Data Logger

Published by
Second Wind Inc.

366 Summer Street
Somerville, Massachusetts 02144
Tel:
(617) 776-8520
Fax:
(617) 776-0391
E-Mail: sales@secondwind.com
Web:
www.secondwind.com
2004-2006 Second Wind Inc. All rights reserved.
Version: 1.3 (For use with Nomad 2 firmware application 3.03 and higher.)
This document contains proprietary information protected by copyright. No part of this
document may be photocopied, reproduced, or translated, except in the form of brief excerpts or
quotations for the purpose of review, without the written consent of Second Wind Inc.
Safety Terms and Symbols

The following symbol, which appears here and elsewhere in this manual, is defined as follows:
Caution statements identify conditions or practices that could result in damage to
the NOMAD 2 or other property.
Customer Support
Second Wind Inc. has support services available to help you if you have questions about or a
problem with your NOMAD 2. Customer Support is available to you from 9:30 a.m. - 5:30 p.m.
(EST), Monday through Friday. You can call (617) 776-8520 and request NOMAD customer
support, fax queries to (617) 776-0391, or send e-mail queries to:
support@secondwind.com
Before you call, make sure that you:
1. Have your NOMAD 2 nearby if possible.
2. Have your NOMAD 2 serial number available. The serial number is located on the underside of
the enclosure divider. It is also on the top of the Compact Flash socket, which is visible when
the Front Panel is opened.
3. Be ready to identify any special equipment you are using.
4. If you are experiencing problems when your computer is connected to the NOMAD 2 and
running Nomad Desktop, be ready to identify the type of computer and its operating system.
Ideally, have your computer nearby and on when you call.
5. If your NOMAD 2 has been operational, it may be useful to have a recent copy of the log it
maintains on whatever Compact Flash card it has been recording to. The file is in the card
root directory, named n2-xxxxx.log, where xxxxx is the unit serial number.
6. If you are having difficulties with Dial-up Modem Connections, be ready to identify the type
of modem in your computer and the modem option in your NOMAD 2.
Please do not return the NOMAD 2 before
contacting Second Wind Inc. for instructions.
Introduction to NOMAD 2
The NOMAD 2 is an advanced wind energy resource data logger from Second Wind Inc. It is
designed to meet the requirements of modern wind energy assessment programs: more sensors
on higher towers, high reliability, and flexible remote connectivity. The NOMAD 2 is also designed
to suit the many participants in these programs: installers, project and data managers, and of
course, meteorologists.
The NOMAD 2 will directly connect to the sensors and transducers used for wind resource
assessment and IEC standard power-performance studies. As many as 12 anemometers or other
frequency or state devices can be connected to the NOMAD 2, including rain gauges, energy
meters, and relays. The 8 analog inputs connect directly to wind vanes, thermistors, and
transducers measuring air pressure, electric power, or sound level. The NOMAD 2 achieves
0.02% accuracy on counter inputs and 0.2% accuracy on analog inputs.
The NOMAD 2 will run on two standard 9V alkaline batteries for months. For longer
uninterrupted power, internal 12V batteries are also available. Several solar powering options
are available from Second Wind Inc. to provide perpetual power for your NOMAD 2 and the
sensors connected to it. The NOMAD 2 manages transducer power and sensor excitation to get the
most out of whatever batteries and solar option you use.
The NOMAD 2 has several communications options available, allowing you to remotely
communicate with NOMAD 2s installed anywhere on earth. Second Wind Inc. provides GSM,
and CDMA cellular as well as Globalstar satellite and WiFi communication options. The NOMAD 2
can send you your data files daily by email. The NOMAD 2 will also accept your incoming calls,
and you can download data, upload a new configuration, and look at instantaneous sensor data
any time you want. The NOMAD 2 can also be upgraded remotely by uploading new firmware.
The NOMAD 2 stores your data on Windows-formatted Compact Flash cards that can be read by
any PC. The large capacity of the Compact Flash cards allows the NOMAD 2 to keep years of data
on the card.
Nomad Desktop software makes it easy to configure your NOMAD 2 and to communicate with it.
The Nomad Desktop advanced database software keeps all of your data organized, and
provides powerful tools for analyzing and displaying your data. For details on software
installation, configuration, and operation please consult Nomad Desktop Help.
Table of Contents
SAFETY TERMS AND SYMBOLS ............................................................................................ II
CUSTOMER SUPPORT ....................................................................................................... III
INTRODUCTION TO NOMAD 2 ........................................................................................... IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................... V
1
NOMAD 2 AT A GLANCE ..................................................................................... 1
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.3
1.4
1.4.1
1.5
2
3
3.1
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
3.3.5.a
3.3.5.b
3.3.5.c
3.3.5.d
3.3.6
3.3.7
3.3.7.a
3.3.7.b
3.3.7.c
3.3.7.d
3.3.8
3.3.8.a
3.3.8.b
3.3.8.c
3.3.8.d
3.3.8.e
3.3.8.f
Exterior ................................................................................................................. 1
Front Panel Operator Interface ............................................................................. 2
Display Map .......................................................................................................... 2
Behind the Front Panel .......................................................................................... 3
Interface Board ..................................................................................................... 4
Status LED ............................................................................................................. 5
Behind the Interface Board ................................................................................... 6
QUICK START ................................................................................................... 7

INSTALLATION ................................................................................................... 8
Recommended Tools and Supplies ........................................................................ 8

Mounting .............................................................................................................. 9
Tube Tower Mounting with Hose Clamps ................................................................ 9
Tube Tower Mounting with U-Bolts .................................................................... 10
Other Mounting Arrangements ........................................................................ 10
Enclosure Door ................................................................................................ 10
Wiring ............................................................................................................. 11
Preparation ...................................................................................................... 11
Grounding ....................................................................................................... 11
Cable Routing .................................................................................................. 12
Wire and Cable Termination ............................................................................. 12
Terminal Blocks ............................................................................................... 13
Input/Output Terminal Blocks ................................................................................. 13
Power Terminal Block ................................................................................................. 13
Modem Port Terminal Block ...................................................................................... 13
Device Port Terminal Block ....................................................................................... 13
Interface Board Colors and Labels .................................................................... 14
Wiring to Anemometers and Other Counter Inputs ........................................... 15
AC Anemometers (e.g. Maximum #40 anemometer) .......................................... 15
Pulse Output Anemometers (e.g. photo chopper anemometer) .................... 16
Relay or Switch Devices with Pull-Up Resistor
(e.g. reed relay anemometer) .................................................................................. 17
Relay or Switch Devices with Pull-Down Resistor ............................................ 17
Wiring to Wind Vanes and other Analog Inputs ............................................... 18
Potentiometer Wind Vane (e.g. NRG 200P wind vane) ................................... 18
Second Wind 10K Thermistor Temperature Sensor .......................................... 19
Voltage-Output Transducer, Continuously 12 Volt Powered
(e.g. power transducer) ............................................................................................ 20
Voltage-Output Transducer, Switched 12 Volt Powered (e.g. barometers) 21
Other DC Voltage Signaling (e.g. analog PLC outputs) .................................... 22
Current Output Signaling (e.g. 4-to-20 milliamp output transducer) ............ 23
3.3.8.g
3.3.9
3.3.9.a
3.3.9.b
3.3.9.c
3.3.9.d
3.3.10
Load Resistors for Current Signals .................................................................... 23

Supplying 12 Volts DC to NOMAD 2 ................................................................ 24
SWI 12 Volt Battery Assemblies ......................................................................... 24
Wiring the 12 Volt Battery as a Primary Battery ........................................... 24
Wiring the 12 Volt Battery in the SWI Solar Option ..................................... 24
Supplying 12 Volts from Line Voltage ............................................................. 25
Wiring to the Relay ....................................................................................... 25
CONFIGURATION ........................................................................................... 26
5
6
DATA LOGGING AND DATA TRANSFER ................................................................ 28

