
where, H (z) is defined as the transfer function of the system. It is the z
-transform of the impulse response.
Alternatively we can say that the inverse z -transform of transfer function
is the impulse response of the system.
Impulse response
Y (z)
h [n] = Z-1 {H (z)} = Z-1 )
X (z) 3
6.7
STABILITY AND CAUSALITY OF LTI DISCRETE SYSTEMS USING

-TRANSFORM
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z -transform is also used in characterization of LTI discrete systems. In this

section, we derive a z -domain condition to check the stability and causality
of a system directly from its z -transfer function.
6.7.1
Causality
A linear time-invariant discrete time system is said to be causal if the impulse

response h [n] = 0 , for n < 0 and it is therefore right-sided. The ROC of such
a system H (z) is the exterior of a circle. If H (z) is rational then the system
is said to be causal if
1. The ROC is the exterior of a circle outside the outermost pole ; and
2. The degree of the numerator polynomial of H (z) should be less than
or equal to the degree of the denominator polynomial.
6.7.2
Stability
An LTI discrete-time system is said to be BIBO stable if the impulse response
h [n] is summable. That is
3
h [ n] < 3
n =- 3
z -transform of h [n] is given as

H (z) =
/ h [n] z
-n
n =- 3
jW
Let z = e (which describes a unit circle in the z -plane), then

H [e jW] =
/ h [n] e
n =- 3
3
#
=
-jWn
/ h [n] e
n =- 3
3
-jWn
h [ n] < 3
n =- 3
which is the condition for the stability. Thus we can conclude that
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STABILITY OF LTI DISCRETE SYSTEM
The Z-Transform
An LTI system is stable if the ROC of its system function H (z) contains
the unit circle z = 1
6.7.3

As we discussed previously, for a causal system with rational transfer function
H (z), the ROC is outside the outermost pole. For the BIBO stability the
ROC should include the unit circle z = 1. Thus, for the system to be causal
and stable theses two conditions are satisfied if all the poles are within the
unit circle in the z -plane.
STABILITY AND CAUSALITY OF LTI DISCRETE SYSTEM
An LTI discrete time system with the rational system function H (z) is
said to be both causal and stable if all the poles of H (z) lies inside the
unit circle.
6.8
i. n
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In z -domain, the input-output relation of an LTI discrete time system is

represented by the transfer function H (z) ,which is a rational function of z ,
as shown in equation
Y (z)
H (z) =
X (z)
M
M-1
M-2
= b 0 z N + b1 z N - 1 + b2 z N - 2 + ... + bM - 1 z + bM
+ a2 z
+ ... + aN - 1 z + aN
a 0 z + a1 z
where, N = Order of the system, M # N and a 0 = 1
The above transfer function is realized using unit delay elements, unit
advance elements, adders and multipliers. Basic elements of block diagram
with their z -domain representation is shown in table 6.3.
a
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TABLE 6.3 : Basic Elements of Block Diagram
Elements
of Block
diagram
Time Domain Representation
s -domain Representation
Adder
Constant
multiplier
Unit delay
element
Unit
advance
element
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The different types of structures for realizing discrete time systems are same
as we discussed for the continuous-time system in the previous chapter.
6.8.1
Page 515
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
Direct Form I Realization

Consider the difference equation governing the discrete time system with
a 0 = 1,
y [n] + a1 y [n - 1] + a2 y [n - 2] + .... + aN y [n - N]
= b 0 x [n] + b1 x [n - 1] + b2 x [n - 2] + ... + bM x [n - M]
Taking Z transform of the above equation we get,
Y (z)=- a1 z-1 Y (z) - a2 z-2 Y (z) - ... - aN z-N Y (z) +
(6.8.1)
b 0 X (z) + b1 z-1 X (z) + b2 z-2 X (z) + ... + bM z-M X (z)
The above equation of Y (z) can be directly represented by a block
diagram as shown in figure 6.8.1a. This structure is called direct form-I
structure. This structure uses separate delay elements for both input and
output of the system. So, this realization uses more memory.
i. n
o
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.
a
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.
w
w
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Figure 6.8.1a General structure of direct form-realization
For example consider a discrete LTI system which has the following
impulse response
Y (z) 1 + 2z-1 + 2z-2
H (z) =
=
X (z) 1 + 4z-1 + 3z-2
Y (z) + 4z-1 Y (z) + 3z-2 Y (z) = 1X (z) + 2z-1 X (z) + 2z-2 X (z)
Comparing with standard form of equation (6.8.1), we get a1 = 4 , a2 = 3
and b 0 = 1, b1 = 2 , b2 = 2 . Now put these values in general structure of Direct
form-I realization we get
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Page 516
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
Figure 6.8.1b
6.8.2
Direct Form II Realization

Consider the general difference equation governing a discrete LTI system
y [n] + a1 y [n - 1] + a2 y [n - 2] + .... + aN y [n - N]
= b 0 x [n] + b1 x [n - 1] + b2 x [n - 2] + ... + bM x [n - M]
Taking Z transform of the above equation we get,
i. n
Y (z)=- a1 z-1 Y (z) - a2 z-2 Y (z) - ... - aN z-N Y (z) +

b 0 X (z) + b1 z-1 X (z) + b2 z-2 X (z) + ... + bM z-M X (z)
It can be simplified as,
Y (z) 61 + a1 z-1 + a2 z-2 + ... + aN z-N @ = X (z) 6b 0 + b1 z-1 + b2 z-2 + ... + bM z-M @
Y (z) W (z) Y (z)
Let,
=
X (z)
X (z) # W (z)
where,
W (z)
1
(6.8.2)
=
X (z)
1 + a1 z-1 + a2 z-2 + ... + aN z-N
Y (z)
(6.8.3)
= b 0 + b1 z-1 + b2 z-2 + ... + bM z-M
W (z)
Equation (6.8.2) can be simplified as,
W (z) + a1 z-1 W (z) + a2 z-2 W (z) + ... + aN z-N W (z) = X (z)
(6.8.4)
W (z) = X (z) - a1 z-1 W (z) - a2 z-2 W (z) - ... - aN z-N W (z)
Similarly by simplifying equation (6.8.3), we get
(6.8.5)
Y (z) = b 0 W (z) + b1 z-1 W (z) + b2 z-2 W (z) + ... + bM z-M W (z)
Equation (6.8.4) and (6.8.5) can be realized together by a direct structure
called direct form-II structure as shown in figure 6.8.2a. It uses less number
of delay elements then the Direct Form I structure.
For example, consider the same transfer function H (z) which is discussed
above
Y (z) 1 + 2z-1 + 2z-2
H (z) =
=
X (z) 1 + 4z-1 + 3z-2
Y (z)
Y (z) W (z)
Let
=
X (z) W (z) # X (z)
W (z)
1
where,
,
=
-1
X (z)
1 + 4z + 3z-2
Y (z)
= 1 + 2z-1 + 2z-2
W (z)
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W (z) = X (z) - 4z-1 W (z) - 3z-2 W (z)

Y (z) = 1W (z) + 2z-1 W (z) + 2z-2 W (z)
Comparing these equations with standard form of equation (6.8.4) and
(6.8.5), we have a1 = 4 , a2 = 3 and b 0 = 1, b1 = 2, b2 = 2 . Substitute these
so,
and
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values in general structure of Direct form II , we get as shown in figure 6.8.2b
Page 517
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
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Figure 6.8.2a General structure of direct form-II realization
Figure 6.8.2b
6.8.3
Cascade Form
The transfer function H (z) of a discrete time system can be expressed as
a product of several transfer functions. Each of these transfer functions is
realized in direct form-I or direct form II realization and then they are
cascaded.
Consider a system with transfer function
(b + bk1 z-1 + bk2 z-2) (bm0 + bm1 z-1 + bm2 z-2)
H (z) = k0
(1 + ak1 z-1 + ak2 z-2) (1 + am1 z-1 + am2 z-2)
= H1 (z) H2 (z)
-1
-2
where
H1 (z) = bk0 + bk1 z-1 + bk2 z-2
1 + ak1 z + ak2 z
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-1
-2
H2 (z) = bm0 + bm1 z-1 + bm2 z-2
1 + am1 z + am2 z
Realizing H1 (z) and H2 (z) in direct form II and cascading we obtain
cascade form of the system function H (z) as shown in figure 6.8.3.
Page 518
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
Figure 6.8.3 Cascaded form realization of discrete LTI system
6.8.4
i. n
Parallel Form
o
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The transfer function H (z) of a discrete time system can be expressed as the
sum of several transfer functions using partial fractions. Then the individual
transfer functions are realized in direct form I or direct form II realization
and connected in parallel for the realization of H (z). Let us consider the
transfer function
c1
c2
cN
H (z) = c +
-1 +
-1 + ......
1 - p1 z
1 - pz z
1 - pn z-1
Now each factor in the system is realized in direct form II and connected
in parallel as shown in figure 6.8.4.
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Figure 6.8.4 Parallel form realization of discrete LTI system
6.9
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
s-PLANE &
-PLANE
There exists a close relationship between the Laplace and z -transforms. We

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know that a DT sequence x [n] is obtained by sampling a CT signal x (t) with

a sampling interval T , the CT sampled signal xs (t) is written as follows
xs (t) =
Page 519
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
/ x (nT) d (t - nT)
n =- 3
where x (nT) are sampled value of x (t) which equals the DT sequence x [n].
Taking the Laplace transform of xs (t) , we have
X (s) = L {xs (t)} =
=
/ x (nT) L {d (t - nT)}
n =- 3
3
/ X (nT) e
-nTs
(6.9.1)
n =- 3
The z -transform of x [n] is given by

X (z) =
/ x [ n] z
-n
(6.9.2)
n =- 3

X (s) = X (z) z = e
sT
x [n] = x (nT)
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EXERCISE 6.1
Page 520
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
MCQ 6.1.1
The z -transform and its ROC of a discrete time sequence

n
n<0
-b 1 l ,
x [n] = * 2
0,
n$0
will be
(B) z , z < 1
(A) 2z , z > 1
2z - 1
2
z-2
2
(C)
MCQ 6.1.2
MCQ 6.1.3
2z ,
2z - 1
-1
(D) 2z ,
z-1
z <1
2
z >1
2
The ROC of z -transform of the discrete time sequence x [n] = ^ 12 h| n | is

(A) 12 < z < 2
(B) z > 2
(C) - 2 < z < 2
(D) z < 12
i. n
n
n
Consider a discrete-time signal x [n] = b 1 l u [n] + b 1 l u [- n - 1]. The ROC
3
2
of its z -transform is
(B) z < 1
(A) 3 < z < 2
2
(C) z > 1
(D) 1 < z < 1
3
3
2
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MCQ 6.1.4
a
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For a signal x [n] = [an + a-n] u [n], the ROC of its z -transform would be
(A) z > min e a , 1 o
a
(C) z > max e a , 1 o
a
MCQ 6.1.5
.
w
w
(B) z > a
(D) z < a
Match List I (discrete time sequence) with List II (z -transform) and choose
the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List-I (Discrete Time Sequence)
List-II (z -Transform)
P.
u [n - 2]
1.
1
,
z-2 (1 - z-1)
Q.
- u [- n - 3]
2.
- z-1 ,
1 - z-1
R.
u [n + 4]
3.
1
,
z-4 (1 - z-1)
S.
u [- n]
4.
z-2 ,
1 - z-1
Codes :
P
(A) 1
(B)
2
(C)
4
(D) 4
Q
4
4
1
2
R
2
1
3
3
z <1
z <1
z >1
z >1
S
3
3
2
1
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MCQ 6.1.6
MCQ 6.1.7
The z -transform of signal x [n] = e jnp u [n] is

(B) z , ROC : z > 1
(A) z , ROC : z > 1
z+1
z-j
(C) 2 z , ROC : z < 1
(D) 1 , ROC : z < 1
z+1
z +1
Page 521
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
Consider the pole zero diagram of an LTI system shown in the figure which
corresponds to transfer function H (z).
Match List I (The impulse response) with List II (ROC which corresponds to
above diagram) and choose the correct answer using the codes given below:
{Given that H (1) = 1}
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List-I (Impulse Response)
P.
List-II (ROC)
[(- 4) 2n + 6 (3) n] u [n]
1.
2.
z >3
3.
z <2
4.
Q. (- 4) 2 u [n] + (- 6) 3 u [- n - 1]
R. (4) 2 u [- n - 1] + (- 6) 3 u [- n - 1]
S.
4 (2) u [- n - 1] + (- 6) 3 u [n]
Codes :
P
(A) 4
(B)
2
(C)
1
(D) 2
MCQ 6.1.8
does not exist
Q
1
1
4
4
R
3
3
2
3
2< z <3
S
2
4
3
1
The z -transform of a signal x [n] is X (z) = ez + e1/z , z ! 0 . x [n] would be

(B) u [n] + 1
(A) d [n] + 1
n!
n!
(C) u [n - 1] + n!
(D) d [n] + (n - 1) !
Common Data For Q. 9 to 11:

Consider a discrete time signal x [n] and its z -transform X (z) given as
2
X (z) = 2 z + 5z
z - 2z - 3
MCQ 6.1.9
If ROC of X (z) is z < 1, then signal x [n] would be

(A) [- 2 (3) n + (- 1) n] u [- n - 1]
(C) - 2 (3) n u [- n - 1] - (- 1) n u [n]
MCQ 6.1.10
(B) [2 (3) n - (- 1) n] u [n]

(D) [2 (3) n + 1] u [n]
If ROC of X (z) is z > 3 , then signal x [n] would be

(A) [2 (3) n - (- 1) n u [n]
(B) [- 2 (3) n + (- 1) n] u [- n - 1]
(C) - 2 (3) n u [- n - 1] - (- 1) n u [n]
(D) [2 (3) n + 1] u [n]
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MCQ 6.1.11
The Z-Transform
If ROC of X (z) is 1 < z < 3 , the signal x [n] would be

(A) [2 (3) n - (- 1) n] u [n]
(B) [- 2 (3) n + (- 1) n] u [- n - 1]
(C) - 2 (3) n u [- n - 1] - (- 1) n u [n]
MCQ 6.1.12
MCQ 6.1.13
(D) [2 (3) n + (- 1) n] u [- n - 1]
Consider a DT sequence x [n] = x1 [n] + x2 [n] where, x1 [n] = (0.7) n u [n - 1] and

x2 [n] = (- 0.4) n u [n - 2]. The region of convergence of z -transform of x [n] is
(A) 0.4 < z < 0.7
(B) z > 0.7
(C) z < 0.4
(D) none of these
The z -transform of a DT signal x [n] is X (z) = 2 z
. What will be the
8z - 2z - 1
z -transform of x [n - 4] ?
(z + 4)
2
8 (z + 4) - 2 (z + 4) - 1
4z
(C)
128z2 - 8z - 1
z5
8z2 - 2z - 1
(D) 5 1 4
8z - 2z - z3
(B)
(A)
MCQ 6.1.14
Let x1 [n], x2 [n] and x 3 [n] be three discrete time signals and X1 (z), X2 (z) and
X 3 (z) are their z -transform respectively given as
z2
,
X1 (z) =
(z - 1) (z - 0.5)
z
X2 (z) =
(z - 1) (z - 0.5)
1
and
X 3 (z) =
(z - 1) (z - 0.5)
Then x1 [n], x2 [n] and x 3 [n] are related as
(A) x1 [n - 2] = x2 [n - 1] = x 3 [n]
(B) x1 [n + 2] = x2 [n + 1] = x 3 [n]
(C) x1 [n] = x2 [n - 1] = x 3 [n - 2]
(D) x1 [n + 1] = x2 [n - 1] = x 3 [n]
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MCQ 6.1.15
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The z -transform of the discrete time signal x [n] shown in the figure is
z-k
1 - z-1
-k
(C) 1 - z-1
1-z
(A)
MCQ 6.1.16
MCQ 6.1.17
z-k
1 + z-1
-k
(D) 1 + z-1
1-z
(B)
Consider the unilateral z -transform pair x [n]

-transform of x [n - 1] and x [n + 1] are respectively
X (z) =
(A)
z2 , 1
z-1 z-1
(B)
1 , z2
z-1 z-1
(C)
1 , z
z-1 z-1
(D)
z , z2
z-1 z-1
z . The z
z-1
A discrete time causal signal x [n] has the z -transform

z , ROC : z > 0.4
X (z) =
z - 0.4
The ROC for z -transform of the even part of x [n] will be
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(B) 0.4 < z < 2.5
(D) z > 0.8
(A) same as ROC of X (z)

(C) z > 0.2
Page 523
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
MCQ 6.1.18
Match List I (Discrete time sequence) with List II (z -transform) and select
the correct answer using the codes given below the lists.
List-I (Discrete time sequence)
P.
n (- 1) n u [n]
1.
z-1 , ROC : z > 1

(1 - z-1) 2
Q.
- nu [- n - 1]
2.
1
, ROC : z > 1
(1 + z-1)
R. (- 1) n u [n]
3.
z-1 , ROC : z < 1

(1 - z-1) 2
S.
4.
nu [n]
Q
1
3
1
4
R
2
2
4
1
S
3
1
2
3
A discrete time sequence is defined as x [n] = n1 (- 2) -n u [- n - 1]. The z

-transform of x [n] is
(B) log bz - 1 l, ROC : z < 1
(A) log bz + 1 l, ROC : z < 1
2
2
2
2
(C) log (z - 2), ROC : z > 2
MCQ 6.1.20
MCQ 6.1.21
z-1 , ROC : z > 1

(1 + z-1) 2
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Codes :
P
(A) 4
(B)
4
(C)
3
(D) 2
MCQ 6.1.19
List-II (z -transform)
(D) log (z + 2), ROC : z < 2
Consider a z -transform pair x [n]

X (z) with ROC Rx . The z transform
n
and its ROC for y [n] = a x [n] will be
(A) X a z k, ROC : a Rx
a
(B) X (z + a), ROC : Rx
(C) z-a X (z), ROC : Rx
(D) X (az), ROC : a Rx
Let X (z) be the z -transform of a causal signal x [n] = an u [n] with ROC : z > a .
Match the discrete sequences S1, S2, S 3 and S 4 with ROC of their z -transforms
R1, R2 and R 3 .
Sequences
ROC
S 1 : x [ n - 2]
R1 :
z >a
S 2 : x [ n + 2]
R2 :
z <a
S 3 : x [- n]
R3 :
z <1
a
S 4 : (- 1) n x [n]
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(S1, R1), (S2, R2), (S 3, R 3), (S 4, R 3)

(S1, R1), (S2, R1), (S 3, R 3), (S 4, R1)
(S1, R2), (S2, R1), (S 3, R2), (S 4, R 3)
(S1, R1), (S2, R2), (S 3, R2), (S 4, R 3)
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Chap 6
MCQ 6.1.22
The Z-Transform
Consider a discrete time signal x [n] = an u [n] and its z -transform X (z).
Match List I (discrete signals) with List II (z -transform) and select the
correct answer using the codes given below:
List-I (Discrete time signal)
List-II (z -transform)
P.
x [n/2]
1.
z-2 X (z)
Q.
x [ n - 2] u [ n - 2 ]
2.
X (z2)
R. x [n + 2] u [n]
3.
X (z/b 2)
S.
4.
a2 X (z)
b 2n x [n]
Codes :
P
(A) 1
(B)
2
(C)
1
(D) 2
Q
2
4
4
1
R
4
1
2
4
S
3
3
3
3
MCQ 6.1.23
The z -transform of a discrete sequence x [n] is X (z), then the z -transform of

x [2n] will be
(B) X a z k
(A) X (2z)
2
(C) 1 8X ( z ) + X (- z )B
(D) X ( z )
2
MCQ 6.1.24
Consider a signal x [n] and its z transform X (z) given as

X (z) = 2 4z
8z - 2z - 1
The z -transform of the sequence y [n] = x [0] + x [1] + x [2] + ..... + x [n] will
be
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4z
(z - 1) (8z2 - 2z - 1)
4z2
(C)
(z + 1) (8z2 - 2z - 1)
(A)
MCQ 6.1.25
4z (z - 1)
8z2 - 2z - 1
4z (z + 1)
(D) 2
8z - 2z - 1
(B)
What is the convolution of two DT sequence x [n] = {- 1, 2, 0, 3} and

h [n] = {2, 0, 3}
-
(A) {- 2, - 4, 3, 6, 9}
(C) {9, 6, 3, - 4, - 2}
-
MCQ 6.1.26
MCQ 6.1.27
If x [n]
(B) {- 2, 4, - 3, 12, 0, 9}
(D) {- 3, 6, 7, 4, 6}
-
X (z) be a z -transform pair, then which of the following is true?
(A) x)[n]
X )(- z)
(B) x)[n]
- X)(z)
(C) x)[n]
X)(z))
(D) x)[n]
X)(- z))
A discrete-time system with input x [n] and output y [n] is governed by

following difference equation
y [n] - 1 y [n - 1] = x [n], with initial condition y [- 1] = 3
2
The impulse response of the system
n
(A) 5 a n - 1k, n $ 0
(B) 5 b 1 l , n $ 0
2 2
2 2
n-1
(C) 5 b 1 l , n $ 0
2 2
n+1
(D) 5 b 1 l , n $ 0
2 2
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MCQ 6.1.28
Consider a causal system with impulse response h [n] = (2) n u [n]. If x [n] is
the input and y [n] is the output to this system, then which of the following
difference equation describes the system ?
(A) y [n] + 2y [n + 1] = x [n]
(B) y [n] - 2y [n - 1] = x [n]
(C) y [n] + 2y [n - 1] = x [n]
(D) y [n] - 1 y [n - 1] = x [n]
2
MCQ 6.1.29
The impulse response of a system is given as h [n] = d [n] - (- 12 ) n u [n]. For an

input x [n] and output y [n], the difference equation that describes the system
is
(A) y [n] + 2y [n - 1] = 2x [n]
(B) y [n] + 0.5y [n - 1] = 0.5x [n - 1]
(C) y [n] + 2ny [n - 1] = x [n]
(D) y [n] - 0.5y [n - 1] = 0.5x [n - 1]
MCQ 6.1.30
The input-output relationship of a system is given as y [n] - 0.4y [n - 1] = x [n]

where, x [n] and y [n] are the input and output respectively. The zero state
response of the system for an input x [n] = (0.4) n u [n] is
(A) n (0.4) n u [n]
(B) n2 (0.4) n u [n]
(C) (n + 1) (0.4) n u [n]
(D) 1 (0.4) n u [n]
n
MCQ 6.1.31
A discrete time system has the following input-output relationship

y [n] - 12 y [n - 1] = x [n]. If an input x [n] = u [n] is applied to the system, then
its zero state response will be
Page 525
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
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(A) :1 - (2) nD u [n]

2
n
(C) ;1 - b 1 l E u [n]
2
2
n
(B) ;2 - b 1 l E u [n]
2
(D) [2 - (2) n] u [n]
MCQ 6.1.32
Consider the transfer function of a system

2z (z - 1)
H (z) = 2
z + 4z + 4
For an input x [n] = 2d [n] + d [n + 1], the system output is
(A) 2d [n + 1] + 6 (2) n u [n]
(B) 2d [n] - 6 (- 2) n u [n]
n
(C) 2d [n + 1] - 6 (- 2) n u [n]
(D) 2d [n + 1] + 6 b 1 l u [n]
2
MCQ 6.1.33
The transfer function of a discrete time LTI system is given as

H (z) = 2 z , ROC : z > 1
z +1
Consider the following statements
1. The system is causal and BIBO stable.
2. The system is causal but BIBO unstable.
3. The system is non-causal and BIBO unstable.
4. Impulse response h [n] = sin a p n k u [n]
2
Which of the above statements are true ?
(A) 1 and 4
(B) 2 and 4
(C) 1 only
(D) 3 and 4
MCQ 6.1.34
Which of the following statement is not true?

