Combined PDF

Task Force on Fault Current Limiter Testing
Frank C. Lambert
Georgia Tech - NEETRAC
&
Michael Mischa Steurer
Center for Advanced Power Systems,
Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
Presented at the 8th EPRI Superconductivity Conference

Oak Ridge, TN, Nov 12, 2008
New IEEE Task Force

Goal
Develop a guide for testing novel FCL technologies (SC and
non-SC)
Complements activities by CIGRE WG-A3.23
Scope
Identify FCL testing requirements from a utility point of view
Identify specific testing needs regarding the different FCL
technologies (e.g. superconducting vs. power electronics)
Identify applicability of existing power equipment testing
standards
Recommend additional tests and testing procedures as needed
Identify gaps in availability of testing capabilities and recommend
power requirements for upgrading
11/12/2008
FCL_Testing_TF_EPRI-SC_Lambert_Steurer_12nov2008
New IEEE Task Force

Approach
Study and review novel fault current limiter (FCL) technologies
for medium and high voltage systems.
Map testing requirements against the needs by different FCL
technologies
Map testing requirements against existing power equipment
testing standards
Map testing requirements against available laboratory
capabilities
Coordinate with other technical committees, groups, societies
and associations as required
Status
New IEEE task force was approved by the IEEE Switchgear
Committee in October 2008
We still need participants!
First meeting possible during the Joint Technical Committee
Meetings in Atlanta (http://www.pestechnical.com)
January 12 15, 2009
Next regular meeting of the IEEE Switchgear Committee will be
in Asheville, NC, May 3 7, 2009
11/12/2008
NEETRAC Fault Current Limiter Needs

Assessment Survey
Goal
Help target and direct FCL development towards applications
with the maximum potential benefit for utilities
Approach
NETRAC customer sponsored 10-page survey
Planning, Substation Engineering/Design
Operations/Maintenance
Protection & Control
Individual utility responses will be collected and aggregated by

NEETRAC
Only composite results will be distributed to sponsoring
NEETRAC members, survey participants, and CIGRE WG A3.23
Status
Revisions of the survey questions are possible until mid of
January 2009
Interested parties please contact Frank Lambert
Email
Phone
Fax
11/12/2008
frank.lambert@neetrac.gatech.edu
404-675-1855
404-675-1820
Eighth Annual Superconductivity Conference

Cigre WG A3.23 Update
Ashok Sundaram
Senior Project Manager
EPRI
asundara@epri.com
(650) 855-2304
November 12th-13th, 2008
Doubletree, OakRidge, TN
Hosted by DOE and ORNL
New Cigre WG A3.23 on Application and feasibility of

fault current limiters in power systems
Met in Erlangen, Germany (near Nuremberg) hosted by Mr. Heino
Schmitt of Siemens on Sept 3rd & 4th , 2008
Twenty members selected worldwide to serve on this WG picked on a
competitive basis from a large number of applicants
Scope of the WG A3.23 is as follows:
Build on WG A3.10 and A3.16 and draw to a close A3s
investigation into FCLs
Location of FCL installation
Different type of FCLs
Experience from former and new pilot projects
Feasibility of application of conventional and novel FCLs
Acceptance issues and how to overcome them
Customer system requirements (fault level, insulation
coordination, power quality and stability)
Interactions with protection and other control and power devices
Potential economical savings (examples from utility experiences)
2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
New Cigre WG A3.23 on Application and feasibility of

fault current limiters in power systems
Time Schedule 3 years
Deliverables:
Technical brochure and report in Electra
Sessions symposium papers as appropriate
Tutorial material (enhancing that available from previous WGs)
Next Meeting
Early March 2009 sponsored by Zenergy (formerly SCPower) in
South San Francisco for a 2 days followed by a field visit to SCE
to observe testing of Zenergy Superconducting FCL at the
Avanti circuit of the future.
Non members of the WG are welcome to attend and provide input
but cannot participate in voting on motions passed.
Reports from Cigre on Fault Current Limiters

Cigre Technical Brochure No 239 (WG A3.10) December
2003.
Fault current limiters in electrical medium and high
voltage systems
Cigre Technical Brochure No 339 (WG A3.16) February
2008
Guideline on the impacts of fault current limiting
devices on protection systems
HTS Cables
Status of Standards Work
David Lindsay
Southwire Company
EPRI HTS Conference
Oak Ridge, TN
12 Nov 2008
IEEE (www.ieee.org)
IEEE
PES Power & Energy Society
ICC Insulated Conductor Committee

C22D
C22D Superconducting Cables
Inactive past ~5 years

Re-activated in Oct 2008
Discussion Group = no formal task for
standard development at this time.
Chair = David Lindsay
Cigre (www.cigre.org)
Cigre International Council on Large

Electric Systems
Study Committee B1 Insulated Cables
TF B1.31 Testing of Superconducting Cable

Systems
Created August 2008

1 year duration
Provide terms of reference of future WG
Convenor = David Lindsay
Cigre guides for HV/EHV cable are typically used as base for
new IEC standards.
Proposal for
US Sub-Committee on
HTS Standards
From Lance Cooley
IEEE-CSC Standards Chair
And Bill Hassenzahl
Past IEEE-CSC Standards Chair
IEEE-CSC Standards
IEEE Council on Superconductivity recognizes
and supports standards activities
Hosted discussions 2004-2007 that led to new IECTC90 working group on HTS current leads
Acts as liaison between individuals, organizations
(EPRI, IEEE, NEMA, Labs, Companies), and
countries (IEC, VAMAS, CIGRE)
Request to IEEE-CSC from Japanese National
Committee for US participation in further work
Proposal: IEEE-CSC will continue support as a

liaison until a more formal organization is formed
and funding can be secured
JNC-IEC Proposal
At the Berlin IEC TC-90 meeting the JNC proposed the creation of
an ad hoc group to discuss the validity of the general requirements
of HTS (document available). The result of voting was 3
agreements(Japan, Korea and Poland) and 2 abstention (Germany
and China). So the ad hoc group became possible to start.
Professor Osamura was nominated as the Rapporteur. His
comments to LD Cooley of the IEEE-CSC were:
1) The group should be organized by the experts from USA, Germany, Poland,
China, Korea Japan and possibly others.
2) I feel this is very tough job for getting any reasonable conclusion whether its
creation is valid or not.
3) So I would like to collect comprehensively opinions from the experts and also from
people relating to SC science and technology. Please give me your opinion on this
matter. And I would like to ask you to recommend the experts from USA.
Cooley replied that we need to have general discussions in the USA

and that we would provide a formal response in December 2008.
New IEC Ad-Hoc Group

October 9, 2008
Secretary IEC/TC90
Ad-hoc Group 3: Standardization of Superconducting Wires
Task: To study standardization issues on Superconducting wires and to report a result
at the next TC90 meeting
Member
Kozo Osamura (Japan) Rapporteur
Koichi Nakao (Japan)
Jeonwook CHO (Korea)
Jacek Sosnowski (Poland)
TBD (USA) Cooley (as of 11/7/08)
TBD (China)
e-mail address
kozo_osamura@rias.or.jp
nakao@istec.or.jp
jwcho@keri.re.kr
sosnow@iel.waw.pl
Motivation
Groundwork by EPRI, IEEE-CSC, AEA
DOE and others is working towards
defining an effective organization
Activity in, and request from, Japan
requires a response at some level
HTS conductors are becoming defined;
end uses are developing; products are not
yet there --- ripe for groundwork.
Potential US Committee Members

approached by Cooley
DOE: Haught
IEEE-CSC: Cooley, Levy
EPRI: Eckroad
NIST: Goodrich
NEMA: Liebowitz
AFRL: Barnes
NRL: Gubser
NHMFL: Larbalestier
ORNL: Lee
LANL: Marken
GE: Bray
AmSC: Maguire, Fleshler
SuPwr: Xie, Martchevskii
AEA: Hassenzahl
Action items for coming year
Hold a workshop
Define an organizational structure
Prepare a Formal US response to JNC-IEC
Seek support
Assess landscape and needs
Current leads already in progress

WG1 begin work on terminology
WG2 some characterizations need standards
Activities by CIGRE, EPRI, NEMA
USA Formal Response to JNC

Details TBD
Suggest forming an ad hoc committee (following the IEC
plan) within the US with some or all of the individuals
listed above.
Suggest that the chair be from the IEEE-CSC and that
this organization act as a coordinator for activities.
During a workshop early in 2009 determine areas where
standards are needed, both now and in the future.
Address national and international issues in the
standards area and how to establish a level playing field.
An Assessment of Fault Current

Limiter Testing Requirements
Brian Marchionini &
Ndeye K. Fall
Energetics Incorporated
Dr. Michael Mischa Steurer

Florida State University
EPRI Superconductivity Conference, November 12-13, 2008
What is a FCL and How Does it Work?
Very Low Impedance
Fault
Project Purpose and Scope
Identify testing requirements for advanced electricitydelivery devices such as fault current limiters
Make an assessment of the existing capabilities of

testing facilities in the U.S. and internationally
Perform a gap analysis to determine where existing

testing capabilities and facilities fall short
The scope of the project includes solid-state and

superconducting-based fault current limiters
Focuses on projects sponsored by the U.S. Department

of Energy
Methodology
Subject
SubjectMatter
MatterExpert
ExpertInterviews
Interviews
Testing
TestingNeeds
Needs
Testing
TestingFacility
Facility
Capabilities
Capabilities
Gap
GapAnalysis
Analysis
Organizations Contacted
Electrivation
Types of Testing
Immediately
needed
Category
Description
Research and
Development
Tests
Electrical and mechanical tests performed in a laboratory and

conducted during development.
Type Tests
Performed to demonstrate the adequacy of designs and materials of a

system. Generally required when there is a significant change in
materials or the manufacturing process.
Commissioning
Tests
Tests performed to detect shipping or installation damage. Also

reveals defects in workmanship.
Factory
Production Tests
Verify that the device meets specifications before leaving the factory.
Long-Term
Prequalification
Tests
IEC definition A test made before supplying of a general

commercial basis of a system in order to satisfactory long term
performance of the complete system.
Maintenance
Tests
Field tests during the lifetime of a system to detect deterioration.
Special-Purpose
Tests
Specialized tests designed to obtain specific information.
Based on Table 3-2, on test categories for underground cable in EPRI Specifying and Testing HTS Power
Equipment (Report number TBD)
Specifications for DOEs FCL Projects

Specification
AMSC
Silicon Power
SuperPower
Zenergy Power
Design
Resistive FCL
3-phase,
transmission voltage
Low-inductance
bifilar coil switching
module technology
using 2G wire
Uses high power

semiconductors
Super-gate turn-off
thyristor (SGTO)
Resistive FCL
Matrix design
has parallel, 2G
HTS elements
and conventional
coils
DC-based iron core

One DC first-generation HTS
coil for a three-phase AC FCL
Saturable reactor-type FCL
Suitable for 2G materials,
when available
Ratings (final
design)
138 kV, 2000 A

Class (115 kV, 1200
Amps at SCE site);
3-phase
69 kV; 3,000 Amps;

3-phase
138 kV; 1200

Amps; 3-phase
138 kV; 2,000 to 4,000 Amps

steady-state; 3-phase
Fault Current
Reduction
2050% Reduction
37 % at SCE (63
kA to 40 kA)
50% reduction of an
80 kA fault
20%50%
reduction
20% to 40% reduction of a 60

kA to 80 kA fault
Cable, Transformer
Transformer,
Reactor, and Circuit
Breaker
Transformer,
Reactor, and
Circuit Breaker
Transformer
Testing
Protocol
Basis
Current Status and Future

Requirements of FCLs
Zenergy
Line-Line Voltage / kV rms
100
SuperPower
AMSC
Full
Scale
Silicon Power
Transmission
Distribution
10
Zenergy
AMSC
Silicon Power
1
SuperPower
0.1
0.1
Current
Status
Resistive HTS
Saturated Iron Core
Solid State
1
Rated Current / kA rms
10
Examples of Test Facility Capabilities

Name
Location
Insulation Test (MV) at zero

current
AC
50/60 Hz
Lightning
Impulse
1/2/50s
Current Test (kA) at

zero voltage
DC
Fault
No-load
voltage
(kV)
High-Power Test
Maximum
(Surge)
Power
Rating
(MVA)
Kind of Source(s) for the Lab
Continuous
Power
(MVA) @
nominal
voltage (kV)
KEMA
Chalfont, PA 0.55
0.80
0.10
50 for 1 s
13.8
63 for 0.5 s.
3250
N/A
KEMA
Arnhem, The 1.00

Netherlands
Vancouver, 0.80
Canada
Oak Ridge, 0.2
TN
2.60
1.00
N/A
3.00
1.00
15 @50Hz 8400
390 for
0.42 s.
17@60Hz
110 for 3 s. 13.6
1500
N/A
Short-circuit generators rated for

1,000 and 2,250 MVA
parallel operation possible
4 short-circuit generators, 2,100
MVA each
Power system grid (12,000 MVA)
0.8
0.3
50
N/A
N/A
DC and AC power supplies
0.025
4 (100 for
~1 sec. with
upgrade)
1400
5 @ 13.4
400 for 1 s
13.4-kV power grid; 1400 MVA

generator
1000 MVA at
18 kV
Short-circuit generator rated 4800

MVA at 18 kV
N/A
Power Tech
ORNL
LANL
Los Alamos, 0.138 (with N/A

NM
upgrade)
KERI
Changwon,
Korea
400 kV
NEETRAC
Atlanta, GA
1.00
Florida State
UniversityCAPS
Tallahassee, 0.1
FL
0.3 (0.6
with
upgrade)
4200 kV, 50 400 kV, 154 kA @ 24, 48, 72, 4800 MVA
s
10 mA 50/60 Hz at 96 kV
18 kV
2.20
1.00
25 for 2 s
.12
N/A
0.14
0.14
84
13
7
1.7
13
4.8 (DC)
0.385
0.48
4.16
4.16
0.48
1.15 (DC)
130
7.5 @ 4.16
1.5 @ 0.48
2.2 MV, 220 kJ Impulse generator

1MV Cascade Transformer
60 Hz power system grid fed from
12.47 kV
N/A
6.2 @ 4.16
1.5 @ 0.48
Variable frequency and voltage

converter
Testing Facility Gaps
Voltage across FCL (kV)
Source Capacity KEMA Holland

Source Capacity PowerTech
Source Capacity KEMA PA
Source Capacity KEMA Holland with Ideal 4x Transformer
80
Silicon Power 80 kA Prospective Fault with 25% reduction

Silicon Power 80 kA Prospective Fault with 50% reduction
Zenergy 80 kA Prospective Fault with 25% reduction
60
Zenergy 80 kA Prospective Fault with 50% reduction

SuperPower 90kA Prospective Fault with 25% reduction
SuperPower 90kA Prospective Fault with 50% reduction
40
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Limited Current (kA)
70
80
90
100
Major Findings Part 1
T&D equipment testing facilities can provide voltage and

current to adequately test FCLs at the distribution level
There is no place that has the capabilities to test FCLs at
transmission-level current and voltage levels
simultaneously
While there is a need to conduct high voltage-current
tests, synthetic tests, similar to the ones used for circuit
breakers, may be sufficient for certain tests
There are a number of experts who
believe advanced modeling and
simulation may possibly substitute
for certain tests
Zenergys FCL Device
Commercial testing facilities are not always conducive for

advanced design and prototype testing for R&D projects
Commercial T&D equipment testing facilities tend to be

costly, busy, and difficult to schedule
There are approximately 100 testing facilities around the

world and these are equipped and managed
to conduct routine tests of existing or
market-ready devices to meet known
standards and protocols
AMSCs FCL module testing
Today there are no common guidelines for testing

prototype high-temperature superconducting (HTS) and
solid-state FCLs and for integrating these devices with
the electric system
Testing procedures have been and will continue to be
developed by FCL device manufacturers and their utility
R&D partners and will vary depending on the design of
the equipment and the application
This lack of standards complicates the testing process
as each trip to the testing facility has unique
requirements, protocols, and procedures
The existence of standards could help expedite and
accelerate the testing process
Conclusions
There is a need for testing facilities that have the flexibility

to respond to the special requirements of R&D projects
Given the unique capabilities of fault current limiters there
is an expectation that utilities will allow prototype FCLs to
be installed and tested on their own systems, before they
have been simultaneously tested for high current and
high voltage
There is a need to continue the discussion
on FCL testing recommendations
SuperPowers FCL module testing
Questions?
Brian Marchionini
bmarchionini@energetics.com
202-406-4109
Michael Mischa Steurer
steurer@caps.fsu.edu
850-644-1629
Calculating required voltage
System impedance w/o FCL (1)= Single

phase voltage/Fault current
Required FCL impedance (2)= Single
phase voltage/Limited fault current
Required voltage drop = (1-2) X
Reduced fault current
Development of Test Protocol

for 15kV Class Solid-State
Fault Current Limiter
Ashok Sundaram
EPRI
asundara@epri.com
(650) 855-2304
Mahesh Gandhi
Silicon Power Corp.
mahesh_gandhi@siliconpower.com
(484) 913-1520
9:30AM 10:00AM
SSCL Program Overview
Ashok Sundaram
SSCL Test Protocol
Mahesh Gandhi
SSCL design
SSCL field test circuits
SSCL test protocol
Performance Verification testing at KEMA
Pre-connection test (dielectric, partial discharge, etc.)
Field operations testing (Steady-state test & Transient performance)
Silicon Power Corporation Proprietary
EPRIs Smart Grid

Power-electronic based Technologies
SOLID-STATE
BREAKER
SENSITIVE
LOAD
COMPENSATED
VOLTAGE, POWER FACTOR
HARMONICS,
DSTATCOM
SSCL
REDUCED
SAGS, TRANSIENTS,
HARMONICS
ENERGY
STORAGE
DYNAMIC
NON-LINEAR
LOAD
DVR
SENSITIVE
LOAD
ENERGY
STORAGE
UNINTERRUPTED
SUPPLY
SSTS
CRITICAL
LOAD
IUT
RESIDENTIAL
LOAD
Fault Current Management

Growth in the generation of electrical energy and an increased
interconnection of the networks and distributed generation leads to
higher fault currents
Higher fault causes more stress on the system reducing the life of
critical components such as transformers and has adverse impacts
on grounding.
The growth in capacity requires replacing existing circuit breakers
with higher fault current ratings. Major cost impact and down time.
Pat Duggan - ConEdison

Fault Current Limiting functionality is a critical enabler for open
access for new transmission and generation, and more cost effective
infrastructure upgrades and replacements. In addition fault current
limiters can mitigate recovery time of superconducting cables and
give selected DGs an advanced option to serve peak loads after
external faults.
FCL Technology Taxonomy

New terminology as defined in previous EPRI FCL study now adopted by CIGRE WGa3.16
Permanent impedance increase
during nominal and fault conditions
Condition based impedance increase

Small impedance at nominal load
fast increase of impedance at fault
Old term:
passive
Splitting into
sub grids
Introducing a
higher voltage
range
Splitting of
bus bars
Topological
measures
High
impedance
transformers
Current
limiting
reactors
Apparatus
measures
Old term:
active
Fuse based devices
(< 36 kV)
Stand alone HV fuse
(< 1 kA)
Sequential Commutating Current
Limiters (< 5 kA)
tripping
Topological
measures
Superconductors
Semiconductors
Hybrid systems
Apparatus
measures
novel concepts
69 kV SSCL EPRI / DOE

Outline of 69kV, 1000A, 1Ph Unit
SSFCL looks like a Transformer
Tank Size - 12h x 12w x
12d
OFAF Cooling System
Size - 10h x 5w x 7d
Total weight 80,000 lbs
Local / Remote Control
15 kV 1200A SSCL
CEC/SCE/EPRI Project
Voltage Class
15 kV
Number of phases
Frequency
60 HZ
Current rating
1200 A
Fault current
23 kA
Let-thru current
9 kA
Let-thru current duration
30 cycles
BIL rating
110 kV
Size
12 H 11 W 12D
Weight
40 000 lbs
SSCL Program Team

DOE / Washington HQ
- Gil Bindewald
DOE / Chicago
- Stephen Waslo
EPRI Project manager
- Ashok Sundaram
Villanova University
- Dr. Amy Fleischer
SSCL Developer
- Silicon Power Corp.
SSCL Commercializer
- Howard Industries
Technical Consultant
- Dr. Laszlo Guygyi
Utility Advisors
- Pat Duggan (ConEd)

- Pat Dilillo (ConEd)
- Sanjay Bose (ConEd)
EPRI P37D Task Force on Advanced Solid-State Substations Techniques

Chair: Jim Houston Alabama Power Company
Current Limiting Effect
2007 R&D100 Award Winner

SGTO Device
- Performance Driver
10
Limiting Inductor
SSCL Concept
Design Features:
No cryogenics
Immediate recovery
Fail safe
No current distortions
SuperGTO
Lower losses
Reduced Overall size and
weight
Modular design expandable to
desired Voltage & Current Ratings
Main
SGTO
switch
iLINE
Line
reactance
Circuit
Breaker
Auxiliary SGTO
switch
Commutation
Capacitor
Commutation
Inductor
Varistor
Operation:
Normally the continuous current flows thru the fast speed switch (Main SGTO).
Once the fault is sensed by high-speed sensor and declared by FPGA board, the current
is commutated to Limiting Inductor (CLR).
Introduction of CLR will limit the current to the level below the rating of the downstream
breaker. The downstream breaker will trip and open the ckt within 30 cycles.
11
SSCL Architecture
VLC Voltage Level Controller
12
SSCL Design
SGTO Module 800A 5kV
Standard Building Block

44L x 13w x 15h, 100 lbs
Power Stack
90h x 66w x 46d
1800 lbs
15kV 1200A Final Assembly

11h x 12w x 12d, 40,000 lbs
including Oil
13
SSCL Accessories
14
SSCL Ratings
Parameters
Rated Maximum Voltage, kV rms
Rated Continuous Current, Ampere rms
Rated Power Frequency
Available fault current, kA rms
Rated Let-thru Current, kA rms
Rated Let-thru Current Duration, cycles
Rated Dielectric
Power Frequency 1 min dry kV, rms
Impulse, Full-wave Withstand, kV peak
Impulse, Chopped-wave Withstand, kV peak
Ambient Temp, Degree C
Rated Control Power, V DC or AC, 60Hz, 1ph
SSCL Power Efficiency
Line Voltage drop
Line Harmonic Distortion
Partial discharge
Audible sound test
69kV
72.5
1000
60
80
40
30
160
350
452
40 / 50
125 DC
99.75%
0.3%
None
TBD
TBD
15kV
15.5
1200
60
23
9
30
4000
11
5.5
50
110
142
120 AC
125 DC
100 pC/19.5kV
55dBA/20
58dBA/6
15
SSCL Field Test Circuits
16
Inherently Fault Current Limiting Cable +

Stand Alone Fault Current Limiter Demonstration
Substation
Hi
Fault Current
Limiter
et
e
r
St
gh
wa
y
Refrigeration
Generating
Station
Substation (new)
17
SSCL Application In ConEd