FRONT PANEL OPERATOR INTERFACE ................................................................. 29
7
8
NOMAD DESKTOP ......................................................................................... 41

NOMAD 2 REFERENCE .................................................................................... 42
4.1
4.2
6.1
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.3.a
6.2.3.b
6.2.4
6.2.4.a
6.2.4.b
6.2.5
6.2.5.a
6.2.5.b
6.2.5.c
6.2.5.d
6.2.5.e
6.2.5.f
6.2.6
6.2.6.a
6.2.6.b
8.1
8.1.1
8.1.1.a
8.1.1.b
8.1.2
8.1.2.a
8.1.2.b
8.1.2.c
8.1.2.d
8.1.2.e
8.1.2.f
8.1.2.g
8.1.2.h
Configuration Files.......................................................................................... 26
Configuration Cycle ........................................................................................ 27
NOMAD 2 Display Navigation ........................................................................... 30

Menus and Displays ........................................................................................ 31
Wakeup Display ........................................................................................... 31
Main Menu .................................................................................................. 31
QuickView ................................................................................................... 32
Input QuickView .................................................................................................. 32
Signal QuickView ................................................................................................. 32
Inputs and Data ........................................................................................... 32
Input Configuration ............................................................................................. 33
Data Tracks ............................................................................................................ 35
NOMAD 2 Operation ...................................................................................... 35
ID & Code Versions ............................................................................................. 35
Time and Date ....................................................................................................... 36
Location .................................................................................................................. 37
Height Units ........................................................................................................... 37
Remote Access ....................................................................................................... 38
Display .................................................................................................................... 38
Boot and Upgrade Displays .......................................................................... 39
Boot Display ........................................................................................................... 39
Upgrade Display .................................................................................................. 40
Compact Flash File System ............................................................................. 42

Folders......................................................................................................... 43
Logged Data Folder (N2-00438\) ...................................................................... 43
Monthly Folders (2004-05, 2004-6\) ............................................................... 43
Files ............................................................................................................. 43
Data Files (27-024387.NDF, 28-000001.NDF 29-000001.NDF) .............. 43
System Log (N2-00438.LOG) ............................................................................. 43
Site & Input Configuration Files (oldcfg.000, oldcfg.001) ............................ 44
Communication Configuration Files (n2comcfg.000) ................................... 44
Firmware Upgrade Files (n2firmwr.000) ........................................................ 44
Time Adjustment Files (n2time.000) ................................................................. 44
E-Mail List (Efiles.lst) ........................................................................................... 44
Incidental Files (DSCN0412.JPG, DSCN0413.JPG) ....................................... 44
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.3
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.3
8.3.4
8.3.5
8.4
8.4.1
8.4.1.a
8.4.1.b
8.4.1.c
8.4.1.d
8.4.2
8.4.3
8.4.3.a
8.4.3.b
8.4.3.c
8.5
8.5.1
8.5.1.a
8.5.1.b
8.5.1.c
8.5.1.d
8.5.1.e
8.5.1.f
8.5.1.g
8.5.1.h
8.5.2
8.5.2.a
8.5.2.b
8.5.2.c
8.5.2.d
8.5.2.e
8.5.2.f
8.5.2.g
8.5.3
8.5.4
8.5.4.a
8.5.4.b
8.6
8.6.1
8.6.2
8.7
8.7.1
Data Storage ................................................................................................... 45

Compact Flash Card .................................................................................... 45
Data Buffer .................................................................................................. 45
Time Keeping ................................................................................................. 46
Real-Time Clock Battery............................................................................... 46
GMT and Local Time ................................................................................... 46
Time Stamps ............................................................................................... 47
Time Adjustment ......................................................................................... 47
Time Zone Map .......................................................................................... 48
Site Configuration ........................................................................................... 49
Location ...................................................................................................... 49
Site Name (Site) .................................................................................................. 49
Latitude (Lat) ....................................................................................................... 49
Longitude (Long) .................................................................................................. 49
Altitude ................................................................................................................... 49
Height Units ................................................................................................. 49
Time & Date ................................................................................................ 49
Local Time (Time) ................................................................................................ 49
Time Zone .............................................................................................................. 50
Daylight Saving .................................................................................................... 50
Input Configuration ......................................................................................... 51
Counter Inputs ............................................................................................. 51
Type ......................................................................................................................... 51
Name ....................................................................................................................... 51
Units ........................................................................................................................ 51
Slope and Offset .................................................................................................... 52
Sense ........................................................................................................................ 52
Hi/Lo Threshold ................................................................................................... 52
Low Pass Filter ...................................................................................................... 52
Height and Azimuth ............................................................................................ 53
Analog Inputs .............................................................................................. 53
Type ......................................................................................................................... 53
Name ....................................................................................................................... 54
Units ........................................................................................................................ 54
Slope and Offset .................................................................................................... 54
360 and Deadband ............................................................................................. 55
Full Range .............................................................................................................. 55
Height and Azimuth ............................................................................................ 55
Internal Inputs .............................................................................................. 56
Tracks .......................................................................................................... 56
Math Functions ..................................................................................................... 56
Track Intervals ...................................................................................................... 57
Communication Configuration ........................................................................ 58
Modem Option ............................................................................................ 58
On & Off Times ........................................................................................... 58
Electronics ...................................................................................................... 59
Counter Inputs ............................................................................................. 59
8.7.1.a
8.7.1.b
8.7.2
8.7.2.a
8.7.3
8.7.3.a
8.7.3.b
8.7.3.c
8.7.4
8.7.4.a
8.7.4.b
8.7.4.c
8.7.4.d
8.7.5
8.7.5.a
8.7.5.b
8.7.5.c
8.7.6
8.7.6.a
8.7.6.b
8.7.6.c
8.7.7
Input Threshold .................................................................................................... 59

Input Filter ............................................................................................................. 59
Analog Inputs .............................................................................................. 59
Input Range ........................................................................................................... 60
Internal Inputs .............................................................................................. 60
Inner Temperature ............................................................................................... 60
9 Volt Battery Voltages ........................................................................................ 60
12 Volt Power Voltage ......................................................................................... 60
Outputs ....................................................................................................... 61
2.5 Volt Excitation (2.5V+M) ................................................................................ 61
Switched 12 Volt Transducer Power (12V+M) ................................................. 61
Switched 12 Volt Modem Power (12V+M) ....................................................... 61
Relay Contacts (Relay+ and Relay-) ................................................................. 62
Communication Ports ................................................................................... 62
Local Port ............................................................................................................... 62
Remote Port ........................................................................................................... 62
Device Port ............................................................................................................. 62
Power Sources ............................................................................................. 63
9 Volt Batteries ...................................................................................................... 63
12 Volt Power ........................................................................................................ 63
Power Management ............................................................................................. 64
Transient Protection and Grounding .............................................................. 64
APPENDIX 1. WARRANTY ............................................................................................ 65

APPENDIX 2. SPECIFICATIONS ....................................................................................... 66
APPENDIX 3. WIRING FOR SPECIFIC DEVICES ................................................................... 70
A3.1
A3.2
A3.2.1
A3.2.2
A3.3
A3.4
A3.4.1
A3.4.2
A3.5
A3.5.1
A3.5.2
A3.6
A3.6.1
A3.6.2
A3.6.3
A3.6.4
Maximum #40 Anemometer ..........................................................................

