Unbalanced Supply Voltage | your electrical home

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LABELS : POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

Unbalanced Supply Voltage

WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 14, 2011

LABELS

Basic (21)
basics of transmission and distribution (24)

Induction Motor Protection (Part4)

Abnormal Operating Conditions from Supply Side (Part1)

C.B devices (112)

Large induction motors are very sensitive to unbalances in supply voltage. The

cables (21)

negative sequence component, which comes into picture because of the unbalance in

Circuit Breaker (26)

the supply, is particularly troublesome. This is because the motor offers very small
impedance to the negative sequence currents. In fact, the negative sequence

D.C. Generator (42)

impedance is less than the positive sequence standstill-impedance as shown in Fig 1.

D.C. Motor (40)

Thus, a 4% negative sequence supply voltage causes more than 24% negative

Diode and Circuits (41)

sequence current to be drawn by the motor, if the starting current of the motor is six
times the full-load current. This causes increased heating of the stator.

Electrical Instruments (23)

Grounding System (13)
Instrument Transformer and Power
Management (P1) (20)
Library (18)
Power Generation (28)
Power system protection (68)
Power Transformer Theory (29)
Semiconductor Theory (31)
Single Phase Induction Motor (10)
Single Phase Transformers (38)
Special Machines (24)

Fig.1 Equivalent circuit of induction motor

Further, the magnetic field due to negative sequence rotates at synchronous

Special Transformer (15)

speed Ns in a direction opposite to that of the rotor which is rotating at a speed equal

Synchronous generator (55)

to (sNs), which is slightly less than the synchronous speed, where s is the slip of the

Synchronous Motor (22)

motor. This causes currents of [f(2 - s)] frequency, i.e. almost double the supply
frequency, to be induced in the rotor circuit. Because of skin effect, the rotor offers five

Three Phase Induction Motor (57)

Transmission Line Parameters (36)

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Unbalanced Supply Voltage | your electrical home

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to ten times its normal resistance to these double frequency currents, thus, causing

Videos (20)

excessive heating of the rotor.

Therefore, for large motors any unbalance in the supply voltage needs to be
quickly detected and corrective action taken. A scheme for detecting unbalanced
supply voltage is shown in Figure 2.

Fig. 2 Negative sequence voltage relay for protection against unbalance in supply
voltage.

There are certain situations where the negative sequence relay does not operate
correctly. For example, if there is an open circuit fault between the supply and the relay
then the relay measures the negative sequence voltage across the motor, which is
substantial and, therefore, the relay operates correctly. This is shown in Fig.3.
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Fig. 3 Negative sequence voltage relay correctly detects an open circuit between supply

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and relay.

VI EW M Y C OM PLE TE PR OFIL E

However, if the open circuit is between the relay and the motor then the negative
sequence relay ends up measuring the negative sequence component of the supply
voltage, which is very small and does not cause the relay to pick up as shown in Figure
4,

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Fig. 4 Negative sequence voltage relay fails to detect an open circuit between relay ~ and motor

For positive detection of such faults, we need to detect the negative sequence
component in the line currents.
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