SSFCL in two
locations
East 75th Street Substation

CBT1SE
To
74440
T1
CBT1E
CBT2SE
To
74441
T2
CBT2E
CBT3SE
To
74442
T3
CBT3E
SSFCL
To
74443
CBT4SE
T4
CBT4E
SSFCL
CBT1W
CBT2W
CBT3W
CBT4W
CBT1SW
CBT2SW
CBT3SW
CBT4SW
York Substation
CBT1SE
CBT2SE
CBT3SE
HTS
Cable
To
74416
T1
CBT1E
To
74417
T2
CBT2E
To
74485
T3
CBT3E
CBT1W
CBT2W
CBT3W
CBT1SW
CBT2SW
CBT3SW
F8
ConEd 138 kV
system
equivalent from
PSS/E data base
One fault location

Most severe case
HTS cable PI circuit

equivalent from
Southwire data sheet
18
SCEs Avanti circuit a.k.a circuit of the future

Shandin
Substation
Fiber Optic
Duct temp
Monitoring
System
SCADA System
Gateway
Northpark
12KV
Solid State
Fault Current
Limiter
Circuit
Tie
Switch
Comm.
Tie
RCS
Fiber
Typ. Load
Transformer
SEL 2100
Logic Processor
Distributed
Generation
Tie
RCS
USAT
RCI
1
Multi-Stage Capacitor
Banks
VFI/Remote
Controlled
Switch
RAR
Sweetwater
12KV
Circuit
Tie
Switch
Secondary
Network
RCI
2
19
Tie
RCS
RCI
3
15kV 1200A SSCL

Test Protocol
20
Controlled Testing at KEMA Power Lab

Dielectric Test
Power frequency Voltage Withstand Test
Full-wave lightning impulse withstand voltage tests
Chopped wave lightning impulse withstand voltage tests
Insulation test by power factor measurement (Dobble test)
Insulation test by resistance measurement (Megger test)
Partial Discharge Test
CLR resistance & impedance measurement
Current Limiting Test
Efficiency (power loss) Test (Steady state Operation test)
Continuous Current Carrying Test/ Temperature Test (Steady state
Operations test)
Audible sound test
21
Tests at Southern California Edison

Tests at SSID facility:
Partial Discharge test
Tests at Shandin Sub-station:
Pre-connection testing
Visual Inspection
Tank Pressure test
Insulation/Dielectric tests
Field evaluation testing
Steady-State and Transient (at fault) performances
22
Power frequency Voltage withstand Test
Tests SSCL dielectric integrity against the continuous operating

voltages.
60Hz sine-wave voltage of rated amplitude is applied for 60seconds

from SSCL line terminals to ground. Leakage current is monitored
Wet test procedure - The wet tests are made only on outdoor SSCL
or on external components such as bushings, in accordance with the
procedure described in IEEE Std C57.19.00-1991.
Note: For those bushings, where their voltage distribution is negligibly
influenced by their surroundings, and which have been tested separately as
individual bushings in accordance with IEEE Std C57.19.00-1991, the tests
need not be repeated on the assembled SSCL.
23
Power Frequency Voltage Withstand Test schematic
24
Full-wave Impulse withstand Voltage Test
Tests to verify their ability to withstand their rated full-wave lightning

impulse withstand voltages.
Both positive and negative, lightning impulse voltages having a peak

value equal or greater than the rated full-wave lightning impulse
withstand voltage shall be applied between the terminals of the SSCL
and the ground / case.
Waveform for lightning impulse tests per IEEE Std 4
Positive Impulse
Negative Impulse
25
Full Wave Impulse Test Schematic
AC
Source
26
Chopped-wave impulse
withstand voltage Test
To verify their ability to withstand their
assigned rated chopped wave lightning
impulse withstand voltage.
The voltage shall be applied to the
terminals of the SSCL, without causing
damage or producing a flashover, following
the same procedure as for full-wave
impulse test.
The waveform and application of the
chopped wave test voltage, and the type of
rod gap and its location, shall be as
described in IEEE Std 4-1978
27
Schematic for Chopped Wave Impulse Test
28
Fault Current Limiting tests

Objective: The current-limiting test of the SSCL is to demonstrate the
current-limiting performance and the related capabilities.

Test set up:
Adjust the source impedance and voltage such that it provides
Available fault current at power factor of not to exceed 5.9%
lagging, equivalent to X/R = 17 at 60 Hz (11kA @ 600V for AMSC
15kV SSCL)
Operating condition:
Run SSCL at continuous current operation and limit current at
fault
Close SSCL on fault and limit the let-thru current
Test Sequence
Pilot shot at 25% of rated let-thru fault current
Intermediate shot at 40-50% 25% of rated let-thru fault current
Final shots at 100% of rated let-thru fault current
29
Efficiency tests
Objective: The of the test is to evaluate the SSCL performance for power
losses at various current levels.

Test conditions
Input At the lower end of operating voltage range and higher end of
input frequency.
Output / load At 25%/50%/75% and rated load current, and 0.85
lagging power factor.
30
Continuous Current / Temp Rise tests

Test conditions
Ambient Room temp.
Output 3ph bolted short.
Input Voltage Variable low voltage enough to provide 25%
and gradual rise to 50%-75% and finally to rated load current.
Temp. Monitoring
Built in Heatsink temp. sensors
Cooling liquid temp (Top, Mid, and lower level)
Tank (top, bottom, middle on both sides)
31
Pre-installation test
Visual Inspection
SSCL once received at site an external inspection of the SSCL tank and
fittings will be done which will include the following points:
1. Is there any indication of external damage?
2. Is the paint finish damaged?
3. Are the attached fittings loose or damaged?
4. Is there evidence of fluid leakage on or around the tank coolers?
5. Are any of the bushings broken or damaged?
6. Is there any visible damage to the parts or packaging which shipped
separately from the SSCL?
32
Pre-installation test
Tank Pressure
The tank pressure may be positive or negative when received, depending
on liquid temperature. In some cases, the vacuum pressure gauge may read
zero, which could indicate a tank leak. In such cases, it is recommended to
contact manufacturer before installation.
Dielectric tests
Dielectric tests are the group of tests during which the SSCL will be
subjected to higher voltage levels and therefore higher voltage stresses than
would normally be experienced in service. The purpose is to confirm that the
design, manufacture and processing of the SSCL and insulation structure and
materials are adequate to provide many years of satisfactory life.
Recommended test is power frequency voltage withstand at reduced level
to 75% of rating.
33
Field Performance Evaluation

Steady-state and Transient Performance
Objective: The objective of this test is evaluate the SSCL
performance in the field under Steady-State and transient condition

of the system in which the SSCL is connected.
Test Monitoring:
Steady state voltage and current sensors.
High speed voltage and current sensors.
Power Monitor and data recorder
Temp. and Pressure Sensors
34

BYPASS SWITCH
SCE
SCE
15kV
LINE
Line
SSCL
Breaker
15kV
No-load DISC.
LINE
SWITCH
Sequence of Operation:
Turn-ON: Close Bypass Switch. Close Load Disc Switch. Close Line
Breaker. Open Bypass switch. Turn-on SSCL.
Turn-OFF: Turn-off SSCL. Close Bypass switch. Open Line Breaker.
Open Load Disc Switch.
35
36
Real time monitoring and analysis

Temp. Alarm
Pressure alarm
Power monitoring - V, I, kVA, KVAR
Gas relay alarm
Fault data records
SITE REQUIREMENT:
AC Aux Power
Internet Access
Working Space
37
Thank you
38
Status of High Temperature Superconductor Cable

and Fault Current Limiter Projects at
American Superconductor
J. F. Maguire and J. Yuan
EPRI Superconductivity Conference

Oak Ridge, TN
November 12-13, 2008
Agenda
HTS Projects at AMSC

HTS Project Objectives and Milestones
Development Results of HTS Projects
Conclusions
HTS Projects at AMSC
Cable Projects
- Transmission Voltage
LIPA 1 (BSCCO Wires)
LIPA 2 (YBCO Wires)
- Distribution Voltage
Project Hydra Consolidated Edison
Fault Current Limiter Project

- Transmission Voltage
Southern California Edison
Projects Objectives
LIPA 1
Demonstrate a transmission voltage level HTS cable and

outdoor terminations in an operational power transmission
grid
LIPA 2
Demonstrate a 2G HTS transmission cable and a cable

joint in an operational power transmission grid.
Demonstrate an FCL cable technology and repairable
cryostat. Demonstrate modular refrigeration system.
Hydra
Project
Demonstrate HTS fault current limiting link between

substations. Demonstrate feasibility of an underground
installation of a fault current limiting HTS system in
population condensed urban area
FCL
Demonstrate standalone HTS fault current limiter based

on 2G wires in an operational power transmission grid.
Introduce HV into FCL
Projects Specifications
LIPA 1
600m long using BSCCO wires

138kV/2400A, ~ 576 MVA
LIPA 2
Fault Current 51kA @ 12 line cycle (200ms)

600m long using YBCO wires
138kV/2400A, ~ 576 MVA
Hydra
Project
320m long using YBCO wires

13.8kV/4000A, ~ 96 MVA
FCL
138kV/ 1200A
Fault Current reduction rate 36% (limit to 40kA)
Projects Timelines
Year
2003
2004
2005
2006
LIPA 1
LIPA 2
HYDRA
FCL
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Project Partners
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

LIPA 1
Transmission Voltage Cable Project
Long Island Power Authority
New York
LIPA 1 Project Team
Installation Site
Port
Jefferson
Shoreham
Wading
River
Miller
Place
Terryville
Centereach
Superconductor
Holbrook Substation
10
Major Challenges of LIPA 1 Project

System Design
-
138 kV, 2,400 amp operation

Survive 51 kA @ 200 ms fault
Manage Through-Faults
Manage larger cold contraction
HTS Conductor Design

- Handle real-world cabling stress using standard manufacturing
equipment
Termination Design
- Qualify to 138 kV operation, 650 kV BIL
- Safely manage voltage breakdown
- Manage results from loss of cryostat vacuum
Worlds First Installation of a Transmission Voltage HTS Cable
11
LIPA 1 HTS Cable System
Return
Supply
12
Redundant
Cooling & Control
Bulk LN2
Storage
Cold Termination
Heat
Power
SCADA
HV Termination
LIPA 1 HTS Cable Design

Outer Cable Sheath
LN2 Coolant
HTS Tape
Former
High Voltage Dielectric

HTS-Shield
Outer Cryostat
Wall
13
Copper Shield
Stabilization
Inner Cryostat Wall
Prototype Testing
A test program has been
defined together with the
DOE review team based
on existing standards
Tests included
- High voltage dielectric
tests
- High current tests
- Hydraulic tests
- Load cycles
- Loss measurements
Type test performed prior starting manufacturing
14
Pre-Construction
15
Installation - Terminations
Terminations were
installed with the cable
phase in place
No issues identified
during termination work
16
Installation - Terminations
Terminations were
installed with the cable
phase in place
No issues identified
during termination work
17
Installation - Cable Pulling

Cable pulling operation was tested using a 70
meter long test setup to verify method and
estimate force
Cable puling on site was achieved without

issues
Vacuum level of cryostat was checked before

and after pull
Pulling force was recorded and compared to

estimated values
Cable Pulling Force
10000
20000
Phase 1
18000
theoritical curve total (coef f

0,24)
therotical (rolls)
8000
Phase 2
16000
theoritical (cable in PE pipe)
7000
Phase 3
Force (N)
14000
Force [N]
9000
12000
10000
8000
6000
5000
4000
3000
6000
2000
4000
1000
2000
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Distance [m]
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
HTS cable distance in the PE pipe (m)
18
Refrigeration substation
19
Cable cool down

LIPA Cooldown Termination Temperature
PT 101
PT 601
model
model
300
Predicted
275
250
Temperature (K)
225
200
175
150
125
Actual
100
75
50
0
48
96
144
Time (hours)
20
192
240
Cable Energization
AC-High Voltage test
completed successfully
- 1.5 Uo applied at each phase
for one hour
- PD measurement completed
No partial discharge detected
24 hour dielectric soak test

completed successfully
- Cable connected to LIPA grid
at one end
Cable connection at both ends

completed on April 22nd
- Operation with parallel overhead line for 24 hours
- Operation without parallel path Cable Commissioning Successfully Completed
afterwards
21
Cable Operation - Measurements

The cable system is monitored
regarding a variety of parameters to
- Ensure safe operation
- Gain measurement data to
compare with design results
Measurement data analyzed so far:
- Cable cool down behavior
- Cable cryostat thermal loss
- Nitrogen pressure drop
- Temperature increase due to
dielectric loss
- Temperature increase due to ACloss
- Thermal behavior of termination
(bushing)
- Cable system time constants
Cable System Measurements in very good Agreement with Design Results
22
Steady State Operation (I)

90
400
80
350
70
300
Phase Current (A)
Total MVA
60
50
40
30
Phase R
Phase S
Phase T
250
200
150
100
20
50
10
0
7/2/08 12:00 AM
7/2/08 12:00 PM
0
7/2/08
12:00 AM
7/3/08 12:00 AM
23
7/2/08 12:00 PM
7/3/08 12:00 AM
Steady State Operation (II)
73
15.0
700
Inlet Pressure
72
14.5
600
LN2 Pressure (bara)
Temperature (K)
71
70
69
14.0
500
Flow Rate
13.5
400
13.0
300
68
Inlet Temperature
66
7/2/08 12:00 AM
Return Pressure
12.5
67
7/2/08 12:00 PM
7/3/08 12:00 AM
24
12.0
7/2/08 12:00 AM
7/2/08 12:00 PM
LN2 Mass Flow Rate (g/s)
Return Temperature
200
100
7/3/08 12:00 AM
Sound Issues
Several questions regarding
noise at the site (during
operation)
Conducted sound study

- 35 db at ambient
- Source: refrigerator building
- 50 db with refrigerator running
Acoustical Louvers
- Lowered sound signature
during operation to 38 db
(modeled)
25
Sound & Site Mitigation
26

LIPA 2
Transmission Voltage Cable Project
Long Island Power Authority
New York
27
LIPA 2 Project Team
28
Major Challenges of LIPA II Project

System Design
- Integrate single phase fault current limiting phase into the existing
system
2G HTS Conductor Design

- Address real-world cabling stress using standard manufacturing
equipment
Cable Design
- Demonstrate field joint
- Demonstrate field reparable cryostat
Develop a 20 KW modular high efficiency refrigerator
29
LIPA II HTS Cable System
Existing HV Termination
Existing Cold Termination
Return
Supply
30
Redundant
Cooling & Control
Bulk LN2
Storage
Field Joint
Heat
Power
SCADA
Replacement 2G Phase
LIPA 2 HTS Cable Concept

Inner Cryostat Wall
LN2 Coolant
Cable conductor has to be

redesigned for thermal contraction
(and current limiting)
HTS-Shield
Outer Cryostat Wall
31
Copper Shield
High Voltage Dielectric
Stabilization to be
removed
LIPA 2 Wire
YBCO Coated Tapes
- Lower Tc, higher resistance substrate: Can be made to
be current-limiting
- Different dimensions and physical properties:
YBCO coated onto one side of buffered Ni-W

substrate
Brass laminated onto both sides
~ 0.3 mm thick, splices even thicker
Splices are being developed
32
Cable design and manufacturing process

Dummy cable approach to develop the
cable design
- Develop cable design based on modified
modeling tools
- Manufacturing of short samples
Measurement of electrical
characteristics (AC-loss)
- Manufacturing trials using industrial
machine adapted to HTS tape stranding
- Testing of samples in terms of mechanical
and high voltage aspects
Status
- Two different design options considered
- First manufacturing trials (dummy cables)
focus on one of the two designs
33
Dummy cable 01 - Current Status

Hollow flexible former
- Dummy cable is being produced now
- Superior concept
Only small force due to thermal contraction

Small cross-section, stainless steel:
High resistance, good for current limitation
- Requires some effort due to flexibility of former in the
machine
- Preferred design
34
High Voltage Termination

LIPA 1 terminations design is kept for this
project but adapted for the new YBCO HTS
cable:
- Removal of the cable termination shrinkage
management (blocking of the cable)
- Adaptation of the cable connection for 2G wires
Status:
- Updating of the cable connection is in progress with different new brazing alloys
studied
- Continuation of the development required now some LIPA 2 cable samples in order
to achieved some connection and mechanical tests and improved the components
35
High Voltage Termination

LIPA 1 terminations design is kept for this
project but adapted for the new YBCO HTS
cable:
- Removal of the cable termination shrinkage
management (blocking of the cable)
- Adaptation of the cable connection for 2G wires
Status:
- Updating of the cable connection is in progress with different new brazing alloys
studied
- Continuation of the development required now some LIPA 2 cable samples in order
to achieved some connection and mechanical tests and improved the components
36
Superconducting Cable Joint

HTS cable joint
- Develop and test a straight joint to connect
superconducting cables
Design of conductor connection

Design of joint dielectric insulation
Design of screen connection
Design of joint cryostat
Cryostat for subscale test

Cryostat for on site installation
- Full prototype test of cable joint in the laboratory
- Installation of a single cable joint on site
37
Status: High Voltage Joint

A first joint design has been set up considering two main physical constraints
- Thermal: no overheating in the central cable connection with nominal current (not in
direct contact with liquid nitrogen)
- Electrical: E field management in an optimum dimension of the joint
Prototypes for testing assembly procedures successfully prepared and tested

with nominal current in LN2 (temperature measurement)
38
Status: High Voltage Joint

The first design of the joint has been assembled in NEXANS Hanover testing
laboratory in June/July 2008
First results on this component achieved in September 2008
AC withstand test 190 kV / 30 min
Lightning impulse test 650 kV (+/-)
Partial discharge measurement
39
Joint in the Test Field

Inlet Termination
(Connection to the
Transformer)
Outlet Termination
with the Joint inside
25 m Coated Conductor Cable
40
Field Repairable Cryostat

Field repairable cryostat
- Perform optimization study to determine
cryostat vacuum barrier distance based on
- Develop and demonstrate vacuum barrier
manufacturing techniques
- Develop improved thermal insulation system to
perform under repair vacuum conditions
- Demonstrate field repair in laboratory
Status of work
- Vacuum barrier manufacturing techniques
Various designs developed

- Improved thermal insulation system
Investigation of vacuuming behavior of

alternative thermal insulation materials
41
Modular Refrigeration System Objective

Develop a new Refrigeration technology dedicated to long-length HTS
cable with the main characteristics below
- Low operation cost

High efficiency
Low maintenance
- Low refrigerator cost

Simple design
Modular design
- High reliability
- Long lifetime
42
Refrigeration System Objective

Develop a new Refrigeration technology dedicated to long-length HTS cable
with the main characteristics below
Liquid nitrogen delivered
72 K
LN2 pressure drop
3 bars
Cold power
120 kW total - 20 kW Modules
Efficiency
> 20% Carnot
Cooling
Air cooling (-20 / 50C)
Manufacturing cost target
<$100/cold W series production
43
Refrigerator Development Status (Phase 1)

Progress made thus far
- Thermodynamic analyses of reverse Turbo-Brayton cycle
Completed
- Cooler configuration scenarios
Identified
- Numeric modeling of cooler configuration and

Refrigeration sub components
Completed
- Model validation
Completed
- Creation of a numerical model for each cooler configuration
Completed
- Optimization of each cooler configuration
Underway
44

Project Hydra
Distribution Voltage Cable Project
Consolidated Edison
New York City
45
Team Roles and Responsibilities

DHS
S&T Division
AMSC
Prime Contractor
AMSC
ORNL
Southwire
Con Edison
System Design
Utility Requirements
Wire Development
Project Oversight
Wire Manufacturing
HTS FCL Cable

System Site
Cable and
Accessory Design
Cable Manufacturing
Cable and
Accessory
Installation
Project Management
Technical Oversight
Altran Solutions
System Hardware
Development
Air Liquide
46
50m Prototype
Cable Test Site
Technical Support
Installation Site
Worlds First FCL Distribution Cable to be Installed in Operating Grid
47
Program Structure
DHS/ HYDRA
Currently Executing
Planning
Phase 1
System
Development
Phase 1A
Fault Current Limiting
Cable technology
Phase 2
System Installation
Phase 1B
Stand-Alone Fault Current
Limiting Technology
48
ORNL
50 Meter Test and
Technical Support
HYDRA HTS Cable System

Heat
Supply
Return
HTS Cable
Return Line
49
Refrigerator
Power
Secure Super Grids Technology

Substation #1
Substation #2
138kV Transmission Bus
138kV Transmission Bus
Fast Switch
(Circuit Breaker)
Reactor
HTS Fault-Current Limiting Cable
Conventional Copper Cable
13.8kV Distribution Bus
13.8kV Distribution Bus
Note:
Red breakers are Closed
Green breaker is Open
To Loads
To Loads
50
Cable Design- TriaxTM by Southwire

HTS Layers
Cryostat
Hollow Former
Dielectric
51
Shield
3 m Cable FCL Tests

The prospective fault current of 60 kA was reduced to 44 kA on the
first cycle to < 30 kA at the end of the 140 ms duration fault
A perspective 140 ms fault current of 44 kA was reduced to 29 kA

The voltage developed due to the heating was 8-11 V/m over the 140
ms duration fault
This was comparable to the design fault of 300-m cable which results
in ~ 10 V/m
Measured temperature increase to 85-95 K

Re-cooling time to 77 K is 9 min
No change in temperature measured after a 9.1kA, 270ms through
fault test
No change in temperature or voltage after a 2000 ms, 7.2kA overload

test (1.8X)
52
3m Cable FCL Tests
53
3 m Cable FCL Tests
54
Refrigerator Requirements
Refrigeration Cycle chosen is the Reverse-Brayton
- Best suited technology for high power applications (> 6 kW)
- Best return on specific efficiency (We/Wc) vs. capital cost
Flexibility Requirement:
- 80% of time at 50% heat load on HTS cable
Reliability
- Redundancy accomplished at component level: compressors,
pumps, expanders, electronics, instrumentation
- No 1st order single point of failure allowed
Capacity Margin
- Current design has 50% safety margin to the expected losses
55
Reverse Brayton-Cycle Hardware

- Estimated foot print size & weight
13 m x 7 m ( 42 x 25 ) + roof for cooling water exchanger
~ 24 000 kg ( 53 000 lbs ) empty
Fits within available space
56

FCL Project
Transmission Voltage FCL Project
Southern California Edison
California
57
Team Roles and Responsibilities

DOE
SPE - SCE
AMSC
Prime Contractor
AMSC
System Design
Wire Development
Wire Manufacturing
Project Management
Siemens
Nexans
Utility Requirements
FCL Module and

Accessory Design
HV Termination
Project Oversight
FCL Manufacturing
HTS FCL
System Site
FCL Module and

Accessory
Installation
SCE
Technical Oversight
System Hardware
Development
Air Liquide
58
HV Consulting
SuperLimiterTM Demonstration Site

Selection criteria
Riverside
- Voltage
- Transmission planning
- Civil engineering
Valley Substation selected
Valley
Substation
Located near Riverside, CA in a

desert climate
Analysis used to select bus tie

application
Significant load growth planned

over the next 10 years
- Tapped external reactor
enables device to easily adapt
The Valley Substation is selected
59
SCE Profile
50,000 Mile2 Service Territory
120 years of service
$17 Billion T&D Assets
Distribution
85,000 Circuit Miles
690,000 Transformers
Customers
4.7 Million Meters
13 Million
Customers
22,889 MW Load
Transmission
12,600 Circuit Miles
4,200 Transformers
SCE is one of the largest utilities in the United States
60
SuperLimiterTM Southern California Edison