NRG #200P Wind Vane .................................................................................
Wiring ..........................................................................................................
Configuring in Nomad Desktop ....................................................................
Maximum #40 and NRG #200P Combo .......................................................
SETRA 276 and SETRA 276SW Barometer ....................................................
Mounting and Wiring ....................................................................................
LiCor 200SZ Pyranometer ..............................................................................
Wiring ..........................................................................................................
Solar Panel ......................................................................................................
Wiring the Solar (PV) Panel and Battery to the Nomad 2 ...............................
Charge Controller Operation ........................................................................
Nomad 2 LED Status ...................................................................................
Mounting the Solar Panel .............................................................................
70
71
71
72
72
73
73
73
74
74
74
75
75
76
76
76
NOMAD 2 at a Glance
1.1 Exterior
The NOMAD 2s integrated steel enclosure provides watertight electronics protection, rain
covering for wire terminations, and security. The NOMAD 2 mounts on either tube towers or
flat surfaces. Knockouts accept standard rain-tight or watertight cable and conduit fittings.
5
1
ID
Description
Mounting Flange (1 of 2)
3.2: Mounting
2
3
Tube Tower Adapter (1 of 2)

Grounding Clamp and Stud
3.2: Mounting
3.3.2: Grounding
4
5
Grounding Wire
Solar Panel Mounting Holes (2 of 4)
3.3.2: Grounding
6
7
Padlock Hasp
Door Latch
Cable Fittings in Knockouts
NOMAD 2 Installation and Operation Manual
See Section(s) for more information
3.3.3: Cable Routing
1.2 Front Panel Operator Interface

The NOMAD 2s front panel operator interface is easy to use in most field conditions.
Besides the keypad and display, on the front panel are two 9V batteries, the Compact
Flash card, and a communications port for direct connection to a laptop or desktop
computer.
ID
Description
1
2
Captive Screw (1 of 2)
Display
6: Front Panel Operator Interface
3
4
9V Battery Compartments
Keypad
8.7.3b: 9 Volt Battery Voltage

5
6
Compact Flash Card in Card Slot

Local Port
8.2.1: Compact Flash Card

8.7.5a: Local Port
1.2.1 Display Map

NOMAD 2 menus and
information displays
are simple to
understand and
navigate. Operational
status, input signals,
configuration, and
remote communications
can all be examined
and verified from the
front panel. See Section
6.1 for details.
Wakeup Display
Input QuickView
Display
Main Menu
Signal QuickView
Display
Input
Configuration
Inputs & Data
Display
Data Tracks
Nomad2
Operation
Menu
ID & Code
Versions
Time & Date
Location
Height Units
Remote Access
Display
1.3 Behind the Front Panel

Unscrew the captive screws at the upper corners of the front panel to access the
upper compartment. The panel is dropped and pivoted slightly to reveal the main
circuit board, modem option, connectors and cabling.
10
11
12
ID
Description
1
2
Carrier Slide (1 of 4)
Modem Carrier
modem application note
3
4
Modem
Display Cable
5
6
Dual 9V Battery Holder

Display

7
8
Interboard Cable
Antenna Jumper Cable
9
10
Dual 9V Battery Cable

NOMAD 2 Main Circuit Board and Carrier
11
12
Keypad Cable
Real Time Clock Battery and Holder
8.3.1: Real-Time Clock Battery
1.4 Interface Board

NOMAD 2s Interface Board provides convenient termination for all instrumentation
and power wiring. In addition, the board has a status LED, a control relay, and the
front end transient protection components for all inputs and outputs. The Interface
Board can optionally receive a solar charge regulator, a POTS (conventional
telephone) jack, and power supply circuitry for the Vacuum Fluorescent Display.
6
7
8
2
3
10
ID
Description
1
2
Captive Screw (1 of 2)
Charge LED
A3.6.2: Solar Charge Controller Operation
3
4
Load ON LED
Power Terminal Block
A3.6.2: Solar Charge Controller Operation

3.3.9: Supplying 12 Volts DC to NOMAD 2
5
6
Input/Output Terminal Block (1 of 9)

POTS (Conventional Telephone) Jack
3.3.5: Terminal Blocks, 3.3.7, 3.3.8, 8.7
7
8
Status LED
Transient Protection Devices
1.4.1: Status LED

8.7.7: Transient Protection and Grounding
9
10
Modem Port Terminal Block

Device Port Terminal Block
8.7.5b: Remote Port

8.7.5c: Device Port
1.4.1 Status LED

This orange LED shows NOMAD 2 operational status at a glance, independent of the
front panel display. The LED also shows that the Interface Board is connected properly to the NOMAD 2 main board. Interpret the Nomad Status LED behavior as follows:
If the LED:
Then:
blinks once per second
NOMAD 2 is operating normally.
briefly blinks inconsistently
NOMAD 2 is reconfiguring itself.
blinks rapidly*
NOMAD 2 is reading new firmware

from the Compact Flash card.
stays on for a few seconds*
NOMAD 2 is restarting.
stays off for a few seconds*
NOMAD 2 is restarting.
is always off
NOMAD 2 is not operational;

there may be no power.
stays on steadily
NOMAD 2 is not operational (e.g. low batteries).
flashes erratically
NOMAD 2 is malfunctioning.
*Note: These LED behaviors occur in sequence as part of the process of upgrading
Nomad 2 firmware. See Section 8.1.2e for details.
1.5 Behind the Interface Board

The Interface Board is held in place by two captive screws similar to those on the
front panel. Unscrew them to access the optional 12 Volt battery assembly and
antenna connector.
10
11
12
ID
1
Description
Battery Carrier Retention Screw

3.3.9a: SWI 12 Volt Battery Assemblies
2
3
Interboard Cable
Fuse and Fuse Holder
4
5
Polarized Battery Connector

Grounding Wire

8.7.7: Transient Protection and Grounding
6
7
Interboard Cable Header

Antenna Connector
8
9
12 Volt Battery Carrier

Keyhole slot and post (1 of 4)

10
11
12 Volt Battery
Cable-Tie Rail
3.3.9c: Wiring the 12 Volt Battery

3.3.4: Wire and Cable Termination
12
Interface Board
3.3: Wiring, 3.3.6: Interface Board
Quick Start
If you would like to get started right away, follow these Quick Start instructions for
familiarizing yourself with the NOMAD 2 in your office, prior to taking the NOMAD 2 to
the field.
1. Install the Nomad Desktop Software on your PC by inserting the installation CD
into your PC CD Rom drive. If the installation doesnt start within a few seconds
browse to the CD and click on setup.exe. Refer to Nomad Desktop Help for more
information on the Nomad Desktop software.
2. Create a Site & Input Configuration for your NOMAD 2 using Nomad Desktop.
3. Power up your NOMAD 2 by installing the two 9 Volt batteries. Remove the battery
drawers, install the batteries, and re-insert them into the NOMAD 2. You will see the
Status Light follow the boot sequence (see Section 6.2.6a) and then start blinking
once per second. Refer to the Power Sources Section (8.7.6) for more details. This
section also contains information on the 12 Volt DC Battery and solar power
options.
4. Transfer the Site & Input Configuration to your NOMAD 2 via Compact Flash card
or Direct Connection. Refer to Nomad Desktop Help for more information on
transferring configuration files via direct connection. See the Configuration, Data
Logging, and Data Transfer Section (5) for information on transferring the Site &
Input Configuration to the NOMAD 2 via Compact Flash card.
5. Using the keypad and display on the NOMAD 2 you can review the Site & Input
configuration. See the NOMAD 2 Display Navigation Section (6.1) of this manual for
more information.
6. Temporarily connect your sensors to the input terminals on the Interface Board.
7. Using the keypad and display you can view the sensor data in engineering units,
in raw voltage for the analog inputs, and frequency or state for the counter
inputs.
8. If you have a modem in your NOMAD 2, refer to the modem application note and
verify that you can communicate with your NOMAD 2 via the modem.
You are now ready to bring your NOMAD 2 to the field for installation.
Installation
3.1 Recommended Tools and Supplies