An LTI system with rational transfer function H (z) is
(A) causal if the ROC is the exterior of a circle outside the outermost pole.
(B) stable if the ROC of H (z) includes the unit circle z = 1.
(C) causal and stable if all the poles of H (z) lie inside unit circle.
(D) none of above
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Page 526
Chap 6
MCQ 6.1.35
The Z-Transform
If h [n] denotes the impulse response of a causal system, then which of the
following system is not stable?
n
(B) h [n] = 1 d [n]
(A) h [n] = n b 1 l u [n]
3
3
(C) h [n] = d [n] - b- 1 l u [n]
3
n
MCQ 6.1.36
(D) h [n] = [(2) n - (3) n] u [n]
A causal system with input x [n] and output y [n] has the following relationship
y [n] + 3y [n - 1] + 2y [n - 2] = 2x [n] + 3x [n - 1]
The system is
(A) stable
(C) marginally stable
MCQ 6.1.37
(B) unstable
(D) none of these
A causal LTI system is described by the difference equation y [n]

= x [ n ] + y [ n - 1]
Consider the following statement
1. Impulse response of the system is h [n] = u [n]
2. The system is BIBO stable
3. For an input x [n] = (0.5) n u [n], system output is y [n] = 2u [n] - (0.5) n u [n]
Which of the above statements is/are true?
(A) 1 and 2
(B) 1 and 3
(C) 2 and 3
(D) 1, 2 and 3
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MCQ 6.1.38
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Match List I (system transfer function) with List II (property of system) and
choose the correct answer using the codes given below
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List-I (System transfer function)
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P. H (z) =
z3
, ROC : z > 1.2
(z - 1.2) 3
1.
Non causal but stable
Q. H (z) =
z2
, ROC : z < 1.2
(z - 1.2) 3
2.
Neither causal nor stable
R. H (z) =
z4
, ROC : z < 0.8
(z - 0.8) 3
3.
Causal but not stable
S. H (z) =
z3
, ROC : z > 0.8
(z - 0.8) 3
4.
Both causal and stable
Codes :
P
(A) 4
(B)
1
(C)
3
(D) 3
MCQ 6.1.39
List-II (Property of system)
Q
2
4
1
2
R
1
2
2
1
S
3
3
4
4
The transfer function of a DT feedback system is

P
H (z) =
1 + Pa z k
z - 0.9
The range of P , for which the system is stable will be
(A) - 1.9 < P < - 0.1
(B) P < 0
(C) P > - 1
(D) P > - 0.1 or P < - 1.9
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
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MCQ 6.1.40
MCQ 6.1.41
MCQ 6.1.42
MCQ 6.1.43
Consider three stable LTI systems S1, S2 and S 3 whose transfer functions are
z- 1
S1 : H (z) = 2 1 2 3
2z + 2 z - 16
S2 : H (z) = 2 -3 z 1+-12 4
-3z - 2z + 3 +z
1 + 12 z-2 - 43 z-1
S 3 : H (z) = -1
z ^1 - 13 z-1h^1 - 12 z-1h
Which of the above systems is/are causal?
(A) S1 only
(B) S1 and S2
(C) S1 and S 3
(D) S1, S2 and S 3
The z -transform of d [n - k], k > 0 is
(A) zk , z > 0
(C) zk , z ! 0
(B) z-k , z > 0

(D) z-k , z ! 0
The z -transform of d [n + k], k > 0 is

(A) z-k , z ! 0
(C) z-k , all z
(B) zk , z ! 0
(D) zk , all z
MCQ 6.1.46
MCQ 6.1.47
The Z-Transform
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1 ,
1 - z-1
z ,
(C)
1 - z-1
MCQ 6.1.45
Page 527
Chap 6
The z -transform of u [n] is

(A)
MCQ 6.1.44
1 ,
1 - z-1
z ,
(D)
1 - z-1
z >1
(B)
z <1
n
The z -transform of b 1 l (u [n] - u [n - 5]) is
4
5
5
z - (0.25)
(B)
(A) 4
, z > 0.25
z (z - 0.25)
z5 - (0.25) 5
(C) 3
(D)
, z < 0.25
z (z - 0.25)
n
The z -transform of b 1 l u [- n] is
4
(A) 4z , z > 1
4z - 1
4
1 , z >1
(C)
1 - 4z
4
The z -transform of 3n u [- n - 1] is
(A) z , z > 3
3-z
(C) 3 , z > 3
3-z
z >1
z5 - (0.25) 5
, z > 0. 5
z 4 (z - 0.25)
z5 - (0.25) 5
, all z
z 4 (z - 0.25)
4z ,
4z - 1
1 ,
(D)
1 - 4z
(B)
z <1
z <1
4
z <1
4
z , z <3
3-z
(D) 3 , z < 3
3-z
(B)
n
The z -transform of b 2 l is
3
- 5z
(A)
, -3 < z <-2
2
3
(2z - 3) (3z - 2)
- 5z
(B)
, 2< z <3
2
(2z - 3) (3z - 2) 3
5z
(C)
, 2< z <2
3
(2z - 3) (3z - 2) 3
5z
(D)
, -3 < z <-2
2
3
(2z - 3) (3z - 2)
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
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Chap 6
MCQ 6.1.48
The Z-Transform
MCQ 6.1.49
The z -transform of cos a p n k u [n] is

3
z (2z - 1)
(A)
, 0< z <1
2 (z2 - z + 1)
z (1 - 2z)
(C)
, 0< z <1
2 (z2 - z + 1)
z (2z - 1)
,
2 (z2 - z + 1)
z (1 - 2z)
(D)
,
2 (z2 - z + 1)
(B)
z >1
z >1
The z -transform of {3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 1, - 4}

-
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
MCQ 6.1.50
3z5 + 6 + z-1 - 4z-2, 0 # z < 3

3z5 + 6 + z-1 - 4z-2, 0 < z < 3
3z-5 + 6 + z - 4z2, 0 < z < 3
3z-5 + 6 + z - 4z2, 0 # z < 3
The z -transform of x [n] = {2, 4, 5, 7, 0, 1}

-
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
MCQ 6.1.51
2z + 4z + 5 + 7z + z ,
2z-2 + 4z-1 + 5 + 7z + z3,
2z-2 + 4z-1 + 5 + 7z + z3,
2z2 + 4z + 5 + 7z-1 + z-3,
z!3
z!3
0< z <3
0< z <3
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The time signal corresponding to

(A) - 1n u [n] - 2n + 1 u [- n - 1]
2
(C) 1n u [n] + 2n + 1 u [n + 1]
2
MCQ 6.1.53
(A) : 49 (- 4) n + 47 4nD u [n]

32
32
(C) 49 (- 4) n u [- n] + 47 4n u [n]
32
32
MCQ 6.1.54
MCQ 6.1.55
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(A) 1 + 2z-2 - 4z-4 + 5z-5, z ! 0

(B) 1 - z-2 + z-4 - z-5, z ! 0
(C) 1 - 2z2 + 4z 4 - 5z5, z ! 0
(D) 1 - z2 + z 4 - z5, z ! 0
MCQ 6.1.52
i. n
The z -transform of x [n] = {1, 0, - 1, 0, 1, - 1} is
z2 - 3z , 1 < z < 2 is
2
z2 + 32 z - 1
1
(B) - n u [n] - 2n + 1 u [n + 1]
2
(D) 1n u [n] - 2-n - 1 u [- n - 1]
2
3z2 - 14 z
, z > 4 is
z2 - 16
(B) : 49 4n + 47 4nD u [n]
32
32
(D) 49 4n u [n] + 47 (- 4) n u [- n]
32
32
4
3
2
The time signal corresponding to 2z - 22z - 2z , z > 1 is
z -1
n
(A) 2d [n - 2] + [1 - (- 1) ] u [n - 2]
(B) 2d [n + 2] + [1 - (- 1) n] u [n + 2]
(C) 2d [n + 2] + [(- 1) n - 1] u [n + 2]
(D) 2d [n - 2] + [(- 1) n - 1] u [n - 2]
The time signal corresponding to 1 + 2z-6 + 4z-8, z > 0 is

(A) d [n] + 2d [n - 6] + 4d [n - 8]
(B) d [n] + 2d [n + 6] + 4d [n + 8]
(C) d [- n] + 2d [- n + 6] + 4d [- n + 8]
(D) d [- n] + 2d [- n - 6] + 4d [- n - 8]
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
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MCQ 6.1.56
/ k1 z-k,
10
k=5
10
(A) / 1 d [n + k]
k
k=5
(C)
z > 0 is
(B)
10
/ k1 d [- n + k]
(D)
k=5
10
/ k1 d [n - k]
The Z-Transform
k=5
10
/ k1 d [- n - k]
k=5
MCQ 6.1.57
The time signal corresponding to (1 + z-1) 3 , z > 0 is

(A) d [- n] + 3d [- n - 1] + 3d [- n - 2] + d [- n - 3]
(B) d [- n] + 3d [- n + 1] + 3d [- n + 2] + d [- n + 3]
(C) d [n] + 3d [n + 1] + 3d [n + 2] + d [n + 3]
(D) d [n] + 3d [n - 1] + 3d [n - 2] + d [n - 3]
MCQ 6.1.58
The time signal corresponding to z6 + z2 + 3 + 2z-3 + z-4, z > 0 is

(A) d [n + 6] + d [n + 2] + 3d [n] + 2d [n - 3] + d [n - 4]
(B) d [n - 6] + d [n - 2] + 3d [n] + 2d [n + 3] + d [n + 4]
(C) d [- n + 6] + d [- n + 2] + 3d [- n] + 2d [- n + 3] + d [- n + 4]
(D) d [- n - 6] + d [- n - 2] + 3d [- n] + 2d [- n - 3] + d [- n - 4]
MCQ 6.1.59
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2-n,
(A) *
0,
2-n,
(C) *
0,
MCQ 6.1.60
Page 529
Chap 6
n even and n $ 0
otherwise
n odd, n > 0
n even

3
1 -2
4
1- z
z > 1 is
2
2n
(B) b 1 l u [n]
4
(D) 2-n u [n]
1
,
1 - 14 z-2
z < 1 is
2
(A) - / 22 (k + 1) d [- n - 2 (k + 1)]
k=0
3
(B) - / 22 (k + 1) d [- n + 2 (k + 1)]
k=0
3
(C) - / 22 (k + 1) d [n + 2 (k + 1)]
k=0
3
(D) - / 22 (k + 1) d [n - 2 (k + 1)]
k=0
MCQ 6.1.61
MCQ 6.1.62
The time signal corresponding to ln (1 + z-1), z > 0 is

(A)
(- 1) k - 1
d [n - k ]
k
(B)
(- 1) k - 1
d [n + k ]
k
(C)
(- 1) k
d [n - k ]
k
(D)
(- 1) k
d [n + k ]
k
X [z] of a system is specified by a pole zero pattern as following :
*Shipping Free*
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Consider three different solution of x [n]
n
x1 [n] = ;2n - b 1 l E u [n]
3
Page 530
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
x2 [n] =- 2n u [n - 1] - 1n u [n]
3
x 3 [n] =- 2n u [n - 1] + 1n u [- n - 1]
3
Correct solution is
(A) x1 [n]
(B) x2 [n]
(C) x 3 [n]
(D) All three
MCQ 6.1.63
Consider three different signal

n
x1 [n] = ;2n - b 1 l E u [n]
2
x2 [n] =- 2n u [- n - 1] + 1n u [- n - 1]
2
x 3 [n] =- 2n u [- n - 1] - 1n u [n]
2
Following figure shows the three different region. Choose the correct for the
ROC of signal
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(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
MCQ 6.1.64
R1
x 1 [ n]
x 2 [ n]
x 1 [ n]
x 3 [ n]
R2
x 2 [ n]
x 3 [ n]
x 3 [ n]
x 2 [ n]
R3
x 3 [ n]
x 1 [ n]
x 2 [ n]
x 1 [ n]
Given the z -transform

X (z) =
1 + 76 z-1
-1
-1
^1 - 12 z h^1 + 13 z h
For three different ROC consider there different solution of signal x [n] :
n
(a) z > 1 , x [n] = ; n1- 1 - b - 1 l E u [n]
2
3
2
n
(b) z < 1 , x [n] = ; -n -11 + b - 1 l E u [- n + 1]
3
3
2
n
(c) 1 < z < 1 , x [n] =- n1- 1 u [- n - 1] - b - 1 l u [n]
3
2
3
2
Correct solution are
(A) (a) and (b)
(B) (a) and (c)
(C) (b) and (c)
(D) (a), (b), (c)
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MCQ 6.1.65
The X (z) has poles at z = 12 and z =- 1. If x [1] = 1, x [- 1] = 1, and the

ROC includes the point z = 34 . The time signal x [n] is
(A)
(C)
MCQ 6.1.66
1 u [n] + u [- n + 1]
2n - 1
If x [n] is right-sided, X (z) has a signal pole and x [0] = 2, x [2] = 1 , then x [n]
2
is
u [ - n]
2n - 1
u [ - n]
(C) n + 1
2
u [n]
2n - 1
u [ - n]
(D) a n + 1
2
(B)
(A)
MCQ 6.1.67
The Z-Transform
(B) 1n u [n] - (- 1) n u [- n - 1]
2
(D) 1n u [n] + u [- n + 1]
2
1
n
n - 1 u [n] - (- 1) u [- n - 1]
Page 531
Chap 6
n
n
The z -transform of b 1 l u [n] + b 1 l u [- n - 1] is
2
4
1
1
(A)
, 1< z <1
2
1 - 12 z-1 1 - 14 z-1 4
1
1
(B)
+
, 1< z <1
2
1 - 12 z-1 1 - 14 z-1 4
1
1
(C)
z >1
1 -1 1 -1 ,
2
1- 2z
1- 4z
(D) None of the above
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Common Data For Q. 68 - 73:

Given the z -transform pair x [n]
MCQ 6.1.68
MCQ 6.1.69
z2 ,
z2 - 16
z <4
The z -transform of the signal x [n - 2] is

4
(z + 2) 2
(B)
(A) 2 z
z - 16
(z + 2) 2 - 16
(z - 2) 2
(C) 2 1
(D)
z - 16
(z - 2) 2 - 16
The z -transform of the signal y [n] = 1n x [n] is
2
2
(z + 2) 2
(B) 2 z
(A)
2
(x + 2) - 16
z -4
2
2
(z - 2)
(C)
(D) 2 z
2
(z - 2) - 16
z - 64
MCQ 6.1.70
The z -transform of the signal x [- n] * x [n] is

z2
16z2
(B) (A)
2
2
4
(z - 16) 2
16z - 257z - 16
z2
16z2
(C)
(D)
(z2 - 16) 2
257z2 - 16z 4 - 16
MCQ 6.1.71
The z -transform of the signal nx [n] is

2
(A) 2 32z 2
(z - 16)
(C) 2 32z 2
(z - 16)
- 32z2
(z2 - 16) 2
(D) 2- 32z 2
(z - 16)
(B)
*Shipping Free*
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Chap 6
MCQ 6.1.72
The z -transform of the signal x [n + 1] + x [n - 1] is

z (z2 + 1)
(z + 1) 2
(z - 1) 2
(B)
(A)
+
z2 - 16
(z + 1) 2 - 16 (z - 1) 2 - 16
z2 (- 1 + z)
(C)
(D) None of the above
z2 - 16
MCQ 6.1.73
The z -transform of the signal x [n] * x [n - 3] is

7
-3
(B) 2 z
(A) 2 z
2
(z - 16)
(z - 16) 2
5
(C) 2 z
(D) 2 z
(z - 16) 2
(z - 16) 2
The Z-Transform
Common Data For Q. 74 - 78:

Given the z -transform pair 3n n2 u [n]
MCQ 6.1.74
MCQ 6.1.75
MCQ 6.1.76
X (z)
The time signal corresponding to X (2z) is

(A) n2 3n u [2n]
n
(B) b- 3 l n2 u [n]
2
n
(C) b 3 l n2 u [n]
2
(D) 6n n2 u [n]
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The time signal corresponding to X (z-1) is

(A) n2 3-n u [- n]
(B) n2 3-n u [- n]
1
1
(C) 12 3 n u [n]
(D) 12 3 n u [- n]
n
n
a
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d
The time signal corresponding to d X (z) is

dz
3 n-1
(A) (n - 1) 3 u [n - 1]
(B) n3 3n u [n - 1]
(C) (1 - n) 3 3n - 1 u [n - 1]
(D) (n - 1) 3 3n - 1 u [n]
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MCQ 6.1.77
2
-2
The time signal corresponding to b z - z l X (z) is
2
(A) 1 (x [n + 2] - x [n - 2])
2
(C) 1 x [n - 2] - x [n + 2])
2
(B) x [n + 2] - x [n - 2]
(D) x [n - 2] - x [n + 2]
MCQ 6.1.78
The time signal corresponding to {X (z)} 2 is

(A) [x [n]] 2
(B) x [n] * x [n]
(C) x (n) * x [- n]
(D) x [- n] * x [- n]
MCQ 6.1.79
A causal system has

Input,
Output,
x [n] = d [n] + 1 d [n - 1] - 1 d [n - 2] and

8
4
y [n] = d [n] - 3 d [n - 1]
4
The impulse response of this system is

n
n
(A) 1 ;5 b - 1 l - 2 b 1 l E u [n]
3
2
4
n
n
(C) 1 ;5 b 1 l - 2 b - 1 l E u [n]
3 2
4
n
n
(B) 1 ;5 b 1 l + 2 b - 1 l E u [n]
3 2
4
n
n
(D) 1 ;5 b 1 l + 2 b 1 l E u [n]
3 2
4
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
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MCQ 6.1.80
A causal system has

Input,
x [n] = (- 3) n u [n]
Output,
y [n] = 64 (2) n - ( 12 ) n@ u [n]
The impulse response of this system is
n
n
n
(A) ;7 b 1 l - 10 b 1 l E u [n]
(B) ;7 (2n) - 10 b 1 l E u [n]
2
2
2
2
n
(C) ;10 b 1 l - 7 (2) nE u [n]
(D) ;10 (2n) - 7 b 1 l E u [n]
2
2
Page 533
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
MCQ 6.1.81
A system has impulse response h [n] = ( 12 ) n u [n]. The output y [n] to the input
x [n] is given by y [n] = 2d [n - 4]. The input x [n] is
(A) 2d [- n - 4] - d [- n - 5]
(B) 2d [n + 4] - d [n + 5]
(C) 2d [- n + 4] - d [- n + 5]
(D) 2d [n - 4] - d [n - 5]
MCQ 6.1.82
A system is described by the difference equation
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y [n] = x [n] - x [n - 2] + x [n - 4] - x [n - 6]
The impulse response of system is
(A) d [n] - 2d [n + 2] + 4d [n + 4] - 6d [n + 6]
(B) d [n] + 2d [n - 2] - 4d [n - 4] + 6d [n - 6]
(C) d [n] - d [n - 2] + d [n - 4] - d [n - 6]
(D) d [n] - d [n + 2] + d [n + 4] - d [n + 6]
MCQ 6.1.83
The impulse response of a system is given by h [n] = 3n u [n - 1]. The difference

4
equation representation for this system is
(A) 4y [n] - y [n - 1] = 3x [n - 1]
(B) 4y [n] - y [n + 1] = 3x [n + 1]
(C) 4y [n] + y [n - 1] =- 3x [n - 1]
(D) 4y [n] + y [n + 1] = 3x [n + 1]
MCQ 6.1.84
The impulse response of a system is given by h [n] = d [n] - d [n - 5]. The

difference equation representation for this system is
(A) y [n] = x [n] - x [n - 5]
(B) y [n] = x [n] - x [n + 5]
(C) y [n] = x [n] + 5x [n - 5]
(D) y [n] = x [n] - 5x [n + 5]
MCQ 6.1.85
Consider the following three systems

y1 [n] = 0.2y [n - 1] + x [n] - 0.3x [n - 1] + 0.02x [n - 2]
y2 [n] = x [n] - 0.1x [n - 1]
y 3 [n] = 0.5y [n - 1] + 0.4x [n] - 0.3x [n - 1]
The equivalent system are
(A) y1 [n] and y2 [n]
(B) y2 [n] and y 3 [n]
(C) y 3 [n] and y1 [n]
(D) all
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Chap 6
MCQ 6.1.86
The Z-Transform
2 - 32 z-1
The z -transform function of a stable system is H (z) =
.
(1 - 2z-1) (1 + 12 z-1)
The impulse response h [n] is
(B) - 2n u [- n - 1] + b - 1 l u [n]
2
n
(D) 2n u [n] - b 1 l u [n]
2
(A) 2n u [- n + 1] - b 1 l u [n]
2
n
(C) - 2n u [- n - 1] - b - 1 l u [n]
2
n
MCQ 6.1.87
2
The transfer function of a causal system is H (z) = 2 5z
. The impulse
z -z-6
response is
(A) (3n + (- 1) n 2n + 1) u [n]

(B) (3n + 1 + 2 (- 2) n) u [n]
(C) (3n - 1 + (- 1) n 2n + 1) u [n]
(D) (3n - 1 - (- 2) n + 1) u [n]
MCQ 6.1.88
z (3z - 2)
The transfer function of a system is given by H (z) = 2
. The system
z - z - 14
is
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
MCQ 6.1.89
o
.c
a
i
d
3
The z -transform of a signal x [n] is X (z) =
. If X (z) converges
1 - 103 z-1 + z-2
on the unit circle, x [n] is
1
o
n
u [ n] - 3
.
w
w
(A) -
n+3
u [- n - 1]
8
3n - 1 (8)
n+3
(C) n -11 u [n] - 3 u [- n]
(8)
3 (8)
MCQ 6.1.90
n+3
u [ n] - 3 u [ - n]
n-1
(8)
3 (8)
n+3
(D) - n -11 u [n] - 3 u [- n]
(8)
3 (8)
(B)
The transfer function of a system is H (z) =

(A) stable
(B) causal
(C) stable and causal
(D) none of the above
MCQ 6.1.91
i. n
causal and stable

causal, stable and minimum phase
minimum phase
none of the above
4z-1 ,
-1 2
^1 - 14 z h
z > 1 . The h [n] is

4
The transfer function of a system is given as

2 ^z + 12 h
H (z) =
1
1
^z - 2 h^z - 3 h
Consider the two statements
Statement (1) : System is causal and stable.
Statement (2) : Inverse system is causal and stable.
The correct option is
(A) (1) is true
(B) (2) is true
(C) Both (1) and (2) are true
(D) Both are false
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MCQ 6.1.92
The impulse response of the system shown below is
Page 535
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
(A) 2^
- 2h
(1 + (- 1) n) u [n] + 1 d [n]
2
n
(B) 2 (1 + (- 1) n) u [n] + 1 d [n]
2
2
n
(D) 2 [1 + (- 1) n] u [n] - 1 d [n]
2
2
The system diagram for the transfer function H (z) = 2 z
. is shown
z +z+1
below.
(C) 2^
MCQ 6.1.93
n
2
n
2
- 2h
(1 + (- 1) n) u [n] - 1 d [n]
2
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
The system diagram is a

(A) Correct solution
(B) Not correct solution
(C) Correct and unique solution
(D) Correct but not unique solution
***********
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EXERCISE 6.2
Page 536
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
QUES 6.2.1
QUES 6.2.2
QUES 6.2.3
QUES 6.2.4
QUES 6.2.5
QUES 6.2.6
QUES 6.2.7
QUES 6.2.8
Consider a DT signal which is defined as follows

1 n,
n$0
b
x [n] = * 2 l
0,
n<0
az
The z -transform of x [n] will be
such that the value of a is _______
az - 1
If the z -transform of a sequence x [n] = {1, 1, - 1, - 1} is X (z), then what
is the value of X ^1/2h ?
The z -transform of a discrete time signal x [n] is X (z) = z + 1 . Then,
z (z - 1)
x [0] + x [1] + x [2] = _______
If x [n] = an u [n], then the z -transform of x [n + 3] u [n] will be ak a z k,
z-k
where k = _______
o
.c
-2
Let x [n]
X (z) be a z -transform pair, where X (z) = z . What will be
z-3
the value of x [5] ?
Z
a
i
d
kz k
The z -transform of a discrete time sequence y [n] = n [n + 1] u [n] is
(z - 1) k + 1
such that the value of k is _______
o
n
.
w
w
A signal x [n] has the following z -transform X (z) = log (1 - 2z), ROC : z <
. Let the signal be
n
x [n] 1 b 1 l u [ a - n]
n 2
what is the value of a in the expression ?
QUES 6.2.9
i. n
-9
The inverse z -transform of a function X (z) = z
is an - k u [n - k ] where
z-a
the value of k is _______
Let x [n]
defined as
1
2
X (z) be a z -transform pair. Consider another signal y [n]

x n/2 ,
y [n] = * 6 @
0,
if n is even
if n is odd
The z -transform of y [n] is X (z k ) such that the value of k is _______

QUES 6.2.10
Let X (z) be z -transform of a discrete time sequence x [n] = (- 12 ) 2 u [n].

