IT 1: Information Technology

Literacy
2nd Semester 2013-2014

OPERATING SYSTEMS

Types of Software
Application Software
Programming Software
System Software

Application Software
Offers different functions based on the
users needs

Programming Software
Provides tools to assist programmers in
writing computer programs
Compilers
Interpreters
Linkers
Debuggers
Text editors
IDE

Compiler
A computer program
Translates a source code written in a
high level programming language to
another language understood by the
computer
Transforms code in order to create
executable programs

Compiler

Object Code

Source Code
High-level

Executable File

Interpreter
A computer program that directly
executes another source code written
in a programming language.

http://lolcode.org/

Debugger
A program used to test other programs
for errors

Linker
Links object files to standard library
functions for execution

IDE
Integrated Development Environment
Single application that combines all
programming softwares mentioned

System Software
Provides basic functions for computer
usage and helps run the computer
hardware and system
Device drivers
Servers
Utilities
Operating systems

Operating System
A software that is implemented in
either hardware or firmware

Operating System
An interface between a user and a
computer
OS translates the users actions to
commands that are understood by
computers

Operating System
Provides a set of resources for driving
the resources of the system
The OS makes the different hardware
components of a computer work

Operating System
Provides a set of procedures for
managing the resources of the system
The OS coordinates the use of a resource
when several users need it.

Operating System - Objectives

To provide a convenient environment
for the development and execution of
programs
To schedule computational activities
to ensure good performance of the
computing system

Services Offered by the OS

Convenient input/output operations
You really dont care how the letter a
appears on the screen when A is
pressed on the keyboard

Services Offered by the OS

CPU Scheduling
The CPU must be busy most of the time if
not all the time

Services Offered by the OS

Memory management
Allocate the main memory to several
processes with the aim of making sure
that the process about to take the CPU is
already in the memory

Services Offered by the OS

File Systems
Organize files for
convenience of the
system and the user

Services Offered by the OS

Protection and Security
Prevent unauthorized access by
applications and users to data and other
resources

Services Offered by the OS

Protection and Security
Prevent unauthorized access by
applications and users to data and other
resources

Services Offered by the OS

Communication and Resource Sharing
Provides a way for processes to
communicate and cooperate to
accomplish a specific task

Services Offered by the OS

Utilities
Disk defragmenter, disk clean-up, date
and time, etc.

Services Offered by the OS

Command Interpreter
Provides an interface between the user
and the computer that allows high-level
commands to be issued by the user

Evolution of Operating Systems

Operating systems have historically
been tied with the computer systems
on which they run

Evolution of Operating Systems

First generation of
Computers (19451955)
Vacuum tubes and
plug boards were
used

http://fahmirahman.files.wordpress.com
/2011/01/1_1.jpg

Evolution of Operating Systems

First generation of Computers (1945-1955)
Computers were enormous, very expensive to
operate, used a great amount of electricity and
generated a lot of heat

http://the-eniac.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/eniaclogo_755x281.jpg

Evolution of Operating Systems

First generation of Computers (1945-1955)
A single group of people designed, built,
programmed, operated and maintained each
machine.

http://the-eniac.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/eniaclogo_755x281.jpg

Evolution of Operating Systems

First generation of Computers (1945-1955)
Punch cards were introduced during the early
1950s

http://punchcardreader.com/images/punch_card.75dpi.rgb.gif

Evolution of Operating Systems

First generation of Computers (19451955)
There were no operating systems used
during the first generation of computers

Evolution of Operating Systems

Second generation of Computers
(1955-1965)
Machine language was used. There were
no programming languages yet.

Evolution of Operating Systems

Second generation of Computers
(1955-1965)
Computers became reliable enough
Computers were sold to paying customers

Evolution of Operating Systems

Second generation of Computers
(1955-1965)
Batch Operating System
Loading a program to a computer takes time
Time is saved when jobs that require the same
program are grouped together and
processed by batches

Evolution of Operating Systems

Second generation of Computers
(1955-1965)

http://www.osinfoblog.com/contentsimages/an%20early%20batch%20system.JPG

Evolution of Operating Systems

Third generation of
Computers (19651980)
Integrated Circuits
miniaturized
transistors places on
silicon chips.

http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/iamnao/iamnao1202/iamnao120200110/12342990-integratedcircuits-on-computer-ram-memory.jpg

Evolution of Operating Systems

Third generation of Computers (19651980)
Because of computer families, OS was
very complex
It had to be with few peripherals as well as
with many peripherals
It had to work in commercial as well as in
scientific environments
It had to run on small systems as well as in
large systems
It had to be efficient for all these different uses