The following is a list of tools and supplies you may need for installation. Depending
on your site requirements you may need others.
Large flat-blade screwdriver

Small flat-blade screwdriver
#2 Phillips screwdriver
Adjustable wrenches or wrench set
Knife or adjustable cable sheath ripper
Linesmans pliers
Diagonal wire cutters
Wire strippers
Needle nose pliers
Indelible marker(s)
Tape measure for sensor station heights
Compass for reckoning boom azimuths
Digital multi-meter or voltmeter (DMM or DVM)
Handheld GPS for determining exact tower (and NOMAD 2) location
Enclosure mounting hardware
Solar Panel mounting hardware
Grounding kit (ground stake, ground wire, fittings)
Cable or conduit fittings for knockouts
UV-resistant (black) medium cable ties for use outside enclosure
Small cable ties for inside enclosure
Cable marking supplies: tape, bands, writable cable ties, etc.
9 Volt batteries
Spare desiccant packs
Serial cable for direct connection with laptop computer
Small padlock for lockable latch
Clean rags or paper towels
3.2 Mounting
3.2.1 Tube Tower Mounting with Hose Clamps
1. Attach the tube tower mounting adapters to the NOMAD 2 mounting flanges with
the nuts and bolts provided. Make sure all the holes line up properly.
2. Slide the two hose clamps through the slots in the mounting flanges and around
the tower. Second Wind Inc. provides hose clamps to fit a 6" or smaller tower.
3. Tighten the hose clamps. Make sure they are secure before letting go of the logger.
Tubular Tower
Mounting Adapter
Stainless Steel
Hose Clamp
Tubular
Tower
Adapter
Attachment
Hardware
3.2.2 Tube Tower Mounting with U-Bolts

1. Attach the tube tower mounting adapters to the NOMAD 2 mounting flanges with
the nuts and bolts provided. Make sure all the holes line up properly.
2. Slip the U-bolts around the tower. Do not use the semicircular plates that may be
supplied with the U-bolts.
3. Push the U-bolt ends through the tubular tower adapter and flange holes. There
are symmetrically spaced holes for 6 inch and 4.5 inch diameter tube towers.
4. Finish fastening the U-bolts into place with the provided nuts. Make sure they are
secure before letting go of the NOMAD 2.
U-Bolt
Tubular Tower
Mounting Adapter
Tubular
Tower
Adapter
Attachment
Hardware
Nylon-insert nut
for U-Bolt
3.2.3 Other Mounting Arrangements

The NOMAD 2 mounts directly on flat surfaces with four lag bolts through the
enclosure flanges.
On truss or lattice towers, suitable horizontal surfaces for mounting the NOMAD 2 can
be made from bolted or clamped-on unistrut or similar mounting system
components.
3.2.4 Enclosure Door

The door of the NOMAD 2 is designed to be easily removed for convenience during
installation or maintenance. Open the door a full 180 and carefully slide the door up
off the hinges.
When putting the door back on, make sure the hinge pins are aligned properly before
sliding the door fully down on the hinges. Dont force the door; wiggle it while
reattaching if necessary.
The stainless steel rotary latch closes and clamps the enclosure door without the need
for tools. The latch may be secured with a padlock.
10
3.3 Wiring
3.3.1 Preparation
The NOMAD 2 is usually installed as part of a larger installation of sensors, transducers,
mounting booms, tower, and cabling. Prepare for wiring to the logger by
remembering to:
Leave enough cable for neatly wiring to and terminating in the NOMAD 2
enclosure.
Mark the cables for positive identification of the sensors they are connected to, for
example: 50m NNW anem & vane. Make sure the all the markings wont be cut
off during final wiring.
Test each circuit from device to cable end using a multi-meter or temporary
connection to the NOMAD 2. Spin the anemometers and turn the vanes by hand
while the sensors are relatively accessible, before tilt-up tower erection, for
example.
3.3.2 Grounding
The NOMAD 2 should be earth-grounded before connecting external signal and power
wiring to its terminal blocks. The NOMAD 2 enclosure is grounded on the outside; there
are no grounding terminals on the Interface Board.
After the NOMAD 2 is mounted, connect an earth grounding wire to the #10-24
grounding stud and grounding clamp on the right of the lower flange (see Section
1.1). For best results in lightning-prone areas, use a 12-gauge or heavier copper
grounding wire. Both the nut on the stud and the clamp must be securely tightened
for good electrical contact.
Run the earthing wire as directly as possible to a good earth ground. (A straight run
to earth will protect the NOMAD 2 better than a larger gauge wire.) The best ground
may be to the tower the NOMAD 2 is mounted on, but in other cases it may be a ground
grid that may or may not be part of the local electric distribution system.
On isolated towers with no other means of grounding available, a grounding rod is
generally used, although these may be ineffective in dry soil. The tower should be
directly connected to the grounding rod by a separate ground wire with suitable
clamping on both ends. The NOMAD 2s grounding wire can either be run to the tower
or to the grounding rod.
11
3.3.3 Cable Routing

Decide which holes will be needed for cable entry at the bottom of the NOMAD 2
enclosure and remove the knockouts covering them. Rap a large flat-blade
screwdriver with a hammer or the flat of your hand to push in the knockouts from
the outside of the enclosure.
For standard installation of instrumentation and power cables, snap the supplied
black cable grips into the holes from the outside of the enclosure. Push one or more
cables through the grips from the outside, using the flat-blade screwdriver if
necessary to temporarily push the grips away from the cable(s).
For watertight installation of instrumentation and power cables, install gland-type
cable clamps in the holes. Secure the clamp bodies to the enclosure with the nut on
the inside, using an open-end or crescent wrench to tighten. Do not tighten any more
than necessary to keep the clamps from turning.
Clamps supplied as options from Second Wind Inc. have four cable holes in each
rubbery bushing. These are designed for 5-8 mm diameter cable; smaller or larger
cable may not seal properly in them. Seal unused holes with scrap cable. Tighten the
dome nuts using an open-end or crescent wrench. Do not tighten any more than
necessary to secure the cables. If the clamp bodies turn, retighten the inside nuts.
For rigid or flexible conduit installations, use fittings appropriate to the conduit
system being installed. Either PG21 or NPT fittings may be used.
3.3.4 Wire and Cable Termination

1. Cut the cables to approximately one foot (300 mm) past their points of entry into
the enclosure. (Any excess can be tucked behind the interface board.)
2. Strip the cable sheaths back about two inches (50 mm).
3. Cut off any foil and drain wires, and strip the wires about inch (6 mm).
4. Insert wires into the terminal openings and tighten the screws with a flat-blade
screwdriver.
5. Secure cable ends with small cable-ties to the slots in the steel rail under the lower
edge of the Interface Board. Besides making for a tidy installation, this will insure
that the wire terminations will be undisturbed if the Interface Board is pivoted
open for access to the 12 Volt battery or antenna connector.
Tip:
12
If spare wires are available in the cables, run signal wires with Gnd connected
wires in twisted pairs to reduce induced noise.
3.3.5 Terminal Blocks