Consider another signal y [n] and its z -transform Y (z) given as Y (z) = X (z3)
. What is the value of y [n] at n = 4 ?
QUES 6.2.11
Let h [n] = {1, 2, 0, - 1, 1} and x [n] = {1, 3, - 1, - 2} be two discrete time

sequences. What is the value of convolution y [n] = h [n] * x [n] at n = 4 ?
QUES 6.2.12
A discrete time sequence is defined as follows

1, n is even
x [n] = )
0,
otherwise
What is the final value of x [n] ?
QUES 6.2.13
Let X (z) be the z -transform of a DT signal x [n] given as

0.5z2
X (z) =
(z - 1) (z - 0.5)
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The initial value of x [n] is _______

n
QUES 6.2.14
The signal x [n] = (0.5) u [n] is when applied to a digital filter, it yields the
following output y [n] = d [n] - 2d [n - 1]. If impulse response of the filter is
h [n], then what will be the value of sample h [1] ?
QUES 6.2.15
The transfer function for the system realization shown in the figure will be
k (z + 1) - 1
such that the value of k is _______
z-2
QUES 6.2.16
Consider a cascaded system shown in the figure
Page 537
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
n
h1 [n] = d [n] + 1 d [n - 1] and h2 [n] = b 1 l u [n]
2
2
If an input x [n] = cos (np) is applied, then output y [n] = k cos np where the
constant k is _______
where,
QUES 6.2.17
The block diagram of a discrete time system is shown in the figure below
The system is BIBO stable for | a |< _______

QUES 6.2.18
QUES 6.2.19
QUES 6.2.20
QUES 6.2.21
QUES 6.2.22
Let x [n] = d [n - 1] + d [n + 2]. If unilateral z -transform of the signal x 6n@ be

X (z) = z k
then, the value of constant k is _______
1
The unilateral z -transform of signal x [n] = u [n + 4] is
such that the
1 + a/z
value of a is _______
If z -transform is given by X (z) = cos (z-3), z > 0 , then what will be the
value of x [12] ?
The z -transform of an anticausal system is X (z) = 12 - 21z 2 . What will
3 - 7z + 12z
be the value of x [0] ?
The system y [n] = cy [n - 1] - 0.12y [n - 2] + x [n - 1] + x [n - 2] is stable if
c < _______
***********
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Chap 6
The Z-Transform
MCQ 6.3.1
The z -transform is used to analyze

(A) discrete time signals and system
(B) continuous time signals and system
(C) both (A) and (B)
(D) none
MCQ 6.3.2
Which of the following expression is correct for the bilateral z -transform of

x [n] ?
(A)
(C)
/ x [ n] z
(B)
n=0
3
/ x [ n] z
(D)
(C)
x [ n] z n
n=0
3
(B)
-n
i. n
-n
a
i
d
(D)
/ x [ n] z
n =- 3
3
/ x [ n] z
-n
n =- 3
The z -transform of a causal signal x [n] is given by

(A)
/ x [ n] z
n =- 3
3
o
n
.
w
w
(C)
/ x [ n] z
n =- 3
MCQ 6.3.6
/ x [ n] z
o
.c
/ x [ n] z
n=0
MCQ 6.3.5
n=0
3
The unilateral z -transform of sequence x [n] is defined as

(A)
MCQ 6.3.4
-n
n =- 3
n =- 3
MCQ 6.3.3
/ x [ n] z
-n
(B)
(D)
/ x [ n] z
n=0
3
/ x [ n] z
-n
n=0
For a signal x [n], its unilateral z -transform is equivalent to the bilateral z

-transform of
(A) x [n] r [n]
(B) x [n] d [n]
(C) x [n] u [n]
(D) none of these
The ROC of z -transform X (z) is defined as the range of values of z for which
X (z)
(A) zero
(B) diverges
(C) converges
(D) none
MCQ 6.3.7
In the z -plane the ROC of z -transform X (z) consists of a

(A) strip
(B) parabola
(C) rectangle
(D) ring
MCQ 6.3.8
If x [n] is a right-sided sequence, and if the circle z = r0 is in the ROC, then

(A) the values of z for which z > r0 will also be in the ROC
(B) the values of z for which z < r0 will also be in the ROC
(C) both (A) & (B)
(D) none of these
MCQ 6.3.9
The ROC does not contain any

(A) poles
(C) zeros
(B) 1s
(D) none
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MCQ 6.3.10
Let x [n]
X (z) be a z -transform pair. If x [n] = d [n], then the ROC of
X (z) is
(A) z < 1
(B) z > 1
(C) entire z -plane
Z
MCQ 6.3.11
The ROC of z -transform of unit-step sequence u [n], is

(A) entire z -plane
(B) z < 1
(C) z > 1
MCQ 6.3.12
The
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
MCQ 6.3.13
Which of the following statement about ROC is not true ?

(A) ROC never lies exactly at the boundary of a circle
(B) ROC consists of a circle in the z -plane centred at the origin
(C) ROC of a right handed finite sequence is the entire z -plane except z = 0
(D) ROC contains both poles and zeroes
Page 539
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
ROC of the unilateral z -transform of an is

z > a
z < a
z <1
z >1
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
MCQ 6.3.14
The z -transform of unit step sequence is

(A) 1
(B) z -1 1
(C) z -z 1
(D) 0
MCQ 6.3.15
The ROC for the z -transform of the sequence x [n] = u [- n] is

(A) z > 0
(B) z < 1
(C) z > 1
(D) does not exist
MCQ 6.3.16
Let x [n]
X (z), then unilateral z -transform of sequence x1 [n] = x [n - 1]
will be
(A) X1 (z) = z-1 X (z) + x [0]
(B) X1 (z) = z-1 X (z) - x [1]
(C) X1 (z) = z-1 X (z) - x [- 1]
(D) X1 (z) = z-1 X [z] + x [- 1]
MCQ 6.3.17
Let x [n]
(A) zX (z)
(C) z-n X (z)
0
X (z), the bilateral z -transform of x [n - n 0] is given by

(B) zn X (z)
(D) 1 X (z)
z
0
MCQ 6.3.18
If the ROC of z -transform of x [n] is Rx then the ROC of z -transform of

x [- n] is
(A) Rx
(B) - Rx
(C) 1/Rx
(D) none of these
MCQ 6.3.19
If X (z) = Z {x [n]} {, then X (z) = Z {a-n x [n]} { will be

(B) X a z k
(A) X (az)
a
(C) X a a k
(D) X b 1 l
z
az
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Page 540
Chap 6
MCQ 6.3.20
If x [n] and y [n] are two discrete time sequences, then the z -transform of
correlation of the sequences x [n] and y [n] is
(A) X (z-1) Y (z-1)
(B) X (z) Y (z-1)
(C) X (z) * Y (z)
(D) X * (z) Y * (z-1)
MCQ 6.3.21
If X (z) = Z {x [n]}, then, value of x [0] is equal to

(A) lim zX (z)
(B) lim (z - 1) X (z)
z"0
z"1
(C) lim X (z)
(D) lim X (z)
The Z-Transform
z"3
z"0
MCQ 6.3.22
The choice of realization of structure depends on

(A) computational complexity
(B) memory requirements
(C) parallel processing and pipelining
(D) all the above
MCQ 6.3.23
Which of the following schemes of system realization uses separate delays for
input and output samples ?
(A) parallel form
(B) cascade form
(C) direct form-I
(D) direct form-II
MCQ 6.3.24
The direct form-I and II structures of IIR system will be identical in

(A) all pole system
(B) all zero system
(C) both (A) and (B)
(D) first order and second order systems
MCQ 6.3.25
i. n
o
.c
a
i
d
o
n
The number of memory locations required to realize the system,

-2
-3
H (z) = 1 + 3z -2+ 2z-4 is
1 + 2z + z
(A) 5
(B) 7
(C) 2
(D) 10
.
w
w
MCQ 6.3.26
The mapping z = esT from s -plane to z -plane, is

(A) one to one
(B) many to one
(C) one to many
(D) many to many
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Chap 6
The Z-Transform
MCQ 6.4.1
IES EC 2007
What is the z -transform of the signal x [n] = an u [n] ?

1
z-1
(C) X (z) = z
z-a
1
1-z
(D) X (z) = 1
z-a
(A) X (z) =
(B) X (z) =
MCQ 6.4.2
The z -transform of the time function
GATE EC 1998
(A) z - 1
z
(C)
/ d [n - k] is
k=0
z
(z - 1) 2
(B)
z
z-1
(D)
(z - 1) 2
z
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
MCQ 6.4.3
The z -transform F (z) of the function f (nT) = anT is
GATE EC 1999
z
z - aT
z
(C)
z - a-T
MCQ 6.4.4
The discrete-time signal x [n]

X (z) = n3= 0 2 +3 n z2n , where
a transform-pair relationship, is orthogonal to the signal
n
(A) y1 [n] ) Y1 (z) = n3= 0 ` 2 j z - n
(
B
3n
3
- (2n + 1)
y2 [n] ) Y2 (z) = n = 0 (5 - n) z
GATE EE 2006
(A)
z
z + aT
z
(D)
z + a-T
(B)
/
/
(C) y3 [n] ) Y3 (z) = / n3=- 3 2 - n z - n
MCQ 6.4.5
IES E & T 1994
MCQ 6.4.6
IES EC 2002
MCQ 6.4.7
IES EC 2006
denotes
)
(D) y4 [n] ) Y4 (z) = 2z - 4 + 3z - 2 + 1
Which one of the following is the region of convergence (ROC) for the
sequence x [n] = bn u [n] + b-n u [- n - 1]; b < 1 ?
(A) Region z < 1
(B) Annular strip in the region b > z > 1
b
(C) Region z > 1
(D) Annular strip in the region b < z < 1
b
Assertion (A) : The signals an u [n] and - an u [- n - 1] have the same z
-transform, z/ (z - a).
Reason (R) : The Reason of Convergence (ROC) for an u [n] is z > a ,
whereas the ROC for an u [- n - 1] is z < a .
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false but R is true
Which one of the following is the correct statement ?
The region of convergence of z -transform of x [n] consists of the values of z
for which x [n] r-n is
(A) absolutely integrable
(B) absolutely summable
(C) unity
(D) < 1
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Chap 6
The Z-Transform
MCQ 6.4.8
GATE EC 2009
MCQ 6.4.9
GATE EC 2005
MCQ 6.4.10
GATE IN 2008
MCQ 6.4.11
GATE EC 2001
MCQ 6.4.12
IES EC 2005
n
n
The ROC of z -transform of the sequence x [n] = b 1 l u [n] - b 1 l u [- n - 1] is
3
2
(A) 1 < z < 1
(B) z > 1
3
2
2
(C) z < 1
(D) 2 < z < 3
3
The region of convergence of z - transform of the sequence
5 n
6 n
b 6 l u [n] - b 5 l u [- n - 1] must be
(A) z < 5
(B) z > 5
6
6
(C) 5 < z < 6
(D) 6 < z < 3
6
5
5
The region of convergence of the z -transform of the discrete-time signal
x [n] = 2n u [n] will be
(A) z > 2
(B) z < 2
(C) z > 1
(D) z < 1
2
2
The region of convergence of the z - transform of a unit step function is

(A) z > 1
(B) z < 1
(C) (Real part of z ) > 0
(D) (Real part of z ) < 0
i. n
o
.c
Match List I (Discrete Time signal) with List II (Transform) and select the
correct answer using the codes given below the lists :
List I
a
i
d
o
n
A. Unit step function
.
w
w
2.
z - cos wT
z - 2z cos wT + 1
C. sin wt, t = 0, T, 2T
3.
z
z-1
D. cos wt, t = 0, T, 2T, .....
4.
z sin wT
z - 2z cos wT + 1
Codes :
A
(A) 2
(B)
3
(C)
2
(D) 3
IES EC 2006
MCQ 6.4.14
IES E & T 1997
1. 1
B. Unit impulse function
w
MCQ 6.4.13
List II
B
4
1
1
4
C
1
4
4
1
D
3
2
3
2
What is the inverse z -transform of X (z)

(A) 1 # X (z) zn - 1 dz
(B) 2pj # X (z) zn + 1 dz
2pj
(C) 1 # X (z) z1 - n dz
(D) 2pj # X (z) z- (n + 1) dz
2pj
Which one of the following represents the impulse response of a system
defined by H (z) = z-m ?
(A) u [n - m]
(B) d [n - m]
(C) d [m]
(D) d [m - n]
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with z > 1, then what is the corresponding x [n] ?
1 - z-1
(B) en
(D) d (n)
Page 543
Chap 6
MCQ 6.4.15
If X (z) is
IES EC 2008
(A) e-n
(C) u [n]
MCQ 6.4.16
The z -transform X (z) of a sequence x [n] is given by X [z] = 1 -0.25z . It is given

that the region of convergence of X (z) includes the unit circle. The value of
x [0] is
(A) - 0.5
(B) 0
(C) 0.25
(D) 05
GATE EC 2007
MCQ 6.4.17
GATE EE 2005
MCQ 6.4.18
IES EC 2002
-1
If u (t) is the unit step and d (t) is the unit impulse function, the inverse z
-transform of F (z) = z +1 1 for k > 0 is
(A) (- 1) k d (k)
(B) d (k) - (- 1) k
(C) (- 1) k u (k)
(D) u (k) - (- 1) k
5
^2z - 6 h
1
1
^z - 2 h^z - 3 h
Match List I (The sequences) with List II (The region of convergence ) and
select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists :
For a z -transform X (z) =
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
List I
IES EC 2005
MCQ 6.4.20
GATE EE 2008
List II
A. [(1/2) n + (1/3) n] u [n]
1. (1/3) < z < (1/2)
B. (1/2) n u [n] - (1/3) n u [- n - 1]
2.
z < (1/3)
C. - (1/2) n u [- n - 1] + (1/3) n u [n]
3.
z < 1/3 & z > 1/2
D. - [(1/2) n + (1/3) n] u [- n - 1]
4.
z > 1/2
Codes :
A
(A) 4
(B)
1
(C)
4
(D) 1
MCQ 6.4.19
B
2
3
3
2
C
1
4
1
4
D
3
2
2
3
Which one of the following is the inverse z -transform of

z
X (z) =
, z <2 ?
(z - 2) (z - 3)
(A) [2n - 3n] u [- n - 1]
(B) [3n - 2n] u [- n - 1]
(C) [2n - 3n] u [n + 1]
(D) [2n - 3n] u [n]
z
Given X (z) =
with z > a , the residue of X (z) zn - 1 at z = a for
2
(
z
a
)
n $ 0 will be
(A) an - 1
(B) an
(D) nan - 1
(C) nan
MCQ 6.4.21
GATE IN 2004
The Z-Transform
1
2
3
+
, a and b < 1 with the ROC specified as
1 - az-1 1 - bz-1
a < z < b , then x [0] of the corresponding sequence is given by
(B) 5
(A) 1
3
6
(C) 1
(D) 1
2
6
Given X (z) =
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Chap 6
MCQ 6.4.22
The Z-Transform
IES EC 2002
MCQ 6.4.23
GATE EC 2010
MCQ 6.4.24
GATE IN 2003
MCQ 6.4.25
GATE EC 2006
MCQ 6.4.26
IES EC 2000
-3
If X (z) = z + z-1 then x [n] series has
z+z
(A) alternate 0s
(C) alternate 2s
Consider the z -transform x (z) = 5z2 + 4z-1 + 3; 0 < z < 3. The inverse z
- transform x [n] is
(A) 5d [n + 2] + 3d [n] + 4d [n - 1]
(B) 5d [n - 2] + 3d [n] + 4d [n + 1]
(C) 5u [n + 2] + 3u [n] + 4u [n - 1]
(D) 5u [n - 2] + 3u [n] + 4u [n + 1]
The sequence x [n] whose z -transform is X (z) = e1/z is
(B) 1 u [- n]
(A) 1 u [n]
n!
- n!
1
(C) (- 1) n 1 u [n]
(D)
u [- n - 1]
n!
- (n + 1) !
If the region of convergence of x1 [n] + x2 [n] is 1 < z < 2 then the region of
3
3
convergence of x1 [n] - x2 [n] includes
(A) 1 < z < 3
(B) 2 < z < 3
3
3
(C) 3 < z < 3
(D) 1 < z < 2
2
3
3
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given
below the lists :
i. n
o
.c
a
i
d
List I
o
n
A. an u [n]
.
w
w
B. - an u [- n - 1]
n
C. - na u [- n - 1]
D. nan u [n]
Codes :
A
(A) 2
(B)
1
(C)
1
(D) 2
MCQ 6.4.27
IES EC 2007
(B) alternate 1s
(D) alternate - 1s
B
4
3
4
3
C
3
4
3
4
List II
1.
az-1
, ROC : z > a
(1 - az-1) 2
2.
1
, ROC : z > a
(1 - az-1)
3.
1
, ROC : z < | a
(1 - az-1)
4.
az-1
, ROC : z < | a
(1 - az-1) 2
D
1
2
2
1
Algebraic expression for z -transform of

expression for z -transform of {e j w n x [n]}
(A) X (z - z 0)
(C) X (e jw z)
0
MCQ 6.4.28
IES E & T 1997
x [n] is X [z]. What is the algebraic

?
(B) X (e-j w z)
(D) X (z) e j w z
0
Given that F (z) and G (z) are the one-sided z -transforms of discrete time
functions f (nT) and g (nT), the z -transform of / f (kT) g (nT - kT) is given
by
(A)
(C)
/ f (nT) g (nT) z-n

/ f (kT) g (nT - kT) z-n
(B)
(D)
/ f (nT) z-n / g (nT) z-n

/ f (nT - kT) g (nT) z-n
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MCQ 6.4.29
IES E & T 1997
Match List-I (x [n]) with List-II (X (z)) and select the correct answer using
the codes given below the Lists:
Page 545
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
List-I
A.
a n u [ n]
1.
az
(z - a) 2
B.
an - 2 u [n - 2]
2.
ze-j
ze-j - a
C.
e jn an
3.
z
z-a
D.
nan u [n]
4.
z-1
z-a
Codes :
A
(A) 3
(B)
2
(C)
3
(D) 1
MCQ 6.4.30
IES EC 2005
List-II
B
2
3
4
4
C
4
4
2
2
D
1
1
1
3
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
The output y [n] of a discrete time LTI system is related to the input x [n] as
given below :
y [n] =
/ x [k ]
k=0
MCQ 6.4.31
IES EC 2010
Which one of the following correctly relates the z -transform of the input and
output, denoted by X (z) and Y (z), respectively ?
(A) Y (z) = (1 - z-1) X (z)
(B) Y (z) = z-1 X (z)
X (z)
dX (z)
(C) Y (z) =
(D) Y (z) =
-1
dz
1-z
Convolution of two sequence x1 [n] and x2 [n] is represented as
(A) X1 (z) * X2 (z)
(B) X1 (z) X2 (z)
(C) X1 (z) + X2 (z)
(D) X1 (z) /X2 (z)
1z-1 (1 - z-4)
. Its final value is
4 (1 - z-1) 2
(B) zero
(D) infinity
MCQ 6.4.32
The z -transform of a signal is given by C (z) =
GATE EC 1999
(A) 1/4
(C) 1.0
MCQ 6.4.33
Consider a system described by the following difference equation:

y (n + 3) + 6y (n + 2) + 11y (n + 1) + 6y (n)= r (n + 2) + 9r (n + 1) + 20r (n)
where y is the output and r is the input. The transfer function of the system
is
2
2
(B) 3 z +29z + 20
(A) 32z + 2z + 20
3z + 2z + z + 6
z + 6z + 6z + 11
3
2
(C) z +26z + 6z + 11
z + 9z + 20
IES E & T 1996
MCQ 6.4.34
IES E & T 1998
If the function H1 (z) = (1 + 1.5z-1 - z-2) and H2 (z) = z2 + 1.5z - 1, then

(A) the poles and zeros of the functions will be the same
(B) the poles of the functions will be identical but not zeros
(C) the zeros of the functions will be identical but not the poles
(D) neither the poles nor the zeros of the two functions will be identical
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Chap 6
MCQ 6.4.35
The state model

0 1
0
x [k + 1] = >
x [k ] + > H u [k ]
- b - aH
1
x 1 [k ]
y [k] = 80 1B>
x2 [k]H
IES EC 1999
The Z-Transform
is represented in the difference equation as

(A) c [k + 2] + ac [k + 1] + bc [k] = u [k]
(B) c [k + 1] + ac [k] + bc [k - 1] = u [k - 1]
(C) c [k - 2] + ac [k - 1] + bc [k] = u [k]
(D) c [k - 1] + ac [k] + bc [k + 1] = u [k + 1]
MCQ 6.4.36
IES EC 2000
The impulse response of a discrete system with a simple pole shown in the
figure below. The pole of the system must be located on the
i. n
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
MCQ 6.4.37
IES EC 2001
o
.c
a
i
d
real axis at z =- 1
real axis between z = 0 and z = 1
imaginary axis at z = j
imaginary axis between z = 0 and z = j
.
w
w
o
n
Which one of the following digital filters does have a linear phase response ?
(A) y [n] + y [n - 1] = x [n] - x [n - 1]
(B) y [n] = 1/6 (3x [n] + 2x [n - 1] + x [n - 2])
(C) y [n] = 1/6 (x [n] + 2x [n - 1] + 3x [n - 2])
(D) y [n] = 1/4 (x [n] + 2x [n - 1] + x [n - 2])
w
MCQ 6.4.38
IES EC 2001
MCQ 6.4.39
IES EC 2001
The poles of a digital filter with linear phase response can lie
(A) only at z = 0
(B) only on the unit circle
(C) only inside the unit circle but not at z = 0
(D) on the left side of Real (z) = 0 line
The impulse response of a discrete system with a simple pole is shown in the
given figure
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The pole must be located
(A) on the real axis at z = 1
(C) at the origin of the z-plane
MCQ 6.4.40
IES EC 2002

Page 547
Chap 6
(B) on the real axis at z =- 1

(D) at z = 3
The Z-Transform
The response of a linear, time-invariant discrete-time system to a unit step

input u [n] is the unit impulse d [n]. The system response to a ramp input
nu [n] would be
(A) u [n]
(B) u [n - 1]
(C) nd [n]
(D)
/ k d [n - k]
k=0
MCQ 6.4.41
A system can be represented in the form of state equations as
IES EC 2002
s [n + 1] = As [n] + Bx [n]
y [n] = Cs [n] + Dx [n]
where A, B, C and D are matrices, s [n] is the state vector. x [n] is the input
and y [n] is the output. The transfer function of the system H (z) = Y (z) /X (z)
is given by
(A) A (zI - B) -1 C + D
(B) B (zI - C ) -1 D + A
(C) C (zI - A) -1 B + D
(D) D (zI - A) -1 C + B
MCQ 6.4.42
IES EC 2004
MCQ 6.4.43
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
What is the number of roots of the polynomial F (z) = 4z3 - 8z2 - z + 2 , lying
outside the unit circle ?
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
y [ n] =
/ x [k]
k =- 3
IES EC 2004
Which one of the following systems is inverse of the system given above ?
(A) x [n] = y [n] - y [n - 1]
(B) x [n] = y [n]
(C) x [n] = y [n + 4]
(D) x [n] = ny [n]
MCQ 6.4.44
For the system shown, x [n] = kd [n], and y [n] is related to x [n] as
= x [n]
y [n] - 12 y [n - 1]
IES EC 2006
What is y [n] equal to ?