SCE is investing in the future
- > $3 billion invested in T&D over the last five years
- $11 billion planned infrastructure investments over the
next decade.
SCE has considerable experience with

superconducting Fault Current Limiters
- Since 1993 in DOE-SPI, tested a 15kV FCL in 1999
- SCE role in this program is
Specifying requirements
Providing the prototype operation site
138 kV Transmission Voltage level FCL addresses

- Elimination of CB and other equip. replacement
- Enhanced reliability, shorter customer outages
- More stable, higher-quality electricity supply
- A self-healing grid
July 1999: FCL at a Southern California

Edison substation
SCE has unique experience with HTS FCL technology and this program extends
this to transmission voltage levels
61
SuperLimiterTM Major Elements

Cryostat sized for
modular expansion
Valley
Substation
138kV termination in
operation at LIPA site
Insulation
Stainless Strip
HTS Film
NiW Strip
Solder
Cooling System Similar

to Navy Motor Program
N+1 Redundancy
Bifilar 2.2 MVA medium voltage

module tested Jan. 2007
1.2 cm insulated HTS tape

based on standard insert
Design based on validated components is designed for modular expansion
62
FCL Operating Principle

During fault
conditions,
superconductor
becomes resistive
and with reactor,
limits current
Supply Bus
Normal State
Resistance
Virtual Switch
Superconductor
Under normal
conditions, power
flows through
superconductor with
virtually no impedance
and system is
Physical Switch
electrically invisible
Shortly after fault
clears, power resumes
flow through
superconductor
Reactor
Physical
switch opens
to protect
FCL system;
reactor
maintains
current
FCL system operation is based on simple operating principles
63
Load Bus
Basic Specifications
Requirement
Prototype
System
Production
Units
Nominal Voltage
115kV rms
115-138kV
Insulation Class
138kV
138kV
Reactor
Sized to Limiting Requirements
Load
Opening Switch
Nominal Current
1,200A
>2,000A
Maximum Site
Unlimited Fault
Current
63kA
>80kA
Site Limited
Current
40kA
Source
Switch
Control
FCL Vessel
Assembly
As required
by customer
Refrigeration
System
Protection and
DAQ System
Trip Current
1.6pu
As required
by customer
Power
Team has approved a working specification for system
64
Heat
SuperLimiterTM Operating Conditions

Constraints
-No bubbles around the bottom of bushing sub-cooled LN2
-Termination dielectric requirement P > 3bar
-Fast recovery time saturated LN2
FCL Vessel
Assembly
Solution
-Operate FCL in sub-cooled LN2 with nominal operating
temperature lower than design point.
Refrigeration System
FCL design at temperature 74K@5bar(a), but operate at

temperature 72K@5bara
Power
Temperature margin determines the number of faults the system
can absorb before system is off-line to re-cool
2K margin allows LN2 to absorb 57MJ energy (~6 faults)
5 bar pressure will allow LN2 in coil vicinity absorb fault energy
without bubbling
FCL operates at high pressure sub-cooled LN2 temperature
65
Heat
SuperLimiterTM Refrigeration System
Level
Pressure
Level
Heat Load
Value (W)
Cryostat
850
Other Refrig. System
200
Terminations
900
Lines, Valves, Bayonets
350
AC Losses
1950
Total Max. Predicted
4250
Planned Capacity
6000
AMSC has operated HTS systems in utility/harsh industrial conditions

- LIPA and TVA/SuperVAR Project
DOE-FCL system based on lessons learned in those systems

- Phase 1b open cycle option shown above
- Phase 2 - replace with closed cycle modification
Simplified, COTS based system

Significant margin planned for prototype system
Refrigeration based on experience at LIPA and other AMSC utility HTS systems
66
SuperLimiterTM Test Site

Present Installation:
Inland Empire
4-3Phase, 336/448/560 MVA

525-120 kV, OA/FOA/FOA
Transformers.
Sectionalized 115 kV bus each section fed by 2
transformers
Devers
500 kV
Serrano
500 kV
A
B
500 kV
Max. single-phase-to-ground
fault = 30 kA
All 115 kV CBs rated 40 kA
Planned Future Installation:
Load growth in the area and
interconnection of new
generators will require
additional transformers
Fault current duty will rise
above 40 kA
C
115 kV
115 KV
Outgoing
1000 MW
Feeder
Future Gen
(Studied)
Bus Tie
(Selected)
A bus tie application at the Valley Substation is selected
67
AB
115 kV
115 kV
Switching Module for the HV SFCL Project

Main design characteristics
The switching module comprises

3 parallel x 17 series = 51 bifilar
pancake coils per phase
Two in hand winding with 12 mm

wide wire to increase the current
Alternating current
directions between
adjacent turns of
bifilar coils cancel
most magnetic
fields
Regions stressed by
BIL tests, numbering
see next slide
Improved electrical strength due to:

- Insulated wire
- New contact design
- Corona rings around the coils
(1)
(2)
(3)
Horizontal stack with radial supports

between module and cryostat wall
68
(1)
Performance Modeling and Testing

Switching
First tests on a 3 m sample of 12 mm wide HTS-wire:

Critical current 167 A @ 77 K, 258 A @ 72 K
77 K, sat., t: 100 ms
More than 60 switching test in saturated (77 K)

2000
400
1000
200
-1000
-200
T: ~72 K
-2000
10
20
30
Time (ms)
40
69
-400
50
Voltage (V)
Current (A)
and sub-cooled (72 K, 1.2 bar) LN2
72 K, 1.2 bar, t: 500 ms
Performance Modeling and Testing
Resistance ratio (%)
Recovery time
About 12 - 15 sec measured on full size dummy coil in sub-cooled LN2
12 mm wide dummy wire insulated with wrapped Teflon tape
Amount of LN2 available for cooling restricted by appropriate enclosure
to simulate adjacent coils
110
T: 77 K, p: 1 bar
T: 72 K, p: 1.2 bar
100
90
80
70
60
-0.05
10
0
Time (s)
70
20
FCL Termination Design Validation

AC withstand test successfully completed according IEC 60840
- 190kV / 30 minutes
Partial Discharge measurement sucessfully completed (IEC 60840)

- Voltage increase up to 140 kV for few minutes
- Decreasing to 114 kV and measurement
- No PD measured (noise level < 3pC)
Lightning impulse test successfully completed (IEC 60840)

- 650 kVp (10 shots in both polarity)
Switching impulse successfully completed based on IEEE C57.12.00:

- Success of the test (540 kVp 250/2500s both polarity)
FCL termination high voltage design successfully validated
71
Summary
AMSC is currently advancing the state of the art in
HTS power products
- Worlds First Transmission Voltage HTS Cable in
Operation
- Worlds First Fault Current Limiting Cable for use in a
distribution grid under development
- Transmission Voltage Fault Current Limiter under
development
72
superior performance.
powerful technology.
Transmission Level HTS Fault Current

Limiter
Chuck Weber
8th Annual EPRI Superconductivity Conference
Oak Ridge, TN
November 12, 2008
SuperPower, Inc. is a subsidiary of Royal Philips Electronics N.V.
SFCL program overview

138 kV, 650 kV BIL
Bushings
Partners
Pressure Vessel
Vacuum Vessel
"
2
6
.3
7
"
8
4
.2
5
1
"
2
6
.3
7
"
8
4
.2
5
1
Inner
Height
Specifications
YBCO based, resistive type FCL

138 kV class device
Fault Current 13.8 kA
Load Current 1,200 Arms
Design fault current 37 kA
Design device response Recover
to superconducting state after a fault
carrying full load current
HTS
Assembly
Height
Matrix Assembly
8th Annual EPRI Superconductivity Conference November 12, 2008
Assembly diameter
Inner diameter
Generalized SFCL Specification Development

Baseline Design for Program was the AEP SPORN substation site
This is a niche application site, operating at 400Arms, 138 kV
Prospective fault current 26 kArms (~90 kA peak) and 13.8 kArms
(~ 37 kA peak)
Working with AEP, we have identified a site with broader general
application
TIDD substation
1,200 Arms, 138 kV
Prospective fault current is 13.8 kArms (~37 kApeak)
TIDD Substation (Partial) One-Line Diagram
Proposed SFCL
Installation
Location
Prior accomplishments
Proof-of-Concept demonstrated
MCP 2212 (2004)
2G YBCO (2006)
Beta device testing specifications
established
Completed design and testing of HV
bushings (SEI)
Investigated several engineered 2G
architectures for improved RUL
Thermal simulation of RUL process

Weibull plots of standard 2G failures
Conceptual CRS & vessel design
Investigated LN2 dielectric properties
Probability of failure [%]
Design and laboratory testing of shunt

coils to withstand high fault transient loads
2G FCL - Probability of failure for 2G tapes as function of energy

input
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
20
25
30
35
40
45
Energy [J/cm/tape]
Probability of Failure - Test data
Probability of Failure Calculated using Weibull Distributuon
50
Improvements to shunt coil and contact design

Shunt coil improvements:
Manufacturing improvements
(easier assembly, more robust
coil)
Mechanical strength
Multi-Layer winding (size
reduction)
Connector improvements:
Shape optimization to avoid
contact hotspots
Improvement in RUL Time
Improvement in RUL Current
Improvement in consistency of
contact resistance
Tape heating near contact during fault impacts

RUL
Correlation between different contact geometries

Total Current (80A peak)
Superconductors Current

Straight Thick Contacts
(M3-460 Tape):
I load = 80 A
RUL = 82 sec.
Superconductors
Current
Recovery Voltage
Recovery Voltage
Straight -Tapered Contacts

(M3-460 Tape):
I load = 80 A
RUL = 3.5 sec.

Superconductors
Current
Straight -Tapered Contacts

(M3-460 Tape):
I load = 80 A
RUL = 2.8 sec.
Recovery Voltage
Recent KEMA tests

Recent rounds of KEMA testing focused on critical AEP reclosure sequence on
an HTS element
5 Cycles
Fault
13kA/7kA
5 Cycles
Fault
13kA/7kA
18 Cycles
Load Current
5 Cycles
Fault
13kA/7kA
15 sec
Load Current
5 Cycles
Fault
13kA/7kA
5 Cycles
Fault
13kA/7kA
135 sec
Load Current
160 sec
Load Current
Straight elements were

used
Improved connector
designs were used
Standard, pre-qualified
tapes were used
Test Dates: May 2008,
July 2008
Breaker opens
and locks-out
Recovery under
NO Load Current
2G RUL capabilities tested at KEMA

Standard SF12100 2G wire used
Total R ecovered Pow er, 2x5 cycles Faults at 37kA w ith 10
mOhm
Test conditions
- 37 kA fault
250000
200000
- follows AEP sequence
150000
Loa d P ow e r (VA)
- Shunt impedance
- Number of parallel tapes
- System voltage (v/cm/tape)
- Load Current
50000
300V
250V
Vo
lta
ge
Test variables
100000
200V
16 Tapes
Para8 Tapes
lle
Tape l
s
100V
4 Tapes
Achieving RUL is a difficult task

Without load current recovery is very fast
w/o Load
w/ Load
3 x load
Base-Line
Voltage
Adding
current
makes
recovery much more difficult
Electrical stress on the tapes can limit RUL

RUL time can affected by
increasing the V/cm on the
tape
RUL
Base-Line Voltage
Limits of the design

optimization are understood
RUL
RUL
1.5 x Base-Line Voltage
3 x Base-Line Voltage
Factors impacting RUL defined by test results

Total Recovered Power, 2x5 cycles Faults at 37kA with 4 Tapes
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000 Load Power (VA))
30000
20000
1.67 Sm-Ohm
hu
nt
Im
5pem-Ohm
da
nc
e
10000
100 V
tageV
ol250
200 VV
0
300 V
Sample surface plot of RUL conditions

Ability to predict RUL over wide design space

Maximum Load Current as a function of shunt impedance, operating voltage & number of
tapes
1000
900
800
700
600
Maxim un Recovered
Load Current
500
400
300
pes
a
T
,#
16Tapes, 100V
8Tapes, 100V
4Tapes, 250V
4Tapes, 100V
eda
nce
5 m-Ohm
Imp
1.67 m-Ohm
8Tapes, 250V
100
e
ltag
o
V
16Tapes, 250V
200
Recovered Current with 2 Asymmetrical 37kA Faults, 5 cycles each
Worst case conditions at Tidd can achieve RUL
RUL with 90% of the Power recovered within

the 2nd and the 3rd 37 kA Faults
Full recovery expected with optimal bath conditions
Bath Conditions Impact on Ability to Recover

During the fault transient, tape heats up to film boiling region.
Bath conditions (pressure, subcooling) shift boiling heat transfer curve
Bath conditions have an impact on the dielectric strength of LN2
No Recovery Due to Film Boiling
Boiling Heat Transfer for LN2
600
Heat Out
Heat In
100.0
500
Lower Zshunt,
Higher Ztape
10.0
Power (W)
q/A (W/cm )
400
300
200
1.0
100
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
T wall - T sat (K)
100
150
200
1000.0
250
300
350
400
450
500
Temperature (K)
Lowering the shunt coil value or

increasing the resistance of the
stabilizer layer will help with film boiling.
550
Bath Conditions Impact on Ability to Recover

Once film boiling threshold is crossed, nucleate boiling ensues
Bath conditions (pressure, subcooling) shift boiling heat transfer curve
Bath pressure shifts saturated boiling temperature, limiting nucleate boiling
recovery
No Recovery Due to Nucleate Boiling
600
Boiling Heat Transfer for LN2
Heat Out
Heat In
100.0
500
Lower pressure
Power (W)
q/A (W/cm )
400
10.0
300
200
1.0
100
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
1000.0
75
80
85
90
Temperature (K)
T wall - T sat (K)
Lowering the operating pressure will

help with nucleate boiling, but
decreases dielectric properties
95
100
Modeling indicates where operating conditions

for successful RUL exist
Recovery Under Load vs Number of Tapes
1300
Baseline
1200
1100
Pressure = 0.5 atm

Tbulk = 71.922 K
Recovery Load Current (arms)
1000
900
Pressure = 0.5 atm

Tbulk = 71.922 K
Stabilizer = 1% AgAu
800
700
Pressure = 0.75 atm

Stabilizer = 1% AgAu
600
Pressure = 0.75 atm

Stabilizer = 2.2% AgAu
500
Baseline Substrate = 4 mil

Stabilizer = Ag
Shunt Coil = 10 m/m
No dielectric coating
Ic @ 77 K = 250 amps
n-value = 20
Pressure = 1 atm
Tbulk = 72 K
400
300
200
100
Baseline
Shunt = 5 m/m
Baseline
Shunt = 7.5 m/m
0
0
10
12
14
Number of Tapes per Element

16
Introducing bubbles in LN lowers

breakdown strength: FCL recovery
Bubbles form thermally or electrically and can affect the breakdown strength
Two experiments
Open bath LN
Pressurized cryostat
Nitrogen gas provided
by fused silica capillary
tube
Varied flow rates
Parallel plane profiled
SS electrodes
2 mm gap
0.5 mm capillary tube
BD strength of LN is
~5x the gas at 1 bar
Important for FCL Recovery under Load
19 Managed by UT-Battelle
for the Department of Energy
DOE Peer Review 2008
Effect of externally provided bubbles

on LN Breakdown: AC breakdown
Effect of Bubbles
16
all data w and w/o bubbles

Cumulative Failure Probability (%)
Average Electric Field (kVrms/mm)
18
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
99.9
99.0
95.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
5.0
1.0
0
without bubbles
with bubbles
7 8 9 10
20
Breakdown Field (kVrms/mm)
Presence of bubbles
Liquid nitrogen at 1 bar
Bubbles in LN lowers breakdown strength

Change in slope at lower probability indicates change in BD
mechanism
20 Managed by UT-Battelle
DOE Peer Review 2008
30
Summary
Significant progress in understanding and impacts of:
RUL
Variables impacting RUL studied and understood
Worst case conditions at TIDD can be met
Impact of device design and cost under evaluation
LN2 Dielectrics
Impact of bubbles on breakdown mechanism and dielectric
strength
Loss of cryogenic partner a setback, but not fatal

Next step: Alpha detailed design
Thank You for your attention!

For more information:
www.superpower-inc.com
or
cweber@superpower-inc.com
Status Update for the Albany HTS

Cable Project
C.S. Weber (SuperPower)

Oak Ridge, TN
November 12, 2008
Program Overview
350m long - 34.5kV - 800Arms - 48MVA
Cold dielectric, 3 phases-in-1 cryostat, stranded copper core design
Two Phases Phase I - 320m + 30m BSCCO
Phase II - 30m BSCCO replaced by 30m YBCO cable
Project Manager; Site infrastructure,
Manufacture of 2G HTS wire
Host utility, conventional cable & system
protection, system impact studies
Design, build, install, and test the HTS cable,
terminations, & joint
Design, construct and operate the Cryogenic
Refrigeration System, and provide overall
cable remote monitoring and utility interface
Supported by Federal (DOE) and NY State
(NYSERDA) Funds
Site Location
Phase I: BSCCO
Phase II: 30m YBCO
System Protection Philosophy
Worst case fault conditions 23 kA rms (33 kA peak)
Multiple levels of relay & breaker protection

Primary - RFL-9300 charge comparison relays (87L) 8 cycle clearing time
Secondary - SEL-311B relay packages 8 38 cycle clearing time
Breaker failure protection
Will initiate fault clearing by tripping breakers on associated Menands or Riverside 34.5kV bus
cleared in 20 to 50 cycles (0.33 to 0.83 sec)
System monitoring @
BOC Remote Operating Center
NM Eastern Regional Control Center
Albany HTS Cable Design

Electrical Insulation
PPLP +Liquid Nitrigen
Advantages of the 3-in-One Cable
Stainless Steel
Double Corrugated
Cryostat
Cu Stranded Former
Design
Compact size (O.D. = 135mm) (5.3)
35 mm
135 mm
Nearly perfect magnetic shielding

> 95% cancellation of field
Significant reduction of contraction
Cu Shield
HTS Conductor
2-layer
HTS Shield
1-layer
forces due to slack winding

Excellent fault current protection
Cable remains superconducting at
worst case fault condition,
survives extended duration (2nd
contingency) fault without damage
Tension Member
Cryogenic Refrigeration System: Approach

Hybrid arrangement permits
transparent use of bulk liquid
nitrogen for back-up
Cryocooler
Thermosyphon
Liquid Nitrogen
Storage/buffer
Thermosyphon provides common

heat exchange interface between
cable and open or closed
refrigeration sources
Advantages:
- excellent reliability/cost ratio
- compact footprint
- flexible plug & play design
- good efficiency
Subcooled liquid nitrogen loop
HTS cable
Minimum CRS Requirements & Cold Box Arrangement

Item
Specification
Coolant supply temperature

Temperature stability
67 to 77 K
+-0.1 K - normal operation
+-1.0 K - backup operation
5 kW at 77 K
3.7 kW at 70 K
1 to 5 barg +-0.2
50 liter/min +-1
Refrigeration capacity
(excluding CRS)
Minimum coolant pressure

Maximum coolant flow rate
BOC
1.4 m
1.6 m
9 Annual EPRI Superconductivity Conference November 12, 2008
th
Post-Cable Testing: Cryogenic System Step

Response
80
30
Coolant return
North Termination
76
Coolant Supply
74
Temperature (K)
25
South Termination
20
Refrigeration power
72
+ - 0.05K
70
15
68
Hybrid operation
66
64
10
+ - 0.10K
8 Kw peak
62
3 Kw nominal
60
0
0
10
11
12
Time (hours)
Pre-energization: 3 Kw nominal. Post-energization: 3.1-3.3 kW nominal overall heat load

13
Cooling Power (Kw)
78
Summary of Phase I Operation

Supply
Issue was checked for damageChiller
The
HTSVoltage
cable system
after the
faultShutdown
event
System
Energized
No Issues
Re-connected to Power Grid
Completed
on July 20,2006
7kA
Cable Outlet Temperature
70
Temperature [K]
on May 1, 2007
16
Cable Inlet Temperature
69
20
12
8 cycle
68
More Than 6,700 Hrs of Reliable Power Transmission

67
4
Transmitted Electricity
66
0
7/20
8/17
9/14
10/12
Fault Current Event
11/9
12/7
1/4
2/1
Date (2006-2007)
3/1
3/29
4/26
Transmitted Electricity [MVA]
71
Commencement of Phase II
Before warming-up,
No Change
Megger Test
Ic Measurements
Warm-up Process,
(1) LN2 pumped into the CRS bulk storage tank

(2) Remaining LN2 in system allowed to evaporate naturally
South
Term
50
North
Term
30m HTS Cable

320m HTS Cable
350m Return Pipe
21D
Temperature []
14D
Vacuum level
No leakage
Cable Tension
Returned to the
original value
(approx. 200kg
compressive force)
11D
-50
9D
7D
1D
-100
5D
12H
3D
-150
-200
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Position [m]
9 Annual EPRI Superconductivity Conference November 12, 2008
th
1 Meter Cable Characterization (after removal)

Contact was made to 12 strands with single
strand Ic(B=sf, 75K) ~ 92 amperes
Contact resistance measurements were
performed in the superconducting state
T=75.5K
The critical current of the inner layer with

12 strands of superconductor was
measured at 75.5K in self field.
Distance between voltage taps = ~75cm
Ic = 965Amperes @ 1V/m
1100A @ 1V/cm
200
40000
30000
150
Contact #2
R=32 uohms
V(uV)
20000
100
V(uVolts)
50
Contact #1
R = 6 uOhms
10000
0
0
500
I(Amperes)
1000
-50
200
400
600
800 1000 1200
I(Amperes)
*Data courtesy of Yates Coulter, LANL
In 2007, 30 m cable was manufactured by Sumitomo Electric

with ~10,000 m of SuperPower 2G HTS wire
2G wire cable
winding
3 core stranding
Stainless Steel Double

Corrugated Cryostat
Electric Insulation
(PPLP + Liquid Nitrogen)
Cu Stranded
Wire Former
135 mm
2G HTS wire
(3 conductor Layers)
2G HTS wire
(2 shield Layers)
Cu Shield
Summary of 30 meter YBCO Cable Shipping Tests
Manufacture of 30m YBCO cable completed in March 2007
The following shipping tests were conducted successfully on samples from long
cable:
Critical Current
Conductor : 2660 2820A (DC) at 77K
Shield
: 2400 2500A (DC) at 77K
AC Loss
0.34W/m/phase at 0.8kArms, 60Hz
Bending Test (18D: Bending Dia. = 2.4 m)
No Ic degradation
No defect was found at dismantling
Inspection
Voltage tests (Based on AEIC)
AC 69kV for 10 minute,
Imp 200kV, 10 shots/each
DC 100kV for 5 minutes
YBCO Cable - Critical Current Measurement

Sample: 3 meter 3-Core
Ic (Conductor) = Approx. 2660 2820A (DC, 77K, 1uV/cm)