3.3.5.a Input/Output Terminal Blocks
Nine terminal blocks provide signal and power wiring termination for as many as 20
signal sources. Terminals and blocks are arranged to facilitate typical cabling, one
counter and one analog input per block. Each block shares four wiring busses:
signal ground, 2.5 Volt excitation, switched and unswitched 12 Volt power. (The last
block is different, with four counter inputs, signal ground, and unswitched 12 Volt
power.)
3.3.5.b Power Terminal Block
This terminal block provides convenient input wiring for 12 Volt battery and solar
panel to power the NOMAD 2 and its 12V busses and outputs. The Power Terminal
block is integrated with the Nomad 2s internal solar charge regulator and, therefore,
is only to be used if the Second Wind Inc. solar option is in use. Note that if using
external 12 Volt power or a 12 Volt battery with no solar panel, use any of the Input/
Output Terminal blocks to apply power, NOT the Power Terminal block.
3.3.5.c Modem Port Terminal Block
This terminal block provides switched power and RS232C signaling for field
connecting to a modem or asynchronous network adapter. The terminal block is
wired in parallel with connectors in the upper compartment of the enclosure for SWIsupplied internal modem options. Contact Second Wind Inc. before connecting a
modem to ensure that the modem type you want to use is supported, or to have
firmware developed to support it.
3.3.5.d Device Port Terminal Block
The Device port is an asynchronous port independent of the Local and Modem serial
ports. The Device port is intended for collecting data from devices with asynchronous
serial interfaces, such as the Phaser Power Transducer and various ultrasonic anemometers. Contact Second Wind Inc. for more information on using these devices
with the NOMAD 2.
13
3.3.6 Interface Board Colors and Labels

Terminals on the Interface Board have color-coded labels to facilitate wiring. These
are:
Solar+ SolarBatt+ Batt-
LightYellow Solar panel input.

Gray 12 Volt battery power input (Solar Package only)
12V+ Red - Unswitched 12 Volt Power, bussed between terminal blocks.

Cntr# Blue - Counter Input, any of Cntr1 through Cntr12.
Gnd
Black - Signal Ground, bussed between terminal blocks.

This is not earth ground!
Anlg# Green - Analog Input, any of Anlg1 through Anlg8.

2.5V+M Yellow - 2.5 Volt Excitation, bussed between terminal blocks.
12V + M
Purple - Switched 12 Volt Transducer Power, bussed between terminal

blocks.
12V + M Violet - Switched 12 Volt Modem Power.

Relay+ Relay- Orange - Relay contacts.
Rx Tx En Light Blue - RS232 Signals.
Terminal identification colors do not imply wire color, although red and black are
standard automotive colors for 12 Volt DC power and ground. Wire colors in the
schematics in this manual are for illustration purposes only unless otherwise noted.
14
3.3.7 Wiring to Anemometers and Other Counter Inputs

The NOMAD 2 has twelve electrically identical counter inputs. These can measure the
frequency of signals from pulse anemometers or other devices with signal frequencies
proportional to some variable, such as wind speed. The counter inputs can also detect
the state of DC signals (On/Off, High/Low, etc.) or relay contact closures.
The counter inputs are labeled Cntr1 through Cntr12 to the right of their terminal
wire-entry points. The locations for the counter inputs are labeled C1 through C8, and
C9 -C12 over their respective terminal blocks on the interface board.
3.3.7.a AC Anemometers (e.g. Maximum #40 anemometer)

The simplest types of devices to wire in are two-terminal devices such as AC
anemometers, which have small AC generators that produce their own signal
without any source of power other than the wind. Connect to this type of device by
wiring its output (or +) terminal to a counter input Cntr# , and its signal common
(or ground or -) to a Gnd terminal. All the Gnd (NOMAD 2 signal ground)
terminals are bussed together on the interface board, so any of these may be used if
desired. If the sensor has two unidentified output terminals, you can arbitrarily
choose which terminal is wired to Cntr# and which goes to Gnd .
NOMAD 2
Input
Term inal
Block #
12V+
1M
Cntr#
Interface 1M
Circuits
Gnd
AC Anemometer
or other 2-terminal
frequency source
Signal
green*
Signal Common
black*
Anlg#
2.5V+:
*N ote: colors are for

SWI pre-w ired
mounting brackets
12V+:
15
3.3.7.b Pulse Output Anemometers (e.g. photo chopper anemometer)

The signal outputs of three-terminal electronic frequency-output devices (such as
photo chopper anemometers) are wired the same way as AC anemometers, but they
require power to work. If they can operate with 12 Volt DC power, this can be
distributed to them from the 12V+ terminals. Like the Gnd terminal, the 12V+
terminals are bussed together, so any can be used.
Some electronic frequency-output devices are supplied with four terminals: power+,
signal+, power-, and signal-. If the device specifications permit, wire them the same
as three-terminal devices, running both power- and signal- wires to Gnd .
NOMAD 2
Pulse Output
Anemometer
or other
12V powered
frequency source
Input
Terminal
Block #
12V+
Transducer Power
12V+
1M
Cntr#
Interface 1M
Circuits
Gnd
Signal
Signal Common
Anlg#
2.5V+:
12V+:
16
3.3.7.c Relay or Switch Devices with Pull-Up Resistor (e.g. reed relay anemometer)
Passive two-terminal frequency-output devices are wired similarly to AC
anemometers, but require a low current source of DC power applied to their signal
output to operate. The same is true for relay or switch contacts that will be processed
by the NOMAD 2 as state inputs. The wiring method shown here should work for these
situations. Note that a 10K resistor pull-up is installed between an adjacent 12V+
and Cntr# . However, the resistor can consume about a milliamp of battery current,
about as much as the NOMAD 2. Feel free to experiment with using higher pull-up
values for less power consumption, especially with low frequency and state signals.
NOMAD 2
Input
Terminal
Block #
12V+
12V+
1M
Cntr#
Interface 1M
Circuits
Gnd
10
"pull-up"
Relay,
Switch Closure,
or
Transistor
Equivalent
Signal
Signal Common
Anlg#
2.5V+:
12V+:
3.3.7.d Relay or Switch Devices with Pull-Down Resistor

An alternative approach to wiring to passive output sensors is illustrated here. This
wiring method uses a pull-down resistor between Cntr# and Gnd . The two device
terminals are connected to 12V+ and Cntr# .
The same comments about resistor power consumption in the preceding wiring
example apply here. You may notice, though, that here the pull-down resistor is in
parallel with an internal 1M resistor. For low frequency and state signals,
experimentation may determine that the external resistor is unnecessary.
NOMAD 2
Relay,
Switch Closure,
or
Transistor
Equivalent
Input
Terminal
Block #
12V+
12V+
1M
Cntr#
Signal
Interface 1M
Circuits
Gnd
12V+
10
"pull-down"
Anlg#
2.5V+:
12V+:
17
3.3.8 Wiring to Wind Vanes and other Analog Inputs

The NOMAD 2 has eight electrically identical analog inputs. Used in conjunction with
the NOMAD 2s 2.5 Volt excitation output (marked 2.5V+M ), the analog inputs can
directly monitor resistive sensors such as potentiometer wind vanes and thermistors.
The analog inputs can also receive DC voltage or current signals from meteorological
and industrial transducers.
The analog inputs are labeled Anlg1 through Anlg8 to the right of their terminal
wire-entry points. The locations for the counter inputs are labeled A1 through A8
over their respective terminal blocks on the interface board.
3.3.8.a Potentiometer Wind Vane (e.g. NRG 200P wind vane)
The most common device to be hooked up to a NOMAD 2 analog input is a variable
resistance (potentiometer or pot) wind vane. With this three-terminal device, the
ratio of the wiper voltage to the applied excitation voltage indicates the device
position. To wire to a pot wind vane, connect 2.5V excitation ( 2.5V+M ) to the +
terminal of the potentiometer and Gnd to the - terminal. The pot wiper terminal is
connected to Anlg# .
If connected properly, the signal increases as the vane moves clockwise as viewed
from above. If the deadband (the small gap between the beginning and end of the
resistor element) is pointed North, then due East is a quarter of the excitation voltage
(0.625 V), South is half (1.25 V), and West is three quarters of excitation (1.875 V).
Slightly west of North is 2.5 V, slightly east of North is 0 V. This is all easily verifiable
using NOMAD 2s Signal QuickView display.
Try to position the vane so that the deadband is pointed to the less likely wind
directions for the site. This will minimize the time that the pot wiper is in the
deadband. It is important to observe and write down the apparent deadband
direction after installation to properly configure the input.
NOMAD 2
Input
Terminal
Block #
12V+
*Note: colors are for