(A) k
(C) nk
MCQ 6.4.45
IES EC 2010
MCQ 6.4.46
IES EC 2011
(B) (1/2) n k
(D) 2n
Unit step response of the system described by the equation

y [n] + y [n - 1] = x [n] is
z2
z
(B)
(A)
(z + 1) (z - 1)
(z + 1) (z - 1)
z (z - 1)
(C) z + 1
(D)
z-1
(z + 1)
Unit step response of the system described by the equation
y [n] + y [n - 1] = x [n] is
z2
z
(B)
(A)
(z + 1) (z - 1)
(z + 1) (z - 1)
(z + 1)
z (z - 1)
(C)
(D)
(z - 1)
(z + 1)
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Chap 6
MCQ 6.4.47
IES EC 2011
The Z-Transform
MCQ 6.4.48
GATE EC 2009
MCQ 6.4.49
GATE EC 2004
MCQ 6.4.50
GATE EC 2003
System transformation function H (z) for a discrete time LTI system expressed
in state variable form with zero initial conditions is
(A) c (zI - A) -1 b + d
(B) c (zI - A) -1
(C) (zI - A) -1 z
(D) (zI - A) -1
A system with transfer function H (z) has impulse response h (.) defined
as h (2) = 1, h (3) =- 1 and h (k) = 0 otherwise. Consider the following
statements.
S1 : H (z) is a low-pass filter.
S2 : H (z) is an FIR filter.
Which of the following is correct?
(A) Only S2 is true
(B) Both S1 and S2 are false
(C) Both S1 and S2 are true, and S2 is a reason for S1
(D) Both S1 and S2 are true, but S2 is not a reason for S1
The z -transform of a system is H (z) =
impulse response of the system is
(A) (0.2) n u [n]
(B) (0.2) n u [- n - 1]
(C) - (0.2) n u [n]
(D) - (0.2) n u [- n - 1]
z
z - 0.2
. If the ROC is z < 0.2 , then the
i. n
o
.c
a
i
d
A sequence x (n) with the z -transform X (z) = z 4 + z2 - 2z + 2 - 3z-4 is

applied as an input to a linear, time-invariant system with the impulse
response h [n] = 2d [n - 3] where
1, n = 0
d [ n] = )
0, otherwise
The output at n = 4 is
(A) - 6
(B) zero
(C) 2
(D) - 4
o
n
.
w
w
MCQ 6.4.51
GATE EE 2009
The z-transform of a signal x [n] is given by 4z - 3 + 3z - 1 + 2 - 6z2 + 2z3

It is applied to a system, with a transfer function H (z) = 3z - 1 - 2
Let the output be y [n]. Which of the following is true ?
(A) y [n] is non causal with finite support
(B) y [n] is causal with infinite support
(C) y [n] = 0; n > 3
(D) Re [Y (z)] z = e =- Re [Y (z)] z = e
ji
- ji
Im [Y (z)] z = e = Im [Y (z)] z = e ; - p # q < p

ji
MCQ 6.4.52
GATE EE 2008
- ji
H (z) is a transfer function of a real system. When a signal x [n] = (1 + j) n

is the input to such a system, the output is zero. Further, the Region of
convergence (ROC) of ^1 - 12 z - 1h H(z) is the entire Z-plane (except z = 0 ). It
can then be
inferred that H (z) can have a minimum of
(A) one pole and one zero
(B) one pole and two zeros
(C) two poles and one zero
(D) two poles and two zeros
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MCQ 6.4.53
GATE IN 2004
A discrete-time signal, x [n], suffered a distortion modeled by an LTI system

with H (z) = (1 - az-1), a is real and a > 1. The impulse response of a stable
system that exactly compensates the magnitude of the distortion is
n
(A) b 1 l u [n]
a
n
(B) -b 1 l u [- n - 1]
a
Page 549
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
(C) an u [n]
(D) an u [- n - 1]
MCQ 6.4.54
IES E & T 1998
MCQ 6.4.55
IES EC 1999
MCQ 6.4.56
IES EC 1999
MCQ 6.4.57
IES EC 2005
Assertion (A) : A linear time-invariant discrete-time system having the

system function
H (z) = z 1 is a stable system.
z+ 2
Reason (R) : The pole of H (z) is in the left-half plane for a stable system.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT a correct explanation of A
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
Assertion (A) : An LTI discrete system represented by the difference equation

y [n + 2] - 5y [n + 1] + 6y [n] = x [n] is unstable.
Reason (R) : A system is unstable if the roots of the characteristic equation
lie outside the unit circle.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false but R is true.
Consider the following statements regarding a linear discrete-time system
z2 + 1
H (z) =
(z + 0.5) (z - 0.5)
1. The system is stable
2. The initial value h (0) of the impulse response is - 4
3. The steady-state output is zero for a sinusoidal discrete time input of
frequency equal to one-fourth the sampling frequency.
Which of these statements are correct ?
(A) 1, 2 and 3
(B) 1 and 2
(C) 1 and 3
(D) 2 and 3
Assertion (A) : The discrete time system described by y [n] = 2x [n] + 4x [n - 1]
is unstable, (here y [n] is the output and x [n] the input)
Reason (R) : It has an impulse response with a finite number of non-zero
samples.
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MCQ 6.4.58
GATE EC 2002
The Z-Transform
MCQ 6.4.59
GATE IN 2010
MCQ 6.4.60
If the impulse response of discrete - time system is h [n] =- 5n u [- n - 1],

then the system function H (z) is equal to
(A) - z and the system is stable
z-5
(B) z and the system is stable
z-5
(C) - z and the system is unstable
z-5
(D) z and the system is unstable
z-5
H (z) is a discrete rational transfer function. To ensure that both H (z) and
its inverse are stable its
(A) poles must be inside the unit circle and zeros must be outside the unit
circle.
(B) poles and zeros must be inside the unit circle.
(C) poles and zeros must be outside the unit circle
(D) poles must be outside the unit circle and zeros should be inside the unit
circle
i. n
Assertion (A) : The stability of the system is assured if the Region of

Convergence (ROC) includes the unit circle in the z -plane.
Reason (R) : For a causal stable system all the poles should be outside the
unit circle in the z -plane.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
o
.c
IES EC 2002
MCQ 6.4.61
IES EC 2002
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
Assertion (A) : For a rational transfer function H (z) to be causal, stable and
causally invertible, both the zeros and the poles should lie within the unit
circle in the z -plane.
Reason (R) : For a rational system, ROC bounded by poles.
2 - 34 z-1
1 - 34 z-1 + 18 z-2
MCQ 6.4.62
The transfer function of a discrete time LTI system is H (z) =
GATE EC 2010
Consider the following statements:

S1: The system is stable and causal for ROC: z > 1/2
S2: The system is stable but not causal for ROC: z < 1/4
S3: The system is neither stable nor causal for ROC: 1/4 < z < 1/2
Which one of the following statements is valid ?
(A) Both S1 and S2 are true
(B) Both S2 and S3 are true
(C) Both S1 and S3 are true
(D) S1, S2 and S3 are all true
MCQ 6.4.63
A causal LTI system is described by the difference equation
GATE EC 2004
2y [n] = ay [n - 2] - 2x [n] + bx [n - 1]
The system is stable only if
(A) a = 2 , b < 2
(B) a > 2, b > 2
(C) a < 2 , any value of b
(D) b < 2 , any value of a
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MCQ 6.4.64
IES EC 2000
Two linear time-invariant discrete time systems s1 and s2 are cascaded

as shown in the figure below. Each system is modelled by a second order
difference equation. The difference equation of the overall cascaded system
can be of the order of
Page 551
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
(A) 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4
(B) either 2 or 4
(C) 2
(D) 4
MCQ 6.4.65
IES EC 2000
Consider the compound system shown in the figure below. Its output is equal
to the input with a delay of two units. If the transfer function of the first
system is given by
H1 (z) = z - 0.5 ,
z - 0.8
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
then the transfer function of the second system would be

-2
-3
-2
-3
(B) H2 (z) = z - 0.8z-1
(A) H2 (z) = z - 0.2z-1
1 - 0.4z
1 - 0.5z
-1
-3
-2
-3
(C) H2 (z) = z - 0.2z-1
(D) H2 (z) = z + 0.8z-1
1 - 0.4z
1 + 0.5z
MCQ 6.4.66
GATE EC 2011
Two systems H1 (z ) and H2 (z ) are connected in cascade as shown below. The

overall output y [n] is the same as the input x [n] with a one unit delay. The
transfer function of the second system H2 (z ) is
1 - 0.6z-1
z-1 (1 - 0.4z-1)
z-1 (1 - 0.4z-1)
(C)
(1 - 0.6z-1)
(A)
MCQ 6.4.67
GATE EC 2010
MCQ 6.4.68
GATE EE 2009
(B)
z-1 (1 - 0.6z-1)
(1 - 0.4z-1)
(D)
1 - 0.4 z-1
z-1 (1 - 0.6z-1)
Two discrete time system with impulse response h1 [n] = d [n - 1] and

h2 [n] = d [n - 2] are connected in cascade. The overall impulse response of
the cascaded system is
(A) d [n - 1] + d [n - 2]
(B) d [n - 4]
(C) d [n - 3]
(D) d [n - 1] d [n - 2]
A cascade of three Linear Time Invariant systems is causal and unstable.
From this, we conclude that
(A) each system in the cascade is individually causal and unstable
(B) at least on system is unstable and at least one system is causal
(C) at least one system is causal and all systems are unstable
(D) the majority are unstable and the majority are causal
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Chap 6
MCQ 6.4.69
IES EC 2001
The Z-Transform
MCQ 6.4.70
GATE IN 2004
The minimum number of delay elements required in realizing a digital filter

with the transfer function
1 + az-1 + bz-2
H (z) =
1 + cz-1 + dz-2 + ez-3
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 5
1
A direct form implementation of an LTI system with H (z) =
1 - 0.7z-1 + 0.13z-2
is shown in figure. The value of a 0, a1 and a2 are respectively
(A) 1.0, 0.7 and - 0.13

(C) 1.0, - 0.7 and 0.13
MCQ 6.4.71
GATE IN 2010
(B) - 0.13, 0.7 and 1.0

(D) 0.13, - 0.7 and 1.0
i. n
A digital filter having a transfer function H (z) =

implemented
o
.c
p 0 + p1 z-1 + p 3 z-3
is
1 + d 3 z-3
using Direct Form-I and Direct Form-II realizations of IIR structure.

The number of delay units required in Direct Form-I and Direct Form-II
realizations are, respectively
(A) 6 and 6
(B) 6 and 3
(C) 3 and 3
(D) 3 and 2
MCQ 6.4.72
GATE EE 2007
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
Consider the discrete-time system shown in the figure where the impulse
response of G (z) is g (0) = 0, g (1) = g (2) = 1, g (3) = g (4) = g = 0
This system is stable for range of values of K

(A) [- 1, 12 ]
(B) [- 1, 1]
(C) [- 12 , 1]
(D) [- 12 , 2]
MCQ 6.4.73
GATE IN 2006
In the IIR filter shown below, a is a variable gain. For which of the following
cases, the system will transit from stable to unstable condition ?
(A) 0.1 < a < 0.5

(B) 0.5 < a < 1.5
(C) 1.5 < a < 2.5
(D) 2 < a < 3
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MCQ 6.4.74
IES EC 2002
MCQ 6.4.75
IES EC 2007
MCQ 6.4.76
IES EC 2008
The poles of an analog system are related to the corresponding poles of the
digital system by the relation z = est . Consider the following statements.
1. Analog system poles in the left half of s -plane map onto digital system
poles inside the circle z = 1.
2. Analog system zeros in the left half of s -plane map onto digital system
zeros inside the circle z = 1.
3. Analog system poles on the imaginary axis of s -plane map onto digital
system zeros on the unit circle z = 1.
4. Analog system zeros on the imaginary axis of s -plane map onto digital
system zeros on the unit circle z = 1.
Which of these statements are correct ?
(A) 1 and 2
(B) 1 and 3
(C) 3 and 4
(D) 2 and 4
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
Assertion (A) : The z -transform of the output of an ideal sampler is given by

Z [f (t)] = K 0 + K1 + K22 + .... + Knn
z
z
z
Reason (R) : The relationship is the result of application of z = e-sT , where
T stands for the time gap between the samples.
z and Laplace transform are related by
IES EC 2010
(A) s = ln z
(C) s = z
IES EC 2010
MCQ 6.4.79
GATE IN 2004
The Z-Transform
Which one of the following rules determines the mapping of s -plane to z

-plane ?
(A) Right half of the s -plane maps into outside of the unit circle in z -plane
(B) Left half of the s -plane maps into inside of the unit circle
(C) Imaginary axis in s -plane maps into the circumference of the unit circle
(D) All of the above
MCQ 6.4.77
MCQ 6.4.78
Page 553
Chap 6
(B) s = ln z
T
(D) T
ln z
Frequency scaling [relationship between discrete time frequency (W) and

continuous time frequency (w)] is defined as
(A) w = 2 W
(B) w = 2TS /W
(C) W = 2w/TS
(D) W = wTS
A casual, analog system has a transfer function H (s) = s +a a . Assuming a
sampling
time of T seconds, the poles of the transfer function H (z) for an equivalent
digital system obtained using impulse in variance method are at
(B) a j a , - j a k
(A) (eaT , e-aT )
T
T
2
(C) (e jaT , e-jaT )
(D) (eaT/2, e-aT/2)

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SOLUTIONS 6.1
Page 554
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
SOL 6.1.1
Option (C) is correct.

The z -transform is
3
/ x [ n] z
X (z) =
-n
n =- 3
-1
-1
-b 1 l z-n
2
n =- 3
n
-1
=-
1 -1 n
^2z h-n
b 2 z l =n =- 3
n =- 3
=-
/ (2z)
Let - n = m so,
m=1
The above series converges if 2z < 1 or z < 1

2
X (z) =- 2z = 2z ,
z <1
2z - 1
2
1 - 2z
SOL 6.1.2
i. n
Option (A) is correct.

x [n] = b 1 l
2
|n |
We have
/ x [ n] z
z -transform is X (z) =
=
.
w
w
-n
n =- 3
-1
n =- 3
3
1 -n -n
b 2 l z u [ - n - 1] +
1
-n
b2l z +
-n
/
n =- 3
1 n -n
b 2 l z u [ n]
/ b 21z l
n=0
/ b 12 z l + / b 21z l
n
n=1
n=0
14
42
4
43
II
o
.c
a
i
d
n =- 3
3
o
n
=
n
-n
= b 1 l u [ n ] + b 1 l u [ - n - 1]
2
2
14
42
4
43
I
1
1 + 2z = z - z
1 - 21z 1 - 12 z
z - 12 z - 2
Series I converges, if 1 z < 1 or z < 2

2
Series II converges, if 1 < 1 or z > 1
2z
2
SOL 6.1.3
ROC is intersection of both, therefore ROC : 1 < z < 2

2
Option (D) is correct.
X (z) =
=
=
=
/ x [ n] z
n =- 3
3
n =- 3
-1
n =- 3
3
-n
1 n -n
b 2 l z u [ - n - 1] +
1 -n
b2l z +
/ (2z)
n=1
/
n =- 3
1 n -n
b 3 l z u [n]
/ b 31z l
n=0
/ b 31z l
n=0
Series I converges, when 2z < 1 or z < 1

2
1
Series II converges, when
< 1 or z > 1
3z
3
2z +
1
1 - 2z 1 - 13 z-1
S
14243
I
II
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SOL 6.1.4
So ROC of X (z) is intersection of both ROC: 1 < z < 1

3
2
z -transform of x [n]
X (z) =
=
=
Page 555
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
/ x [ n] z
-n
n =- 3
3
/a
an z-n u [n] +
n =- 3
3
-n -n
z u [ n]
n =- 3
/ (az
-1 n
) +
n=0
/ (az)
-n
n=0
1
1
+
1 - az-1 1 - (az) -1
14 2
4 3 1 44 2 44 3
I
II
-1
Series I converges, if az < 1 or z > a

Series II converges, if (az) -1 < 1 or az > 1 or z > 1
a
So ROC is interaction of both
ROC : z > max e a , 1 o
a
SOL 6.1.5
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w

(P " 4)
x1 [n] = u [n - 2]
X1 (z) =
/ u [n - 2] z
-n
=-
z
,
1 - z-1
z >1
/ u [- n - 3] z
-n
n =- 3
-3
/z
-n
/z
=-
/ u [n + 4] z
-n
-n
n =- 4
= z -1 = -4 1 -1 ,
1-z
z (1 - z )
n
x 4 [n] = (1) u [- n]
z <1
/z
n =- 3
4
Let, n =- m
m=3
= - z = -2 1 -1 ,
1-z
z (1 - z )
n
x 3 [n] = (1) u [n + 4]
X 3 (z) =
z >1
/ u [ - n] z
n =- 3
0
-n
/z
-n
n =- 3
SOL 6.1.6
n=2
n =- 3
3
(S " 2)
-n
-2
x2 [n] =- u [- n - 3]
X2 [z] =-
(R " 3)
/z
n =- 3
(Q " 1)
/z
m=0
1 = - z-1 ,
1 - z 1 - z-1
z <1

X (z) =
/e
n =- 3
jnp -n
z u [ n] =
/ (e
jp -1 n
z )
n=0
1
, z >1
1 - e jp z-1
= z jp = z
z+1
z-e
We can write, transfer function
Az2
H (z) =
(z - 2) (z - 3)
=
SOL 6.1.7
a e jp =- 1
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A
= 1 or A = 2
(- 1) (- 2)
2z2
so,
H (z) =
(z - 2) (z - 3)
H (z)
2z
=
z
(z - 2) (z - 3)
From partial fraction
H (z) = - 4z + 6z
(z - 2) (z - 3)
We can see that for ROC : z > 3 , the system is causal and unstable because
ROC is exterior of the circle passing through outermost pole and does not
include unit circle.
so,
h [n] = [(- 4) 2n + (6) (3) n] u [n], z > 3
(P " 2)
For ROC 2 < z < 3 , The sequence corresponding to pole at z = 2
corresponds to right-sided sequence while the sequence corresponds to pole
at z = 3 corresponds to left sided sequence
Page 556
Chap 6
H (1) =
The Z-Transform
h [n] = (- 4) 2n u [n] + (- 6) 3n u [- n - 1]
(Q " 4)
For ROC : z < 2 , ROC is interior to circle passing through inner most pole,
hence the system is non causal.
i. n
h [n] = (4) 2n u [- n - 1] + (- 6) 3n u [- n - 1]
o
.c
For the response

n
h [n] = 4 (2) u [- n - 1] + (- 6) 3n u [n]

ROC : z < 2 and z > 3 which does not exist
SOL 6.1.8
a
i
d
(R " 3)
(S " 1)
X (z) = ez + e1/z
o
n
.
w
w
SOL 6.1.9
2
3
X (z) = c1 + z + z + z + .....m + b1 + 1 + 1 12 + .....l
z 2! z
2! 3!
2
3
-2
= c1 + z + z + z + ....m + b1 + z-1 + z + ....l
2! 3!
2!
Taking inverse z -transform
x [n] = d [ n] + 1
n!
2
z (z + 5)
X (z) = 2 z + 5z =
(z - 3) (z + 1)
z - 2z - 3
X (z)
z+5
By partial fraction
= 2 - 1
=
z
z-3 z+1
(z - 3) (z + 1)
Thus
X (z) = 2z - z
z-3 z+1
Poles are at z = 3 and z =- 1
ROC : z < 1, which is not exterior of circle outside the outermost pole
z = 3 . So, x [n] is anticausal given as
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x [n] = [- 2 (3) n + (- 1) n] u [- n - 1]
SOL 6.1.10
Page 557
Chap 6

X (z) = 2z - z
z-3 z+1
If z > 3 , ROC is exterior of a circle outside the outer most pole, x [n] is
causal.
The Z-Transform
x [n] = [2 (3) n - (- 1) n] u [n]

SOL 6.1.11
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
X (z) = 2z - z
z-3 z+1
If ROC is 1 < z < 3 , x [n] is two sided with anticausal part 2z , z < 3
z-3
z
, z >1
and causal part
z+1
x [n] =- 2 (3) n u [- n - 1] - (- 1) n u [n]
SOL 6.1.12

