Development of female gametes:Ovules develop from the inner wall of ovary.

An ovary may contain one or

many ovules. Each ovule is a mega spore mother cell i.e. diploid and produces
female gamete. The diploid cell undergoes meiosis and gives rise to four haploid
cells known as tetrad. One of these cells develop into haploid megaspore and the
rest three degenerate. As it goes its nucleus undergrows mitrotic division and
produces 8 haploid nuclei. One nuclei from each group of 4 moves towards the
centre and fuse to form a single diploid nucleus which is known as primary
andiosperm. 3 cells at one end and are known as antiproclal cells and 3 others are
known as synergies.
Male reproductive systems:Male reproductive system of humans consists of following parts:1. Testes:- These are paired gonads that produces male gamete, sperm and
secrete male sex hormone., the testosterone hormone, The testes are present
in loose fold of skin. The scortum present outside the abdominal cavity. The
temperature of the testis remains 2-3 degrees C below body temperature
which is essential for the production of sperms. Each testis is enclosed in a
tough capsule called tunica albeuginea and called no of long coiled
seminiferous tubules. Around the tubules there is connective tissue and the
specialized cell called leydig cells. These cells produce male sex hormone
testosterone.
2. Epididymis:- It is a single highly coiled tube about 5 m long that leads into the
vasa deferens. The sperm formed on the seminiferous tubules passes through
vasa eferentia and are stored in the epididymis.
3. Associated glands:a. Seminal vesicles
b. Prostate gland
c. Cowpers gland
a. Seminal vesicles:- These are present behind the urinary bladder and there
secretion contain fructose, and energy source for sperms. Their secretion are
poured into vas deferens.
b. Prostate gland:- it adds alkaline secretion to the fluid which is essential to
neutralize the acidic secretions present in the vagina.
c. Cowpers gland:- It adds clear mucus tot eh fluid which acts as the lubricant.
NOTE: The fluid mixture that contains the secretion of all the glands and the
sperm is called semen.
Female reproductive system:- It consists of following parts:1. Ovaries: Ovaries are paired structure which are present in the abdominal
cavity and are held in position by the help of ligaments. Each ovary is shaped
like an almond and contains thousands of developing follicles. The inner
surface of the ovary is covered with a germinal epithelium which gives rise to

follicles and ova. The inner part of ovary is called the stroma which is
composed of connective tissues and highly supplied with blood capillaries.
The stroma contains the developing follicles with eggs in various stages of
development. The mature follicle is called Graafian follicle.
2. The duct system:- the duct system in females consists of:a. Fallopian tubes: There are two fallopian tubes. These are also known as
oviducts. They carry eggs from ovary to uterus. These are not attached
to ovaries but have a funnel shaped opening to receive the eggs as
they mature. Each fallopian tube is lined with cilia, to help the eggs
move towards the uterus. If sperms are present fertilization takes place
in the upper end of the fallopian tube.
b. Uterus:- The two fallopian tubes open into a thick walled muscular
organs known as uterus. It is also known as mothers womb. It is the
site where embryo implanted and developed for 9 months during
pregnancy. The inner lining of uterus called endometrium is highly
supplied with blood vessel and glands. The lower tip of the uterus is
called the cervix. It contains a ring of muscle that separates uterus
from vagina.
c. Vagina:- It is a large muscular tube that runs from uterus to outside. It
receives the male gametes during mating and serves as a birth canal
during the birth of a child.
NOTE:- The female have spate urinary and vaginal openings unlike the males
where there is one common duct called urethra for urinary as well as seminal
discharge.
Gametogenesis:- It is the formation of male gametes (sperm) in the
seminiferous tubules of testes. Each tubule contains two types of cells that is
germinal epithelial cells and the sertoli cells. The germinal epithelian cells
undergo mitotic cell division to form no of spermatogonia- which is also
known as multiplication phase. Each spermatogonia increases in size and
become a primary spermatocyte. Each p.s. which is diploid undergoes the
first meiotic division to give rise to two haploid cells known as secondary
spermatocyte. These undergo a quick second meiotic division to product a
total of 4 haploid cells known as spermatids. Spermatids are unspecialized
cells and do not undergo any further division. Rather it is transformed into a
sperm cell. Spermatids get embedded in the sertoli cells which provide
support protection and nutrition. Spermatids get transformed into sperm by
losing a great deal of cytoplasm. Condensation of the nucleus into a head and
by formation of a flagellated tail.
Structure of sperm:- male gamete is composed of following regionsI.
Head:- it if slightly oval and contains a large nucleus which has highly
condensed DNA and contains haploid no of chromosomes. It has a cap
like structure known as acrosome which is a modified form of
lysosome or Golgi complex. It contains hydrolytic enzymes necessary
during the time of fertilization.

II.

III.

IV.

Neck:- it has a pair of centrioles present at right angle to each other

from one the centrioles emerges the fine microtubules that run
through the middle piece and form the axial filament of the tail.
Middle piece:- it contains mitochondria, centrioles and peripherial
cytoplasm. The main function of middle piece is to generate huge
amount of atp required for the movement of sperm.
Tail:- it consists of specific 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules. It gives
mobility to the sperm.