Ic (Shield) = Approx. 2400 2500A (DC, 77K, 1uV/cm)
Conductor
Core-1
Core-2
Core-3
1.5
Shield
Electrical Field(uV/cm)
Electrical Field(uV/cm)
Ic Criterion (1uV/cm)
0.5
-0.5
Core-1
Core-2
Core-3
1.5
Ic Criterion (1uV/cm)
0.5
-0.5
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
500
Current (A, DC)
1000
1500
2000
Current (A, DC)
Very good match between test results and design values

2500
3000
AC Loss Measurement
AC loss (W/m/phase)
Sample
: 2.5 meter single core
Current loading : go & return through conductor and shield
Measuring
: Lock-in amplifier with electrical 4 terminals
1
0.1
0.01
Measured value
0.34 W/m/ph @ 800 Arms

Slightly better result than the
1 meter test sample core
0.001
100
1000
10000
Loading Current (Arms, 60Hz)
Fault Current Test with 1 m 2G

Sample
Cable
Test Site : Nissin Electric (Kyoto)
Fault Current Testing
Sample: BSCCO Core YBCO Core

(Compare YBCO core with BSCCO one)
Current: 23kA
Duration: 8 38cycles
Cooling: Open Bath (77K)
L1
L2
Generator
(5000V)
L0
Transformer
(6600V/550V)
SW
Test Samples
Lg
Maximum Temperature Rise [K]
100
BSCCO Conductor
BSCCO Shield
YBCO Conductor
YBCO Shield
90
80
70
60
Shield
50
40
30
Conductor
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
Duration [cycles, 60Hz]
40
Temperature Rise During Fault

nearly identical to BSCCO core
50
Replacement of 30 meter section with new YBCO cable

[ 30m cable Installation ]
[ Termination Re-assemble ]
[ Joint Re-assemble
BSCCO-YBCO]
World firsts HTS cable replacement is completed!
Summary of Various Commissioning Tests at Phase-II

HTS cable system successfully passed following commissioning tests:
Test Items
50
Test Results
System withstand pressure Test
z 0.61 MPaG (based on ASME code): good
Initial cooling test
z Maximum core tension: approx. 1000kg

Tension minimized by loosely stranded 3-core structure
z Vacuum level at each part: good (no leakage)
z Core behavior inside the joint: within the scope of Design
Ic measurement (dc, defined at 1uV/cm)
z 2.3kA (at 73K), 2.8kA (at 69K): Same Ic as Phase-I
Heat loss measurement

(under no-load condition)
z 350 m cable section (including joint): 1.0kW

z Entire cable system (not including CRS: 3.4kW
DC withstand voltage test
z 100 kV, 5 minutes, each phase (based on AEIC) : good
South
Termination
North
Termination
2.5
0H
Electric Field [uV/cm]
6H
10H
Temperature []
Cable Mean Temp : 73K
Core-1
-50
18H
1D
1.5D
3D
-100
9D
69K
Core-2
Core-3
1.5
Ic c ritrion (1 V/ cm)
1
0.5
0
-150
10.8D
10.7D
10.9D
11.5D
-0.5
10.5D
-200
0
50
0
100
50
150
100
200
250
150
200
Length [m]
250300
300350
500
1000
350 400
1500
Current [A, DC]
2000
2500
3000
Demonstration of the worlds first device with 2G

HTS wire in a live power grid
1.2
20
16
0.8
Jan 8
2008
0.6
12
8
0.4
4
0.2
0
1/7
1/21
2/4
2/18
3/3
3/17
3/31
Date (2008)
Cable made with 2G HTS wire was energized in the grid in

January 2008 & performed without any issues
Temperature Deference [K]
Temperature Deference between Outlet and Inlet of Cable
Ic-T characteristics
Ic-T
characteristics
of
DI-BSCCO
of DI-BSCCO
2.5
Short Sample Ic
Short Sample
Ic
(1800A
at 77.3K)
(1800A at 77.3K)
Commissiong Test
(320m+30m Cable)
Electrical Field [uV/cm]
3500
3500
3000
3000
2500
2500
2000
2000
1500
1500
1000
1000
500
500
0
0 65
65
Core-1
Core-2
Core-3
2
1.5
1
69K
73K
Ic criterion1V/cm
0.5
0
-0.5
70
75
70
Temperature [K]75
Temperature [K]
2500
Critical Current [Adc, at 73K]
Critical
Current
1uV/cm]
Critical
Current
[A,[A,
atat
1uV/cm]
Variation of Critical Current from Phase-I through Phase-II
80
80
2000
1500
500
1000
1500
2000
Current [A]
2500
The Ic of long cable are very good

match with expected value from
short sample testing at 77K.
Core-1
Core-2
Core-3
1000
The Ic values had no change

through Phase-I and Phase-II
including heat- cycles.
500
0
Sample Test
3000
Phase-I
Phase-I
Phase-II
Phase-II
(after cooldown) (after long-term (after cooldown) (after long-term
operation)
opearion)
Variation of Temperature Difference on the Cable during

Phases I & II
[ Phase-I ]
[ Phase-II ]
1.2
1.2
20
20
0.8
12
0.6
8
0.4
4
0.2
16
16
0.8
12
0.6
8
0.4
4
0.2
0
7/20
0
8/17
9/14
10/12
11/9
12/7
1/4
2/1
3/1
3/29
Temperature Deference between Outlet and Inlet of Cable
Temperature Deference between Cable Outlet and Inlet
4/26
0
1/7
1/21
2/4
2/18
3/3
3/17
3/31
Date (2008)
Date (2006-2007)
Temperature difference between outlet and inlet of the HTS cable was 0.9 +/- 0.1K
Temperature deference was very stable during the long-term In-grid operation in
Phase I and Phase II
Maintained good CRS operation and No change of cable heat loss during longterm in-grid operation
Presentation Summary
World class team has successfully executed on all phases of the program
Met or exceeded all goals and objectives
Cable ran flawlessly for >12 months with ZERO instances of downtime due
to the HTS system
Efficient, reliable and robust design capable of handling real-world utility
operating environment
ALL equipment/systems responded as designed without any adverse effects
Biggest reliability concern (CRS) addressed & proven to meet commercial

requirements
Achieved Worlds first in-grid demonstration of a YBCO device
Technology transfer & education achieved by numerous tours/events (>20) and
articles/presentations(>50) given throughout the program
The Bottom Line

Of importance to National Grid is that this project has
demonstrated the reliability of the technology. We
encountered no difficulties in integrating the project into our
grid and the entire installation was totally transparent to our
customers. The system has stood up to very exacting utility
standards and we look forward to further developments in
HTS technology.
- William Flaherty,
Energy Solutions Regional
Director of National Grid
Thank you!
For more information:
www.superpower-inc.com
or
cweber@superpower-inc.com
2008 12 13
Power
PowerSystem
SystemNetwork
Network
(345kV
(345kVand
andabove)
above)
Legend
765kV System
345kV Overhead System
345kV Underground System
DC180kV Cable Link
765kV Substation
345kV Substation
Generating Plant
Peak Demand [MW]

Classification 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Peak Demand 37,293 41,007 43,125 45,773 47,385 51,263 54,631 58,994 62,285 62,794
Increase Rate 13.0 10.0
5.2
6.1
3.5
8.2
6.6
8.0
5.6
0.8
Transition of Fault Current [kA]

Voltage
2008
2010
2014
2020
765kV
21.7
24.4
23.6
25.3
345kV
50.0
57.2
56.6
57.9
154kV
49.4
49.2
50.0
54.0
The rate of underground transmission line

Seoul
51.3%
Total
12.68%
Kyunggi
18.3%
Incheon
29.5%
Chungnam
5.0%
Chungbuk
6.2%
Kangwon
5.3%
Kyungbuk
4.1%
Daegu
21.9%
Daejun
45.2%
Junbuk
6.1%
Ulsan
18.7%
Jeju
11.9%
Gwhangju
26.5%
Kyungnam
7.4%
Busan
31.5%
(As of 2007)
High cost for civil work and construction

Difficulty of excavating roads for construction of conduit or
culvert
NIMBY for the construction of new substations in urban area
Needs for environmental friendly power apparatus
Need to decide how to renewal the aged power cables
Electric power demand is increasing every year
Continuous increase of fault current
High Capacitance & Low loss + Eco-friendly

HTS Cable & SFCL
The name of Project : DAPAS (Development of Advanced
power system by applied Superconductivity technology)

Project period : 2004~2011
Total budget : $146million
(Government : $100million / Industry : $46million)

Participants
22.9kV HTS Cable has been developed and

154kV HTS power cable is under development till 2010
Year
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
1 st Phase
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
3 rd Phase
2 nd Phase
Fundamental
Design
Single
Core 30m
DAPAS
Fab. Evaluation.
50MVA/30m
22.9kV
3-Core
50MVA/100m
3-Core
Evaluation
Type test
154kV
Basic study Design
Real-grid application
Long term Demonstration

Operation on Real grid
1,000MVA
Fab. Evaluation Type test
Fundamental Studies
Seamless Aluminum Cryostat for HTS Cable was developed
Fabrication
350
0.1
Outer
layer
Thot= 300K
Tcold= 77K
Vaccum
1. MLI
Spacer
Cryostat
Displacement
Simulation
250
0.01
200
1E-3
150
1E-4
100
1E-5
50
1E-6
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Time (hr)
Experimental result
3500
Vacuum rate (Torr)
Inner layer
Temperature
Vacuum rate
300
Temperature (K)
M
LI
HTS Cable
Design & Fabrication of HTS Cable
Optimal Design for Conductor/Shield Stranding & Fabrication
EM field calculation
HTS Shield
HTS Conductor
Pitch determination
for each layer
Impedance matching
Fabrication
HTS Cable
HTS Cable System

22.9kV (Nominal), 13.2kV (Phase)
1,260A (50MVA)
9 Fault Current : 25kA, 15cycle (Cu Stabilizer)
9 Closed loop cryo-coolers incorporated in CRS
HTS Cable
Cold Dielectric
Diameter : 145mm
Seamless Aluminum Cryostat
PVC Sheath
~ 35kV Insulation level
3 - phases in one cryostat
FC Stabilizer incorporated
Design of Accessories
Termination
Insulator
(800mm , 3.5m L 2.1m h)

3 - phases in one cryostat
Pressure withstand : Min. 15bar
Pre-fabricated components
Polymer composite Bushing
Approx. 2100
Compact Design
Cryostat
Bellows
Approx. 3500
Joint Box
Compact Design
,
L)
(500mm 3.5m
Pre-fabricated components
Pressure withstand : Min. 15bar
Cable
Cable core
Cryostat
Approx. 3500
Bellows
Installtion
Installation & handling of HTS cable are same as ordinary cable
Tunnel
Pipe duct (175mm)

Snake and cleats
(for TM behavior)
Jointing Works
Minimum jointing work at site
(14 days for termination, 21 days for joint box)
Pre-fabricated
Pre-fabricated
Jointing at site
Termination
Joint Box
CRS
Configuration of CRS
- Closed loop ( no evaporation of LN2 )
- Total heat loss covered by packaged cryo-cooler
LN2
Tank
(5 ton)
Stirling
Cryocooler
(640W @65K)
Evaporator
Vacuum
Pump
Ambient
Separator
Coldbox1
Pulse Tube
320W@65K
Coldbox2
GM
840W@65K,
2EA
Sub-cooler
Circulation
Pump
Bypass line
HTS Cable & Acc.
Heat
Exchanger
Evaluation
Configuration of system installation
( Fully simulating real grid conditions )
Pipe Duct [15 m]
Termination (Load)
Tunnel (55 m)
Termination (Power source)

Joint
box
U-bend
On the ground
[30 m]
100 m
Joint box
Ground level
Termination (Load)
Evaluation
Test program
- Reference tests for confirmation of sound installation
- Main dielectric tests were executed after 2nd cool down
1st Cool down
Reference Tests
Dielectric Loss
Partial Discharge
Dielectric security
DC Ic
Warm-up
& 2nd Cool down
Shrinkage (Ref.)
Load Cycle Test

Applied Voltage
- 1.5Uo for 30days

Load current
- 1,260 A (8hrs On, 16hrs off)
Cooling Circuit Pressure Control
Residual Performance
Tests
DC Ic
PD (@Uo,1.5Uo, 2.5Uo)
Dielectric Loss (@Uo, 1.5Uo, 2.5Uo)
Dielectric Security (@2.5Uo for 24h)
Thermal/Electrical loss (Ref.)
Impulse (BIL)
Test Results
Temperature profile during the whole type test procedure
Reference
test
Residual
test
Voltage & Current
Test Results
Load Cycle Test at 1.5Uo for 30 days was successfully finished
8h
(1260A)
1 cycle
Voltage
(20kV ; 1.5U0)
16h (No load)
Time (h)
Current
Test Results
PD, dielectric loss were tested successfully
* High Frequency Antenna

Applied Voltage (kV)
PD (pC)
Tan
< 10
0.00002
10
< 10
0.000027
13.2 (Uo)
< 10
0.000039
20.1 (1.5Uo)
< 10
0.00004
33 (2.5Uo)
< 10
0.000041
* Background noise : 5~10 pC
Test Results
AC Dielectric Security Test @2.5Uo for 24hours was passed
Test Results
DC Ic showed no degradation after all electrical & thermal cycle tests
2
0
1
x
6
.
1
2
0
1
x
4
.
1
Operating range
2
0
1
x
2
.
1
3
0
1
x
0
.
8
Phase R @ 75K
Phase S @ 75K
Phase T @ 75K
Phase R @ 72K
Phase S @ 72K
Phase T @ 72K
3
0
1
x
0
.
6
Voltage (V)
2
0
1
x
0
.
1
Ic criterion (1uV/cm)
Result
3
0
1
x
0
.
4
Phase
(Cable)
Design
@ 75 K
75 K
72 K
3 kA
3.01 kA
3.34 kA
3 kA
3.06 kA
3.43 kA
3 kA
3.03 kA
3.34 kA
3
0
1
x
0
.
2
0
.
0
* Operating temperature : 72 ~ 75 K
* Operating current range : ~ 1.8 kA
0
1
x
0
.
2
-
0
0
5
,
3
0
0
0
,
3
0
0
5
,
2
0
0
0
,
2
0
0
5
,
1
0
0
0
,
1
0
0
5
Current (A)
The 22.9kV 50MVA HTS cable system was developed
and successfully passed 3 rd party inspected type test

The proposed type test specification fully considers
the real-grid operational conditions

Long term verification in end users real-grid has been
planned for commercialization of HTS cable system
HTS Cable Updated

In 2008, the main topic of R&D on the HTS cable system is
operation and maintenance skills regarding to the real grid operation
History
2001 ~ 2003 : Fundamental studies
2004 ~ 2005 : Application technologies
2006 ~ 2007.6 : Type test for 22.9kV products
HTS Cable, Joint, Terminations, CRS
Updated
2007.6 ~ 2008 : O&M Skills & 6 Times Thermal Cycles
Unmanned operation Technology, Live line maintenance
Planning
22.9kV 50MVA : Real grid application in KEPCOs substation
Longer than the length which needs joint box with network study
3phase 22.9kV/630A hybrid SFCL(2006)

Developed jointly by KEPRI and LS Industrial Systems.
Combined Superconductor and normal-conductor devices.
A 3 22.9 kV/630 A SFCL was built and tested for 3-phase faults
Limited fault current 29 kA to 17 kA (and to 8 kA after 5 cycles)
A hybrid SFCL
under test
Last version of 3phase 22.9kV/630A hybrid SFCL(2008)

Control & Monitoring Parts
Cryostat
Fast Switch
Current Limiting Resistor
Reliability Test Plan

Field test of 22.9 kV Hybrid SFCL is planned in Gochang Testing Yard.
Now, processing the network engineering
Automatic
Fault generator
Superconducting power machine
testing building
Korea Government
KETEP
(Korea Institute of
Energy and
Resources
Technology
Evaluation and
Planning)
KEPCO(KEPRI)
KERI
University
Detailed Feasibility
Study
Operating &
Maintenance
Project period : Nov. 2008 ~ Oct. 2013

Total budget : $17million
(Government : $8.5million/
Industry : $8.5million)
KEPCO
Head Quarter
Prime Contractor
KEPCO(KEPRI)
LS Cable
KERI, KBSi
University
Manufacture and
Installation in HTS
Cable Systems
KEPCO(KEPRI)
LS IS
University
Manufacture and
Installation in
SFCL Systems
154/22.9kV
MTR
3kA SFCL
150MVA HTS Cables
HTS Cable
500m
[ 22.9kV HTS Cable, Termination, and Splice]
[ 22.9 kV SFCL System-Trial Product ]
Supplying the huge buildings with electric power by HTS cables

Replacing 22.9kV conventional cables(2~3lines) with the superconducting
cables using the existing conduit or culverts without additional civil works
22.9 kV Superconducting Cables
to replace 154 kV conventional cables
Downtown Area
22.9 kV
SW/S
154 kV S/S in the suburbs
Circuit Breaker
(Normal open)
SFCL
SFCL
22.9 kV Superconducting Cables

to replace 22.9kV conventional cables
22.9 kV
SW/S
SFCL
Superconducting
Transformers
22.9 kV
SW/S
Superconducting Power System (SPS) applying distributed switching stations

for metropolitan areas
z Apply superconducting power devices (cables, transformers, FCLs) to real power system
z 154kV transmission power system 22.9kV superconducting power system
Replace 154kV substations in downtown with 22.9kV underground switching stations
Replace 154kV conventional cables with 22.9kV superconducting cables
Bulk power transfer by superconducting cables and transformers & Fault current reduction by SFCL
154kV conventional
cables
Suburb
Downtow
n
154kV
S/S
154kV
S/S
154kV
S/S
154kV
S/S
Suburb
154kV conventional
cables
Skip substations
Reduce
construction costs
Environmentfriendly
Avoid civil petitions
22.9kV
SW/S
154kV
S/S
22.9kV
SW/S
22.9kV
SW/S
22.9 kV
Superconducting cables
Downtow
n
22.9kV
SW/S
22.9kV
SW/S
22.9kV
SW/S
154kV
S/S
One of solutions for the site problem

z No substations & Compact size Easy to find a site for power facilities in downtown
z Underground switching stations Make a park on the switching stations
Economic benefits
z Reduction of cost for buying land
The site for 22.9kV switching stations is less than 30%, compared to 154kV substations.
z No additional construction cost

We can use established underground facilities such as existing electric power conduit pipes.
Environmental and social benefits

z Environment-friendly Avoid the trend of NIMBY
No oil for cooling the system
Free of the explosion danger (Superconducting transformer)
z No additional construction Reduce the construction cost and ease traffic congestion
z High efficiency and loss of superconductor Save energy and reduce CO2 emission
In Korean power system, increase of electric power demand have been accompanied
with increase of power plants, substations, transmission lines and distribution lines.
So that development of high capacitance power facility to accept increase demand
was required and during a past decade, superconducting cable and SFCL have been
developed.
Currently, developments and tests of 22.9kV superconducting cable and SFCL are
finished, and development of 154kV superconducting system is under development
till 2010.
From Nov.2008, to affirm stability and reliability of developed superconducting cable
and SFCL by gathering and analysis of operating and maintenance data, 22.9kV HTS
system real grid project is started for 5 years.
If stability of HTS system including superconducting cable and SFCL is affirmed, it
will be expended from urban.
2008 12 13
39
Southwire Entergy HTS Cable Project

Eigth Annual EPRI Superconductivity Conference
Oak Ridge, TN
Erik Guillot
Project Manager
Transmission EMCC
David Knoll
Project Manager
HTS Cable Systems
Project Partners
Project Specs
Cable Design
Length
Voltage
Load
Cooling
Splices
In-Service Date
HTS TriaxTM - Superconducting

1760 meters (1.1 miles)
13.8 kV
48 MVA
Single Point, Closed Cycle
2 (Cable Sections = 3)
1Q2011
13.8 kV, 2.0 kA (48 MVA) Triax HTS Cable

Cooling Plant
Project Location
Cable Route
Project Overview:
Replace Copper HV Transmission with HTS MV Distribution
Problem:
Saturated 13 kV distribution anticipate high load growth
230/13 subs to north & south of area - Need new sub at mid-point
Challenges:
OH RoW for 230 or 13 kV very difficult or impossible
Small footprint available for new substation
230 kV solution: placing transformer in dense residential area.
13 kV conventional: Voltage drop, power quality
Solution:
13 kV HTS cable to transmit 48 MVA into small footprint station.
1.1 mile HTS cable that meets load growth needs.
Leverage existing transformer capacity No new transformers needed
Single point cooling station.
13 kV HTS replaces 230 kV underground.
Cost effective with DOE support.
Southwire - HTS TriaxTM 2000A Cable

Phase 3 HTS
Phase 2 HTS
Former
Phase 1 HTS
LN
Cryostat
LN
Dielectric
1.
2.
3.
Copper Neutral
HTS TriaxTM Advantage vs Competition:

HTS tape usage = substantially cheaper
Single Cable = simplified mfg & installation
Smaller cold surface area = lower cooling & operating cost
Southwire Triax Cable Termination

3 Phase Connections
Neutral Connection
- Provides transition from

superconducting materials to
copper materials.
- Thermal transition from 200 C to
ambient temperature
- Controls electrical stresses.
- Provides input and/or output
location for LN coolant.
- Provisions made for temperature
and pressure measurements and
monitoring.
- Electrical connections to utility
made by means of industry
standard NEMA pad.
Cable Installation
On Going Effort - HTS Tape Options

1G BSCCO vs 2G YBCO
Mechanical testing
Compatibility with cabling process
Electrical Properties Ic, n-Value, AC Loss
Magnetic Properties
Piece Lengths
Wire availability
Per meter costs
On Going Effort Cable Configuration

Segment 1
Segment 2
Segment 3
Spare
Composite 1
1G
1G
2G
1G
Composite 2
1G
2G
2G
1G
All 1G
1G
1G
1G
1G
All 2G
2G
2G
2G
2G
On Going Thermal / Hydraulic Analysis

CABLE
ASSEMBLY
THERMAL
MODEL
Cryostat Wall
74
LN2 LN2
T [K]
73
72
Annulus
71
Tmax
Former
Ph1
70
Ph2
69
Ph3
Neutral
68
Insulation RT
HTS
Heater
AC- Loss,
QknownRT
Insulation RT
HTS
Heater
AC- Loss,
QknownRT
67
66
0
500
1000
L [m]
1500
2000
Insulation RT
HTS
Heater
AC- Loss,
QknownRT
Former, RT
LN2 LN2
Temp
Sensors
On Going Effort Cryogenic System Design
~ 10kW cooling required
Closed loop cooling system
Cryocooler Options
Pulse Tube
Sterling Cycle
Brayton Cycle
RFPs out after AC Loss study
System supplier will perform

detailed system design
LN2
Tank
Back-up
Open Cycle
Heat Exchanger
Closed Cycle
Sub-Cooled LN2
Cryocooler Bank
HTS Cable
Counter Flow Cooling
Out = thru former
In = thru annulus
Previous Experience AEP, Columbus, OH
AEP-Bixby
200 meters
8/2006 to present
13.2 kV, 3.0 kA,
Triax Cable
5 DAY Bixby Peak Load August 2007

3000
Peak Load = 2,715 A

2500
Current (Amps)
2000
1500
Phase 1
1000
Phase 2
Phase 3
Neutral
500
0
0:00:00
0:00:00
0:00:00
0:00:00
0:00:00
AEP Data Fault Currents
Transient event: I 3.0 kA (2,121 A-rms)
74 total events
39 events with >4,242 A-pk (3,000 A-rms)
Highest current = 17,765 Apk (222
milliseconds)
Longest duration = 1.785 seconds (5209
Apk, 3683 Arms)
07/11/2008
01:24:20.500
07/11/2008
01:24:27.425
HTS cable never taken out of service.
No measurable thermal response in

HTS cable or terminations.
Development
status up to 154kV
EPRI Superconductivity
HTS Cable
Systems in Korea
Conference
Evaluation of 100m long
12 Nov.HTS
2008Cable System
22.9kV 50MVA
KEPRI (KEPCO)
-Mo Yang
S. K.Byeong
LEE
Principal Research Engineer
Electric Power R&D Center
LS Cable Ltd
1 /31
Contents
About DAPAS program
R&D Results of HTS cable in 1st & 2nd Phase

Plan of 3
rd
Phase
Conclusion
2 /31
DAPAS program
DAPAS program
Development of Advanced Power system by Applied Superconductivity tech.