Evolution of Operating Systems

Third generation of Computers (19651980)
From batch processing to
multiprogramming
In multiprogramming, while one job is
waiting for I/O, another job in the memory
can take control of the CPU

Evolution of Operating Systems

Fourth generation of Computers (1980present)
Large Scale Integration (LSI) circuits or
microprocessors fitted thousands of
transistors on a single silicon

Evolution of Operating Systems

Fourth generation
of Computers (1980present)
Operating Systems
evolved, adding
new a new features
for every new
version
Network Operating
Systems

http://www.teach-ict.com/images/a_lan.jpg

Current Operating Systems

Desktop/Laptop Computers
Windows
Linux
Mac OS

Mobile Devices
Symbian
Android
iOS

Microsoft Windows
Introduced on November 20, 1985
Graphical user interface added to MS
DOS
Holds 90% market share of OS in 2009

Microsoft Windows
Windows 1.0 (1985) multi-tasking GUI
based OS environment

Microsoft Windows
Windows 2.0 (1987)
overlapping
windows and more
shortcuts; first
versions of Word
and Excel
Windows 2.0.x
(1988-1989)
designed for Intel
80286 and 80386
processors

Microsoft Windows
Windows 3.0 (1989) revamped user
interface, 16-color icons, improved
memory management

Microsoft Windows
Windows 3.0.x and NT (1992) minor
improvements and bug fixes for 3.0;
multimedia support;

Microsoft Windows
Windows 95 (1995) MS DOS and
Windows integrated; plug and play
features; start button

Microsoft Windows
Windows 98 (1998) new hardware
drivers; better support for FAT 32, most
reliable Windows 9x release

Microsoft Windows
Microsoft ME and 2000 (2000) System
restore; criticized for stability; NT version

Microsoft Windows
Windows XP (2001) Windows NT
kernel and architecture; most popular
Windows

Microsoft Windows
Windows 7 (2009) improved
performance on multi-core processors;
multi-touch support.

Linux
A family of UNIX-like OS
Runs on a wide variety of computer
hardware
Open source
Free

Linux Distributions
Pardus
Turkeys National OS

Debian
non-commercial distribution maintained
by a volunteer developer community with
a strong commitment to free software
principles

Knoppix
One of the first to run on live CD/USB

Linux Distributions
Ubuntu
12 million users (estimated)

Fedora
A community distribution sponsored by
Red Hat

Slackware
One of Linuxs first distributions, founded in
1993

Bayanihan Linux

Bayanihan Linux
Began in 2001
Aims to create an alternative and
open source desktop solution by the
Advanced Science and Technology
Institute (ASTI) and the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST)

http://www.bayanihan.gov.ph/index.php/products/bayanihan-desktop

Linux as a great alternative to

Windows
Linux is very stable
Linux is free to install on any number of
computers
There are no viruses in Linux
There are free alternatives to popular
Windows programs
Windows applications can be installed
in Linux via Wine or VirtualBox

Mac OS
First released on January 24, 1984
Initially named System
Popularized the GUI
Developed for the Macintosh Line of
Computers
Co-founded by Steve Jobs (also the
CEO)

Mac OS
System Software 1

http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm//wp-content/uploads/2012/08/1984_Mac_System_1_0.jpg

Mac OS
Classic Mac OS (1984-2001)
No command line, purely graphical
Cooperative multitasking
Limited memory management, no
protected memory

Mac OS

Logos/box-art of Mac OS X. From left to right: (Box 1) Mac OS X

10.0 (Cheetah)/10.1 (Puma) (Cheetah and Puma shared the same
box art), (Box 2) 10.2 (Jaguar), (Box 3) 10.3 (Panther), (Box 4) 10.4
(Tiger), (Box 5) 10.5 (Leopard), (Box 6) 10.6 (Snow Leopard). The
icons for 10.7 (Lion) and 10.8 (Mountain Lion) are shown as well.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X

Symbian
Open Source OS designed for
smartphones
Maintained by Nokia
Bought by Nokia from Symbian Ltd. in
2008

Android
Mobile OS
Bought by Google from Android Inc. in
2005
Linux Kernel
Maintained and Developed by the
Android Open Source Project

Android Versions

http://developer.android.com/about/dashboards/index.html

iOS
Apples Mobile OS
Derived from Mac OS X
For iPhone and iPod devices