X1 (z) =
/ (0.7)
n -n
z u [ n - 1] =
n =- 3
/ (0.7z
-1 n
n=1
0.7z-1
1 - 0.7z-1
< 1 or z > 0.7
=
ROC : 0.7z-1
X2 (z) =
=
=
(- 0.4) n z-n u [- n - 2] =
n =- 3
3
/ (- 0.4)
m=2
3
/ (- 0.4)
n -n
n =- 3
-m m
Let n =- m
[(- 0.4) -1 z ] m =
m=2
-2
- (0.4) -1 z
1 + (0.4) -1 z
ROC : (0.4) -1 z < 1 or z < 0.4

The ROC of z -transform of x [n] is intersection of both which does not exist.
SOL 6.1.13

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Page 558
Chap 6
If
x [n]
X (z)
From time shifting property
The Z-Transform
x [n - n 0]
So
SOL 6.1.14
z (x [n - 4]) = z-4 X (z) =
1
8z5 - 2z 4 - z3
X1 (z) = z1 X2 (z) = z2 X 3 (z)

z-2 X1 (z) = z-1 X2 (z) = X 3 (z)
x1 [n - 2] = x2 [n - 1] = x 3 [n]

x [n] can be written in terms of unit sequence as
x [n] = u [ n] - u [n - k ]
-k
X (z) = z - z-k z = 1 - z-1
z-1
z-1
1-z
so
SOL 6.1.16
z-n X (z)

We can see that
or
So
SOL 6.1.15

For positive shift
then,
So
i. n
o
.c
x [n]
X (z)
x [n - n 0]
x [ n - 1]
z-n X (z), n 0 $ 0
z-1 a z k = 1
z-1
z-1
If,
For negative shift
a
i
d
o
n
x [n + n 0]
.
w
w
zn e X (z) 0
n0 - 1
/ x [n] z
-m
o, n0 > 0
m=0
x [ n + 1]
z ^X (z) - x [0]h
We know that x [n] = u [n] so x [0] = 1
and
SOL 6.1.17
x [ n + 1]
z ^X (z) - 1h = z a z - 1k = z
z-1
z-1
Option (B) is correct.

xe [n] = 1 (x [n] + x [- n])
2
z - transform of xe [n], Xe (z) = 1 ;X (z) + X b 1 lE
2
z
Even part of x [n],
a x [- n]
Xb 1 l
z
1/z
= 1a z k + 1e
2 z - 0.4
2 1/z - 0.4 o
1 44 2
44 3 1 444 2 4 44 3
I
II
Region of convergence for I series is z > 0.4 and for II series it is z < 2.5
. Therefore, Xe (z) has ROC 0.4 < z < 2.5
SOL 6.1.18

(P " 4)
We know that
If
then,
y [n] = n (- 1) n u [n]
(- 1) n u [n]
x [n]
nx [n]
1 ,
1 + z-1
X (z)
dX (z)
-z
dz
z >1
(z -domain differentiation)
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n (- 1) n u [n]
so,
- z d ; 1 -1 E, ROC : z > 1
dz 1 + z
Page 559
Chap 6
- z-1 , ROC : z > 1

(1 + z-1) 2
y [n] =- nu [- n - 1]
The Z-Transform
Y (z) =
(Q " 3)
We know that,
- 1 , ROC : z < 1
(1 - z-1)
Again applying z -domain differentiation property
Z
- nu [- n - 1]
z d : - 1-1 D, ROC : z < 1
dz 1 - z
z-1 , ROC : z < 1
Y (z) =
(1 - z-1) 2
(R " 2)
y [n] = (- 1) n u [n]
u [- n - 1]
Y (z) =
/ (- 1)
/ (- z
n -n
z u [n] =
n =- 3
-1 n
n=0
1 , ROC : z > 1
1 + z-1
= nu [n]
Z
1 , ROC : z > 1
1 - z-1
Z
z d b 1 -1 l, ROC : z > 1
dz 1 - z
-1
z
, ROC : z > 1
=
(1 - z-1) 2
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
=
(S " 1)
y [n]
We know that
u [n]
so,
nu [n]
Y (z)
SOL 6.1.19

Its difficult to obtain z -transform of x [n] directly due to the term 1/n .
Let
y [n] = nx [n] = (- 2) -n u [- n - 1]
So z -transform of y [n]
Y (z) = - z 1 , ROC : z < 1
2
z+ 2
y [n] = nx [n]
dX (z)
so,
(Differentiation in z -domain)
Y (z) =- z
dz
dX (z)
-z
= - z1
dz
z+ 2
dX (z)
= 11
dz
z+ 2
or
X (z) = log bz + 1 l, ROC : z < 1
2
2
Since
SOL 6.1.20
X (z) =
Y (z) =
=
SOL 6.1.21
/ x [ n] z
n =- 3
3
-n
, ROC : Rx
y [n] z-n =
n =- 3
3
/ a x [n] z
n
-n
n =- 3
x [n] a z k
a
n =- 3
-n
= X a z k, ROC : aRx
a

Using time shifting property of z -transform
If,
x [n]
X (z), ROC : Rx
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Page 560
Chap 6
x [n - n 0]
z-n X (z)
with same ROC except the possible deletion or addition of z = 0 or z = 3.
So, ROC for x [n - 2] is Rx (S1, R1)
Similarly for x [n + 2], ROC : Rx (S2, R1)
Using time-reversal property of z -transform
Z
then,
The Z-Transform
If,
x [n]
If,
x [n]
an x [n]
X (z), ROC : Rx
Z
then,
x [- n]
X b 1 l, ROC : 1
z
Rx
Z
For S 3 ,
x [- n]
X b 1 l,
z
Because z is replaced by 1/z , so ROC would be z < 1 (S 3, R 3)
a
S 4 :(- 1) n x [n]
Using the property of scaling in z -domain, we have
then,
X (z), ROC : Rx
Xa z k
a
i. n
z is replaced by z/a so ROC will be Rx

a
Z
n
Here
(- 1) x [n]
X a z k, a = 1
1
o
.c
ROC : z > a
so,
SOL 6.1.22

Time scaling property :
If,
o
n
.
w
w
then,
Time shifting property :
If,
a
i
d
(S 4, R1)
x [n]
X (z)
x [n/2]
X (z2)
x [n]
X (z)
(P " 2)
then,
x [ n - 2] u [ n - 2 ]
z-2 X (z)
For x [n + 2] u [n] we can not apply time shifting property directly.
Let,
y [n] = x [n + 2] u [n]
so,
= an + 2 u [n + 2] u [n] = an + 2 u [n]
Y (z) =
/ y [n] z
-n
n =- 3
3
2
=a
Let,
/a
n + 2 -n
n=0
/ (az
-1 n
) = a2 X (z)
(R " 4)
n=0
2n
g [ n] = b x [n]
G (z) =
=
/b
g [n] z-n =
n =- 3
3
n
2n
an z-n u [n]
n =- 3
n
/ a b bz
n=0
SOL 6.1.23
(Q " 1)
z
l = Xb b 2 l
(S " 3)

Let,
y [n] = x [2n]
Y (z) =
=
/ x [2n] z
n =- 3
3
-n
/ x [ k] z
-k/2
k =- 3
Put 2n = k or n = k , k is even
2
Since k is even, so we can write

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x [k] + (- 1) k x [k] -k/2

Y (z) =
;
Ez
2
k =- 3
3
Page 561
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
=1
x [k] z-k/2 + 1
x [k] (- z1/2) k
2 k =- 3
2 k =- 3
= 1 8X ( z ) + X (- z )B
2
SOL 6.1.24

From the accumulation property we know that
x [n]
/ x [k ]
If,
then,
X (z)
z X (z)
(z - 1)
k =- 3
Here,
y [n] =
/ x [k ]
k=0
Y (z) =
SOL 6.1.25
z X (z) =
4z2
(z - 1)
(z - 1) (8z2 - 2z - 1)

By taking z -transform of both the sequences
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
X (z) = (- 1 + 2z-1 + 0 + 3z-3)

H (z) = 2z2 + 3
Convolution of sequences x [n] and h [n] is given as
y [n] x [n ] * h [n]
Applying convolution property of z -transform, we have
Y (z) = X (z) H (z)
or,
SOL 6.1.26
= (- 1 + 2z-1 + 3z-3) (2z2 + 3) =- 2z2 + 4z - 3 + 12z-1 + 9z-3

y [n] = {- 2, 4, - 3, 12, 0, 9}
-

The z -transform of signal x)[n] is given as follows
Z {x)[n]} =
/x
n =- 3
) -n
...(1)
n =- 3
Let z -transform of x [n] is X (z)

X (z) =
/ 6x [n] (z )
[n] z-n =
/ x [ n] z
-n
n =- 3
Taking complex conjugate on both sides of above equation

X)(z) =
/ [ x [ n] z
-n )
n =- 3
Replacing z " z), we will get

X)(z)) =
) -n
6x [n] (z ) @
...(2)
n =- 3
Comparing equation (1) and (2)

Z {x)[n]} = X)(z))
SOL 6.1.27

By taking z -transform on both sides of given difference equation
Y (z) - 1 z-1 6Y (z) + y [- 1] z @ = X (z)
2
Let impulse response is H (z), so the impulse input is X (z) = 1
H (z) - 1 z-1 6H (z) + 3z @ = 1
2
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H (z) [1 - 1 z-1] = 5
2
2
Page 562
Chap 6
5/2
= 5b z 1 l
2 z- 2
1 - 12 z-1
n
h [ n] = 5 b 1 l , n $ 0
2 2
The Z-Transform
H (z) =
SOL 6.1.28

h [n] = (2) n u [n]
Taking z -transform
Y (z)
H (z) = z =
z - 2 X (z)
so,
(z - 2) Y (z) = zX (z)
or,
(1 - 2z-1) Y (z) = X (z)
y [n] - 2y [n - 1] = x [n]
SOL 6.1.29

h [ n] = d [ n] - b - 1 l u [n]
2
z -transform of h [n]
i. n
o
.c
1
z = 2 = Y (z)
X (z)
z + 12
z + 12
1
1
bz + 2 l Y (z) = 2 X (z)
1 -1
1 -1
b1 + 2 z l Y (z) = 2 z X (z)
y [n] + 1 y [n - 1] = 1 x [n - 1]
2
2
H (z) = 1 -
a
i
d
o
n
SOL 6.1.30
.
w
w
y [n] + 0.5y [n - 1] = 0.5x [n - 1]

We have
y [n] - 0.4y [n - 1] = (0.4) n u [n]
Zero state response refers to the response of system with zero initial condition.
So, by taking z -transform
z
Y (z) - 0.4z-1 Y (z) =
z - 0.4
z2
(z - 0.4) 2
Y (z) =
y [n] = (n + 1) (0.4) n u [n]

SOL 6.1.31

Zero state response refers to response of the system with zero initial conditions.
Taking z -transform
Y (z) - 1 z-1 Y (z) = X (z)
2
Y (z) = a z k X (z)
z - 0.5
For an input
x [n] = u [n], X (z) = z
z-1
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so,
Y (z) =
z2
z
z
=
(z - 1) (z - 0.5)
(z - 0.5) (z - 1)
Y (z)
z
=
z
(z - 1) (z - 0.5)
= 2 - 1
z - 1 z - 0.5
Thus
Y (z) = 2z - z
z - 1 z - 0.5
Page 563
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
By partial fraction
y [n] = 2u [n] - (0.5) n u [n]

SOL 6.1.32

Input,
x [n] = 2d [n] + d [n + 1]
By taking z -transform
X (z) = 2 + z
Y (z)
= H (z),
X (z)
Y (z) is z -transform of output y [n]
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Y (z) = H (z) X (z)

2z (z - 1)
=
(z + 2)
(z + 2) 2
2z (z - 1)
=
= 2z - 6z
z+2
(z + 2)
y [n] = 2d [n + 1] - 6 (- 2) n u [n]
SOL 6.1.33

Poles of the system function are at z = ! j ROC is shown in the figure.
Causality :
We know that a discrete time LTI system with transfer function H (z) is
causal if and only if ROC is the exterior of a circle outside the outer most
pole.
For the given system ROC is exterior to the circle outside the outer most
pole (z = ! j). The system is causal.
Stability :
A discrete time LTI system is stable if and only if ROC of its transfer
function H (z) includes the unit circle z = 1.
The given system is unstable because ROC does not include the unit circle.
Impulse Response :
H (z) = 2 z
z +1
We know that
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Chap 6
z sin W0
, z >1
z - 2z cos W0 + 1
z2 + 1 = z2 - 2z cos W0 + 1
2z cos W0 = 0 or W0 = p
2
sin (W0 n) u [n]
The Z-Transform
Here
So
Taking the inverse Laplace transform of H (z)

h [n] = sin a p n k u [n]
2
SOL 6.1.34

Statement (A), (B) and (C) are true.
SOL 6.1.35

First we obtain transfer function (z -transform of h [n]) for all the systems and
then check for stability
1
z
(A)
H (z) = 3 1 2
^z - 3 h
Stable because all poles lies inside unit circle.
(B)
h [ n] = 1 d [ n]
3
1
(absolutely summable)
h [n] =
3
Thus this is also stable.
n
(C)
h [ n] = d [ n] - b - 1 l u [n]
3
H (z) = 1 - z 1
z+ 3
Pole is inside the unit circle, so the system is stable.
(D)
h [n] = [(2) n - (3) n] u [n]
H (z) = z - z
z-2 z-3
Poles are outside the unit circle, so it is unstable.
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SOL 6.1.36
.
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(1 + 3z-1 + 2z-2) Y (z) = (2 + 3z-1) X (z)
So, transfer function
Y (z)
(2 + 3z-1)
2z2 + 3z
H (z) =
=
=
X (z) (1 + 3z-1 + 2z-2)
z2 + 3z + 2
H (z)
or
By partial fraction
= 2 2z + 3 = 1 + 1
z
z+2 z+1
z + 3z + 2
Thus
H (z) = z + z
z+2 z+1
Both the poles lie outside the unit circle, so the system is unstable.
SOL 6.1.37

y [ n ] = x [ n ] + y [ n - 1]
Put x [n] = d [n] to obtain impulse response h [n]
h [ n ] = d [ n ] + h [ n - 1]
For n = 0 ,
h [0] = d [0] + h [- 1]
( h [- 1] = 0 , for causal system)
h [0] = 1
n = 1,
h [1] = d [1] + h [0]
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h [1] = 1
h [2] = d [2] + h [1]
n = 2,
Page 565
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
h [2] = 1
In general form
h [ n] = u [ n]
Let
x [n]
h [ n]
Thus, statement 1 is true.
X (z)
X (z) = z
z - 0.5
H (z) =
H (z)
z
z-1
Y (z) = H (z) X (z)

= a z ka z k = 2z - z By partial fraction
z - 1 z - 0.5
z - 1 z - 0.5
Inverse z -transform
Statement 3 is also true.
y [n] = 2u [n] - (0.5) n u [n]
H (z) = z
z-1
Output
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System pole lies at unit circle z = 1, so the system is not BIBO stable.
SOL 6.1.38

(P " 3) ROC is exterior to the circle passing through outer most pole at
z = 1.2 , so it is causal. ROC does not include unit circle, therefore it is
unstable.
(Q " 1) ROC is not exterior to the circle passing through outer most pole
at z = 1.2 , so it is non causal. But ROC includes unit circle, so it is stable.
(R " 2), ROC is not exterior to circle passing through outermost pole z = 0.8
, so it is not causal. ROC does not include the unit circle, so it is unstable
also.
(S " 4), ROC contains unit circle and is exterior to circle passing through
outermost pole, so it is both causal and stable.
SOL 6.1.39
P (z - 0.9)
z - 0.9 + Pz
P (z - 0.9)
z - 0.9
= P
=
1
+
P
(1 + P) z - 0.9
f z - 0.9 p
1+P
z = 0. 9
1+P
H (z) =
Pole at
For stability pole lies inside the unit circle, so

z <1
or
0. 9 < 1
1+P
0.9 < 1 + P
P > - 0.1 or P < - 1.9
SOL 6.1.40

For a system to be causal and stable, H (z) must not have any pole outside
the unit circle z = 1.
z- 1
z - 12
S1 :
H (z) = 2 1 2 3 =
1
3
z + 2 z - 16
^z - 4 h^z + 4 h
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Poles are at z = 1/4 and z =- 3/4 , so it is causal.
z+1
H (z) =
S2 :
4
1 -3
^z + 3 h^1 - 2 z h
one pole is at z =- 4/3 , which is outside the unit circle, so it is not causal.
S 3 : one pole is at z = 3, so it is also non-causal.
Page 566
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
SOL 6.1.41

3
n =- 3
n =- 3
/ x [n] z-n = / d [n - k] z-n = z-k, z ! 0
X (z) =
ROC : We can find that X (z) converges for all values of z except z = 0 ,
because at z = 0 X (z) " 3.
SOL 6.1.42

3
n =- 3
n =- 3
/ x [n] z-n = / d [n + k] z-n = zk , all z
X (z) =
ROC : We can see that above summation converges for all values of z .
SOL 6.1.43

3
/ x [n] z-n = / u [n] z-n
X (z) =
n =- 3
3
-n
/z
1
1 - z-1
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S
I
ROC : Summation I converges if
n=0
/z
-n
SOL 6.1.44
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X (z) =
=
=
z > 1, because when
a
i
d
" 3.
n=0
i. n
n =- 3
z < 1, then
/ x [n] z
n =- 3
3
n =- 3
4
-n
1 n
-n
b 4 l (u [n] - u [n - 5]) z
/ b 14 z-1l
u [n] - u [n - 5] = 1, for 0 # n # 4
n=0
1 44 2
44 3
I
1 - ^ 14 z-1h5 z5 - (0.25) 5
, all z
=
= 4
1 - ^ 14 z-1h
z (z - 0.5)
ROC : Summation I converges for all values of z because n has only four
value.
SOL 6.1.45

X (z) =
/ x [n] z
-n
n =- 3
0
n =- 3
1 n
-n
b 4 l u [ - n] z
0
n
= / b 1 z-1 l = / ^4z h-n
4
n =- 3
n =- 3
/ (4z) m = 1 -1 4z ,
z <1
4
m=0
Taking n "- m ,
14 2
43
I
ROC : Summation I converges if 4z < 1 or z < 14 .
SOL 6.1.46

X (z) =
=
/ x [n] z
n =- 3
-1
-n
/ 3 u [- n - 1] z
n =- 3
3
-n
/ (3z-1) n = / b 13 z l
n =- 3
u [- n - 1] = 1, n # - 1
n=1
14
42
4
43
I
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1
3
z
= z , z <3
3-z
1 - 13 z
ROC : Summation I converges when 13 z < 1 or z < 3
=
SOL 6.1.47
Page 567
Chap 6
The Z-Transform

X (z) =
=
x [n] z-n =
n =- 3
-1
n =- 3
n =- 3
3
2
-n
b3l z +
-n
2 n -n
b3l z
/ b 23 l z-n
n
n=0
In first summation taking n =- m ,

3
3
m
n
X (z) = / b 2 l zm + / b 2 l z-n
3
3
m=1
n=0
=
/ b 23 z l
m=1
1 44 2
44 3
I
/ b 23 z-1l
n=0
1 44 2
44 3
II
2
3
z
1
+
2
2 -1
1
z
1
^
^
3 h
3z h
1
-1
=
3 -1 +
2 -1
1
z
1
^
h ^
2
3z h
ROC : Summation I converges if 23 z < 1 or z < 23 and summation II
converges if 23 z-1 < 1 or z > 23 . ROC of X (z) would be intersection of
both, that is 23 < z < 23
=
SOL 6.1.48
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j ^ hn
+ e-j^
x [n] = cos a p n k u [n] = e
3
2
1
1
j^ hn
-j^ hn
= e u [ n] + e
u [ n]
2
2
1
1
X [z] = 1
+
2 >1 - e z-1 1 - e- z-1 H
1 44 2
44 3 1 44 2
44 3
I
II
p
3
p
3
hn
u [ n]
p
3
jp
3
a n u [ n]
p
3
jp
3
1 ,
1 - az-1
z > a
2 - z-1 6e- + e @
, z >1
= 1>
2 1 - z-1 ^e + e- h + z-2 H
(2z - 1)
=z 2
, z >1
2 (z - z + 1)
ROC : First term in X (z) converges for z > e & z > 1. Similarly II term
also converges for z > e- & z > 1, so ROC would be simply z > 1.
jp
3
jp
3
jp
3
jp
3
jp
3
jp
3
SOL 6.1.49

x [n] = 3d [n + 5] + 6d [n] + d [n - 1] - 4d [n - 2]
X [z] = 3z5 + 6 + z-1 - 4z-2,
0< z <3
d [n ! n 0]
z! n
ROC : X (z) is finite over entire z plane except z = 0 and z = 3 because when
z = 0 negative power of z becomes infinite and when z " 3 the positive
powers of z tends to becomes infinite.
Z
SOL 6.1.50

x [n] = 2d [n + 2] + 4d [n + 1] + 5d [n] + 7d [n - 1] + d [n - 3]
X (z) = 2z2 + 4z + 5 + 7z-1 + z-3,
0 < z < 3 d [n ! n 0]
z! n
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Chap 6
The Z-Transform
ROC is same as explained in previous question.