SWI pre-wired
mounting brackets
Cntr#
Interface
Circuits
Gnd
Anlg#
40
2.50V
Excitation
2.5V+:
Potentiometer
Wind Vane
Signal Common
black*
Signal
red*
Excitation
white
12V+:
18
3.3.8.b Second Wind 10K Thermistor Temperature Sensor

Second Wind Inc. provides an accurate temperature sensor that is wired similarly to
the potentiometer wind vane. The input voltage is very nonlinear with temperature,
but using Signal QuickView you may notice that it is exactly 1.25 Volts at 72F (25C).
When the input is configured for the SWI 10k Thermistor, the NOMAD 2 converts the
nonlinear signal to the corresponding temperature.
The sensor comes pre-wired, so in this case the diagram depicts the wire colors
accurately, labeled here in italics. Note that two wires connect to Gnd to reduce noise.
The cable can be spliced with similar two-twisted pair cable if more length is needed,
up to about 500 feet (150 meters).
NOMAD 2
Input
Terminal
Block #
12V+
Cntr#
Signal Common
white
Gnd Signal Common
black
Interface
Circuits
Second Wind
10K Thermistor
Sensor
Thermistor
Anlg#
Signal
green
2.5V+:
Excitation
red
40
10.00 K
2.50V
Excitation
12V+:
19
3.3.8.c Voltage-Output Transducer, Continuously 12 Volt Powered (e.g. power transducer)

NOMAD 2 analog inputs can directly connect to the nominally 0-to-5 Volt outputs of
transducers that measure many variables, including pressure, humidity, power,
acoustic noise levels, etc. The transducers can be powered by NOMAD 2s internal 12
Volt battery using any of the 12V+ terminals as shown. Cable lengths should be less
than 100 feet (30 meters) to avoid errors from voltage-drop on the signal common
wiring from the transducer current consumption. Using lower power transducers
and/or larger gauge wire will reduce these errors if needed.
NOMAD 2
Input
Terminal
Block #
12V Powered
Voltage Output
Transducer
12V+
Transducer Power
Cntr#
Signal
12V+
Interface
Circuits
+
out
open: 0-2.5V
Gnd
closed: 0-5V
Signal Common
40
Anlg#
40
2.5V+:
12V+:
20
3.3.8.d Voltage-Output Transducer, Switched 12 Volt Powered (e.g. barometers)

Here, the same type of transducer as in the previous example is connected to switched
12 Volt Transducer Power ( 12V + M ). With this alternative wiring strategy and the
proper NOMAD 2 configuration, battery drain can be substantially reduced.
The NOMAD 2 turns on the 12V + M bus once a minute for one second. For a transducer
powered by 12V + M , this is usually enough time to warm up and produce an
accurate output.
This wiring method is appropriate for transducers that measure slowly changing
variables, such as air pressure or humidity. To illustrate the benefits: a standard Setra
276 barometric pressure transducer would drain a charged 12 Volt/7.2 A-H NOMAD 2
battery in 2 weeks if connected to 12V+ , but if connected to 12V + M the charge
would last three years!
Tip:
If Switched 12V Transducer Power is used, the Anlg# input should be

configured to record Sample, Maximum, or Time of Maximum tracks.
NOMAD 2
Input
Terminal
Block #
12V Powered
Voltage Output
Transducer
12V+
Transducer Power
Cntr#
Signal
12V+
Interface
Circuits
+
out
open: 0-2.5V
Gnd
closed: 0-5V
Signal Common
40
Anlg#
40
2.5V+:
12V+:
21
3.3.8.e Other DC Voltage Signaling (e.g. analog PLC outputs)

NOMAD 2 analog inputs can accurately monitor signals from sources other than
transducers and sensors; analog PLC outputs, for example. Not having to power the
signal sources is, of course, an advantage. Sharing a signal with other
instrumentation may also be desired.
NOMAD 2
Input
Terminal
Block #
12V+
Cntr#
Interface
Circuits
open: 0-2.5V
Gnd
Signal Common
Voltage Output
Signal
closed: 0-5V
40
Anlg#
40
Signal
out
+
2.5V+:
Power for
Signal Source
12V+:
Such two-terminal low voltage signal wiring is acceptable as long as there

are no ground conflicts. If the source signals are not isolated, the source
ground will become the NOMAD 2 signal ground. This may compromise
NOMAD 2s transient protection circuits, and/or may cause other
malfunctions.
22
3.3.8.f Current Output Signaling (e.g. 4-to-20 milliamp output transducer)

A popular industrial form of analog signaling, whether from transducers or PLC-type
equipment, is 4-to-20 milliamp current output. Another type common to electric
utility transducers is 0-to-1 milliamp output. In either case, connection to NOMAD 2 is
straightforward. Install a precision resistor as shown across Anlg# and Gnd , which
will produce a voltage signal with the scaling of your choice. (The 125 example
yields 2.5 Volts at 20 milliamps. See the next section for more information.)
Current-output signaling can have several advantages: no voltage-drop errors, easily
adjustable hardware scaling, and an increased likelihood of isolation from NOMAD 2
ground. Check the interconnected equipment specifications to determine if the
current outputs are indeed isolated.
NOMAD 2
Input
Terminal
Block #
12V+
Cntr#
Interface
Circuits
Gnd
4-20 mA Output
Transducer
Signal common
In
125.0
Anlg#
Signal
Out
40
2.5V+:
12V+:
3.3.8.g Load Resistors for Current Signals

The table below shows appropriate load resistors for some common current
output ranges and the slopes and offsets that should be configured for them. In all
cases the relationship between load resistance and input voltage is: Input Voltage =
Load Resistance Current Signal.
Note that the input value is in its measurement units, for example: 100 kW, 3.5
kVA, etc.
CurrentSignal
LoadResistor
InputRange
Slope (in measurement units per V)
Offset (in measurement units)
0-1 mA
2500 0 - 2.5 V
[value at 1 mA] 2.5
0
0-1 mA
5000 0 - 5.0 V
[value at 1 mA] 5
0
0-10 mA 250
0 - 2.5 V
[value at 10 mA] 2.5
0
0-10 mA 500
0 - 5.0 V
[value at 10 mA] 5
0
4-20 mA 125
0.5 - 2.5 V [value at 20 mA - value at 4 mA] 2 [value at 4 mA] [0.5 slope]
4-20 mA 250
1.0 - 5.0 V [value at 20 mA - value at 4 mA] 4 [value at 4 mA] slope
Slope and offset are defined by the equation: Measurement = (Slope Input) +
Offset.
See Section 8.5.2d for more information about slopes and offsets.
23
3.3.9 Supplying 12 Volts DC to NOMAD 2

