1. What are functions of valve.

Isolation, regulation, non return and special purposes.

2. What are isolating valves
Gate, ball, plug, piston, diaphragm, butterfly
3. What are regulation/control valves
Globe, needle, butterfly, ball valve
4. What is trim.
Trim is composed of stem, seat surfaces, seat bushings and other small
internal parts that normally contact the process medium of fluid.
5. Which standard specifies trim numbers for valve
API 600
6. What is gland packing? Name the types of commonly used gland packing
A sealing system in the valve body which prevents the process fluid coming
out through the valve stem.
Commonly used gland packings are Teflon, graphite asbestos.
7.
8. What are the different types of valves ?
Ball valve,
Gate Valve,
Plug Valve,
Butterfly valve
Diaphragm valve
Needle valve
9. What are the different types of actuators
Pnematic,
Hydraulic
Electrical
10.What is the purpose of positioner ?
Positioners are used to control the opening or closing of the actuator based on electric,
or pneumatic signals.
11.In which type of valve positioner is used ?
Control valves.
12.What is the normal input and output of a positioner I/P convertor ?
Input is a electrical signal
: 4-20 Milli amps
Out put is a pneumatic signal : 3- 15 psi or 0.2-1.0 bar
13.What are the different types of Transmitters
Pressure, Flow, temperature, level Transmitters
14.What is the normal out put of a transmitter .

4-20 milli amps

15.A pressure transmitter range is 0-10 bar. Out put is 4-20 ma. If you apply 5
bar pressure what is the output?
Ans : 12 milli amps.
16.What are the different types of temperature sensors
Thermocouple, Resistance Temperature Detectors ( RTD), Thermistor
17.What is digital signal ? Give example
An electrical signal which in any one of the two states. Either zero or
one
Any on/off signal i.e Signal from switches.
18.What is analog signal ? Give example.
An analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal with respect to time.
Example : 4-20 milli amps, 0-10 volts.
19. Types of logic gates
OR, AND, NOR, NAND and NOT.
20. An AND gate has two inputs. One input is at logic one and another input is
zero. What is the output.
Ans : Zero
21.What is solenoid ?
A current-carrying coil of wire that acts like a magnet when a current passes through it.
22.Where solenoids are used ?
To open or close a port by activating a plunger arrangement.
23.What is MMWC and where it is used.
Milli Meter Water Column. Used in pressure transmitters to measure
pressure.
24. Why

thermo wells are used? What materials are used in thermo wells?

In numerous applications, it is neither desirable nor practical to expose a temperature sensor

directly to a material. Wells are therefore used to protect against damage corresion, arosion,
aborsion and high pressure processes. A thermo well is also useful in protecting a sensor from
physical damage during handling and normal operations.
Materials used in thermo wells: Stainless steel, Inconel, Monel, Alloy Steel, Hastelloy

25. Explain the mechanism behind the turbine meter.

Turbine meters consist of straight flow tube within which a turbine or fan is free to rotate about it s
axis which is fixed along g the centre line of the tube. Mostly, a magnetic pick up system senses
the rotation of the rotor through the tube walls. The turbine meter is a flow rate device

, since the rotor speed is directly proportional to the flow rate. The output is usually in the form of
electric pulses from the magnetic pick up with a frequency proportional to the flow rate.

26.Single seat valve

27.Double seayt valve
28.Positioer
29.I/P convertor
30.

31. What is solenoid valve? Where it is used?

A solenoid is electrically operated valve. It consists of solenoid coil in which magnetic plunger
moves. This plunger is connected to the plug and tends to open or close the valve. There are two
types of solenoid valves:
1. Normally Open
2. Normally closed
Use: It is used for safety purpose in different electric work

32.What is single seated balanced trim ?

It is a trim having a single seat and balance holes on its plug. A single seated
balanced trim is used in a process line where the DP across the valve is high
33.What is bench set on a control valve actuator ?
On a pneumatic control valve, this is the minimum and maximum air pressure
to be applied to achieve the full stroke lengh of the actuator.
34.Why does a bench set differ on actuators of the same size?
35.A higher bench set actuator is selected when the control valve is operating on
a high pressure process line.
36.What are the possible reasons if a control valve fails to open/close
Gland packing is too tight.
Actuator bench set is not proper
Process load chabge is high,
Actuator spring is broken
Air supply to valve posiioer / actuator is close
37.
38.
39.What is double seated control valve ? where in general is it used?
It is a control valve whose trim has two seats. A double seated control valve
is commonly used in high differential , huge capacity, turbulent flow lines.

1 What is the meaning of wet leg & where is it used?

A process used to determine the differential pressure present within a liquid-filled space.
The formula for determining the differential pressure within a wet leg design is: d/p = h (SG)
Where: d/p = differential pressure, h = height of liquid present, and SG = specific gravity
When the process vapors condense at normal ambient temperatures or are corrosive, this
reference leg can be filled to form a wet leg. If the process condensate is corrosive,
unstable, or undesirable to use to fill the wet leg, this reference leg can be filled with an inert
liquid.

2 What are the key components of control loop?

A closed control loop in a very basic manner consists of sensor, transmitter, controller,
signal converters and final control elements.Actually in a practical loop there will be
many other instruments apart from this to support the working of above mentioned
instruments.

4 :: Explain working principle of lvdt?

When an AC excitation signal is applied to the Primary Coil
(P), voltages are induced in the two Secondary Coils (S).
The MAGNETIC CORE inside the COIL WINDING ASSEMBLY provides
the magnetic flux path linking the Primary and secondary
Coils.Since the two voltages are of opposite polarity, the
Secondary Coils are connected series opposing in the
center, or Null Position. The output voltages are equal
and opposite in polarity and, therefore, the output voltage
is zero. The Null Position of an LVDT is extremely stable
and repeatable.
When the MAGNETIC CORE is displaced rom the Null
Position, an electromagnetic imbalance occurs. This
imbalance generates a differential AC output voltage
across the Secondary Coils which is linearly proportional
to the direction and magnitude of the displacement.
As shown in the figure, when the MAGNETIC CORE is moved
from the Null
Position, the induced voltage in the Secondary Coil, toward
which the Core is
moved, increases while the induced voltage in the opposite
Secondary Coil
decreases.
LVDTs possess the inherent ruggedness and durability of a
transformer and
truly provide infinite resolution in all types of
environments. As a result of the
superior reliability and accuracy of LVDTs, they are the
ideal choice for linear
motion control.

Is This Answer Correct?40 Yes

2 No

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5 :: what is difference between differial pressure & delta pressure?

Differancial pressure means differanc between high pressure & low pressure
delta pressure means it is the pressure drop..