SOL 6.1.51

x [n] = d [n] - d [n - 2] + d [n - 4] - d [n - 5]
X (z) = 1 - z-2 + z-4 - z-5, z ! 0
d [n ! n 0]
z! n
ROC : X (z) has only negative powers of z , therefore transform X (z) does not
converges for z = 0 .
Z
SOL 6.1.52

Using partial fraction expansion, X (z) can be simplified as
2
3z =
1 - 3z-1
X (z) = 2 z z + 32 z - 1 1 + 32 z-1 - z-2
(1 - 3z-1)
(1 + 2z-1) (1 - 12 z-1)
2
1
=
1 + 2z-1 1 - 12 z-1
S
142
43
I
II
1
Poles are at z =- 2 and z = 2 . We obtain the inverse z -transform using
relationship between the location of poles and region of convergence as shown
in the figure.
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ROC : 12 < z < 2 has a radius less than the pole at z =- 2 therefore the I
term of X (z) corresponds to a left sided signal
Z
2
(left-sided signal)
- 2 (2) n u [- n - 1]
-1
1 + 2z
While, the ROC has a greater radius than the pole at z = 12 , so the second
term of X (z) corresponds to a right sided sequence.
Z
1 u [ n]
1
(right-sided signal)
1 -1
2n
1- 2z
So, the inverse z -transform of X (z) is
x [n] =- 2 (2) n u [- n - 1] - 1n u [n]
2
-1
-1
SOL 6.1.53

Using partial fraction expansion X (z) can be simplified as follows
3 - 14 z-1
3z2 - 1 z
X (z) = 2 4 =
z - 16
1 - 16z-1
=
49
32
47
32
+
1 + 4z-1 1 - 4z-1
Poles are at z =- 4 and z = 4 . Location of poles and ROC is shown in the
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Chap 6
The Z-Transform
ROC : z > 4 has a radius greater that the pole at z =- 4 and z = 4 ,

therefore both the terms of X (z) corresponds to right sided sequences. Taking
inverse z - transform we have
x [n] = : 49 (- 4) n + 47 4nD u [n]
32
32
SOL 6.1.54
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Using partial fraction expansion X (z) can be simplified as
4
3
2
X (z) = 2z - 22z - 2z
z -1
-1
2z-2 z2
= ;2 - 2z E
1 - z-2
= ;2 + 1 -1 + - 1-1 E z2
1+z
1-z
Poles are at z =- 1 and z = 1. Location of poles and ROC is shown in the
following figure
ROC : z > 1 has radius grater than both the poles at z =- 1 and z = 1,
therefore both the terms in X (z) corresponds to right sided sequences.
Z
1
(right-sided)
(- 1) n u [n]
1 + z-1
Z
1
(right-sided)
u [ n]
-1
1-z
Now, using time shifting property the complete inverse z -transform of X (z)
is
-1
-1
x [n] = 2d [n + 2] + ((- 1) n - 1) u [n + 2]
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Chap 6
SOL 6.1.55
The Z-Transform

We have,
X (z) = 1 + 2z-6 + 4z-8,
Taking inverse z -transform we get
z >0
x [n] = d [n] + 2d [n - 6] + 4d [n - 8]
SOL 6.1.56
z-n
Z-1
d [n - n 0]
z-n
Z-1
d [n - n 0]

Since x [n] is right sided,
10
/ k1 d [n - k]
x [n] =
k=5
SOL 6.1.57

We have ,
X (z) = (1 + z-1) 3 = 1 + 3z-1 + 3z-2 + z-3 ,
z >0
Since x [n] is right sided signal, taking inverse z -transform we have
z-n
x [n] = d [n] + 3d [n - 1] + 3d [n - 2] + d [n - 3]
SOL 6.1.58
Z-1
d [n - n 0]

We have,
X (z) = z6 + z2 + 3 + 2z-3 + z-4, z > 0
Taking inverse z transform we get
i. n
x [n] = d [n + 6] + d [n + 2] + 3d [n] + 2d [n - 3] + d [n - 4]
SOL 6.1.59
o
.c

1
X (z) =
1 -2
4
z >1
2
1- z
The power series expansion of X (z) with z >
a
i
d
-2 2
-2
1
2
or
1 -2
4
< 1 is written as
-2 3
X (z) = 1 + z + b z l + b z l + .......
4
4
4
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SOL 6.1.60
-2
k=0
1 -2
4
3
l =
/ b 14 l z
k
-2k
k=0
< 1 or z > 12 . Taking inverse z -transform we get

k
Z
z-2k
d [n - 2k]
x [n] = / b 1 l d [n - 2k]
4
k=0
Series converges for
/ b 14 z
-1
1 ,
= *b 4 l
0,
2-n,
=*
0,
n
2
n even and n $ 0
n odd
n even and n $ 0
n odd

1
, z <1
2
1 - 14 z-2
Since ROC is left sided so power series expansion of X (z) will have positive
powers of z , we can simplify above expression for positive powers of z as
2
X (z) = - 4z 2 , z < 1
2
1 - (2z)
The power series expansion of X (z) with z < 12 or 4z2 < 1 is written as
X (z) =
X (z) =- 4z2 [1 + (2z) 2 + (2z) 4 + (2z) 6 + .......]

X (z) =- 4z2
/ ^2z h
2k
=- / 22 (k + 1) z2 (k + 1)
k=0
k=0
Taking inverse z -transform, we get

3
x [n] =- / 22 (k + 1) d [n + 2 (k + 1)] z2 (k + 1)
Z-1
d [n + 2 (k + 1)]
k=0
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SOL 6.1.61

Using Taylors series expansion for a right-sided signal, we have
3
2
3
4
(- 1) k - 1
(a) k
ln (1 + a) = a - a + a - a + ....... = /
2
3
4
k
k=1
X (z) = ln (1 + z-1) =
/ (- 1k)
3
k-1
Page 571
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
(z-1) k
k=1

3
(- 1) k - 1
x [n] = /
d [n - k ]
k
k=1
SOL 6.1.62
z-k
Z-1
d [n - k]

From the given pole-zero pattern
Az
,
X (z) =
A " Some constant
1
z
^
3 h^z - 2h
Using partial fraction expansion, we write
X (z)
b
, a and b are constants.
= a1+
z
z
2
z- 3
b
a
...(1)
X (z) =
1 -1 +
1
z
1
2z-1h
^
h ^
3
44 3
1 44 2
44 3 1 44 2
II
I
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Poles are at z = 13 and z = 2 . We obtain the inverse z -transform using

relationship between the location of poles and region of convergence as shown
in following figures.
ROC : z > 2
ROC is exterior to the circle passing through right most pole so both the
term in equation (1) corresponds to right sided sequences
n
x1 [n] = a b 1 l u [n] + b (2) n u [n]
3
ROC : 1 < z < 2
3
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Chap 6
The Z-Transform
Since ROC has greater radius than the pole at z = 13 , so first term in equation
(1) corresponds to right-sided sequence
n
z
a
(right-sided)
a b 1 l u [n]
1 -1
3
^1 - 3 z h
ROC z < 2 has radius less than the pole at z = 2 , so the second term in
equation (1) corresponds to left sided sequence.
z
b
(left-sided)
b (2) n u [n - 1]
-1
(1 - 2z )
n
So,
x2 [n] = a b 1 l u [n] + b (2) n u [n - 1]
3
ROC : z < 1
3
-1
-1
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ROC is left side to both the poles of X (z), so they corresponds to left sided
signals.
n
x 3 [n] = a b 1 l u [- n - 1] + b (2) n u [- n - 1]
3
All gives the same z -transform with different ROC so, all are the solution.
SOL 6.1.63

The z -transform of all the signal is same given as
1
1
X (z) =
1 - 2z-1 1 - 12 z-1
Poles are at z = 2 and z = 12 . Now consider the following relationship between
ROC and location of poles.
1. Since x1 [n] is right-sided signal, so ROC is region in z -plane having radius
greater than the magnitude of largest pole. So, z > 2 and z > 12 gives
R1 : z > 2
2. Since x2 [n] is left-sided signal, so ROC is the region inside a circle having
radius equal to magnitude of smallest pole. So, z < 2 and z < 12 gives
R2 : z < 12
3. Since x 3 [n] is double sided signal, So ROC is the region in z -plane such
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as z >
SOL 6.1.64
1
2
and z < 2 which gives R 3 :
1
2
< z <2
Page 573
Chap 6
The Z-Transform

1 + 76 z-1
2
-1
1 -1 +
1 -1
1
z
1
+
2
3z
^1 - z h^1 + z h
1
1
X (z) has poles at z = 2 and z = - 3 , we consider the different ROCs and
location of poles to obtain the inverse z -transform.
1. ROC z > 12 is exterior to the cicle which passes through outtermost pole,
so both the terms in equation (1) contributes to right sided sequences.
We have
2.
3.
X (z) =
1 -1
2
1 -1
3
n
x [n] = 2n u [n] - b - 1 l u [n]
3
2
1
ROC z < 3 is interior to the circle passing through left most poles, so
both the terms in equation (1) corresponds to left sided sequences.
n
x [n] = ;-n2 + b - 1 l E u [- n - 1]
3
2
1
1
ROC 3 < z < 2 is interior to the circle passing through pole at z = 12
so the first term in equation (1) corresponds to a right sided sequence,
while the ROC is exterior to the circle passing through pole at z = - 13 , so
the second term corresponds to a left sided sequence. Therefore, inverse
z -transform is
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n
x [n]=- 2n u [- n - 1] - b - 1 l u [n]
3
2
SOL 6.1.65

The location of poles and the ROC is shown in the figure. Since the ROC
includes the point z = 34 , ROC is 12 < z < 1
A
+ B
1 - 12 z-1 1 + z-1
ROC is exterior to the pole at z = 12 , so this term corresponds to a right-sided
sequence, while ROC is interior to the pole at z =- 1 so the second term
corresponds to a left sided sequence. Taking inverse z -transform we get
x [n] = An u [n] + B (- 1) n u [- n - 1]
2
For n = 1,
x [1] = A (1) + B # 0 = 1 & A = 1& A = 2
2
2
X (z) =
For n =- 1,
So,
SOL 6.1.66
x [- 1] = A # 0 + B (- 1) = 1 & B =- 1
x [n] = n1- 1 u [n] - (- 1) n u [- n - 1]
2

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x [n] = Cpn u [n] (right-sided sequence having a single pole)
x [0] = 2 = C
x [2] = 1 = 2p2 & p = 1 ,
2
2
n
x [n] = 2 b 1 l u (n)
2
Let,
Page 574
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
So,
SOL 6.1.67

X (z) =
/ b 12 z-1l
n=0
n
-1
/
n =- 3
1 -1 n
b4z l
3
n
1
1
= / b 1 z-1 l + / (4z) m =
2
1
-1
n=0
m=1
1- z
1 - 1 z-1
1
4
2
4
3
1 44 2
44
3
2
4
II
I
ROC : Summation I converges if 12 z-1 < 1 or z > 12 and summation II

converges if 4z < 1 or z < 14 . ROC would be intersection of both which
does not exist.
SOL 6.1.68
SOL 6.1.69

x [n]
x [n - 2]

x [n]
SOL 6.1.70
.
w
w
x [n]
x [- n]
x [- n] * x [n]
(Scaling in z -domain)
z2 , ROC z < 4
z2 - 16
( z1 ) 2
(Time reversal property)
( z1 ) 2 - 16
( z1 ) 2
z2
(Time convolution property)
= 1 2
G
( z ) - 16 ;z2 - 16 E
z2
257z2 - 16z 4 - 16

x [n]
nx [n]
SOL 6.1.72
z2 , ROC z < 4
z - 16
(2z) 2
z2
=
(2z) 2 - 16 z2 - 4
2
w
SOL 6.1.71
o
.c
a
i
d
o
n
1 x [n]
2n
i. n
z2 , ROC z < 4
z2 - 16
2
(Time shifting property)
z-2 c 2 z
= 2 1
m
z - 16
z - 16
z2 , ROC z < 4
z2 - 16
2
-z d 2 z
dz z - 16
32z2
2
(z - 16) 2

z2 , ROC z < 4
z - 16
x [n]
x [n + 1]
zX (z)
(Time shifting)
x [n - 1]
z-1 X (z)
(Time shifting)
x [n + 1] + x [n - 1]
(z + z-1) X (z)
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Z
SOL 6.1.73
x [n - 3]
x [n] * x [n - 3]
X (z)
Z-1
X (2z)
Z-1
SOL 6.1.79
(Scaling in z -domain)
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
Z-1
3 n n 2 u [n]
Z-1
3(- n) (- n) 2 u [- n]
Z-1
3-n n2 u [- n]
X (z)
Z-1
3 n n 2 u [n]
- z d X (z)
dz
z-1 :- z d X (z)D
dz
dX (z)
dz
Z-1
nx [n]
Z-1
(n - 1) x [n - 1]
Z-1
- (n - 1) x [n - 1]
Z-1
- (n - 1) 3n - 1 (n - 1) 2 u [n - 1]
Z-1
- (n - 1) 3 3n - 1 u [n - 1]
Z-1
1 x [n + 2]
2
1 x [n - 2]
2
(Time reversal)

1 z2 X (z)
2
1 z-2 X (z)
2
z2 - z-2 X (z)
2
SOL 6.1.78
3 n n 2 u [n]
1 3 n n 2 u [ n]
"
,
2n
So,
SOL 6.1.77
z2 , ROC z < 4
z2 - 16
-1
2
(Time shifting property)
z-3 c 2 z
= 2z
m
z - 16
z - 16
z2
z-1
c z2 - 16 mc z2 - 16 m (Time convolution property)
z
2
(z - 16) 2
X (z)
Xb 1 l
z
SOL 6.1.76
Page 575
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
x [n]
We have,
SOL 6.1.75
z ^z2h + z-1 ^z2h z (z2 + 1)

= 2
z2 - 16
z - 16
SOL 6.1.74
Z-1
(Time shifting)
dX (z)
- z-1 :- z d X (z)D =
dz
dz
Z-1
1 (x [n + 2] - x [n - 2])
2
X (z)
Z-1
3 n n 2 u [n]
X (z) X (z)
Z-1
x [n ] * x [n ]
(Time shifting)
(Time shifting)
(Linearity)

(Time convolution)

-1
-2
-1
X (z) = 1 + z - z , Y (z) = 1 - 3z
8
4
4
5
- 23
Y (z)
3
=
-1 +
1
X (z) 1 + 2 z
1 - 14 z-1
For a causal system impulse response is obtained by taking right-sided inverse
H (z) =
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z -transform of transfer function H (z). Therefore,
n
n
h [n] = 1 ;5 b - 1 l - 2 b 1 l E u [n]
3
2
4
Page 576
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
SOL 6.1.80

We have
x [n] = (- 3) n u [n]
n
and
y [n] = ;4 (2) n - b 1 l E u [n]
2
Taking z transform of above we get
1
X (z) =
1 + 3z-1
4
1
3
and
Y (z) =
=
1 - 2z-1 1 - 12 z-1
(1 - 2z-1) (1 - 12 z-1)
Thus transfer function is
Y (z)
H (z) =
= 10 + - 7
X (z) 1 - 2z-1 1 - 12 z-1
For a causal system impulse response is obtained by taking right-sided inverse
z -transform of transfer function H (z). Therefore,
n
h [n] = ;10 (2) n - 7 b 1 l E u [n]
2
SOL 6.1.81
i. n
o
.c

We have
h [n] = ( 12 ) n u [n]
and
y [n] = 2d [n - 4]
Taking z -transform of above we get
1
H (z) =
1 - 12 z-1
and
Y (z) = 2z-4
Y (z)
Now
X (z) =
= 2z-4 - z-5
H (z)
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
Taking inverse z -transform we have

x [n] = 2d [n - 4] - d [n - 5]
SOL 6.1.82

We have,
y [n] = x [n] - x [n - 2] + x [n - 4] - x [n - 6]
Taking z -transform we get
or
Y (z) = X (z) - z-2 X (z) + z-4 X (z) - z-6 X (z)

Y (z)
H (z) =
= (1 - z-2 + z-4 - z-6)
X (z)

h [n] = d [n] - d [n - 2] + d [n - 4] - d [n - 6]
SOL 6.1.83

We have
n-1
h [n] = 3 b 1 l u [n - 1]
4 4

3 -1
z
Y (z)
1 n-1
H (z) =
= 4 1 -1
^ 4 h u [n - 1]
X (z) 1 - 4 z
or,
Y (z) - 1 z-1 Y (z) = 3 z-1 X (z)
4
4
z-1 c
1
o
1 - 14 z-1 m
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y [n] - 1 y [n - 1] = 3 x [n - 1]
4
4
SOL 6.1.84
Page 577
Chap 6
The Z-Transform

We have,
h [n] = d [n] - d [n - 5]
Y (z)
H (z) =
= 1 - z-5
X (z)
Y (z) = X (z) - z-5 X (z)
or
y [n] = x [n] - x [n - 5]
SOL 6.1.85

Taking z transform of all system we get
Y1 (z) = 0.2z-1 Y (z) + X (z) - 0.3z-1 X (z) + 0.02z-2 X (z)
Y (z) 1 - 0.3z-1 + 0.02z-2
H1 (z) = 1
=
X (z)
1 - 0.2z-1
(1 - 0.2z-1) (1 - 0.1z-1)
=
= (1 - 0.1z-1)
(1 - 0.2z-1)
Y2 (z) = X (z) - 0.1z-1 X (z)
Y (z)
H2 (z) = 2
= (1 - 0.1z-1)
X (z)
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
Y3 (z) = 0.5z-1 Y (z) + 0.4X (z) - 0.3z-1 X (z)

Y (z) 0.4 - 0.3z-1
H 3 (z) = 3
=
X (z)
1 - 0.5z-1
H1 (z) = H2 (z), so y1 and y2 are equivalent.
SOL 6.1.86
1
1
+
1 - 2z-1 1 + 12 z-1
Poles of H (z) are at z = 2 and z = - 12 . Since h [n] is stable, so ROC includes
unit circle z = 1 and for the given function it must be 12 < z < 2 . The
location of poles and ROC is shown in the figure below
We have
H (z) =
Consider the following two cases :

1. ROC is interior to the circle passing through pole at z = 2 , so this term
corresponds to a left-sided signal.
1
1 - 2z-1
Z-1
- (2) n u [- n - 1]
(left-sided)
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2.
Page 578
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
ROC is exterior to the circle passing through pole at z =- 12 , so this term

corresponds to a right-sided signal.
1
1 + 12 z-1
Impulse response,
Z-1
-1 n
b 2 l u [ n]
(right-sided)
h [n] =- (2) n u [- n - 1] + b - 1 l u [n]

2
n
SOL 6.1.87

5z2
5z 2
=
z - z - 6 (z - 3) (z + 2)
5
3
2
=
-1
-1 =
-1 +
(1 - 3z ) (1 + 2z ) 1 - 3z
1 + 2z-1
Since h [n] is causal, therefore impulse response is obtained by taking rightsided inverse z -transform of the transfer function X (z)
h [n] = [3n + 1 + 2 (- 2) n] u [n]
H (z) =
We have
SOL 6.1.88

Zero at : z = 0 , 2 , poles at z = 1 ! 2
3
2
(1) For a causal system all the poles of transfer function lies inside the unit
circle z = 1. But, for the given system one of the pole does not lie
inside the unit circle, so the system is not causal and stable.
(2) Not all poles and zero are inside unit circle z = 1, the system is not
minimum phase.
i. n
o
.c
SOL 6.1.89
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
27
- 38
8
+
1 - 13 z-1 1 - 3z-1
Poles are at z = 13 and z = 3 . Since X (z) converges on z = 1, so ROC must
include this circle. Thus for the given signal ROC : 13 < z < 3
ROC is exterior to the circle passing through the pole at z = 13 so this term
will have a right sided inverse z -transform. On the other hand ROC is interior
to the circle passing through the pole at z = 3 so this term will have a left
sided inverse z -transform.
n+3
x [n] =- n 1- 1 u [n] - 3 u [- n - 1]
8
3 8
X (z) =
w
SOL 6.1.90
Since ROC includes the unit circle z = 1, therefore the system is both stable
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and causal.
SOL 6.1.91

(1) Pole of system z = - 12 , 13 lies inside the unit circle z = 1, so the system
is causal and stable.
(2) Zero of system H (z) is z = - 12 , therefore pole of the inverse system is at
z = - 12 which lies inside the unit circle, therefore the inverse system is
also causal and stable.
SOL 6.1.92

Writing the equation from given block diagram we have
Page 579
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
[2Y (z) + X (z)] z-2 = Y (z)
SOL 6.1.93
z-2 =- 1 +
4
4
+
2 1 - 2 z-1 1 + 2 z-1
1 - 2z-2
Taking inverse laplace transform we have
h [n] =- 1 d [n] + 1 {( 2 ) n + (- 2 ) n} u [n]
2
4
or
H (z) =
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
Y (z) = X (z) z-1 - {Y (z) z-1 + Y (z) z-2}

Y (z)
z-1
z
=
=
X (z) 1 + z-1 + z-2 z2 + z + 1
So this is a solution but not unique. Many other correct diagrams can be
drawn.
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SOLUTIONS 6.2
Page 580
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
SOL 6.2.1
Correct answer is 2.
z -transform is given as
X (z) =
/ b 12 l z
n
-n
n=0
/ b 21z l
n=0
= 2z
= 1
2z - 1
1
12z
From the given question, we have
X (z) = az
az - 1
So, by comparing equations (1) and (2), we get a = 2
SOL 6.2.2
SOL 6.2.3
Correct answer is - 1.125 .

The z -transform of given sequence is
...(1)
...(2)
i. n
X (z) = z3 + z2 - z1 - z0
= z 3 + z2 - z - 1
3
2
Now
X b 1 l = b 1 l + b 1 l - b 1 l - 1 =- 1.125
2
2
2
2
X (z) = z + 1 =- 1 + 2
z z-1
z (z - 1)
=- 1 + 2z-1 a z k
z
z-1
o
.c
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
x [n]
x [0]
x [1]
x [2]
By partial fraction
=- d [n - 1] + 2u [n - 1]
=- 0 + 0 = 0
=- 1 + 2 = 1
=- 0 + 2 = 2
Thus, we obtain
x [0] + x [1] + x [2] = 3
SOL 6.2.4
Let,
x [n] = an u [n]
y [n] = x [n + 3] u [n] = an + 3 u [n + 3] u [n]
u [n + 3] u [n] = u [n]
= an + 3 u [n]
Y (z) =
/ y [n] z
n =- 3
3
3
=a
-n
an + 3 z-n u [n] =
n =- 3
/ (az
-1 n
) = a3
n=0
/a
n + 3 -n
n=0
1
z
3
-1 = a a z - a k
1 - az

Y (z) = a k a z k
z-a
So, by comparing equations (1) and (2), we get k = 3
...(1)
...(2)
NOTE :
Do not apply time shifting property directly because x [n] is a causal signal.
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SOL 6.2.5

We know that
Page 581
Chap 6
an u [n]
an - 10 u [n - 10]
z
z-a
The Z-Transform
z-10 z
z-a
(time shifting property)
So,
x [n] = an - 10 u [n - 10]
...(1)
x [n] = a n - k u [ n - k ]
So, by comparing equations (1) and (2), we get
...(2)
k = 10
SOL 6.2.6
We know that
a n u [ n]
or
3 n u [ n]
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
3 n - 3 u [ n - 3]
So
SOL 6.2.7
z
z-a
z
z-3
z-3 a z k
z-3
x [n] = 3n - 3 u [n - 3]
x [5] = 32 u [2] = 9
y [ n ] = n [n + 1] u [ n ]
y [n] = n2 u [n] + nu [n]
Z
z
We know that u [n]
z-1
Applying the property of differentiation in z -domain
If,
x [n]
X (z)
then,
nx [n]
- z d X (z)
dz
Z
so,
nu [n]
-z d a z k
dz z - 1
Z
z
or,
nu [n]
(z - 1) 2
Again by applying the above property
Z
n (nu [n])
- z d : z 2D
dz (z - 1)
z (z + 1)
Z
n 2 u [ n]
(z - 1) 3
z (z + 1)
z
2z2
So
Y (z) =
+
=
(z - 1) 2 (z - 1) 3
(z - 1) 3
kz k
x [n] =
(z - 1) k + 1
Z
...(1)
...(2)
k =2
SOL 6.2.8
Correct answer is - 1.
Given that
X (z) = log (1 - 2z), z < 1

2
Differentiating
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-1
dX (z)
= - 2 = z 1 -1
1 - 2z 1 - 2 z
dz
zdX (z)
1
or,
=
dz
1 - 12 z-1
From z -domain differentiation property
dX (z)
Z
nx [n]
-z
dz
Z
-1
so,
nx [n]
1 - 12 z-1
From standard z -transform pair, we have
Z
-1
1 n
b 2 l u [- n - 1]
1 - 12 z-1
n
Thus
nx [n] = b 1 l u [- n - 1]
2
n
or,
x [n] = 1 b 1 l u [- n - 1]
n 2
n
x [n] = 1 b 1 l u [ a - n]
n 2
So, by comparing equations (1) and (2), we get a =- 1
Page 582
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
SOL 6.2.9
Y (z) =
x 9n C z-n
2
n =- 3
/
3
ia
/ x [ k] z
d
o
=
k =- 3
SOL 6.2.10
i. n
o
.c
-2k
...(1)
...(2)
Put n = k or n = 2k
2
= X (z2)
...(1)
Y (z) = X (z k )
So, by comparing equations (1) and (2), we get k = 2
...(2)
n
.
w
w
X (z) =
Y (z) = X (z3) =
=
/ x [ n] z
n =- 3
3
-n
x [n] (z3) -n =
n =- 3
3
/ x [ n] z
-3n
n =- 3
/ x [k/3] z
-k
Put 3n = k or n = k/3
k =- 3
Thus
Thus
SOL 6.2.11
y [n] = x [n/3]
(- 0.5) n/3,
y [n] = *
0,
n = 0, 3, 6, ....
otherwise
y [4] = 0
Correct answer is - 6 .
By taking z -transform of x [n] and h [n]
H (z) = 1 + 2z-1 - z-3 + z-4
X (z) = 1 + 3z-1 - z-2 - 2z-3
From the convolution property of z -transform
Sequence is
Y (z) = H (z) X (z)

Y (z) = 1 + 5z-1 + 5z-2 - 5z-3 - 6z-4 + 4z-5 + z-6 - 2z-7
y [n] = {1, 5, 5, - 5, - 6, 4, 1, - 2}
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y [4] =- 6
SOL 6.2.12
Page 583
Chap 6
Correct answer is 0.5 .

x [n] can be written as
The Z-Transform
x [n] = 1 [u [n] + (- 1) n u [n]]

2
X (z) = 1 ; 1 -1 + 1 -1 E
2 1-z
1+z
From final value theorem
x (3) = lim (z - 1) X (z)
z"1
= 1 lim (z - 1) 9 z + z C
2 z"1
z-1 z+1
z (z - 1)
= 1 lim =z +
2 z"1
(z + 1) G
= 1 (1) = 0.5
2
SOL 6.2.13
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w

From initial value theorem
x [0] = lim X (z)

z"3
0.5z2
z " 3(z - 1) (z - 0.5)
0.5
= 0.5
= lim
1
0.5
z"3
1
1
b
z lb
z l
= lim
SOL 6.2.14
Correct answer is - 2.5 .