Most remote communication options and many transducers require 12 Volts DC,
which is the major reason why the NOMAD 2 accommodates and distributes 12 Volt
power. Connecting 12 Volts to any 12V+ terminal, whether from a battery or DC
power supply, disconnects the 9 Volt batteries in the front panel, rendering them
backup supplies. Note that if using a solar panel, the 12 Volt battery will be connected
to the Batt+/Batt- terminals in the Power Terminal block.
3.3.9.a SWI 12 Volt Battery Assemblies
Second Wind Inc. supplies rechargeable 12 Volt lead-acid battery assemblies as
NOMAD 2 options. The assemblies consist of battery, carrier, and fused, two-piece
wiring harness.
The section of harness that attaches to the battery has a standard automotive fuse
and holder in-line on the 12V+ red lead, and a dangling molded connector. The
other harness section has a mating molded connector and a pigtail of two wire
leads.
The battery carrier is mounted behind the Interface Board on the back of the
enclosure on five studs. Four of the studs slide onto keyhole slots. The fifth stud
matches a round hole at the middle of the top of the carrier. A #6-32 screw secures
the carrier to this stud.
There are two positions for the carrier. Use the upper position for the standard 7.2
Ampere-Hour battery, and the lower position for larger batteries. If necessary for
better access, carefully remove the interboard cable from the connector on the rear of
the Interface Board (see Section 1.5). In the photo the interboard cable has already
been removed.) Make sure to reinstall the connector properly when finished.
Make sure that the battery carrier is secured on all studs and screwed down
before shipping. Failing to secure the carrier can cause serious mechanical
damage to the enclosure, Interface Board, and Battery during shipping.
Disconnect the 12 Volt battery by unplugging the molded battery connectors,
not by removing the pigtail leads from the Terminal Block. Failing to do so
may cause a short circuit that will blow the battery harness fuse.
3.3.9.b Wiring the 12 Volt Battery as a Primary Battery
To use the 12 Volt battery as a primary (non-rechargeable) battery, insert the pigtail
red and black (or brown) wires into a 12V + and Gnd terminal, respectively. If you
choose to apply your own direct-connect battery charger, the chargers leads can
share or use other 12V + and Gnd terminals.
3.3.9.c Wiring the 12 Volt Battery in the SWI Solar Option
When the 12 Volt battery assembly is supplied as part of the SWI Solar Option, the
battery and solar panel both get wired to the Power Terminal Block. See Section
A3.6.1 in the Appendix for more information.
24
3.3.9.d Supplying 12 Volts from Line Voltage

The NOMAD 2 can be powered by a 12 Volt DC power supply if line voltage (100 to
240 VAC) is available at the site. Connect the power supply positive and negative
wires to 12V + and Gnd , respectively at any Input Terminal Block.
3.3.10 Wiring to the Relay

This option, intended for de-icing and general purpose control applications, is not yet
implemented in NOMAD 2 firmware. Contact Second Wind Inc. for details.
25
Configuration
4.1 Configuration Files

Once wiring is completed and power is applied, you can check the input voltages and
frequencies using Signal QuickView. (See Section 6.2.3b) You can also communicate
with the NOMAD 2 by direct connection of the local port to a computer with Nomad
Desktop. (Consult Nomad Desktop Help for details.)
But the NOMAD 2 only becomes fully operational after it is configured. There are two
kinds of configuration to be attended to:
1. Site & Input Configuration:
a. Site Configuration: the name, location, and time zone of the NOMAD 2s site.
b. Input Configuration: for each input, information about what (if anything)
is connected, and what kind of data is supposed to be collected.
2. Communication Configuration: information about the kind of modem (or other
remote communications gear) that the NOMAD 2 is equipped with, when it is to be
activated, and how it should be used.
The NOMAD 2 configures itself by reading configuration files from an inserted Compact
Flash card. The Site & Input Configuration File is named n2config.new, the
Communication Configuration file is named n2comcfg.new. (See Section 8.1.2d for
details.) The files are created and edited using Nomad Desktop. (Consult Nomad
Desktop Help for details.)
There are three ways to get the configuration file(s) from the computer to the inserted
Compact Flash card. These are:
1. Copy the file(s) to a card while it is plugged in to a computer, remove the card,
and then plug it into the NOMAD 2.
2. Transfer files by a direct connection (serial cable) between computer and NOMAD 2.
3. Dial-up Modem connection between computer and NOMAD 2.
The first two methods can always be used. The third way wont work until the NOMAD
2 is already configured to use its modem. Once configured, it will probably be possible
to modify its Communication Configuration (that is, send it a new n2comcfg.new) by
dial-up modem connection.
Whatever method is used for getting the configuration files to the inserted Compact
Flash card, the NOMAD 2 reconfigures itself within a few minutes of reading and
accepting the files.
26
4.2 Configuration Cycle

Vital configuration information is embedded into the data collection process. The
NOMAD 2 assigns unique IDs to data, which become database keys. Using the keys
ensures that every aspect of the data, from electronic and scaling settings to sensor
spatial coordinates, is always recoverable.
The operator informs the

NOMAD 2 of any changes by
sending it a Configuration
File, via Compact Flash card,
serial cable, or modem.
The NOMAD 2 embeds any

configuration changes in
its data files. Nomad
Desktop updates its
database tables while
importing data files.
27
Data Logging and Data Transfer

The NOMAD 2 processes and collects (logs) data whenever it is powered up, so long as
it has a configuration that contains Tracks (see Section 8.5.4). The NOMAD 2
continuously logs data to its internal buffer. Every hour the NOMAD 2 copies the data
from the internal buffer to the current data file on the Compact Flash card. See Section
8.1.2a for more information about data files. If no card is present the NOMAD 2 will
continue to log to the internal buffer. When a Compact Flash card is inserted, the
NOMAD 2 will append the data from the buffer to the current data file. If the flash card
has been swapped with a new one, then a new data file will be started on the card,
and the buffer will be copied to it. Depending on how much data the Nomad2 is
configured to collect, the internal buffer can hold between one and several days worth
of data.
The NOMAD 2 provides many ways to transfer the data files from the logger to your PC:
28
You can transfer the data by pulling the Compact Flash card from the logger
and putting it in a Compact Flash card reader connected to your PC. You can
then copy the data files to your PC using Windows Explorer or another file
management utility. You can also directly import the files to your NOMAD 2
database from the Compact Flash card using Nomad Desktop. See Nomad
Desktop Help for information on using the Import Data into Database
button.
Your NOMAD 2 can email your data files to you daily if you have a modem
installed and configured in the NOMAD 2. See the Modem Application Note for
the modem that was shipped with your NOMAD 2 for information on
configuring the NOMAD 2 to send daily emails. Once you have received data
files as email attachments you can copy the files into a folder on your PC and
then import them into your database using Nomad Desktop.
You can call your NOMAD 2 and download data files from it if you have a
modem installed and configured in the NOMAD 2. See the Modem Application
Note for the modem that was shipped with your NOMAD 2 for information on
configuring the NOMAD 2 to answer incoming calls. You can use the Connect
to Nomad2 by Dial-Up Modem button in Nomad Desktop to call your NOMAD
2. Refer to Nomad Desktop Help for information on configuring Nomad
Desktop to call your NOMAD 2. Once you have made a connection to the
NOMAD 2, you can use the Download Files From Nomad2 button in Nomad
Desktop to transfer files from the NOMAD 2 to the PC.
If you are at your NOMAD 2, you can directly connect your computer to the
NOMAD 2 serial port (the Local Port). Using the Connect to Nomad 2 Directly
by Serial Cable button in Nomad Desktop to open a connection between
your PC and the NOMAD 2. Refer to Nomad Desktop Help for information on
configuring Nomad Desktop to call your NOMAD 2. Once you have made a
connection to the NOMAD 2, you can use the Download Files From Nomad2
button in Nomad Desktop to transfer files from the NOMAD 2 to the PC.
Front Panel Operator Interface

The NOMAD 2 front panel operator interface consists of a 4 x 20 character display and
seven buttons or keys.
959
4
2
1234567
89