Name of the superconductivity frontier program in Korea
Selected on May. 2001 by MOST
Funded about 100 million US dollars for ten years from government.
The primary target

R & D and commercialization of the developed HTS products
Budget
z
10 years(2001~2010)
2007. 04 - 2008. 03
148 million $ ( Gov. : 100 & Ind. : 48 )

14 million $ ( Gov. : 10 & Ind. : 4 )
3 /31
Development targets for each phase

Phase
FY
Target
1st Phase
2001
2002
2003
Core technology
(to develop the HTS
wire and system
technology)
Power
cables
3rd Phase
2nd Phase
50MVA, 22.9kV
cable
2004
2005
2006
Pre-commercial pilot
(to improve the 1st
phase technology and
develop the prototype
devices)
2007
2008
2009
2010
Commercialization
(Field test and development of

the industrial technology for
commercialization)
50MVA, 22.9kV,
100m system
1GVA, 154kV,
3 phase
Transformers
1MVA, 22.9kV
Single phase
core
technologies
33MVA, 154kV
Single phase
Fault-current
limiters
6.6kV, 200Arms
SFCL
22.9kV,
630Arms SFCL
22.9kV, 3kA &

154kV, 4kArms
100~ hp
motor
1MVA~
motor
5MVA
motor
Motors
4 /31
Highest voltage class

120m 250m
50m
225kV
3 phase, 1 cryo, CD
3 phase, 3 core, CD
3 phase, 3 core, WD
1 phase, CD
Succeeded
Failed
DAPAS
Warm Dielectric
Cold Dielectric
1 core 3 ph
AMSC&Nexans
LIPA (~07)
(~11)
LIPA
SPE
154kV
DAPAS (~11)
LIPA 2
SEI&TEPCO
(~11)
77kV
66kV
36kV
24kV
12.5kV
AEP
SPE project
SEI & TEPCO (~01) Swire & NKT

(~07)
NKT (~02)
AMSC (~07)
DAPAS
(~04)
Swire &
NKT(~11)
IGC & SEI (~07)
Pirelli, AMSC,
Swire & IGC (~00) DTE (~01)
100m
138kV
Furukawa
(~04)
SEI (~99)
30m
1G wire
2G wire
Albany
200m
350m
500m 620m
34.5kV
22.9kV
13.8kV
1,780m
5 /31
History of HTS power cable in DAPAS

2001
2003
2005
Aug., 2005
Long Term Test
5m Cable core +
10m Cooling System
30m Single Phase

HTS Cable System
22.9kV, 50MVA
30m Three Phase

HTS Cable System
22.9kV, 50MVA
6 /31
HTS Cable in KEPCO Testing Center in 2006

Fully simulating real grid conditions
Pipe Duct [15 m]
Termination (Load)
Tunnel (55 m)

Joint
box
U-bend
On the ground
[30 m]
Joint box
Ground level
Termination (Load)
7 /31
Specification
Voltage : 22.9kV (Nominal), 13.2kV(Phase)
Current : 1,260A (50MVA)
Fault Current : 25kA, 15cycle
Cryogenic system : Closed loop cryo-coolers
Cable length : 100m
Approx. 2100
Insulator
Cryostat
Approx. 3500
Cable
Termination
Bellows
Cable
Cable core
Cryostat
Bellows
Approx. 3500
Joint Box
8 /31
Installation
Installation & handling of HTS cable are same as ordinary cable
Tunnel
Pipe duct (175mm)
Snake and cleats
9 /31
Evaluation
Specification of type-test
- Optimal test items & conditions
- Suitable to real grid application
Proposed to IEC SB1 by LS Cable ( under discussing )
Certification by 3rd party test institute
- Kinetrics, Canada
Confirmation by end user
- KEPCO/KEPRI
- Gochang power testing center
10 /31
Test Results (I)
Voltage & Current
Load Cycle Test at 1.5Uo for 30 days was successfully finished

8h
(1260A)
1 cycle
Voltage
(20kV ; 1.5U0)
Current
16h (No load)
Time (h)
PD and dielectric loss were tested successfully

* High Frequency Antenna
Applied Voltage (kV)
PD (pC)
Tan
< 10
0.00002
10
< 10
0.000027
13.2 (Uo)
< 10
0.000039
20.1 (1.5Uo)
< 10
0.00004
33 (2.5Uo)
< 10
0.000041
* Background noise : 5~10 pC
11 /31
Test Results (II)

AC Dielectric Security Test @2.5Uo for 24hours was passed
No degradation after all electrical & thermal cycle tests

2
0
1
x
6
.
1
2
0
1
x
4
.
1
Operating range
2
0
1
x
2
.
1
3
0
1
x
0
.
8
P hase
P hase
P hase
P hase
P hase
P hase
3
0
1
x
0
.
6
Voltage (V)
2
0
1
x
0
.
1
I c c rite rio n (1 u V /c m )
3
0
1
x
0
.
4
3
0
1
x
0
.
2
R
S
T
R
S
T
@
@
@
@
@
@
75K
75K
75K
72K
72K
72K
Result
Phase
(Cable)
Design
@ 75 K
75 K
72 K
3 kA
3.01 kA
3.34 kA
3 kA
3.06 kA
3.43 kA
3 kA
3.03 kA
3.34 kA
0
.
0
3
-
0
1
x
0
.
2
-
0
0
5
,
3
0
0
0
,
3
0
0
5
,
2
0
0
0
,
2
0
0
5
,
1
0
0
0
,
1
0
0
5
C u rre n t (A )
* Operating temperature : 72 ~ 75 K
* Operating current range : ~ 1.8 kA
12 /31
AC Loss
AC Loss was measured by calorimetric method on site
Loss (W)
Design
Heat Loss AC loss
Measured
Total
Heat Loss AC loss
W/m.phase @ 1260Arms
Total
70m
165.0
210.0
375.0
164.8
255.2
420.0
AC loss : 1.21 W/mphase
30m
(U-band)
105.0
90.0
195.0
102.9
113.2
216.1
AC loss : 1.25 W/mphase
165.0
135.0
300.0
180.0
157.6
337.6
Cable
Termination
0.8W/mphase @ 1260Arms in the Lab
13 /31
Plan (the 3rd phase)
14 /31
Target of 3rd phase (2007 ~ 2011)

R&D of 154kV, 1 GVA HTS Cable
- Specification : 154kV, 1GVA, 3phase, 100m
- Install the Power Grid in KEPCO Testing Center
154kV Over Head Line
(Youngkwang Nuclear Plant))
300m
154kV 2000SQ
XLPE 2 LIne
154kV
Tunn
el
10
0m
HTS C
able w
ill be
instal
led
in 201
0
Substation at Gochang
15 /31
Peak and average load for a year

70000
After 1997
financial
crisis in
Korea
Peak load
58994
Average load
60000
Last year
2007, over
60GW
54631
51246
47385
50000
45773
43125
Capacita (MW)
41007
40000
37293
35851
32996
30000
20000
25621
24577
1997
1998
27320
30327
32559
34985
36809
2002
2003
39057
41625
43513
10000
0
1999
2000
2001
Year
2004
2005
2006
16 /31
Necessity of Transmission HTS Cable in KEPCO

Status and Analysis of KEPCO Grid
1) Regional Load : Highest Seoul Region (42%)
2) Underground Cable among T/L : Highest Seoul Region (73.9%)
South-East
Region
30%
3) Increasing Underground T/L : about 12.68% (the rate of

Underground T/L in Korea)
Seoul
51.3%
Total
Kyunggi
18.3%
12.68%
Chungnam
5.0%
South-West
Region
8%
Middle
Region
13%
Kangwon
5.3%
Incheon
29.5%
Chungbuk
6.2%
Daegu
21.9%
Junbuk
6.1%
Gwhangju
26.5%
East Region
7%
Kyungbuk
4.1%
Daejun
45.2%
Jeju
11.9
%
Seoul
Region
42%
Ulsan
18.7%
Kyungnam
7.4%
Busan
31.5%
:C-Km
Voltage
T/L Length
Rate(%)
345kV
93
154kV
1,143
92
66kV
13
(As of 2007)
17
17 /31
Necessity of Transmission HTS Cable in KEPCO

Cu Conductor
150mm
HTS
Superconductor
LN2
800 mm
OF Cable (345kV, 840A, 2cct)
150 mm
HTS SC Cable
(154kV, 3.75kA, 1cct)
18
18 /31
Applying Concept of Transmission HTS Cable in

KEPCO
Applying Scenario of Transmission HTS Cable
345kV Substation
154kV Overhead Line
:Suburbs Large City
154kV Conventional Cable
154kV HTS Cable
: Center of Large City, high load density
Considerable Places for Applying HTS Cable to KEPCO Grid
Replacement
from Old Conventional Cable
Construction of New T/L in Large City
Enlargement of T/L due to increasing load in Large City
19
19 /31
Modeling of Transmission HTS Cable in KEPCO

Fault Analysis of 154kV HTS Cable by Using EMTDC
C
Ia
ISb
ISc
A
3kA
6kA
9kA
12kA
15kA
Ib
Ic
ISa
20 /31
Design of 154kV/1GVA HTS Cable

Electrical Characteristics
- Rated Voltage : 154 kV
(U0, Um = 89, 170 kV)
- Rated Current : 3.75 kA
Former/Stabilizer
HTS Phase Conductor
Insulation
HTS Shield
- BIL : 750 kV
- Design Fault Current
LN2
: 50 kA, 1.7s
Physical Characteristics
- Cold Dielectric Design
(Single Phase in One Cryostat)
Inner Cryostat
Thermal Insulation
(MLI + Vacuum)
Outer Cryostat
154 kV, 1GVA HTS Cable Cross Section

21 /31
Core Design for 154kV/1GVA HTS Cable

154kV/1GVA Stabilizer Design
-Fault Condition : 50 KA/ 1.7s
15.5 cycle
10.5 cycle
5.5 cycle
Temp. Limit : 94 K (5 bar)

Initial Temp. : 77 K
Stabilizer Size Min. 610 mm2
22 /31
HTS Wire Evaluation for Cable Application

The Mechanical & Thermal Properties of multi-kinds of HTS wires evaluated
Tential Stress
Multi-Bending
Thermal Cycling & Twisting
23 /31
Insulation Design of 154kV HTS Cable

99
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
Br e a kdown we ibu ll pr oba bility [ % ]
Variable
100
125
170
20
10
5
3
2
1
Shape
25.18
26.39
20.19
Scale N
AD
P
68.39 15 0.633 0.088
61.65 15 0.310 >0.250
55.76 15 0.431 >0.250
0.1
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
Br e a kdown s tr e n gth [ kV/ mm]
70
Variable
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
100
125
170
20
10
5
3
2
1
Shape
16.10
17.47
17.64
Scale N
AD
P
120.6 15 0.540 0.164
110.8 15 0.543 0.160
100.9 15 1.092 <0.010
0.1
75
65
AC Weibull Test
70
80
90
100
110
Br e a kdown s tr e n gth [ kV/ mm]
120
130
Impulse Weibull Test
50
11
45
40
y = 51.097x
B r eak d o wn vo l tag e [ k V ]
Br e a kdown w e ibu ll pr oba bility [ % ]
99
-0.0336
PPLP for EHV application
35
30
25
y = 40.175x
-0.0235
y = 40.043x
-0.0514
Insulation Thickness
20
15
< 15mmt
10
5
0
1.E+00
100
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
T i me [s e c ]
125
1.E+04
170
1.E+05
1.E+06
Overall Diameter < 145mm
AC V-t Test
24 /31
Cryogenic Characteristic Test of 154kV/1GVA HTS Cable

[ Cryogenic Vessel for Variable Temp.]
66K~77K, 5bar
[ DC power supply ]
DC 15,000 Amp / 5V
25 /31
Termination of 154kV/1GVA HTS Cable
26 /31
Cryogenic System of 154kV/1GVA HTS Cable

LN2
Storage
CryoCryo-Cooler
Phase A
LN2 Flow
Phase B
Phase C
5600W @ 65K
27 /31
Testing Facility for HTS Cable by KEPCO

Place : Gochang Testing Center
Design : 2007.11
Start : 2008.3
Finish : 2009.9
154kV Superconducting Cable Test will be start 2009.6

28 /31
Testing Facility Design
PQ
OF
HTS Cable Test Field

(Tunnel)
GIL
29 /31
Status of Standard for HTS cable

2008. 6. 9 Berlin Germany
11th IEC TC90 Meeting,
Proposed the Test Procedure the HTS Cable, like as Ic Measurement Procedure.
Suggest the round robin test the HTS cable for standard
2008. 8. 27, Paris France
CIGRE SCD1 Working Group Meeting WG.15
(Superconducting and Insulating Materials for HTS Power Applications)
Proposal the Specification of HTS Application
Proposals for test procedures of HTS power equipment and electrical insulation.
CIGRE SC B1 (Insulated Cable)
Decide to make TF for studying the specification of HTS cable
Korea
The KS (Korean Standard) is in progress for
Ic Measurement Procedure of HTS Cable
30 /31
Conclusion
The 22.9kV 50MVA HTS cable system was developed
and evaluated
154 kV , 1GVA HTS cable system is being developed in the 3rd
Phase of DAPAS program
HTS Cable R&D is moving from Grid Test to Grid Use in the world
Suggestion on the Collaboration for studying
Standard of HTS Cable Testing Procedures
< 21/21 >
31 /31
< 21/21 >
32 /31
Status of 2G HTS Wire Technology Development

and Manufacturing at SuperPower
Chuck Weber
Y.-Y. Xie, Y. Chen, X. Xiong, K. Lenseth, M. Marchevsky, A. Rar,
Y. Qiao, B. Gogia, A. Knoll, R. Schmidt, D. Hazelton,
and V. Selvamanickam
Funded by Title III Program, DOE and AFRL
Supported by CRADAs with Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, & Argonne National Laboratories
EPRI 8th Annual Superconductivity Workshop, November 12-13, 2008, Oak Ridge, TN
SuperPowers 2G wire is based on high throughput

processes & superior substrate
High throughput is critical for low cost 2G wire and to minimize capital investment
SuperPowers 2G wire is based on high throughput IBAD MgO and MOCVD
processes
Use of IBAD as buffer template provides the choice of any substrate
Advantages of IBAD are high strength, low ac loss (non-magnetic, high resistive
substrates) and high engineering current density (ultra-thin substrates)
< 0.1 mm
20m Cu
2 m Ag
1 m YBCO - HTS (epitaxial)
~ 30 nm LMO (epitaxial)
~ 30 nm Homo-epi MgO (epitaxial)
~ 10 nm IBAD MgO
100 nm
50m Hastelloy substrate

20m Cu
YBCO
LaMnO3
MgO (IBAD + Epi layer)
Y2O3
Al2O3
Hastelloy C-276
SuperPowers 2G pilot manufacturing facility has

been operational since 2006
Majority of investment already made for 1000 km/year capability
Pilot Substrate
Electropolishing
Pilot IBAD
Pilot MOCVD
Pilot buffer Sputtering
Our main objective in 2008 was to meet market

requirements for 2G wire
Replace 1G wire in large HTS device demonstration projects in the
U.S. and around the world
Key requirements: Long length, availability, Ic, price
Supply large volumes of 2G wire to customers who have been waiting
to take advantage of the superior performance of 2G
Key requirements: Long length, Ic, additional performance metrics
such as in-field Ic, ac losses, joints, insulation, FCL metrics
Advance towards medium-term goal of replacing copper wire in
commercial HTS projects and challenge LTS wire in high-field
applications
Key requirements: Long length, availability, Ic, price, in-field
performance and other additional performance metrics
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2008 (GdY)BCO
6
2
Jc (MA/cm )
Critical current (A/cm-width)
High current metric: Capability of ~ 1000 A in 12 mm widths

achieved!
2007
GdYBCO
2006
Sm YBCO
2005
Sm YBCO
2008 (GdY)BCO
5
4
2007
GdYBCO
3
2
1
2006
Sm YBCO
2005
Sm YBCO
1
2
3
Thickness ( m)
Over 1+ m length,
Ic = 976 A = 813 A/cm
Thickness (m)
Ic measurement using continuous dc current
(no pulsed current) across entire tape width
of 12 mm. No patterning
3.3 m film made in 10 passes: Ic = 976 A = 833 A/cm (Jc = 2.44 MA/cm2)
2.1 m film made in 6 passes: Ic = 929 A = 774 A/cm (Jc = 3.68 MA/cm2)
All achievements using production buffer tapes
High current technology is being transferred to

pilot MOCVD
500
5.0E-07
Minimum Ic > 400 A/cm-w over 55 m length
4.0E-07
Voltage (V/cm)
Ic (A/cm-w)
400
300
200
3.0E-07
2.0E-07
Ic = 450 A/cm-w at 0.1 V/cm voltage criterion
1.0E-07
0.0E+00
100
-1.0E-07
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
100
200
300
400
500
Current (A/cm-w)
Position (m)
Over 55 m length,
Over 10 m length,
Minimum Ic = 481 A = 401 A/cm
Ic = 481 A = 401 A/cm
At 0.2 V/cm voltage criterion
At 0.1 V/cm voltage criterion
All achievements using production buffer tapes.

EPRI 8 Annual Superconductivity Workshop, November 12-13, 2008, Oak Ridge, TN
MOCVD
process speed 90 m/h (4mm equivalent)
th
In-field performance metric: dramatic improvements

achieved by Zr doping
180
0.7 micron SmYBCO
450
3.5 micron SmYBCO
160
0.7 micron GdYBCO
400
2.8 micron GdYBCO
140
0.7 micron Zr:GdYBCO
350
3.3 micron Zr:GdYBCO
120
Ic (A/cm)
Ic (A/cm)
BZO additions have been very effective in improving in-field performance

of PLD films, but was yet to be demonstrated with MOCVD.
100
80
60
40
300
229 A/cm
250
200
186 A/cm
150
100
20
50
77K, 1T
77K, 1 T
-20
20
40
60
80
100
120
-20
20
40
60
80
100
120
Angle between field and tape (degrees)
Angle between field and tape (deg)

Data from Y. Zhang,
M. Paranthaman, A.
Goyal, ORNL
Gd substitution results in strong pinning parallel to the tape.

Zr doping strongly enhances pinning perpendicular to tape & in intermediate fields
2 to 2.5x improvement
IcSuperconductivity
by Zr doping.
Thin
films
and
EPRI 8in
Annual
Workshop, November
12-13, 2008,
Oak Ridge,
TN thick films
th
Excellent in-field performance at 65 K, 3 T

550
Title III Phase 3 program

goal is Je without stabilizer
of 15,000 A/cm2 at 65 K, 3 T
500
450
400
2008: 3.33 m Minimum Ic = 267 A/cm

corresponds to Je of
Zr:(Y,Gd)BCO
350
300
2008: 3.15 m
Zr:(Y,Gd)BCO
250
200
2007: 2.8 m
(Y,Gd)BCO
150
-20
20
40
60
41,000 A/cm2 at 65 K, 3 T
Ic perpendicular to tape =
340 A/cm corresponds to Je
of 52,300 A/cm2
Data from Y. Zhang,
M. Paranthaman, A.
Goyal, ORNL
80 100 120
Angle (deg)
Ic (77 K, 1 T)
B // c
Minimum Ic
2008 Zr-doped (Gd,Y)BCO
2007 (Gd,Y)BCO
Improvement
340 A/cm
181 A/cm
88%
267 A/cm
160 A/cm
67%
Zr-doped chemistry has been successfully transferred

from Research system to Pilot MOCVD
Crtical current (A)
160
150
(Y,Sm)BCO
(Y,Gd)BCO
(Y,Sm)BCO with Zr
(Y,Gd)BCO with Zr
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
Data from Y. Zhang,

M. Paranthaman, A.
Goyal, ORNL
10
0
-20
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Angle between magnetic field & tape (degrees)
Long-length wires are now being produced with Zr-doped chemistry

In 2007, we demonstrated world record high-field

magnet
Central Field (T)
19T background
Coil ID
9.5 mm (clear)
Winding ID
19.1 mm
Winding OD
~ 87 mm
# of Pancakes
12 (6 x double)
2G wire used
~ 462 m
Average Ic of wires
in coil
78 A in 4 mm width
(77 K, self field)
self field
30
25
26.8 T @ 175 A
20
15
10
5
9.81 T @ 221 A
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
Current (A)
SuperPower coil tested in NHMFLs unique,
19-tesla, 20-centimeter wide-bore, 20megawatt Bitter magnet
0.73 T generated by coil at 77 K
10
Coil tested by H. Weijers, D. Markewicz, & D. Larbalestier, NHMFL, FSU
New coil in 2008 with Zr-doped (Gd,Y)BCO wire

with better in-field performance
2007
coil
2008
coil
Coil ID (mm) clear
9.5
21
Winding ID (mm)
19.1
28.6
Winding OD (mm)
~ 87
~ 87
~ 51.6
~ 56.7
~ 462
~ 480
# of turns
~ 2772
~ 2664
Coil Je (A/mm2) per

amp of operating
current
~1.569
~1.635
Coil constant (mT/A)
~ 44.4
~ 41.9
Coil Height (mm)

# of double pancakes
2G tape used (m)
Wire Ic (A) 4 mm
EPRI 8 Annual Superconductivity Workshop, November 12-13, 2008, Oak Ridge, TN

th
2007 coil
2008 coil
72 82
72 to 97
11
30% higher field in 2008 coil made with wire with

improved in-field performance
(Y,Sm)BCO wire 2007 coil
(Y,Sm)BCO wire 2007 coil
Zr:(Gd,Y)BCO wire for 2008 coil
Zr:(Gd,Y)BCO wire for 2008 coil
Ic (A) for 4 mm wide wire
35
30
25
Temperature
77 K, 1 T (ORNL)
20
77.4
70.25
65.8
64.5
63.8
15
10
75 K, 0.92 T (LANL)
5
0
-20
20
40
60
80
100
(K)
120
140
Coil
Max Central
current
Field
(A)
(T)
0.95
22.7
44
1.84
54
2.26
2.39
57
58
2.43
160
Angle between field and wire (degrees)
Temperature
2008 coil with Zr-doped

(Gd,Y)BCO
2007 coil with

(Y,Sm)BCO
Improvement
77 K
0.95 T
0.73 T
30%
65 K
2.39 T
12
This improvement remains effective at low T

[Ic/Ic@ 77K 0T- 2008]/[Ic/Ic@77K 0T-2007]
1.50
60 K
50 K
40 K
30 K
20 K
20-35% improvement in magnetic field range up to 4T

T=
1.25
1.00
0.75
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
B[Tesla] at 30o w.r.t. the tape surface
4.5
Measurement done by
M. Ogata and K. Nagashima
at Railway Technical
Research Institute
13
Continued routine manufacturing of kilometer

lengths of fully buffered tape in CY 2008
In-plane texture (degrees)
8
7
6
5
4
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Tape position (m)
1200
1400
1600
12 tapes with complete 5-layer buffer stack, by ISS2007, and now over
40 tapes have been produced in lengths of 1,300 m to 1,500 with in-plane
texture of 5 7 degrees and excellent uniformity of ~2%
Manufacture of kilometer-lengths of high quality, fully-buffered tape was
routine throughout 1 year
14
250
250
200
200
Ic (A/cm)
Ic (A/cm)
Challenges in fabrication of complete, kilometer

long 2G wire
150
100
50
150
100
50
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
200
Position (m)
Ic (A/cm)
400
300
200
100
0
200
400
600
800
1000
800
1000
Kilometer lengths limited by a few

bad regions in an otherwise uniform
wire;
Major sources of the problems
identified:
MOCVD instability;
Mechanical damage;
Substrate defects
EPRI 8 (m)
Annual Superconductivity Workshop, November 12-13, 2008, Oak Ridge, TN
Position
th
400
600
Position (m)
15
Aug. 2008: Yet another world record!