Taking z transform of input and output
X (z) = z
z - 0.5
Y (z) = 1 - 2z-1 = z - 2
z
Transfer function of the filter
H (z) = Y (z) /X (z)

2
= b z - 2 lb z - 0.5 l = z - 2.52 z + 1
z
z
z
= 1 - 2.5z-1 + z-2
h [n] = {1, - 2.5, 1}
-
Therefore
SOL 6.2.15
h [1] =- 2.5
Comparing the given system realization with the generic first order direct
form II realization
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Difference equation for above realization is
Page 584
Chap 6
y [ n ] + a 1 y [ n - 1] = b 0 x [ n ] + b 1 x [ n - 1 ]
Here a1 =- 2, b1 = 3, b 0 = 4
So y [n] - 2y [n - 1] = 4x [n] + 3x [n - 1]
Taking z -transform on both sides
The Z-Transform
Y (z) - 2z-1 Y (z) = 4X (z) + 3z-1 X (z)

Transfer function
-1
Y (z)
H (z) =
= 4 + 3z-1 = 4z + 3
z-2
X (z)
1 - 2z
k (z + 1) - 1
Y (z)
=
H (z) =
z-2
X (z)
...(1)
...(2)
k =4
SOL 6.2.16

The z -transform of each system response
H1 (z) = 1 + 1 z-1, H2 (z) = z 1
2
z- 2
The overall system function
i. n
o
.c
H (z) = H1 (z) H2 (z)
1
^z + 2 h
= b1 + 1 z-1 lb z 1 l =
1
2
z- 2
^z - 2 h
Input,
x [n] = cos (np)
- 1 + 12
So, z =- 1 and H (z =- 1) =
=1
3
- 1 - 12
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
Output of system
y [n] = H (z =- 1) x [n] = 1 cos np

3
...(1)
y [n] = k cos np
k = 1 = 0.3333
3
From the given block diagram
...(2)
w
SOL 6.2.17
Y (z) = az-1 X (z) + az-1 Y (z)

Y (z) (1 - az-1) = az-1 X (z)
Transfer function
-1
Y (z)
= az -1
X (z) 1 - az
For stability poles at z = 1 must be inside the unit circle.
So
a <1
SOL 6.2.18
Correct answer is - 2 .
X+ (z) =
n=0
n=0
/ x [n] z-n = / d [n - 2] z-n = z-2
...(1)
/ f [ n] d [ n - n ] = f [ n ]
0

X+ (z) = z-2
n =- 3
...(2)
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Chap 6
k =- 2
SOL 6.2.19
The Z-Transform
Correct answer is - 1.
X+ (z) =
/ x [n] z-n = / z-n = 1 -1z-1

3
n=0
n=0
...(1)

1
X+ (z) =
1 + a/z
...(2)
k =- 1
SOL 6.2.20

We know that,
2
4
6
8
cos a = 1 - a + a - a + a - ..........
2!
4! 6! 8!
/ ((-2k1))!
3
a2k
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
k=0
Thus,
X (z) = cos (z-3) =
/ ((-2k1))!
3
(z-3) 2k ,
z >0
k=0

3
(- 1) k
x [n] = /
d [n - 6k]
k = 0 (2k) !
SOL 6.2.21
SOL 6.2.22
Now for n = 12 we get, 12 - 6k = 0 & k = 2

(- 1) 2
Thus,
x [12] =
= 1 = 0.0417
24
4!
For anticausal signal initial value theorem is given as,
x [0] = lim X (z) = lim 12 - 21z 2 = 12 = 4
3
z"3
z " 3 3 - 7z + 12z
Y (z) = cz-1 Y (z) - 0.12z-2 Y (z) + z-1 X (z) + z-2 X (z)

Transfer function,
Y (z)
z-1 + z-2
H (z) =
=
= 2 z+1
X (z) 1 - cz-1 + 0.12z-2
z - cz + 0.12
2
Poles of the system are z = c ! c - 0.48 .
2
For stability poles should lie inside the unit circle, so z < 1
c ! c2 - 0.48 < 1
2
Solving this inequality, we get c < 1.12 .
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SOLUTIONS 6.3
Page 586
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
Answers
1.
(B)
5.
(C)
9.
(A)
13. (D)
17. (C)
21. (C)
25. (B)
2.
(D)
6.
(C)
10. (C)
14. (C)
18. (A)
22. (D)
26. (B)
3.
(C)
7.
(D)
11. (C)
15. (B)
19. (A)
23. (C)
4.
(D)
8.
(A)
12. (A)
16. (D)
20. (B)
24. (C)
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i. n
o
.c
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
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SOLUTIONS 6.4
Page 587
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
SOL 6.4.1

X (z) =
=
/ x [n] z-n
n =- 3
3
n =- 3
/ (az
1
z
-1 = z - a
1 - az
-1 n
) =
n=0
SOL 6.4.2
/ an u [n] z-n

We have
x [n] =
X (z) =
/ d [n - k]
k=0
3
/ x [n] z-n
/ ; / d [n - k] z-nE
3
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
k=0
n =- 3 k = 0
Since d [n - k] defined only for n = k so

3
1
X (z) = / z-k =
= z
(z - 1)
(
1
1
/
z
)
k=0
SOL 6.4.3

We have
f (nT) = anT
F (z) =
/ anT z-n
n =- 3
n =- 3
T n
/ b az
3
n=0
SOL 6.4.4
Option ( ) is correct.
SOL 6.4.5
/ (aT ) n z-n
l =
z
z - aT
x [n] = bn u [n] + b-n u [- n - 1]

z -transform of x [n] is given as
X (z) =
=
=
/ x [n] z-n
n =- 3
3
bn u [n] z-n +
n =- 3
3
n -n
/b
/ b-n u [- n - 1] z-n
n =- 3
-1
/ b-n z-n
n=0
n =- 3
In second summation, Let n =- m

X (z) =
=
/ bn z-n + / bm zm
n=0
3
/ (bz
m=1
3
) + / (bz) m
n=0
m=1
43
1 44 2
44 3 1 4 2
II
I
-1 n
Summation I converges, if bz-1 < 1 or z > b

Summation II converges, if bz < 1 or z < 1
b
since b < 1 so from the above two conditions ROC : z < 1.
SOL 6.4.6

z -transform of signal an u [n] is
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Chap 6
/ an u [n] z-n
X (z) =
u [n] = 1, n $ 0
n=0
n =- 3
The Z-Transform
/ (az-1) n
1 44 2
44 3
I
1
= z
1 - az-1 z - a
Similarly, z -transform of signal an u [- n - 1] is
=
/ - an u [- n - 1] z-n
X (z) =
n =- 3
-1
/ an z-n
=-
a u [- n - 1] = 1, n #- 1
n =- 3
Let n =- m , then
X (z) =- / a-m zm = - / (a-1 z) m

m=1
m=1
1 44
42
44 3
-1
II
z
a
z
==
z-a
1 - a-1 z
z -transform of both the signal is same.
(A) is true
ROC : To obtain ROC we find the condition for convergences of X (z) for
both the transform.
Summation I converges if a-1 z < 1 or z > a , so ROC for an u [n] is z > a
Summation II converges if a-1 z < 1 or z < a , so ROC for - an u [- n - 1]
is z < a .
(R) is true, but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).
i. n
SOL 6.4.7
o
.c
a
i
d

z - transform of x [n] is defined as
o
n
.
w
w
X (z) =
=
/ x [n] z-n
n =- 3
3
/ x [n] r-n e-jWn
Putting z = re jW
n =- 3
z -transform exists if X (z) < 3

3
n =- 3
x [n] r-n e-jWn < 3

3
or
n =- 3
x [n] r-n < 3
Thus, z -transform exists if x [n] r-n is absolutely summable.

SOL 6.4.8

n
n
x [n] = b 1 l u [n] - b 1 l u [- n - 1]
3
2
Taking z transform we have

X (z) =
=
n=3
n =- 1
/ b 13 l z-n - /
1 n -n
b2l z
/ b 13 z-1l
1 -1 n
b2z l
n=0
n=3
n=0
n =- 3
n =- 1
n =- 3
First term gives

1 z-1 < 1 " 1 < z
3
3
Second term gives
1 z-1 > 1 " 1 > z
2
2
Thus its ROC is the common ROC of both terms. that is
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1< z <1
3
2
SOL 6.4.9
Page 589
Chap 6
The Z-Transform

n
x1 [n] = ` 5 j u [n]
6
1
ROC : R1 " z > 5
X1 (z) =
5 -1
6
1 - ^6 z h
n
x2 [n] =-` 6 j u [- n - 1]
5
1
ROC : R2 " z < 6
X1 (z) = 1 5
1 - ^ 65 z-1h
Thus ROC of x1 [n] + x2 [n] is R1 + R2 which is 5 < z < 6
6
5
Here
SOL 6.4.10
x [n] = 2 n u [ n]
3
/ x [n] z-n
X (z) =
/ 2n u [n] z-n
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
n =- 3
3
n =- 3
/ (2z-1) n
= 1 + 2z-1 + (2z-1) 2 + ...
n=0
1
1 - 2z-1
the above series converges if 2z-1 < 1 or z > 2
=
SOL 6.4.11

We have
h [ n] = u [ n]
3
/ x [ n] z
H (z) =
-n
n =- 3
H (z) is convergent if
/ 1z
-n
n=0
/ (z
-1 n
n=0
/ (z-1) n < 3
n=0
and this is possible when z-1 < 1. Thus ROC is z-1 < 1 or z > 1
SOL 6.4.12

(Please refer to table 6.1 of the book Gate Guide signals & Systems by same
authors)
Z
z
(A)
u [n]
(A " 3)
z-1
d [ n]
(B)
(C)
sin wt
(D)
cos wt
Z
Z
z sin wT
z - 2z cos wT + 1
z - cos wT
z2 - 2z cos wt + 1
2
t = nT
Z
t = nT
SOL 6.4.13

Inverse z -transform of X (z) is given as
x [n] = 1 # X (z) zn - 1 dz
2pj
SOL 6.4.14

so
(B " 1)
(C " 4)
(D " 2)
H (z) = z-m
h [n] = d [n - m]
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Chap 6
SOL 6.4.15

We know that
The Z-Transform
an u [n]
u [n]
For a = 1,
SOL 6.4.16
1
1 - az-1
1
1 - z-1

0.5
1 - 2z-1
Since ROC includes unit circle, it is left handed system
X (z) =
x [n] =- (0.5) (2) -n u [- n - 1]

x (0) = 0
If we apply initial value theorem
x (0) = lim X (z) = lim 0.5 -1 = 0.5
z"3
z " 31 - 2z
That is wrong because here initial value theorem is not applicable because
signal x [n] is defined for n < 0 .
SOL 6.4.17
i. n

F (z) =
z -transform
f (k) = d (k) - (- 1) k
Z
1
Thus
(- 1) k
1 + z- 1
z ^2z - 56 h
X (z) =
1
1
^z - 2 h^z - 3 h
5
^2z - 6 h
X (z)
=
= 11 + 11
1
1
z
^z - 2 h^z - 3 h
^z - 2 h ^z - 3 h
or
...(1)
X (z) = z 1 + z 1
^z - 2 h ^z - 3 h
S
S
term I
term II
1
Poles of X (z) are at z = and z = 1
2
3
1
ROC : z > 2 Since ROC is outside to the outer most pole so both the terms
in equation (1) corresponds to right sided sequence.
so,
SOL 6.4.18
o
.c
1 = 1- z = 1- 1
z+1
z+1
1 + z- 1
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
So,
n
n
x [n] = b 1 l u [n] + b 1 l u [n]
2
3
(A " 4)
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ROC : z < 13 :Since ROC is inside to the innermost pole so both the terms
in equation (1) corresponds to left sided signals.
Page 591
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
n
n
So,
x [n] =-b 1 l u [- n - 1] - b 1 l u [- n - 1]
(D " 2)
2
3
1
1
1
ROC : 3 < z < 2 : ROC is outside to the pole z = 3 , so the second term
of equation (1) corresponds to a causal signal. ROC is inside to the pole at
z = 12 , so First term of equation (1) corresponds to anticausal signal.
So,
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
n
n
x [n] =-b 1 l u [- n - 1] + b 1 l u [n]
2
3
(C " 1)
ROC : z < 13 & z > 12 : ROC : z < 13 is inside the pole at z = 13 so second
term of equation (1) corresponds to anticausal signal. On the other hand,
ROC : z > 12 is outside to the pole at z = 12 , so the first term in equation
(1) corresponds to a causal signal.
So,
n
n
x [n] = b 1 l u [n] - b 1 l u [- n - 1]
2
3
(B " 3)
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Chap 6
SOL 6.4.19

X (z) =
Given,
The Z-Transform
z
, z <2
(z - 2) (z - 3)
X (z)
1
= 1 - 1
=
z
z-3 z-2
(z - 2) (z - 3)
or,
X (z) = z - z
z-3 z-2
Poles of X (z) are z = 2 and z = 3
ROC : z < 2
By partial fraction
...(1)
i. n
o
.c
Since ROC is inside the innermost pole of X (z), both the terms in equation
(1) corresponds to anticausal signals.
a
i
d
x [n] =- 3n u [- n - 1] + 2n u [- n - n] = (2n - 3n) u [- n - 1]

SOL 6.4.20
o
n
z
, z >a
Given that
X (z) =
(z - a) 2
Residue of X (z) zn - 1 at z = a is
= d (z - a) 2 X (z) zn - 1 z = a
dz
z
zn - 1
= d (z - a) 2
dz
(z - a) 2
z=a
d
n
n-1
= z
= nz
= nan - 1
z=a
dz z = a
.
w
w
w
SOL 6.4.21

X (z) =
1
2
3
,
+
1 - az-1 1 - bz-1
Poles of the system are z = a , z = b
ROC : a < z < b
ROC : a < z < b
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Since ROC is outside to the pole at z = a , therefore the first term in X (z)
corresponds to a causal signal.
1
2
1 (a) n u [n]
2
1 - az
ROC is inside to the pole at z = b , so the second term in X (z) corresponds
to a anticausal signal.
1
3
Z-1
Page 593
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
-1
- 1 (b) n u [- n - 1]
3
x [n] = 1 (a) n u [n] - 1 (b) n u [- n - 1]
2
3
x [0] = 1 u [0] - 1 u [- 1] = 1
2
3
2
Z-1
-1
1 - bz
SOL 6.4.22

(z + z-3)
z (1 + z-4)
=
z (1 + z-2)
(z + z-1)
= (1 + z-4) (1 + z-2) -1
Writing binomial expansion of (1 + z-2) -1 , we have
X (z) = (1 + z-4) (1 - z-2 + z-4 - z-6 + ....)
= 1 - z-2 + 2z-4 - 2z-6 + ...
For a sequence x [n], its z -transform is
X (z) =
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
X (z) =
Comparing above two
/ x [n] z-n
n =- 3
x [n] = d [n] - d [n - 2] + 2d [n - 4] - 2d [n - 6] + ...

= "1, 0, - 1, 0, 2, 0, - 2, ....,
x [n] has alternate zeros.
SOL 6.4.23
Z-1
ad [n ! a]
aZ ! a
2
X (z) = 5z + 4z-1 + 3
x [n] = 5d [n + 2] + 4d [n - 1] + 3d [n]
We know that
Given that
Inverse z -transform
SOL 6.4.24

X (z) = e1/z
X (z) = e1/z = 1 + 1 + 1 2 + 1 3 + ....
z
2z
3z
z -transform of x [n] is given by
3
x [ 1] x [ 2] x [ 3]
X (z) = / x [n] z-n = x [0] +
+ 2 + 3 + ....
z
z
z
n=0
Comparing above two
1 1 1
"x [0], x [1], x [2], x [3] ...., = '1, , , , ....1
1 2 3
x [n ] = 1 u [ n]
n
SOL 6.4.25

The ROC of addition or subtraction of two functions x1 [n] and x2 [n] is R1 + R2
. We have been given ROC of addition of two function and has been asked
ROC of subtraction of two function. It will be same.
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Chap 6
SOL 6.4.26
The Z-Transform

(A)
x [n] = an u [n]
3
/ x [n] z-n
X (z) =
=
n =- 3
3
/ an z-n
u [n] = 1, n $ 0
n=0
/ (az-1) n
n=0
1
,
az-1 < 1 or z > a
1 - az-1
x [n] =- an u [- n - 1]
=
(B)
/ an u [- n - 1] z-n
X (z) ==-
n =- 3
-1
/ an z-n
u [- n - 1] = 1, n #- 1
n =- 3
3
-m m
X (z) =- / a
Let n =- m ,
z =- / (a-1 z) m
m=1
-1
m=1
= - a -z1 ,
a-1 z < 1 or z < a
1-a z
1
, z < a
=
(1 - az-1)
x [n] =- nan u [- n - 1]
i. n
(C)
We have,
(A " 2)
(B " 3)
o
.c
a
i
d
1
, z < a
(1 - az-1)
From the property of differentiation in z -domain
Z
z < a
- z d : 1 -1 D,
- nan u [- n - 1]
dz 1 - az
Z
az-1 ,
z < a
(1 - az-1) 2
(D)
x [n] = nan u [n]
Z
1
We have,
, z > a
an u [n]
(1 - az-1)
From the property of differentiation in z -domain
Z
1
,
z > a
-z d ;
nan u [n]
dz (1 - az-1)E
Z
az-1
,
z > a
(1 - az-1) 2
- an u [- n - 1]
o
n
.
w
w
(C " 4)
w
SOL 6.4.27
(D " 1)
Given that, z transform of x [n] is

3
/ x [n] z-n
X (z) =
z -transform of {x [n] e
n =- 3
jw0 n
/ x [n] e jw n z-n
Y (z) =
n =- 3
so,
/ x [n] (ze-jw ) -n
0
n =- 3
= X (zl) zl = ze
-jw0
Y (z) = X (ze-jw )
0
SOL 6.4.28
SOL 6.4.29

We know that,
z
z-a
From time shifting property
a n u [ n]
(A " 3)
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z
z-a
From the property of scaling in z -domain
an - 2 u [n - 2]
x [n]
If,
then,
an x [n]
so
(e j ) n an
From the property of

a n u [ n]
If,
then,
nan u [n]
z-2
X (z)
Z
Xa z k
a
z
-j
ae j k
Z
= ze
j
z
ze - a
ae j - a k
differentiation in z -domain
Z
z
z-a
Z
d
z
= az
dz a z - a k (z - a) 2
(B " 4)
Page 595
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
(C " 2)
(D " 1)
SOL 6.4.30
SOL 6.4.31

The convolution of a signal x [n] with unit step function u [n] is given by
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
y [n] = x [n] * u [n] =
/ x [k ]
k=0
Taking z -transform
Y (z) = X (z)
SOL 6.4.32

From the property of z -transform.
x 1 [ n] * x 2 [ n]
SOL 6.4.33
1
1 - z-1
X1 (z) X2 (z)

Given z transform
z-1 (1 - z-4)
4 (1 - z-1) 2
Applying final value theorem
C (z) =
lim f (n) = lim (z - 1) f (z)
n"3
z"1
z-1 (1 - z-4)
z"1
z"1
4 (1 - z-1) 2
z-1 (1 - z-4) (z - 1)
= lim
z"1
4 (1 - z-1) 2
z-1 z-4 (z 4 - 1) (z - 1)
= lim
z"1
4z-2 (z - 1) 2
-3 (z - 1) (z + 1) (z2 + 1) (z - 1)
= lim z
z"1 4
(z - 1) 2
-3
= lim z (z + 1) (z2 + 1) = 1
z"1 4
lim (z - 1) F (z) = lim (z - 1)
SOL 6.4.34
H1 (z) = 1 + 1.5z-1 - z-2

2
= 1 + 3 - 12 = 2z + 32z - 2
2z z
2z
Poles z2 = 0 & z = 0
zeros (2z2 + 3z - 2) = 0 & bz - 1 l (z + 2) = 0 & z = 1 , z =- 2
2
2
zeros of the two systems are identical.
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Chap 6
SOL 6.4.35
The Z-Transform

Taking z -transform on both sides of given equation.
z3 Y (z) + 6z2 Y (z) + 11zY (z) + 6Y (z) = z2 R (z) + 9zR (z) + 20R (z)
Transfer function
2
Y (z)
= 3 z +29z + 20
R (z)
z + 6z + 11z + 6
SOL 6.4.36

Characteristic equation of the system
zI - A = 0
0 1
z -1
z 0
zI - A = > H - >
=>
H
b -a
b z + aH
0 z
zI - A = z (z + a) + b = 0
z + za + b = 0
In the given options, only option (A) satisfies this characteristic equation.
2
c [k + 2] + ac [k + 1] + bc [k] = u [k]
z2 + za + b = 0
SOL 6.4.37
i. n

We can see that the given impulse response is decaying exponential, i.e.
h [n] = an u [n], 0 < a < 1
H (z) = z
z -transform of h [n]
z-a
Pole of the transfer function is at z = a , which is on real axis between
0 < a < 1.
o
.c
SOL 6.4.38
a
i
d
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n
.
w
w
y [ n ] + y [ n - 1] = x [ n ] - x [ n - 1]
Taking z -transform
SOL 6.4.39
Y (z) + z-1 Y (z) = X (z) - z-1 X (z)

(1 - z-1)
Y (z) =
(1 + z-1)
which has a linear phase response.