450
400
350
Ic (A/cm)
300
250
200 m
Ic > 350 A/cm
4 mm: 140 A
200
150
100
320 m
Ic > 350 A/cm
4 mm: 140 A
77 K, Ic measured every 5 m using continuous dc

currents over entire tape width of 12 mm (not slit)
50
Voltage criterion = 0.2 microvolt/cm
0
0
200
400
310 m
Ic > 350 A/cm
4 mm: 140 A
Except for three spots, Ic of rest of
1,030 m > 300 A/cm 4mm: 120 A
600
800
1000
Position (m)
Length (m)
Minimum Ic (A/cm) @ 0.2 V/cm
Ic Length (A-m)
1030
227
233,810
630
302
190,260
337
181,980
540
16
Aug. 2008: Ic > 300 A/cm achieved over 600 m

450
400
350
Ic (A/cm)
300
250
200
150
77 K, Ic measured every 5 m using continuous dc

currents over entire tape width of 12 mm (not slit)
100
Except for four spots, Ic of

rest of 630 m > 350 A/cm
Voltage criterion = 0.2 microvolt/cm
50
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Position (m)
Length (m)
Minimum Ic (A/cm)
(0.2 V/cm)
Ic Length (A-m)
630
302
190,260
540
337
181,980
17
Remarkable progress in 2G HTS wire scale-up

over the last 6 years
1,311 m
935 m
160,000
790 m
120,000
1 m to 1,300 m
in 6 years
80,000
Sep-08
Jan-08
Apr-07
Aug-06
Dec-05
Apr-05
Aug-04
Nov-03
206 m
62 m 158 m
1 m18 m
97 m
Mar-03
427 m
322 m
Jul-02
40,000
595 m
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
World Records
10
May-02
Oct-02
Mar-03
Aug-03
Jan-04
Jun-04
Nov-04
Apr-05
Sep-05
Feb-06
Jul-06
Nov-06
Apr-07
Sep-07
Feb-08
Jul-08
200,000
Critical Current * Length (A-m)
1,000,000
Growth in
last year
Nov-01
Critical Current * Length (A-m)
240,000
18
Great strides made in 2008 in all key metrics

Metric
Improvement
ISS 2006
ISS 2007
ISS 2008
470
595
813
37%
Ic (A/cm) at 77 K, 1 T
116
229
97%
Ic (A/cm) at 65 K, 3 T
181
340
88%
Ic (A/cm) over 1 m
in past year
Ic over 200 m (A/cm)
246
227*
378*
67%
Length with Ic > 200 A/cm (m)
322
322
1030
220%
170
337
98%
Ic over 500 m (A/cm)

Length with Ic > 300 A/cm (m)
103
202
630
212%
Completed 2G wire Piece Length

(m)
322
595
1,311
120%
70,520
102,935
233,810
127%
0.73
0.95
30%
65
40
39%
Ic L (A-m)
Coil: Field at 77 K (T)
2G Wire Price ($/m)
100
*atRidge,
100 TN
to
EPRI 8th Annual Superconductivity Workshop, November 12-13, 2008, Oak
200% higher speed than in 200619
Development of Practical Conductors - Joints

Location of joints
180
160
140
Ic (A)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
100
200
300
400
500 600 700

Position (m)
800
900 1000 1100 1200
Per customers requirement, 1200 m long wire was produced with 11 splices in a production
operation.
Arrangement of the 12 segments along the length was decided based on communication with
customer so that the Ic profile would fit the coil winding requirements
20
Excellent resistance measured in all joints and

mechanical robustness also demonstrated
1st test
6.00E-05
4.00E-05
Joint#1: 70-75m
5.00E-05
Joint#3: 250-255 m
Joint#4: 350-355m
Joint#5: 440-445m
3.50E-05
Joint#6: 560-565m
3.00E-05
After running thru 2" rollers 6 times

Voltage (Volt)
4.00E-05
Voltage (Volt)
After running thru 4" roller 3 times
Joint#2: 175-180m
Joint#7: 670-675m
3.00E-05
Joint#8: 760-765m
Joint#9: 890-895m
Joint#10: 980-985m
2.00E-05
Joint#11: 1120-1125m
1.00E-05
2.50E-05
2.00E-05
1.50E-05
0.00E+00
1.00E-05
-1.00E-05
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Current (A)
All but one of the joints showed resistance

around 33 n, One joint showed a
resistance of 100 n, still within limit
20
40
Current (A)
60
80
Wires with joints have to run through the

reel-to-reel Ic test rig with 4 and 2
roller. No trace of degradation was
shown in I-V curves
21
Continuous multifilamentary 2G wire is now scaled to

15m lengths with new industrial process
4 mm
2
unstriated
ac loss (W/m)
100 Hz
5.1 x
multifilamentary
0
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Bac rms (T)
0.05
Good Ic and reasonable ac loss

reduction achieved;
Coils were made with long length
multifilamentary wires, showed lowered
ac loss in magnetic field and with
transport ac current as reported at DOE
Peer Review (July 2008)
0.06
22
Customer-driven development of insulated wire

Several customers, primarily for coil applications, required insulated 2G wire
After evaluating a number of vendors, we procured a system for in-house
fabrication of insulated wire
System in place and being used for both 12 and 4 mm wide wire
Preliminary test showed no breakdown at 1000 V with 0.0025 mm polyimide film

Deliveries of insulated wire already being made.
23
1. AC Loss Characterization of HTS Coils

2. Proposed Integrated Cryo-cooled Test Bed for High
Power Density Power System Components
Sastry Pamidi
Florida State University
Center for Advanced Power Systems
Tallahassee
AC Losses With Liquid Nitrogen Boil-off

Measurements
Useful for Total AC loss measurements on coils

up to 140 mm in diameter and 250 mm tall.
Wide measurement range: fraction of a watt to
100 W
Coils can be arranged in any orientation with
respect to magnetic field
Magnetic field amplitude: up to 200 mT
Transport current amplitude: up to 650 A
AC Losses in YBCO Coils with

Nitrogen Boil-off Technique
Diameter - 145 mm
Length - 250 mm
Calibration
Heater
Calibration Highly Reproducible
Sample Coil
System has been tested and calibrated up to 60 W, 150 mT, 200 Hz
AC Losses in YBCO Coils with

Nitrogen Boil-off Technique
Losses are < 0.1 W in parallel and perpendicular field 150 mT, 55 Hz & 60 mT, 200 Hz
YBCO Coils, 29 turns, of wire ~4.5

m conductor
45 mm diameter, Ic = 32-34 A
Super Power Coil Losses

< 0.1 W
@ 150 mT, 55 Hz &
60 mT, 200 Hz
Two coils were tested

Coil made of normal YBCO tape and Coil
made of Striated YBCO ( five filaments).
Both have < 0.1 W losses. 0.1 W is
minimum detectable limit of the
measurement system
Objectives of the Proposed Integrated Cryogenic System

for Multiple High Density Power System Components
Address system issues arising from the complex

interrelationships between the electrical, thermal and
material performance characteristic to achieve high
power density systems through cryo-cooling.
Design and manufacture a 400 kVA, 13,8 kV HTS
transformer for application in Test loop
Design and manufacture a +/- 5 kV MVDC HTS cable
A Schematic of the Proposed Integrated Cryogenic System for

Multiple High Density Power System Components
Main Cryo
station
Capacitor
Bank
HTS
Transformer
AC/DC
Converter
HTS fault
Current
limiter
Flow sensors
Cryo booster
Temp sensors
Valves
Blowers
Electrical bushing
HTS
AC/DC
Cable
Load
Bank
Proposed Applications of Cryo-cooled

Test Bed
Understanding of cryogenic system integration
issues
For external users to test high density power
devices
Comprehensive test environment with PHIL
testing and heat loads and thermal gradients under
test conditions
Demonstrate integrated high power density
electrical network
Proposal of
In Korea
Outline
Date
Host
From 9th Nov.(Monday) to 11th Nov.(Wednesday)

EPRI, KEPCO(KEPRI), and KIASC
* KIASC : Korea Institute of Applied Superconductivity and Cryogenics
z International Program Committee ;
Program
Committee
EPRI, KEPRI, KIASC

z Local Program Committee ;
KERPI, KIASC, KERI, LSC, KIMM, etc.
z KEPRI in Daejeon Korea (2 days)
Conference
Site
Accommodation : Yusung Hotel, Rivera Hotel etc

z Technical Tour : Gochang Test Field (1 day)
z LS Cable Factory Tour (1day) : option
Schedule (Tentative)
Nov. 2008
First Announcement
(9th Annul EPRI Superconductivity Conference)
Feb. 2009
Website Opens
Aug. 2009
On-Line Submission of Abstracts
Sept. 2009
Abstract Acceptance & On-line Registration
Oct. 2009
Last Announcement with Final Program
Nov. 2009
Conference
Conference Schedule (Tentative)

z First day ( KEPRI in Daejeon)
Registration
Presentation
Welcome Party and Dinner
z Second day
Presentation
KEPRI Superconducting Lab Tour in KEPRI
z Third day (Technical Tour : Gochang Test Field)
Move : Daejeon -> Gochang (by Bus)
Test Field Tour including 22.9kV and 154kV superconducting cable
Excursion : Sunwonsa Temple
z 4th Day (Option) : LS Cable Factory Tour
What benefit will you get ?

You can contact with many experts from oversea
You can get the current information on Superconductivity
System more broadly including Asia
You can see the overall of the Superconductivity System. For
Example, HTS Cable, SFCL, Flywheel developed by Korea
You can look around Gochang Test Center, specially new
underground test lab that is the biggest one in the world
through technical tour
Lastly, you can enjoy beautiful sightseeing that may be great
mountain covered with colorful tree at Autumn
5
Technical Tour
Seoul
Daejeon
Gochang
Busan
Seoul
Daejeon
Busan
Testing Facility for HTS Cable by KEPCO

Place : Gochang Testing Center
Start : 2008.3
Finish : 2009.9
154kV Superconducting Cable Test will start 2009.6
KEPRI in Autumn Conference site
Naejangsan national Park
10
SunWonSa Temple
11
High Opportunity Commercial

Applications for HTS Cables
Eighth Annual EPRI Superconductivity Conference
Oak Ridge, TN ~ November 12 13, 2008
Introduction
The scope and successful operation of recent HTS cable
projects has led to:
Increased interest in HTS cables
Increased interest in their characteristics
Increased interest in possible applications
Superconductor Cables are an Exciting New Tool for

Utility Planning Departments, but requires:
Education on their benefits and applications
Education on what is involved to install and operate
Agenda
Review of HTS cable applications which appear to be of
greatest interest during educational presentations
Issues moving forward
Key HTS Cable ELECTRICAL Characteristics

Very high power transfer capability compared to
conventional cables solves many siting problems
Very low impedance reduces loading on parallel lines
and equipment
Minimal magnetic field and elimination of heat
simplifies placement concerns and is easy on the
environment
Optional HTS cables with fault current management
capabilities eliminate need to upgrade existing equipment
HTS Cables offer unique capabilities
Power Transfer Equivalency of HTS Cables
345kV
XLPE Cable
230kV
XLPE Cable
HTS
138kV
XLPE Cable
Same Voltage, More

Power
Greatly increased
power transfer
capacity at any
voltage level
HTS
69kV
XLPE Cable
HTS
XLPE Cable
34.5KV
HTS 100
XLPE Cable
13.8 kV
0
MVA at 13.8 kV
200
400
600
800
1000
Power Transfer Capability - 3 MVA
HTS Cables provide much greater power transfer than conventional cable
* No XLPE cable de-rating factors applied.
HTS rating based on conventional 4000A breaker rating
Power Transfer Equivalency of HTS Cables
345kV
XLPE Cable
230kV
XLPE Cable
HTS
138kV
XLPE Cable
HTS
69kV
XLPE Cable
HTS
XLPE Cable
34.5KV
HTS
XLPE Cable
13.8 kV
0
200
400
600
800
Power Transfer Capability - 3 MVA
Same Voltage, More

Power
Greatly increased
power transfer
capacity at any
voltage level
Same Power, Lower
Voltage
New MV versus HV
Siting Opportunity
1000
MV Transmission
Ideal for NIMBY &
ROW sparse
environments
HTS Cables provides transmission-level power transfer at medium voltage

* No XLPE cable de-rating factors applied.
HTS rating based on conventional 4000A breaker rating
Project HYDRA Overview
Current ConEd System Configuration
Copper power cables
ConEds System of the Future:

Interconnected Distribution Substations
Integral Fault Current Limiting
HTS power cables
DHS Project supports development of a more resilient grid with increased

reliability and reduced power outages
Paralleling Urban Buses

Building on Project HYDRA
Typical 2-transformer
urban substations
VIRTUAL BUS
Connection
Virtual Bus must Handle high power flow between the substations
Conventional interconnection techniques not practical
Normal impedance during steady state operation would limit power transfer
Multiple cable circuits would be required
Paralleling low-side buses with conventional technology

is not practical
Paralleling Urban Buses: HTS Solution
urban substations
4000A
Load Current
HTS Cable Advantages

Low impedance allows for efficient power transfer
Ampacity of HTS cable capacity requires only one circuit
e.g. 100MVA at 15kV
Reduced external EMF and heat generation simplifies placement
HTS Cable Enables Low Side Interconnection
Paralleling Urban Buses:

Addressing Fault Currents
urban substations
With Fault Current Limiting HTS Cable
Fault Current
Contribution
60,000A
Reduced
Fault Current
Contribution
30,000A
Fault Current Limiting HTS Cable provides many benefits:

Reduces the fault current that flows through the HTS cable
Reduces fault current contribution to faults on either substation bus
Eliminates need to replace or upgrade station equipment
Fault Current Limiting HTS Cable makes low side networking practical
Paralleling Urban Buses:

The Appeal
urban substations
Typical
Loading
Practice
Total Load 60% total transformer MVA
Total Load 60% total transformer MVA
Advantages of Paralleled Substations Simple Case

Connect additional load without additional transformers or new substations
Increases transformer asset utilization
Reduces cost of N-1 contingency planning; Only 1 transformer required
versus 2
Increased interconnectivity protects vulnerable, critical loads in the event of
a catastrophic failure
Paralleling Dense Urban Load Centers Leads to Operational Efficiencies

Increased Asset Utilization
Transformer Asset Utilization TS Inteconnected

Substations; n-2 Criteria
100%
100%
90%
90%
80%
70%
2 XFRMR
3 XFRMR
4 XFRMR
5 XFRMR
60%
50%
40%
30%
Transformer Asset
Utilization
Transformer Asset
Utilization
Transformer Asset Utilization TS Inteconnected

Substations; n-1 Criteria
80%
70%
3 XFRMR
4 XFRMR
5 XFRMR
60%
50%
40%
30%
None
Number of Interconnected Substations
None
Interconnecting Substations increases transformer asset utilization*

Improves financial performance measures
Reduces the number of transformers required to serve load
* Theoretical limits

Serving Additional Load
HTS Interconnected Substation Loading Increase

Capability; n-2 Criteria
180%
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
160%
2 XFRMR
3 XFRMR
4 XFRMR
5 XFRMR
% Increased Load
Capability
% Increased Load
Capability
HTS Interconnected Substation Loading Increase

Capability; n-1 Criteria
140%
120%
3 XFRMR
4 XFRMR
5 XFRMR
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Interconnecting Substations significantly increases load serving capability*

Significantly reduces need to expand or build new substations
* Theoretical limits
Segregated (Remote) Substation
Larger, HV station components

located where space is available
HTS CABLE
MV HTS cable acts as low

impedance, high capacity, virtual
bus between transformer and
switching stations
Reuse existing ROW

Simplified placement due to lower
voltage level
FCL HTS cable may reduce MV
breaker requirements
Smaller, remotely
located, lower voltage
switching station in space
or real-estate constrained
location
Permits new substation construction in spite of severe real estate constraints
Segregated (Remote) Substation
Multiple HV stations located

where space is available to
provide for contingency
planning
MV HTS cables provide links and fault current control

HTS CABLE
HTS CABLE
HTS Cables can be consistent with tradition reliability design practices
Overcoming Transmission Line

Siting Dilemmas
Power system reliability and load growth requires new

interconnections to strengthen the grid and supply new load
GG
GG
Substation A
Substation B
Underground construction
Preferred by the public
Better storm performance
HTS offers simplified
burial requirements
Space efficient
Lower voltage option simplifies
siting
Environmental benefits
No EMF emissions
Environmentally friendly
insulation system
Positive public relations
HTS Cables Very Attractive to Address Transmission Siting Issues
Simplifying Transmission Siting

One
OneMV
MVHTS
HTSCable
Cablecan
canreplace:
replace:
Many
Manyconventional
conventionalunderground
underground
circuits
circuits
Overhead
Overheadtransmission
transmissionline
line
Photo courtesy Consolidated Edison
HTS Cables Offer New Options to Siting Power Lines
Connecting Generating Stations to Grid

or Any Short, High Power Link
GG
GG
Generation
Station
HTS Section for sensitive

or ROW restricted areas
Conventional construction
for balance of link
Grid PCC
Advantageous for short, high power transfer situations

Permits use of more compact, easier to site, lower voltages
Environmentally and politically preferable underground
construction
Lower losses
Ideal for routes including sensitive or ROW restricted areas
HTS Cables Can Ease or Eliminate or Simplify Short Link Issues
Grid Congestion
Load Current
Load Current
Generation
G
Load
G
Undesired
Loop
Flow
Grid Congestion has many causes

Insufficient line ampacity
Overloaded critical assets and
circuits
Undesired loop flows
Stability issues
Line loading, equipment & operational limitations can lead to grid congestion
HTS Cable Can Alleviate Grid Congestion

During normal operating conditions, the HTS cable is a low impedance path
and allows for the transfer of large amounts of power.
Reduced
line
losses
Load Current
Load Current
Generation
G
G
Increased
line
loading
Reduced
loading
on assets
HTS Cable
High Normal Current
Low Fault Current
Load Current
Numerous benefits accrue:

Increased corridor transfer capability of the corridor
Reduced loading on parallel circuits
Improved efficiency from lower I2R losses on all lines
Load
During Faults HTS Cable Limits Fault Currents

When an HTS cable with resistive FCL capability becomes resistive during a
fault, the fault current must use relatively lower impedance paths
Fault Current
Generation
G
G
HTS Cable
High Normal Current
Low Fault Current
Fault
Current
Fault
Increased Fault
impedance increases
total circuit fault
impedance
The HTS cable results in higher system impedance during faulted conditions
lowering overall fault current magnitudes
Conventional Vs. Project Hydra Style HTS Cable
Fault Current Level

Change (kA)
MVA Transfer
Capacity Increase
Sub#1
Sub #2
230 MVA Base
42 kA
56 kA
2nd Conventional Cable
+230
+5
+2
Replacement HTS Cable
+248
-12
-3
Scenario
Base Case
Installing HTS Cable in the grid simultaneously can increase power

transfer capability and manages fault current levels
Summary
HTS Cable Systems offer solutions

unavailable or impractical until now
As utilities are exposed to HTS cable
concepts, applications become apparent
Most utility personnel have had little
exposure to HTS cables and
their characteristics
This exposure is for the most
part limited to a utilitys advanced
technology or R&D functions
i.e., those that are exposed to normal planning issues are not
considering HTS solutions
The industry must undertake an Educational Awareness program to
ensure HTS cables become part of the engineers toolset
HTS cable applications are nascent

Education is required to spur demand
Technology & Engineering Division
Development of HTS Cables for DC Power

Transmission and Distribution
Joseph V. Minervini
Leslie Bromberg
Makoto Takayasu
Christopher Miles and Nicholas R. LaBounty
MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center

Eighth Annual EPRI Superconductivity Conference
Doubletree, Oak Ridge, TN ~ November 12 13, 2008
Portions reprinted, with permission, from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Joseph Minervini.
Outline
HTS DC Advantages
Cable Design Concepts
Chubu-MIT HTS DC Cable Collaboration
Long Length Cooling
Current Lead Cooling
Potential Near Term Application
Conclusions
DC Superconducting Transmission Line

Advantages:
No DC resistive losses
No AC inductive storage
Low or no AC losses
Long range transmission of high currents, including undersea
Very high power ratings including transmission of several GVA
Fault currents limited by fast acting inverters at AC/DC and DC/AC ends
of the line
Low voltage transmission, if desired, limiting the need for high voltage
transformers
Simplified cable design, more amenable to using HTS tape geometry
Cable coolant also used to cool solid state inverters increasing capacity
and reducing high temperature aging degradation
Disadvantages: Invertors can add substantially to cost
HTS DC Applications
HTS DC increases efficiency for long distance transmission

Opens other advanced technology opportunities:
Direct connection of alternative low-carbon or carbon-free power

sources:
Wind
Solar PV
Fuel Cell
Microturbine
other
Connection of advanced energy storage devices
Flywheel
Battery
Supercapacitor
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
other
Grid independence
System
Stability and
Power
Quality
Off-Shore Wind Farm Power

Transmission
Using HTS DC Cable
DC-to-AC Power Conversion
HTS DC Transmission
Cables
Solar Photovolatic or Concentrated Solar Thermal

Power Transmission Using HTS DC Cable
Solar PV
Solar and Wind
CSP
Transmit DC before conversion?
DC Power
DC Superconducting Power
Transmission Line Experiment in
Chubu University
&
Collaboration with MIT
Prof. Satarou Yamaguchi
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
yamax@isc.chubu.ac.jp
Center of Applied Superconductivity

and Sustainable Energy Research
(CASER)
Experimental Device in Chubu University

Parameters
current > 2.5 kA
voltage > 20 kV
length ~ 20 m
Sumitomo Bi-2223 cable
coolant; LN2
equipped with pump and
cryogenic cooler
72 K - 77 K
SC Cable
Photo of cross-section
former
copper wires
insulation layer
HTS Tape x 39
HTS Tape
insulation
30kVDC
center hole
for coolant path
inner spring
earth layer
former
copper wires
40
Side View
made by
Sumitomo
1st layer; 19
Tape conductor
2nd layer; 20
Bi-2223/ 100A
grade
Insulation Volt.
DC20kV
Insulator, PPPL
Outer radius
40
Center hole 14
MIT High Current HTS

DC Cable Designs
Multiple Layers
Carpet Stack
Triplet
Twisted Triplets
Wedge Stack
Twisted
Triplets
Use Basic Carpet Stack

tapes can be insulated or soldered
Square or rectangular stack

Base element former can be
conducting
non-conducting
Structural
Tape shape requires relatively long twist

pitches
AC losses not an issue for DC applications
25 kA at T = 65 K - 77 K
Carpet Stack triplets have highest Je
Allows for smaller cryostat and lower heat leak
Carpet Stack and wedge base conductors allow many
variations on cable patterns and total tape number
Potential Opportunity
Data Server Centers
In 2006, electricity consumed by servers in U.S. data

Google datacenter near The Dalles Dam
centers (including cooling and auxiliary infrastructure)
represented about 1.5 percent of national electricity
use*.
Internet data center consumes ~ 12 kW/m2.

10 MW-50 MW+ total capacity in new centers
DC may be preferred
Minimizes conversion losses
~7-10% energy savings migrating to DC
No reactive power
Power multiplier: for 1 W dissipation saved, 1.5 - 2 W
cooling eliminated
*Report to Congress on Server and Data Center
Energy Efficiency, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Aug. 2, 2007
Expected Data Server Center

Power Growth
G. Lawton, Powering Down the Computing Infrastructure, Computer, IEEE, 40, issue 2, p 16-19, Feb. 2007.
DC Distribution Demonstration Developed by

LBNL and Industry Partners
Measured Best in Class AC System Loss Compared to DC

~9-12% efficiency improvement measured by elimination of transformer
and second AC/DC conversion
William Tschudi, LBNL
Benefits of 400Vdc
PV
AC Distribution
DC
300- DC/AC
400V
Lighting
loads
DC/AC
AC/DC
Ballast
FC
60 Hz AC
480V
AC/DC
Electronic
loads
DC/AC
AC/DC
DC/DC
VR
PSU
Motor
loads
AC/DC
DC/AC
AC/DC
DC/AC
ASD
Slides courtesy of Annabelle Pratt-Intel
Benefits of 400Vdc
PV
Facility Level
DC
300- DC/AC
400V
FC
60 Hz AC
480V
AC/DC
XX
DC/AC
Lighting
loads
DC/AC
AC/DC
Ballast
X
AC/DC
Electronic
loads
DC/DC
VR
PSU
AC/DC
X
DC/AC
Motor
loads
X
AC/DC
DC/AC
ASD
Benefits of 400Vdc
400V DC facility with DG

DC
300- DC/DC
400V
Lighting
loads
DC/AC
Ballast
60 Hz AC
480V
Electronic
loads
AC/DC
DC/DC
VR
DC/DC
PSU
Motor
loads
AC/DC
DC/AC
ASD
Benefits of 400Vdc
400V DC facility with SC Bus

DC
300- DC/DC
400V
Lighting
loads
DC/AC
Ballast
60 Hz AC
480V
Electronic
loads
AC/DC
DC/DC
VR
DC/DC
PSU
Motor
loads
AC/DC
DC/AC
ASD
Copper - Air cooled
1.75 Diameter cable

325 A per cable
14 Cables
35 lbs/ft
4400 Ampere Cable Sizes
Copper - Water cooled
0.605 Diameter cable

133 A per cable
33 Cables
8 lbs/ft
HTS- LN2 Cooled
1.75 Diameter
up to 30 Conductors
up to 200 Amps per Conductor
1 Cable
2.0 lbs/ft
Very High Power Density is

Achievable with Superconductors
x 10 = 4000 A @ 0 Voltage
Schematic 10MW, 400V, 25 kA

Data Center Layout
Technology Needed to Implement

SC Distribution
As opposed to transmission, there are a large
number of secondary spurs, with relatively
high density (depending on application)
Refrigeration losses dominated by leads, not
by distributed cryostat or AC losses
Need to address the problem of
Electrical connections through low-loss leads
Cooling manifolding
Summary of Preliminary System Analysis

MIT Energy Initiative Seed Fund - 2008
Power Dissipation with Standard Leads (kW)
HTS Leads
Power Loss
HTS + Cu
Power Loss
HTS + Cu
(2007)
(2008-2011)
Power Loss
HTS + Cu
(2012-2016)
Power Loss
All Cu
10
10
10
0.45
0.225
0.225
HTS Cold
Power Total
10.450
10.225
10.225
Refrigerator
Wall Power
300
177
118
16
16
16
250
316
193
134
250
HTS Cryostat
Copper Bus
Total Electrical
System Power
Current lead loss is 0.05 W/A-lead

Navigant Consulting costing predictions of SC components in 2008-2012:
http://www.energetics.com/meetings/supercon06/pdfs/Plenary/07_Navigant_HTS_Market_Readiness_Study.pdf
MITEI Seed Fund Study (contd)
Power Dissipation with Optimized Leads (kW)
HTS Leads
Power Loss
HTS + Cu
Power Loss
HTS + Cu
Power Loss
HTS + Cu
(2007)
(2008-2011)
(2012-2016)
Power Loss
All Cu System
0.450
0.225
0.225
HTS Cold
Power Total
5.450
5.225
5.225
Refrigerator
Wall Power
157
90
60
16
16
16
250
173
106
76
250
HTS Cryostat
Copper Bus
Total Electrical
System Power
Current lead loss is 0.025 W/A-lead achieved by intermediate cooling stage

Capital Costs (k$)

Capital Costs
HTS + Cu
2007
HTS Tape
HTS Cryostat
HTS
Refrigerator
HTS Total
Copper Bus
Total Capital
Cost
Capital Costs
HTS + Cu
2008-2011
Capital Costs
HTS + Cu
2012-2016
Capital Costs
All Cu
2,800
560
112
200
130
44
1,050
640
260
4,050
1,330
416
11
11
11
160
4,061
1,341
427
160

Operating Costs of Power ($/Hr)

Operating
Costs
Operating
Costs
Operating
Costs
2007
2008-2011
2012-2016
HTS (standard leads)
31.69
19.27
13.38
HTS (optimized leads)
17.26
10.62
7.61
All Copper
25.07
25.07
25.07
HTS Payback Period

(standard leads)
Never
23 Years
2.6 Years
HTS Payback Period

(optimized leads)
57 Years
9.2 Years
1.75 Years
Electricity cost = $0.10/kW-Hr
Summary
Use of HTS could open innovative opportunities in

datacenters for decreased power consumption, flexibility and
easy of construction
Application to data server centers is a near term application

with potential large efficiency gains
Short time scale implementation allows further development

for other MicroGrid applications with similar technology
Establishes technology for:
Bringing large-scale power to land from offshore wind farms
Combining large-scale solar PV or solar thermal systems to the grid
Long distance power transmission and/or grid interconnects
Optimized DC cable, cryostat and current leads require

development program
A High-Power
Superconducting DC Cable
W. V. Hassenzahl
Eighth Annual EPRI
Superconductivity Conference
11/13/2008
Outline
11/13/08
The team
Visions Past and Present
Why a superconducting DC cable
Program goals
Design concept
Design process
An SC-DC Cable
The team
11/13/08
Steve Eckroad
Bill Hassenzahl
Paul Grant
Brian Gregory
Stig Nilsson
An SC-DC Cable
Why a SC DC Cable
11/13/08
High Power Capacity pluses and minuses

Negligible losses resistive and AC
Physical Dimensions Small vs. Power Lines
Security
High Current and Relatively Low Voltage
Reliability
Versatility
Efficiency Lower Life Cycle Cost
An SC-DC Cable
Why operate near 77 K?

To answer this question we need to explore conductor costs and the
life cycle energy demands of an installed cable
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
Why operate near 77 K?

To answer this question we need to explore conductor costs and the
life cycle energy demands of an installed cable
Caution
Comparisons are
model specific.
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
Why A DC Cable near 77K?

77 K a real sweet spot
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
Program Goals
Design a Superconducting DC Cable System that
meets future utility needs and requirements.
Recognize high power limitations of local AC system
Assess power levels and cable lengths
Note power independent costs of proposed design
Use existing engineering capability for materials

and fabrication processes.
11/13/08
Structural Materials
Cryogenics and vacuum
Power Converters
Superconductors
Not the driver!
An SC-DC Cable
2 SC DC Cable Systems
Assessed power levels and cable lengths
Selected two cable systems for Reference Designs

Regional 2 GW <300 km
Inter regional 10 GW >500 km
Established a simple set of design requirements

multiple power feeds and loads
redundant cables in each circuit
redundant converters
Iterative Process
Power Levels, Ranges, and Limits I and V

Conductors, other materials, standard practices
Metal Sheath OD and Vacuum shell piece length
Metal Sheath OD and Spool Sizes
Cable section lengths, i.e., Unit length between joints
Heat loads Cryogenic Requirements
Fluid Flow Area Cryogenic Diameter and stop joint
Vacuum requirement Outer Shell ID
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
Power Ranges - I and V

Regional 2 GW
1 GW per SCDC Cable
Each cable has full capacity for redundancy
~33.3 kA and ~60 kV*
Inter Regional up to 10 GW
E.g., power farm to major loads
5 GW per HVDC Cable
Each cable has full capacity for redundancy
~100 kA and ~100 kV
* May choose 100 kV
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
10
Design Concept
Details of cross section
depend on operational
conditions
Figure includes recent
changes to accommodate
ground issues raised by
AC/DC Integration team
Approximate diameter 12 cm
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
11
Cable Section Length

V, I, and material properties determine
Metal Sheath OD
Cable weight per meter of length
Note mechanical properties of insulation require a
larger minimum thickness than does voltage standoff
Metal Sheath OD, spool dimensions, and required

pulling force determine
cable section length from spreadsheet
Manhole or other access capability required at

end of each section for joint preparation
Experience with conventional cables is applicable
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
12
Heat Loads
Heat sources
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
AC losses = hysteresis from current changes and ripple
Cable ends / joints
Cryogen flow losses
Use nominal heat load of 1 W/m for initial

calculations.
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
13
AC Losses
Two types of heat input in the superconductor
Current ramping and faults
Harmonic currents
Several methods for calculating heat input.

Abrupt current decrease can only deliver energy
associated with inductance per unit length L/l
Energy goes into enthalpy of nitrogen T<0.01K
Harmonic currents set limits on converter design and
operation
P ( W / m ) 4 10
I
n n
all _ n
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
14
Vacuum
Conduction and convection heat load must be < 0.5 W/m
depends on use of mli and quality of vacuum
Required vacuum about 2x10-4 Torr
First approach permanently sealed system with getters
Not feasible to guarantee >500 km without leaks.
Second approach vacuum pumps at fixed spacing

Issue is pressure increase from pump to furthest point requires
large open cross section
Calculation of spacing is based on gas flow from largest leak,
conductance of the cable vacuum space, and vacuum pump capacity.
Determine that a 0.7 m pipe, 50 liter/s, 10-4 Torr vacuum pumps
with every km will meet vacuum needs even if some pumps fail.
Pumps need not work full time after operation begins
Also, pumps must be able to pump down the cable prior to use
Pump spacing is intimately connected with maximum cable piece length

11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
15
Cryogenics
Superconductivity requires a low temperature
65 to 70 K for liquid nitrogen
Over distances of a 1000 km
Small temperature variations
Normal operation ~ 1 K
Upset/fault conditions > +5 K
Requires pressurized flow of liquid nitrogen

Pressure of several atm required to limit bubble formation
and to maintain consistent dielectric strength
This low pressure allows the use of thin walled pipes
Which, in turn, limits the allowable pressure rise caused by
flow resistance
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
16
Cryogenics
Refrigerator loads and separation
Choice of capacity of each refrigerator depends on
Total heat inflow between refrigerators

Need for on line maintenance
Operation during and after upset/fault conditions
The grid should not know
Cool down
about refrigerators
Cost vs. capacity factors (Optimization for the future)
Iterative process among heat load, refrigerator spacing, reliability, etc.
A pressure rise of 2.5 atm. is allowable for an operating

pressure of 5 to 10 atm.
A flow rate of 5 liters/s can remove 10 kW
The associated pressure rise in 10 km is ~3 atm, 45 psi.
Choose 5 to 10 km refrigeration spacing.
Pumping/friction power is about 0.2 W/m
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
17
Cryogenics Summary
Heat load, allowable temperature rise determine
Minimum cryogen mass flow
Cryogen mass flow and allowable pressure drop

determine
total refrigerator capacity and refrigerator spacing.
Refrigerator spacing is an optimization issue.

5 to 10 km is adequate with a 3 to 5 atmosphere
pressure drop for liquid nitrogen.
Part of iterative design, but not a driver
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
18
Design Concept
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
19
Factory Assembly
Outer pipe
Standard high pressure gas pipe

Special welding and cleaning
Reflecting surface on inner diameter
Environmental protective outer coating
Piece length determined by shipping constraints (?~20 m)
Cryogenic pipe and cryogen return pipe

Corrugated stainless steel
Special weld requirements
Supported at each end from outer pipe
Superinsulation
Most important 30 to 50 layers between outer pipe and
cryogenic components
A few layers between the two cold pipes.
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
20
Pipe Section and Transport
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
21
On Site Assembly
This procedure is
followed for some
50 sections
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
22
Vault and Cable Pulling
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
23
Joints
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
24
Joints
Cable joint Issues
Large number of superconductor tapes/wires
Field procedures especially repairs
End connections and terminations
Pipe joint characteristics determined by
11/13/08
Manufacturability
Cleanliness
Superinsulation protection
Accommodation of cable pulling loads
Thermal contraction associated with cooldown
An SC-DC Cable
25
Cable Installed
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
26
Cryogenic Vault
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
27
Outer Pipe Summary

Outer pipe diameter >70 cm determined by
Cryogen pipe diameter
Vacuum pressure drop
Vacuum pumping requirements with redundancy
Outer pipe piece length determined by

transportability ~ 20 m maybe 30 m max
Fabricate in plant with mli and cryogen tube
Includes supports for axial and radial motion of cold
components
Seal in factory for cleanliness
Assemble (weld) pipes and cryogen tubes on site and

pull cable from ends.
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
28
Gas Pipeline
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
29
SC-DC Cable Program Status

Critical issues for future evaluation
Cable piece length
Power converter and grid interface
Other existing and new superconductors
100 kA joints
Temperature optimization
Allowable heat loads
Vacuum requirements
Details of refrigerator mechanical interface to cable
Overall cost evaluation
11/13/08
An SC-DC Cable
30
Power Flow and Transient

Stability Impacts of
Superconducting DC Cables
Tom Overbye
University of Illinois and
PowerWorld Corporation
Eighth EPRI Superconductivity Conference
This presentation is based on work is being performed
under contract with EPRI
Overview
Goal of this work is to consider the power flow and
transient stability impacts of integrating a multi-tap,
superconducting DC (SCDC) cable system within the
Eastern Interconnect and within the WECC system.
Power levels are up to 10 GW
A dual SCDC cable system is assumed, with the ability

to failover with full power in the event of a fault on one
of the cables.
Analysis compared different failover scenarios with
remaining cable ramping to full power over a few seconds
After failover full power is assumed on the remaining cable
Eastern Interconnect
Study System
The system studied was the NERC/MMWG 2008
summer peak case from the 2006 series.
Case has 48,370 buses, 7397 generators, a total load
of 660 GW and total generation of 676 GW.
2006 series dynamic models.
Power flow and transient stability runs were done
using PowerWorld Simulator version 14.
As is common with the MMWG cases, there were
many initial line violations (330 lines at >= 100% of
A limit MVA, 95 lines >= 120% of A limit MVA)
Eastern Interconnect Route for 10

GW Cable System with Six Stations
2000 MW
2500 MW
2000 MW
1500 MW
10,000 MW of A sy nchronous Generation
2000 MW
System Modifications
System was modified to include the SCDC cable system
by adding five new buses (100001 to 100005) with their
generation set to match SCDC cable injections. Buses
were then connected to existing buses by short lines:
Bus 100001 to 36260 (2.5 GW) Chicago South

Bus 100002 to 36421 (2.0 GW) Chicago North
Bus 100003 to 31230 (2.0 GW) St. Louis
Bus 100004 to 57968 (1.5 GW) Kansas City
Bus 100005 to 54901 (2.0 GW) Oklahoma City
The remote source generator(s) was assumed to be

operating asynchronous with the rest of the grid.
System Modifications, cont.

Existing generation in areas with SCDC cable injections
was reduced to satisfy area ACE requirements.
Once the SCDC cable injections were modeled, two
new 345 kV lines needed to be added to reduce line
loadings.
Between buses 57977 57968 (South of Kansas City)
Between buses 57968 59200 (South of Kansas City)
System with SCDC cable was not augmented to make it

n-1 secure, but there were no significant base case
violations.
Example: Original Kansas City

Area Flows and Voltages
Kansas City Area Flows and

Voltages with SCDC Cable
Power Flow Conclusions

Integration of the SCDC cable within the existing system
will require modifications to the transmission grid similar
to those needed to accommodate a new power plant of
similar size or a new high voltage transmission line with
similar capacity.
Any new voltage problems can be corrected by new
reactive control devices, such as capacitors or SVCs.
Flow changes caused by cable failure would be rapidly
corrected by power transfer to the unfaulted cable.
Conclusion: From a power flow perspective the
integration of the SCDC system is straightforward.
Transient Stability Analysis

Transient stability analysis, the study of whether all
the system generators will retain synchronism
following a system disturbance, is a critical question.
The assumed fault scenario was to apply a balanced,
three phase, solid fault at each of the five SCDC
cable terminals. The fault was then cleared after
three cycles (0.05 seconds). Different scenarios were
then considered for the pick in the SCDC injections:
None (both cables failed)
Half (no transfer of power from the faulted cable)
Half, then ramp to full over either 1 second or 5 seconds
Frequencies for All Generators;

Complete Loss of Both Cables
Values are generator frequencies in Hz

Minimum Frequency is about 59.58 Hz
Frequencies for Selected Generators;

Complete Loss of Both Cables
Example of Governor Response

for Loss of 10 GW
Gen 1GASTON5 #5 Mech Input
860
859
858
857
856
855
854
853
852
851
850
849
848
847
846
845
844
0
7
8
9
Time in Seconds
10
11
12
13
14
15
Given a loss of
10 GW for a
676 GW system,
a proportional
generation increase
for this generator
would be
0.844/676*10 GW
= 12.4 MW.
Actual is slightly
different because
of differing governor characteristics
Frequencies for All Generators; Loss

of One Cable; No MW Transfer

Loss of One Cable; No MW Transfer

of One Cable; 5 Sec MW Ramp

Loss of One Cable; 5 Sec MW Ramp
Example of Governor Response

for 5 Second Ramp Recovery
In previous plot for
this governor (for the
complete loss of
both cables case)
the output went up to
860 MW. Now in
recovers quite
quickly to its precontingency value

849
848
847
846
845
844
0
7
8
9
Time in Seconds
10
11
12
13
14
15

of One Cable; 1 Sec MW Ramp

Frequency Response Discussion

With no (or slow) power recovery the maximum
frequency drop was about 0.3 Hz (done to 59.7)
when only one cable failed (5 GW loss)
Well above highest load shed frequency of 59.3 Hz.
Likely drop could be more because

Study considered peak summer load condition, which has
more generators spinning
Transient stability cases tend to under-estimate frequency
decline since not all governors are available
But the modeled frequency decline tends to match

actual results (see next slide)
April 23, 2002 Frequency Response

Following Loss of 2600 MW
Decline for 2600
MW was about
0.1 Hz, so 0.3 Hz
for 5000 MW is
actually slightly
high. But chart at
left 1) only shows
the frequency at
one location, not
the lowest frequency
and 2) measurement
delay may have
missed the lowest
value.
Historical Eastern Interconnect

Frequency Response
Our values
were about
1700 MW/0.1
Hz for the
5 GW loss case
(one cable)
and 2500
for the 10 GW
Loss case
(both cables)
Source: Interconnected Power System Response to Generation Governing: Present Practice and
Outstanding Concerns, IEEE Task Force on Large Interconnected Power System Response,
IEEE Publication 07TP180, May 2007 (Figure 2-22)
23
Frequency Propagation
Animation
The accompanying slide set shows an animation of
the frequency for the first four seconds for the 5
second ramp recovery case.
Eastern Interconnect
Transient Stability Conclusions
From a transient stability point of view, a 10 GW SCDC
cable could be integrated into the existing Eastern
Interconnect.
Frequency response is fairly insensitive to how quickly
the power is transferred from faulted cable to the
unfaulted cable (one versus five seconds)
Transfer time does affect how much power needs to be picked
up by the generator governors, and for how long.
WECC System
The system studied was the WECC 2010 LA1-SA
Approved Base Case.
Case has 15,795 buses, 3100 generators, a total load
of 106 GW and total generation of 111 GW.
2006 series dynamic models.
Power flow and transient stability runs were done
using PowerWorld Simulator version 14.
Case had several minor initial flow violations.
Power flow and contingency limits were not
considered
26
WECC SCDC Cable Route: Six

Stations, 8.5 GW
Denver: 1500.0 MW
8500 MW Asynchronous Generation
Alburquerque: 1000.0 MW
Los Angles: 2500.0 MW
Phoenix2000.0 MW
SanDiego: 1500.0 MW
27
Freq. Deviation for All Generators;

Loss of One Cable: Worst Case
28

29

30

31

32
Comparison with Actual

WECC Frequency Results
WECC Frequency
Responses Tends
to be Around
800 or 900 MW/
0.1 Hz. So a 4.25 GW
sustained loss would
result in an anticipated
frequency decline
of close about 0.5 Hz,
slightly above the
59.3 load shed
threshold.
Source: L. Pereira, et. al., New Thermal Governor Model Selection and Validation in the WECC, IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, February 2004, pp. 517-523 (Figure 1).
33
WECC Transient Stability

Conclusions
From a transient stability point of view, an 8.5 GW
SCDC cable could be integrated into the existing
WECC Interconnect provided following a fault the
power can be quickly transferred to the unfaulted
cable.
Quick power transfer (several seconds maximum)
can reduce the point of maximum frequency dip,
which occurs at about five seconds in both the
simulations and with actual system results.
34
Slides Show Locational Variation

in Bus Frequency for the 5
Second Ramp Eastern Case
Tom Overbye
University of Illinois and
PowerWorld Corporation
Eighth EPRI Superconductivity Conference
This presentation is based on work is being performed
under contract with EPRI
1
Transient Stability Frequency