For the linear phase response output is the delayed version of input multiplied
by a constant.
y [n] = kx [n - n 0]
Y (z) = kz-n X (z) =
0
kX (z)
zn
0
Pole lies at z = 0
SOL 6.4.40

Given impulse response can be expressed in mathematical form as
h [n] = d [n] - d [n - 1] + d [n - 2] - d [n - 3] + ....
H (z) = 1 - z-1 + z-2 - z-3 + z-4 - z-5 + ....
= (1 + z-2 + z-4 + ....) - (z-1 + z-3 + z-5 + ....)
-1
2
= 1 -2 - z -2 = 2 z - 2 z
1-z
1-z
z -1 z -1
2
(z - z)
z (z - 1)
Pole at z =- 1
= z
= 2
=
z+1
1
+
1
(
z
)
(
z
)
(z - 1)
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SOL 6.4.41

Z
Let Impulse response of system h [n]
H (z)
First consider the case when input is unit step.
Input,
x1 [n] = u [n] or X1 (z) = z
(z - 1)
Page 597
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
y1 [n] = d [n] or Y1 (z) = 1

Y1 (z) = X1 (z) H (z)
1 = z H (z)
(z - 1)
(z - 1)
Transfer function,
H (z) =
z
Now input is ramp function
Output,
so,
x2 [n] = nu [n]
z
X2 (z) =
(z - 1) 2
Y2 (z) = X2 (z) H (z)
(z - 1)
= : z 2 D=
= 1
(z) G (z - 1)
(z - 1)
Output,
i. n
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.
a
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.
w
w
w
Y2 (z)
1
(z - 1)
SOL 6.4.42
Z-1
Z
-1
y 2 [n]
u [n - 1]

Given state equations
s [n + 1] = As [n] + Bx [n]
y [n] = Cs [n] + Dx [n]
Taking z -transform of equation (1)
zS (z) = AS (z) + BX (z)

S (z) 6zI - A@ = BX (z)
S (z) = (zI - A) -1 BX (z)
Now, taking z -transform of equation (2)
...(1)
...(2)
I " unit matrix

...(3)
Y (z) = CS (z) + DX (z)

Substituting S (z) from equation (3), we get
Y (z) = C (zI - A) -1 BX (z) + DX (z)
Transfer function
Y (z)
H (z) =
= C (zI - A) -1 B + D
X (z)
SOL 6.4.43

F (z) = 4z3 - 8z2 - z + 2
F (z) = 4z2 (z - 2) - z (z - 2)
= (4z2 - 2) (z - 2)
4z2 - 2 = 0 and (z - 2) = 0
z = ! 1 and z = 2
2
Only one root lies outside the unit circle.
SOL 6.4.44

We know that convolution of x [n] with unit step function u [n] is given by
x [n ] * u [n ] =
/ x [k ]
k =- 3
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y [ n] = x [ n] * u [ n]
1
Y (z) = X (z) z
= X (z)
(z - 1)
(1 - z-1)
so
Page 598
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
Transfer function,
H (z) =
Y (z)
1
=
X (z) (1 - z-1)
Now consider the inverse system of H (z), let impulse response of the inverse
system is given by H1 (z), then we can write
H (z) H1 (z) = 1
X (z)
H1 (z) =
= 1 - z-1
Y (z)
(1 - z-1) Y (z) = X (z)
Y (z) - z-1 Y (z) = X (z)
y [n] - y [n - 1] = x [n]
SOL 6.4.45
i. n
o
.c
y [ n ] - 1 y [ n - 1] = x [ n ]
2
Y (z) - 1 z-1 Y (z) = X (z)
2
Y (z)
1
Transfer function
H (z) =
=
X (z) 1 - 12 z-1
Now, for input x [n] = kd [n]Output is
o
n
a
i
d
.
w
w
Y (z) = H (z) X (z)

k
=
-1
^1 - 12 z h

n
n
y [n] = k b 1 l u [n] = k b 1 l ,
2
2
X (z) = k
n$0
SOL 6.4.46
SOL 6.4.47
y [ n ] + y [ n - 1] = x [ n ]
For unit step response, x [n] = u [n]
y [ n ] + y [ n - 1] = u [ n ]
Taking z -transform
Y (z) + z-1 Y (z) = z
z-1
(1 + z-1) Y (z) = z
(z - 1)
(1 + z)
Y (z) = z
z
(z - 1)
z2
Y (z) =
(z + 1) (z - 1)
SOL 6.4.48
SOL 6.4.49

We have h (2) = 1, h (3) =- 1 otherwise h [k] = 0 . The diagram of response
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is as follows :
Page 599
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
It has the finite magnitude values. So it is a finite impulse response filter.

Thus S2 is true but it is not a low pass filter. So S1 is false.
SOL 6.4.50

H (z) =
We know that
z
z - 0.2
z < 0.2
1
1 - az-1
h [n] =- (0.2) n u [- n - 1]
- an u [- n - 1] *
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
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.
w
w
w
Thus
SOL 6.4.51
z <a

We have
h [n] = 3d [n - 3]
or
H (z) = 2z-3
X (z) = z 4 + z2 - 2z + 2 - 3z-4
Now
Y (z) = H (z) X (z)
Taking z transform
= 2z-3 (z 4 + z2 - 2z + 2 - 3z-4)
= 2 (z + z-1 - 2z-2 + 2z-3 - 3z-7)
Taking inverse z transform we have
y [n] = 2 [d [n + 1] + d [n - 1] - 2d [n - 2] + 2d [n - 3] - 3d [n - 7]]
At n = 4 ,
y [4] = 0
SOL 6.4.52

z -transform of x [n] is
X (z) = 4z - 3 + 3z - 1 + 2 - 6z2 + 2z3

Transfer function of the system
H (z) = 3z - 1 - 2
Output, Y (z) = H (z) X (z)
= (3z-1 - 2) (4z-3 + 3z-1 + 2 - 6z2 + 2z3)
= 12z-4 + 9z-2 + 6z-1 - 18z + 6z2 - 8z-3 - 6z-1 - 4 + 12z2 - 4z3
= 12z-4 - 8z-3 + 9z-2 - 4 - 18z + 18z2 - 4z3
Or sequence y [n] is
y [n] = 12d [n - 4] - 8d [n - 3] + 9d [n - 2] - 4d [n]
- 18d [n + 1] + 18d [n + 2] - 4d [n + 3]
y [n] =
Y 0, n < 0
So y [n] is non-causal with finite support.
SOL 6.4.53

Impulse response of given LTI system.
h [ n ] = x [ n - 1] ) y [ n ]
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Taking z -transform on both sides.
Page 600
Chap 6
H (z) = z-1 X (z) Y (z)
The Z-Transform
x [n - 1]
z-1 x (z)
We have X (z) = 1 - 3z-1 and Y (z) = 1 + 2z-2

So
H (z) = z-1 (1 - 3z-1) (1 + 2z-2)
Output of the system for input u [n] = d [n - 1] is ,
y (z) = H (z) U (z)
U [n]
-1
-1
-2 -1
So
Y (z) = z (1 - 3z ) (1 + 2z ) z
= z-2 (1 - 3z-1 + 2z-2 - 6z-3)
= z-2 - 3z-3 + 2z-4 - 6z-5
Taking inverse z-transform on both sides we have output.
U (z) = z-1
y [n] = d [n - 2] - 3d [n - 3] + 2d [n - 4] - 6d [n - 5]
SOL 6.4.54

H (z) = (1 - az-1)
We have to obtain inverse system of H (z). Let inverse system has response
H1 (z).
i. n
H (z) H1 (z) = 1
1
1 =
H (z)
1 - az-1
-1
For stability H (z) = (1 - az ), z > a but in the inverse system z < a , for
stability of H1 (z).
so
h1 [n] =- an u [- n - 1]
H1 (z) =
SOL 6.4.55
o
.c
a
i
d
o
n
z
z + 12
Pole,
z =- 1
2
The system is stable if pole lies inside the unit circle. Thus (A) is true, (R)
is false.
SOL 6.4.56
.
w
w
H (z) =

Difference equation of the system.
y [n + 2] - 5y [n + 1] + 6y [n] = x [n]
Taking z -transform on both sides of above equation.
z2 Y (z) - 5zY (z) + 6Y (z) = X (z)

(z2 - 5z + 6) y (z) = X (z)
Transfer function,
Y (z)
1
H (z) =
= 2 1
=
X (z) (z - 5z + 6)
(z - 3) (z - 2)
Roots of the characteristic equation are z = 2 and z = 3
We know that an LTI system is unstable if poles of its transfer function
(roots of characteristic equation) lies outside the unit circle. Since, for the
given system the roots of characteristic equation lies outside the unit circle
(z = 2, z = 3) so the system is unstable.
SOL 6.4.57

z2 + 1
(z + 0.5) (z - 0.5)
Poles of the system lies at z = 0.5, z =- 0.5 . Since, poles are within the unit
System function,
H (z) =
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circle, therefore the system is stable.

From the initial value theorem
Page 601
Chap 6
(z2 + 1)
z"3
z " 3(z + 0.5) (z - 0.5)
1
b1 + z2 l
= lim
=1
0.5
0.5
z"3
b1 + z lb1 - z l
The Z-Transform
h [0] = lim H (z) = lim
SOL 6.4.58

y [n] = 2x [n] + 4x [n - 1]
Y (z) = 2X (z) + 4z-1 X (z)
Transfer Function,
Y (z)
H (z) =
= 2 + 4z-1 = 2z + 4
z
X (z)
Pole of H (z), z = 0
Since Pole of H (z) lies inside the unit circle so the system is stable.
(A) is not True.
i. n
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.
a
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.
w
w
w
H (z) = 2 + 4z-1
h [n] = 2d [n] + 4d [n - 1] = "2, 4,

Impulse response has finite number of non-zero samples.
(R) is true.
SOL 6.4.59

For left sided sequence we have
1
where z < a
1 - az-1
Z
1
Thus
where z < 5
- 5n u [- n - 1]
1 - 5z-1
Z
z
or
where z < 5
- 5n u [- n - 1]
z-5
Since ROC is z < 5 and it include unit circle, system is stable.
- an u [- n - 1]
ALTERNATIVE METHOD :
h [n] =- 5n u [- n - 1]
H (z) =
Let n =- m, then
/ h [n] z
-n
n =- 3
H (z) =-
-3
-1
/-5 z
n -n
=-
n =- 3
/ (5z
-1 -m
= 1-
n =- 1
1
= 1,
1 - 5-1 z
= 1- 5 = z
5-z
z-5
-1
/ (5z
-1 n
n =- 3
3
/ (5
-1
z) -m
m=0
5-1 z < 1 or z < 5
SOL 6.4.60

For a system to be stable poles of its transfer function H (z) must lie inside
the unit circle. In inverse system poles will appear as zeros, so zeros must be
inside the unit circle.
SOL 6.4.61

An LTI discrete system is said to be BIBO stable if its impulse response h [n]
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is summable, that is
Page 602
Chap 6
/ h [ n] < 3
The Z-Transform
n =- 3
z -transform of h [n] is given as
H (z) =
/ h [n] z-n
n =- 3
Let z = e jW (which describes a unit circle in the z -plane), then

3
/ h [n] e-jWn
H (z) =
=
=
n =- 3
3
n =- 3
3
n =- 3
h [n] e-jWn
h [ n] < 3
which is the condition of stability. So LTI system is stable if ROC of its

system function includes the unit circle z = 1.
(A) is true.
We know that for a causal system, the ROC is outside the outermost pole.
For the system to be stable ROC should include the unit circle z = 1. Thus,
for a system to be causal & stable these two conditions are satisfied if all the
poles are within the unit circle in z -plane.
(R) is false.
i. n
SOL 6.4.62
o
.c

We know that for a causal system, the ROC is outside the outermost pole.
For the system to be stable ROC should include the unit circle z = 1. Thus,
for a system to be causal & stable these two conditions are satisfied if all the
poles are within the unit circle in z -plane.
(A) is true.
If the z -transform X (z) of x [n] is rational then its ROC is bounded by poles
because at poles X (z) tends to infinity.
(R) is true but (R) is not correct explanation of (A).
a
i
d
o
n
SOL 6.4.63
.
w
w

We have,
2 - 34 z - 1
H (z) =
1 - 34 z - 1 + 18 z - 2
1
1
By partial fraction
=
-1
1 -1 +
^1 - 2 z h ^1 - 14 z h
For ROC : z > 1/2
n
n
1
h [n] = b 1 l u [n] + b 1 l u [n], n > 0
= an u [n], z > a
2
4
1 - z -1
Thus, system is causal. Since ROC of H (z ) includes unit circle, so it is stable
also. Hence S1 is True
For ROC : z < 1
4
n
n
h [n] =-b 1 l u [- n - 1] + b 1 l u [n],
z > 1, z < 1
2
2
4
4
System is not causal. ROC of H (z ) does not include unity circle, so it is not
stable and S 3 is True.
SOL 6.4.64

We have
2y [n] = ay [n - 2] - 2x [n] + bx [n - 1]
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Taking z transform we get

2Y (z) = aY (z) z-2 - 2X (z) + bX (z) z-1
Y (z)
bz-1 - 2
or
...(1)
=c
X (z)
2 - az-2 m
z ( b - z)
or
H (z) = 22 a
(z - 2 )
It has poles at ! a/2 and zero at 0 and b/2 . For a stable system poles must
lie inside the unit circle of z plane. Thus
a <1
2
Page 603
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
or
a <2
But zero can lie anywhere in plane. Thus, b can be of any value.
SOL 6.4.65

Let H1 (z) and H2 (z) are the transfer functions of systems s1 and s2 respectively.
For the second order system, transfer function has the following form
i. n
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.
a
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.
w
w
w
H1 (z) = az-2 + bz-1 + c

H2 (z) = pz-2 + qz-1 + r
Transfer function of the cascaded system
H (z) = H1 (z) H2 (z)
= (az-2 + bz-1 + c) (pz-2 + qz-1 + r)

= apz-4 + (aq + bp) z-3 + (ar + cp) z-2 + (br + qc) z-1 + cr
So, impulse response h [n] will be of order 4.
SOL 6.4.66

Output is equal to input with a delay of two units, that is
y (t) = x (t - 2)
Y (z) = z-2 X (z)
Transfer function,
Y (z)
H (z) =
= z-2
X (z)
For the cascaded system, transfer function
H (z) = H1 (z) H2 (z)

(z - 0.5)
H (z)
z-2 =
(z - 0.8) 2
-1
-2
-2
-3
H2 (z) = z - 0.8z = z - 0.8z-1
z - 0.5
1 - 0.5z
SOL 6.4.67

y [n] = x [n - 1]
Y (z) = z-1 X (z)
or
Y (z)
= H (z) = z-1
X (z)
or
Now
SOL 6.4.68
H1 (z) H2 (z) = z-1

1 - 0.4z-1
-1
c 1 - 0.6z-1 m H2 (z) = z
z-1 (1 - 0.6z-1)
H2 (z) =
(1 - 0.4z-1)

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h1 [n] = d [n - 1] or H1 [Z ] = Z - 1
and
h 2 [n] = d [n - 2] or H2 (Z ) = Z - 2
Response of cascaded system
We have
Page 604
Chap 6
The Z-Transform
or,
H (z ) = H1 (z ) : H2 (z ) = z-1 : z-2 = z-3

h [n] = d [n - 3]
SOL 6.4.69

Let three LTI systems having response H1 (z), H2 (z) and H 3 (z) are
Cascaded as showing below
H1 (z) = z2 + z1 + 1 (non-causal)
Assume
H2 (z) = z3 + z2 + 1 (non-causal)
Overall response of the system
H (z) = H1 (z) H2 (z) H3 (z)
i. n
= (z2 + z1 + 1) (z3 + z2 + 1) H3 (z)

To make H (z) causal we have to take H3 (z) also causal.
Let
H3 (z) = z-6 + z-4 + 1
H (z) = (z2 + z1 + 1) (z3 + z2 + 1) (z-6 + z-4 + 1)
H (z) " causal
Similarly to make H (z) unstable atleast one of the system should be unstable.
o
.c
SOL 6.4.70
a
i
d
o
n
1 + az-1 + bz-2
1 + cz-1 + dz-2 + ez-3
We know that number of minimum delay elements is equal to the highest
power of z-1 present in the denominator of H (z).
No. of delay elements = 3
SOL 6.4.71
.
w
w
H (z) =

From the given system realization, we can write
-2
-1
^X (z) + Y (z) z a2 + Y (z) a1 z h # a 0 = Y (z)
System Function
Y (z)
a0
H (z) =
=
X (z) 1 - a1 z-1 - a2 z-2
1
=
1 - a1 z-1 - a2 z-2
a0 a0
a0
Comparing with given H (z)
1 =1&a =1
0
a0
- a1 =- 0.7 & a1 = 0.7
a0
- a2 = 0.13 & a2 =- 0.13
a0
SOL 6.4.72

Let, M " highest power of z-1 in numerator.
N " highest power of z-1 in denominator
Number of delay elements in direct form-I realization equals to M + N
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Number of delay elements in direct form-II realization equal to N .

Here, M = 3 , N = 3
So delay element in direct form-I realization will be 6 and in direct form
realization will be 3.
SOL 6.4.73
Page 605
Chap 6
The Z-Transform

System response is given as
G (z)
H (z) =
1 - KG (z)
g [n] = d [n - 1] + d [n - 2]
G (z) = z-1 + z-2
(z-1 + z-2)
z+1
So
H (z) =
-1
-2 = 2
z - Kz - K
1 - K (z + z )
For system to be stable poles should lie inside unit circle.
z #1
2
z = K ! K + 4K # 1
2
i. n
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.
a
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n
.
w
w
w
K ! K2 + 4K # 2
K2 + 4K # 2 - K
K2 + 4K # 4 - 4K + K2
8K # 4
K # 1/2
SOL 6.4.74

Input-output relationship of the system
y [n] = x [n] + ay [n - 1]
Taking z -transform
Y (z) = X (z) + z-1 aY (z)

Transform Function,
Y (z)
1
=
X (z) 1 - z-1 a
Pole of the system (1 - z-1 a) = 0 & z = a
For stability poles should lie inside the unit circle z < 1 so a < 1.
SOL 6.4.75

The relation ship between Laplace transform and z -transform is given as
X (s) = X (z) z = est
...(1)
z = esT
jW
We know that
...(2)
z = re
and
(3)
s = s + jw
From equation (1), (2) and (3), we can write
z = re jW = e(s + jw) T = esT e jwT
From above relation we can find that z = esT and W = wT . It is concluded
that,
If s = 0 then z = 1, the jw-axis of s -plane maps into unit circle.
If s < 0 , z < 1, it implies that left half of s -plane maps into inside of
unit circle _ z < 1i.
Similarly, if s > 0 , z > 1 which implies that right half of s -plane maps
into outside of unit circle.
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Page 606
Chap 6
SOL 6.4.76
The Z-Transform

The relation ship between Laplace transform and z -transform is given as
X (s) = X (z) z = est
z = esT
We know that
z = re jW
and
s = s + jw
From equation (1), (2) and (3), we can write
...(1)
...(2)
(3)
z = re jW = e(s + jw) T
= esT e jwT
z = re jW = esT e jwT
From above relation we can find that z = esT and W = wT . It is concluded
that,
If s = 0 then z = 1, the jw-axis of s -plane maps into unit circle.
If s < 0 , z < 1, it implies that left half of s -plane maps into inside of
unit circle _ z < 1i.
Similarly, if s > 0 , z > 1 which implies that right half of s -plane maps
into outside of unit circle.
SOL 6.4.77

Ideal sampler output is given by
f (t) =
i. n
o
.c
/ Kn d [t - nTs]
a
i
d
n=0
where Ts " sampling period

n " integer
f (t) = K 0 d [n] + K1 d [n - 1] + K2 d [n - 2] + ...
o
n
.
w
w
Z [f (t)] = K 0 + K1 z-1 + K2 z-2 + ... + Kn z-n
SOL 6.4.78

We know that
so,
X (s) = X (z) z = e
z = esT
ln z = sT
s = ln z
T
w
SOL 6.4.79
SOL 6.4.80
sT
a
s + a2
Poles in s -domain are at s = ! ja . In z -domain poles will be at z = esT , so
H (s) =
z1 = e-jaT and z2 = e jaT

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Eighth Edition

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Signals and Systems

NODIA & COMPANY

GATE Electronics & Communication Vol 7, 8e

Copyright By NODIA & COMPANY

NODIA & COMPANY

B 8, Dhanshree Ist, Central Spine, Vidyadhar Nagar, Jaipur 302039

Preface to the Series

IES Electronics & Telecommunication

CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS

CONTINUOUS - TIME AND DISCRETE - TIME SIGNALS

Analog and Discrete Signals

BASIC OPERATIONS ON SIGNALS

MULTIPLE OPERATIONS ON SIGNALS

BASIC CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS

The Unit-Impulse Function

MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF SIGNALS

CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEMS

CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEM & CLASSIFICATION

Linear and Non-Linear System

LINEAR TIME INVARIANT SYSTEM

Impulse Response and The Convolution Integral

STEP RESPONSE OF AN LTI SYSTEM

PROPERTIES OF LTI SYSTEMS IN TERMS OF IMPULSE RESPONSE

Memoryless LTI System

Systems in Parallel Configuration

TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEMS

Natural Response or Zero-input Response

BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION

DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS

INTRODUCTION TO DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS 203

IMPULSE RESPONSE OF INTER-CONNECTED SYSTEMS

Periodic and Aperiodic DT Signals

BASIC OPERATIONS ON DT SIGNALS

MULTIPLE OPERATIONS ON DT SIGNALS

BASIC DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS

Discrete Impulse Function

DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS

Linear and Non-linear Systems

LINEAR-TIME INVARIANT DISCRETE SYSTEM 287

DISCRETE TIME SYSTEM & CLASSIFICATION

MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF DT SIGNALS USING IMPULSE OR STEP FUNCTION

Impulse Response and Convolution Sum

STEP RESPONSE OF AN LTI SYSTEM

PROPERTIES OF DISCRETE LTI SYSTEM IN TERMS OF IMPULSE RESPONSE

Memoryless LTID System

IMPULSE RESPONSE OF INTERCONNECTED SYSTEMS

RESPONSE OF LTID SYSTEMS IN TIME DOMAIN

Natural Response or Zero Input Response

BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION

The Bilateral or Two-Sided Laplace Transform

Poles and Zeros of Rational Laplace Transforms

THE INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

THE EXISTENCE OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM

THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

Inverse Laplace Transform Using Partial Fraction Method 383

PROPERTIES OF THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM 384

ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS LTI SYSTEMS USING LAPLACE TRANSFORM

Response of LTI Continuous Time System

BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION OF CONTINUOUS LTI SYSTEM

Direct Form I structure

SYSTEM FUNCTION FOR INTERCONNECTED LTI SYSTEMS