Animation: Time = 0.0 Seconds
Time: 0.1 Seconds
Time: 0.2 Seconds
Time: 0.3 Seconds
Time: 0.4 Seconds
Time: 0.5 Seconds
Time: 0.6 Seconds
Time: 0.7 Seconds
Time: 0.8 Seconds
Time: 0.9 Seconds
Time: 1.0 Seconds
Time: 1.1 Seconds
Time: 1.2 Seconds
Time: 1.3 Seconds
Time: 1.4 Seconds
Time: 1.5 Seconds
Time: 1.6 Seconds
Time: 1.7 Seconds
Time: 1.8 Seconds
Time: 1.9 Seconds
Time: 2.0 Seconds
Time: 2.1 Seconds
Time: 2.2 Seconds
Time: 2.3 Seconds
Time: 2.4 Seconds
Time: 2.5 Seconds
Time: 2.6 Seconds
Time: 2.7 Seconds
Time: 2.8 Seconds
Time: 2.9 Seconds
Time: 3.0 Seconds
Time: 3.1 Seconds
Time: 3.2 Seconds
Time: 3.3 Seconds
Time: 3.4 Seconds
Time: 3.5 Seconds
Time: 3.6 Seconds
Time: 3.7 Seconds
Time: 3.8 Seconds
Time: 3.9 Seconds
Time: 4.0 Seconds
IssuesAssociatedwitha
SuperconductingDCLine
FedbyaMultiTerminalVSCSystem
TomBaldwin,FloridaStateUniv.
PauloRibeiro,CalvinCollege,and
BrianJohnson,Univ.ofIdaho
November12&13,2008
EighthEPRISuperconductivityConference
Outline
EnablingTechnologies:
HighPowerVoltageSourceConverters
DCSuperconductingCables
Topologies
MultiTapVSCs Issues
DCPowerControl
Rectifiers/Inverters
DealingwithTransientCurrent/PowerVariations
PracticalPowerandCurrentLimitations
Discussions
November12&13,2008
SCDCControlAnalysisandSimulations
SystemParameter
SCDCcablelength,l
cablepropagationdelay,tDelay
ControlVariables
maximumvoltageramprate
Cablemodelfrom
Value
2000miles
18.6ms
Value
40kV/s
SCDCcableelectricalcharacteristics
Parameter
Value
outerradiusofinnerconductor 17.5mm
innerradiusofouterconductor 29.5mm
CalculatedQuantities
Value
inductance,L
104.4nH/m
capacitance,C
319.6pF/m
characteristicimpedance,Z0
18.08
propagationspeed,
173x106 m/s
W.Hassenzahl,Ahighpowersuperconductingdccable,anEPRIprogram
SCDCProjectReviewMeeting,Charlotte,NC,10December2007
Systemmodelfrom
S.NilssonandA.Daneshpooy,SimulationofHTSCHVDCsystem,
SCDCProjectReviewMeeting,PaloAlto,CA,25July2008
November12&13,2008
TransientOscillationsofDCCables
LongDCcablesystem(>1000km)
thebehavioroftheconvertersareaffectedbythe
propagationdelaysintroducedbythecables
thepropagationtimeconstantissimilartoothercable
systems
withasmallfrequencydependentacresistance
providedbySCDCcables,slowertransientsignals
(<1kHz)havelittleattenuatedalongthecablelength
normalmismatchesbetweentheconverterimpedance
andthecablecharacteristicimpedancecausemostof
thetransientsignalenergytoreflectbackintothe
cable
November12&13,2008
Rectifier Terminal-Voltage Control
voltagerampingtoprecharge
thevoltageintheSCDCcable
Inverter Terminal-Current Control
Rectifier Terminal-Voltage Level
voltagecontrolattherectifier
maintainsthedcterminal
voltageatnearlyconstantvalue
forloadcurrentchanges
voltagelevelattheinverter
terminalexhibitsavoltagesag
duringtherampingupofthe
loadcurrent
Rectifier Terminal-Current Injection
Inverter Terminal-Current Injection
ringingofthecurrent
feedingthecable
currentrampingto
fullloadattherate
of5kApersecond
November12&13,2008
Inverter Terminal-Voltage Level
complementary
ringingofthecurrent
attheinverter
terminalofthecable
RampRateLimitsforLongCables
Apropervoltageprofileis
Thepropagationdelayand
maintainedattheconverter
mismatchofthecables
withvoltagecontrol
characteristicimpedancewith
theconvertersimpedance
Thevoltageataconverter
resultsinadecayingoscillation
withcurrentcontrolsagsand
swellsduetotheinductance Theramprateofthecurrent
oftheSCDCcable
affectthemagnitudesofthe
voltagesags,swells,andringing
Sags for the 2000-mile SCDC cable
Case Peak Idc
Greatest Vdc
Average Vdc
Ramp Rate
Sag
Sag
Run #1 1 kA/s
-0.38% (79.7 kV) -0.19% (79.85 kV)
Run #2 2 kA/s
-0.88% (79.3 kV) -0.44% (79.65 kV)
Run #3 5 kA/s
-2.75% (77.8 kV) -1.38% (78.90 kV)
Run #4 10 kA/s -5.50% (75.6 kV) -2.75% (77.80 kV)
Run #5 20 kA/s -11.0% (71.2 kV) -5.50% (75.60 kV)
November12&13,2008
ImpactofCableLength
1000milecable
Simulationparameters
80kV,10kA,two
terminalSCDCcable
currentcontrolterminal:
2kA/secramprate
Graphsofvoltageripple
0.302%V_offset
0.554%V_ripple
2000milecable
4000milecable
0.583%V_offset
1.108%V_ripple
1.13%V_offset
2.22%V_ripple
November12&13,2008
VSCModel
SingleDCpoleoperation
andaSCDCcablewith
groundreturn sheath
November12&13,2008
TransientOscillations
1000kmTypicalDCCable
November12&13,2008
1000kmSmallResistanceDCCable
November12&13,2008
10
1000kmNearSuperconductingDCCable
November12&13,2008
11
Current[kA]
1000kmNearSuperconductingDCCable
November12&13,2008
12
Comments
PSCADsimulationsshow
thattheoperationoftheVSCconvertersseemto
workadequatelyasfarasthecontrolofvoltageis
concerned
howeverthecurrenttransientsontheDClinefor
nearsuperconductingconditionsafteranACfault
areextremelysevereandneedstobedealtwith
creativesolutionsandmaynotbeeasilyachieved
November12&13,2008
13
ControlSchemes
Multiterminalsystems
extensionsofthepointtopointsystemcontrol
concepts(basedonthenotionofcontrolmodes)
voltageregulationmodeatoneconverterstation
generallyappliedtoarectifyingconverter
currentregulationmodeatallotherconverterstations
November12&13,2008
14
DCVoltageDroopControl
Adistributedvoltageregulationschemefor
controllingcurrentinjections
similartofrequencypowerregulationinacgrids
achangeinvoltageusedtosignalthecontrolsystemto
meetchangesinpowerdemand(currentinjections)
naturalregulationrequiringnocommunications
performsbestonaSCDCmeshorparallelnetwork
eachofthenodesreachthesamesteadystatevoltage
level
November12&13,2008
15
DynamicsofDroopControl
Thedroopdynamiccomponents
VSCrectifiersequivalentsourceimpedance
DCcapacitorsattheterminalsofeachconverter
SCDCcableinductance
SCDCpropagationdelayforlonglines(>1000km)
Droopdynamicrange
thebuiltindroopofarectifyingconverterisquite
small(e.g.,10sMW/0.001pu ofV)
simplifiesthepowerregulationatinvertingconverters
largechangesinthedcvoltagecanindicatesystem
problemsandtriggerloadsheddingasnecessary
November12&13,2008
16
DynamicswithLongSCDCCables
Twoofthelongcabledynamiccharacteristics
causeavoltagedifferentialacrosstheSCDC
cable
inductance
propagationdelay
Controlschememustaccountforthe
propagationdelayofthecable
delayvalues:1msto25ms
November12&13,2008
17
TwoCableSystem
Proposedfromareliabilityperspective
twinconvertersandtwincablesrunninginparallel
crossoverswitchesforaddressingfaultedsections
Fromacontrolperspective:
usingbothcablessimultaneouslypermitsa
doublingofthecurrentrampratesforaspecified
sag,swell,andripplerequirement
inthecaseofafailure,halfofthefullrated
currentwouldneedbetransferredtothe
remaininggoodcableorconverter
November12&13,2008
18
Pulse Tube Cryocooler

for HTS Cables
Praxair, Inc.
Greg Henzler
November 13, 2008
Copyright 2008, Praxair Technology, Inc. All rights reserved.
Outline
Praxair
Pulse
introduction
tube cryocooler technology
Columbus,
HTS
OH cryocooler experience
refrigeration system layout
2
Praxair at a Glance
A Fortune 300 company
Sales of $9.4 billion in 2007
Largest industrial gas

company in North America
Operations in more than 30

countries
One million customers

worldwide
28,000 employees
3
Strategic Global Position

Industrial Gases Sales by Region
2007 Sales $9.4 billion
Europe
14%
North
America
55%
Asia
8%
South
America
17%
Excludes worldwide sales of Praxair Surface Technologies (6% of total sales)
4
On-Site Supply Business Model
Plants are located on customer sites

z
Air separation, H2 and other types

of plants
Owned, operated, maintained and

updated by Praxair
Remote operation and monitoring
Reliably supply product 24/7
Critical customers include

z
Hospitals
Chemical plants
Semiconductor fabs
Steel mills
Praxair is viewed as a gas utility by many of our customers

5
Praxairs Pulse Tube Cryocoolers
Coldhead
Inertance
Network
Pressure wave
generator (PWG)
converts electrical
energy into acoustical
energy
Coldhead and
inertance network
convert acoustical
energy into
refrigeration
capability
Coldhead
Vacuum
Container
Process
Lines
Inertance Tank
PWG
Linear Motors with Pistons

6
Pulse Tube Benefits
Long life
High reliability
Low maintenance
High Carnot efficiency
Small modular footprint
Low noise and vibration
Environmentally friendly
No moving parts in cold end

No connecting rods
No wearing parts
No bearings
No oil
Key enabler of HTS cable technology!

7
Pulse Tube Basics

Linear Motor
Warm Heat
Exchanger
Aftercooler
Regenerator
Pulse Tube
Cold Heat
Exchanger
Reservoir
Impedance
Network
Major components of electrically driven Pulse-tube cryocoolers

Linear
motor: electrically powered oscillating piston(s)
Aftercooler:
water cooled heat exchanger
Regenerator:
Cold
array of narrow passages - high Cp material
heat exchanger: refrigeration is extracted here
Pulse
tube
Warm
heat exchanger, impedance network, reservoir, oscillating gas

8
PWG & Cold Head Improvements

2nd
generation PWG
Improved efficiency
Increased clearance
External thermal management

system
New drift control system
Shorter piston stroke length
2nd
z
generation cold head
1K Unit and Gen-2

3000
Design completed
Higher cooling capacity
Improved heat transfer
Enhanced regenerator
W
r,
e
w
o
P
g
nli
o
o
C
2500
1kW
G2
2000
1500
1000
500
0
40
60
80
100
120
Tc, K
9
Columbus, OH HTS Cable Project
Termination
Cryostat
HTS cable energized 8/8/06

z
PT Cryocoolers
~ 20,000 hours of operation
2nd gen. PWG energized

8/20/08
z
Chiller
~ 2,000 hours of operation at

site
Praxair operates, maintains and

monitors refrigeration system
System working well
1 kW
Cryocooler
10
Termination Refrigeration System

A loss
At full
ofrefrigeration
1 cryocoolerdemand
at full refrigeration
of
demand
5 kW, the
results
cryocoolers
in the remaining
operate cryocoolers
operating
at 85% of
at their
98% full
of their
capacity.
full capacity.
Cryocooler Shutdown
Percent of design
98%
97%
95%
93%
91%
89%
87%
capacity per cryocooler = 85%
11
Refrigeration System for Long Lengths

Cryocoolers at the substations only
cooling
channels
RETURN
steel pipe
GO
RETURN
cryostat
GO
cable
f
f
f
e
f
f
12
Cooling System Key Components

Pressure
z
Wave Generator (PWG)
Two opposing pistons on linear motors
Coldhead
z
z
Heat exchangers and regenerator

No moving parts
Water
z
Packaged unit
Cold
z
chiller
box
Cryo valves, piping, pumps etc.
Controls
z
z
VFD
Temperature, pressure, vibration etc.
Majority of components are existing technology and readily available.

13
Benefits of Independent Cryocoolers

Each
If
cryocooler is operated by a single PWG
a motor fails, then only one cryocooler fails
Each
cryocooler acts independently
Leads
to overall higher reliability
Manage
More
redundancy on a smaller scale
turndown flexibility
14
Conclusions
Praxair
reliably supplies product for critical

applications in diverse industries
Pulse
tube cryocoolers are a key enabler

for HTS cable applications
Praxair
continues to have significant

success with pulse tube cryocooler
technology
15
Cost and Performance Comparisons Between

HTS And Conventional Utility Power
Transformers
Bill Schwenterly
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Ed Pleva
Waukesha Electric Systems
Alan Wolsky
Argonne National Laboratory
November 13, 2008
8th EPRI Superconductivity
Conference
Managed by UT-Battelle
OUTLINE
z Design assumptions
z Overview of design spreadsheet
z Capital and Operating Cost Comparison
z Efficiency Comparison
z Weight and Dimension Comparison
z Other Design Issues
z Summary of Requirements
HTS Unit Design Summary

z 25-MVA rating; 115 kV / 13.09 kV; 72 A / 1103 A
z YBCO winding in pressurized, subcooled nitrogen bath
z HV Disc, 10 turns/disc
z LV Transposed screw, 8 wide or 16 narrow tapes in parallel
z Wrapped insulation on conductors
z Co-wound 1-mm copper
z Pressurized bath is coupled to cryocooler by cooling

shell.
z Air-cooled compressors
z Composite dewar
z Metal dewar would form a shorted turn around core.
z Core in air
3
Conventional vs. HTS Unit

Ratings Comparison
z Conventional Unit
z 15/20/25-MVA ratings with no fans/1-stage fans/2-stages fans.
z 30 minute operation at 50 MVA with increasing winding
temperature.
z HTS Unit
z Cryocoolers are sized for 25-MVA heat load.
z HTS is sized for 50-MVA load with Ipeak < Ic.
z 15/20/25-MVA ratings with cryocoolers cycled to match heat
loads at lower ratings.
z 30 minute operation at 50 MVA with liquid nitrogen boiloff.
z Current leads are sized for 125% of 25-MVA current.
z Maximum current lead temperature rises to 120C at 50 MVA
with increased heat load.
Transformer Schematic
Bushings
Cryocooler
Core
Winding
Foam
Removable
Top Plate
Cooling
Shell
Shield
Composite Coil
Dewar
Unit is surrounded by weather enclosure in

place of oil tank.
Pressurized
Subcooled
Nitrogen
Single-Phase Transformer Concept

138-kV Bushing
Core
AL-300 Cryocooler
Composite Dewar
Winding Pack
Cooling Shell
Common Dewar for 3-Phase Unit

Stainless outer
jacket
Composite core
limb jackets and
winding vessels
Composite top &

bottom plates
Overview of HTS Unit Design

Spreadsheet
z Inputs:
z Ratings and voltages; overload factor
z 5 different volt/turn values can be specified
z Conductor dimensions
z Winding geometry disc or layer; number of layers or disc turns
z Materials properties Ic, cost, density
z Wall thickness for coil structure and dewars
z Insulation thickness and voltage standoff distances
z Refrigerator dimensions, weight, input power, cost
z Outputs:
z Capital and operating costs
z Winding, dewar, core, and enclosure dimensions
z Weights-conductor, core, dewar
z Length of conductor
z Lead and ac loss heat loads (Rhyners equations for ac losses)
z Room temperature input loss power
z % Fault impedance
8
15-MVA 30-Year Capital and

Operating Costs
z Assumptions: $50/kA-m HTS, 350 A/cm, 0.6 cm width, 70-K Toper
z $8.80/kg copper, $4.20/kg steel
120 V/turn
z Load losses $1250/kW
No-load losses $2500/kW
Item
HTS
Selling Price
$680 K
$458K
No-Load Loss
$84 K, 34 kW
$35 K, 14 kW
Load Loss
$4K, 3.3 kW
$58K, 46 kW
$768 K
$551 K
Oil Containment
----
$30 K
Fire Suppression
----
$100 K
Refr. Maintenance (2 AL-600)
$106 K
----
GRAND TOTAL
$874 K
$681 K
TOTAL
10
Conventional
10
High cost of conductor forces minimum in

lifetime cost to high volt/turn values.
z V/n gives required number of
turns in a phase.
z V/n = Rcore2
z = 4.44 f Bcore
z Lcond = 2Rcoren = 2V/Rcore

z Thus, larger core diameter
reduces conductor length.
11
11
15- and 25-MVA Efficiency

z Assumptions: Refrigerator COP 27 W/W.
z 2 Cryomech AL-600 refrigerators, ea. 560 W at 70 K, 15 kW input power.
z HTS and Lead losses are refrigerator input power.
Item
Load
Core Loss
HTS
15 MVA
15 MVA 25 MVA
23 kW
14 kW
AC Loss
2.9 kW
13.1 kW
----
Lead Loss
7.4 kW
8.8 kW
----
Copper Loss
12
25 MVA
Conventional
----
46 kW
131 kW
TOTAL LOSS
33.3 kW
44.9 kW
60 kW
145 kW
EFFICIENCY
99.8 %
99.8 %
99.6 %
99.4 %
12
15-MVA Dimensions and Weights

z Assumptions: 0.3 m side and 0.1 m top/bottom enclosure clearances
Item
13
HTS
Conventional
Length
3.75 m including compressors
3.02 m
Width
1.65 m
3.33 m including radiators
Height
4.22 m including bushings
4.92 m including bushings
Core weight 16.4 t
9.1 t
Total weight 24.0 t
39.9 t
13
What if conductor cost is lowered?

z Minimum in total cost moves
down and to left as conductor

cost falls.
z Capital cost approaches
conventional at $10/kA-m.
z Copper ~$25/kA/m in
conventional unit at 3A/mm2.
z Capital costs shown are at
minimum total lifetime cost.
z Refrigerator cost reduction

($109K in present design)
would also help cost
comparison.
14
14
z
z
z
z
15-MVA 30-Year Capital and Operating

Costs
Assumptions: $20/kA-m HTS, 350 A/cm, 0.6 cm width, 70-K Toper

$8.80/kg copper, $4.20/kg steel
70 V/turn
Load losses $1250/kW
No-load losses $2500/kW
Refrigerator cost reduced by half
Item
HTS
Selling Price
$478 K
$458K
No-Load Loss
$60 K, 24 kW
$35 K, 14 kW
Load Loss
$5K, 4 kW
$58K, 46 kW
TOTAL
15
Conventional
$543 K
$551 K
Oil Containment
----
$30 K
Fire Suppression
----
$100 K
Refr. Maintenance (2 AL-600)
$106 K
----
GRAND TOTAL
$649 K
$681 K
15
Other Design Issues Fault Handling

z IEEE/ANSI Standards specify a 2-sec total fault duration without
overheating.
z Extra copper is needed for fault handling.
z 2-sec requirement leads to large fraction of a conventional units Cu!

z 1 mm of copper is adequate for 1/2-sec 10X fault.
z Copper cannot be co-insulated with HTS tape

in advance because the inner conductor
buckles during winding.
HTS
Insulation
Copper
z HTS tape is too fragile to wind with high-voltage

insulation by itself.
z Winding on insulation as coil is wound is not practical,
especially for multiple conductors in LV winding.
z Need copper laminated or plated on both sides of the HTS tape,
so that the HTS is on the neutral axis.

z This would provide a robust conductor that could be insulated on
a high-speed machine.
16
16
Other Design Issues Layer Build, Core,

AC Losses
z Designs with ~20-turn discs are desirable.
z Core limbs >2 m high are flexible and hard to handle in shop.
z Smaller core with shorter limbs and lower losses is possible with more
turns in discs.
z At constant window area,
h/w ratio of = 4/3 minimizes core loss.
Window area Aw = hw = w2 = h2/
Core volume Vcore = Acore[3h + 2(2w+3Dcore)]
Vcore = Acore[3 Aw + 4 Aw/ + 6Dcore]
Derivative = 0 with = 4/3.
h
w
z BUT-- more turns on a disc raises field on HTS

conductor on inner turns and increases ac loss.
z HTS loss reduction needed striations, nano-particles, etc.
17
17
SUMMARY For a competitive HTS

Transformer:
z We need HTS tape cost near $20/kA-m. *(Not including extra Cu)
z We need HTS tape with 1/2 mm or more of copper laminated or
plated on each side.
z We need HTS tape with ac loss reduction features such as

striations or nanoparticles.
z We need reduced cryogenic refrigeration costs.

z With higher no-load losses and lower load losses than a
conventional unit, an HTS transformer is most appropriate in a base

load application where it is loaded most of the time.
18
18

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Task Force on Fault Current Limiter Testing

Presented at the 8th EPRI Superconductivity Conference

New IEEE Task Force

New IEEE Task Force

NEETRAC Fault Current Limiter Needs

Individual utility responses will be collected and aggregated by

Eighth Annual Superconductivity Conference

New Cigre WG A3.23 on Application and feasibility of

New Cigre WG A3.23 on Application and feasibility of

2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Reports from Cigre on Fault Current Limiters

2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

PES Power & Energy Society

ICC Insulated Conductor Committee

C22D Superconducting Cables

Inactive past ~5 years

Cigre International Council on Large

Study Committee B1 Insulated Cables

TF B1.31 Testing of Superconducting Cable

Created August 2008

Proposal: IEEE-CSC will continue support as a

Cooley replied that we need to have general discussions in the USA

New IEC Ad-Hoc Group

Potential US Committee Members

Action items for coming year

Current leads already in progress

USA Formal Response to JNC

An Assessment of Fault Current

Dr. Michael Mischa Steurer

EPRI Superconductivity Conference, November 12-13, 2008

What is a FCL and How Does it Work?

Very Low Impedance

Project Purpose and Scope

Make an assessment of the existing capabilities of

Perform a gap analysis to determine where existing

The scope of the project includes solid-state and

Focuses on projects sponsored by the U.S. Department

Electrical and mechanical tests performed in a laboratory and

Performed to demonstrate the adequacy of designs and materials of a

Tests performed to detect shipping or installation damage. Also

IEC definition A test made before supplying of a general

Field tests during the lifetime of a system to detect deterioration.

Specialized tests designed to obtain specific information.

Specifications for DOEs FCL Projects

Uses high power

DC-based iron core

138 kV, 2000 A

69 kV; 3,000 Amps;

138 kV; 1200

138 kV; 2,000 to 4,000 Amps

20% to 40% reduction of a 60

Current Status and Future

Line-Line Voltage / kV rms

Examples of Test Facility Capabilities

Insulation Test (MV) at zero

Current Test (kA) at

Kind of Source(s) for the Lab

Arnhem, The 1.00

Short-circuit generators rated for

DC and AC power supplies

13.4-kV power grid; 1400 MVA