1
3649
Key symbols and names are used throughout this document to refer to the pictured
keys. The seven keys and their functions are:
Key Name Symbol
Key Function
Up
Scroll up
Down
Scroll down
Left
Previous input
Right
Next input
Select
Select item indicated by (select cursor) to see more detail.
Escape
De-select, see less detail
Change
Makes selected item changeable, cursor becomes (change cursor).
The front panel operator interface displays NOMAD 2 operational status and
configuration details. The structure of this information is depicted in simplified form
in Section 1.2.1, and in detail in the NOMAD 2 Display Navigation diagram on the next
page.
A few preliminary notes:
1. If there is no space to the left side of a line of text, then it cannot be selected by a
cursor.
2. As shown in the NOMAD 2 Display Navigation diagram, the displays are organized
in levels. If a particular line is selected, a new display appears at the next level
down. For clarity, levels are shown here in different colors, red, green, blue, and
orange.
3. Rows that are off-display until scrolled to using and are colored light gray.
29
6.1 NOMAD 2 Display Navigation

Wakeup
Displa y
Second Wind Nomad2

14:54:31 23Apr2004
Logging to 32M Card
87% (513 days) left
Input
Q uickView
Display
Ma in
Menu
Input QuickView
Inputs & D ata
Nomad2 Operation
Main Menu
14:54:57
Input QuickView
Inputs & Data
Nomad2 Operation
C1
A1
C2
A2
:
:
:
:
12.7
234
11.8
185
mph
(SSW)
mph
(S)
C1
A1
C2
A2
:
7.8 Hz
: 2.013 V
:
5.6 Hz
: 1.284 V
C1 : 12.3 mph
Station: 150', WSW
Type: Anemometer
Data Tracks:
4
Type
Data
Tra cks
Tracks
C1 Configuration: 1
Type: Anemometer
Name: Maximum #40
Units: mph
Slope: 1.711 mph/Hz
Offset: 0.78 mph
Hi/Lo Threshold: 0V
Low Pass Filter:On
Height: 150'
Azimuth: 250(WSW)
Serial #: H100532C
C1 Tracks (of 4): 1
1:Average,
10min
2:StdDev,
10min
3:Maximum,
Daily
4:TimeOfMax, Daily
Nomad2
O peration
Me nu
Operation Setup: 1
ID & Code Versions
Time & Date
Location
Height Units
Remote Access
Display
C2/A2/C3/A3...
C7/A7/C8/A8
C9 :
C10:
C11:
C12:
C2/A2/C3/A3...
C7/A7/C8/A8
C9 :
C10:
C11:
C12:
A1: 273 (W)

Station: 150', SE
Type: Wind Vane
Data Tracks: 2
Type
8.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
Inner Temp:
82
Battery 1 : 9.0
Battery 2 : 8.9
12V Power : 12.7
Inputs & Dat a

Dis play
C2, A2, C3...

C12, I1, I2, I3
I4: 12.7 V
Name: 12V Power
Type: DC Voltage
Data Tracks: 5
C2, A2, C3...

C12, I1, I2, I3
I4 Configuration:
Type: DC Voltage
Name: 12V Power
Units: V
Type
Tracks
Input
Configura tion
A1 Tracks (of 2):

1:Average,
10min
2:StdDev,
10min
I4 Tracks (of 5): 1

1:Average,
1hour
2:Maximum,
Daily
3:TimeOfMax, Daily
4:Minimum,
Daily
5:TimeOfMin, Daily
ID
ID & Code Versions

Serial Number: 00567
App. Version:
3.02
Boot Version:
2.02
Time
Units
R emote
D isplay
14:54:31 23Apr2004 1
Time Zone:GMT-05:00
Daylight Saving: US
Adjust:
+00:00:00
Edit GMT
F
V
V
V
Signa l
QuickView
Displa y
Hz
Hz
Hz
Hz
Tracks
A1 Configuration:
Type: Wind Vane
Name: NRG 200P
Units:
360: 2.5
Deadband: 45(NE)
Range: 0 to 2.5V
Height: 150'
Azimuth: 135(SE)
Serial #: 01225
Location
30
15.0 mph
(Unconfigured)
(Unconfigured)
(Unconfigured)
Edit GMT
Edit GMT:
19:54:36 23Apr2004
Site:Big Piney 4
Lat:
37 43.174'N
Long: 121 25.829'W
Elevation: 236 ft
Nomad Elevation and
Station Height
Units: feet
State:Idle,85% RSS
Type:SWI CDMA
On@ 10:00-14:30
On@ 22:00-02:00
Send test e-mail
Display Settings:
Type: LCD Ocular 1
Stays on: 2 min
Contrast Adjust +0
6.2 Menus and Displays

6.2.1 Wakeup Display
Second Wind Nomad2

14:54:31 23Apr2004
Logging to 64M Card
87% (682 days) left
This appears after the NOMAD 2 front panel is activated, or wakes up, which
happens after pressing or any of the keys for the first time in a while. The Wakeup
Display can also be invoked by pressing while at the next Main Menu display.
Pressing from the Wakeup Display immediately turns off the front panel display.
The second line of the Wakeup Display shows the local date and time in 24-hour
format.
The third line shows NOMAD 2s operational state. Logging to 64M Card, in the
example above, indicates that the NOMAD 2 is recording data normally, and that the
inserted Compact Flash card has been formatted to hold up to 64 megabytes. The
fourth line shows that the card is 87% unused, and can be recorded to with the
current configuration for another 682 days.
If the card were removed, the third line would normally read Logging to Buffer or
Not Logging if the buffer is full. In this case the percentage remaining and time left
(in hours) in the NOMAD 2s data buffer would be displayed on the fourth line.
6.2.2 Main Menu

Main Menu
13:54:06
Input QuickView
Inputs & Data
Nomad2 Operation
The Main Menu appears after pressing from the Wakeup Display. The local time is
shown at the top right.
Selecting Input QuickView invokes a sequence of displays of the current values of all
NOMAD 2 inputs, four at a time. Selecting Inputs & Data leads to more comprehensive
displays of inputs, including their types, configurations, and the data being collected.
Selecting Nomad2 Operation leads to other menus for displaying and changing the
NOMAD 2s operation beyond the characteristics of each input.
With the Main Menu and all other displays, the select cursor, (), is moved up and
down using the and keys. An item indicated with is selected by pressing .
Pressing from the Main Menu returns to the Wakeup Display.
31
6.2.3 QuickView
6.2.3.a Input QuickView
C1
A1
C2
A2
:
:
:
:
12.7
234
11.8
185
mph
(SSW)
mph
(S)
QuickView allows all 24 physical inputs to be displayed in 6 key presses. Starting with
the first pair of input terminal blocks, the present readings of sets of four inputs are
displayed in their wiring order. C1 is the first of twelve counter inputs; A1 is the first of
eight analog inputs.
Pressing from the example above would go to a display of inputs C3, A3, C4, and A4.
Pressing instead, would wrap around to the internal inputs:
Inner Temp:
82
Battery 1 : 9.0
Battery 2 : 8.9
12V Power : 12.7
F
V
V
V
Pressing from this display moves to the inputs from the last terminal block, C9 to C12.
Pressing again would display C7, A7, C8, and A8, then C5, A5, C6, and A6, etc.
6.2.3.b Signal QuickView
C1
A1
C2
A2
:
7.8 Hz
: 2.013 V
:
5.6 Hz
: 1.284 V
Pressing or from an Input QuickView display alternates with a corresponding

QuickView of unscaled signals at the input terminals. This feature allows the operator to
compare NOMAD 2 measurements with a portable multi-meter as part of sensor, wiring,
and NOMAD 2 diagnostics. The NOMAD 2 keeps 2.5 Volt excitation and 12 Volt switched
transducer power on continuously while the display is active. Thus, Signal QuickView
allows you to view all inputs even if they are ordinarily on only momentarily. The four
internal inputs have no Signal QuickView display. Pressing from Input or Signal
QuickView returns to the Main Menu.
6.2.4 Inputs and Data

C1 : 12.3 mph
Station: 150, WSW
Type: Anemometer
Data Tracks:
4
This is an example of the display that appears if Inputs & Data is selected from the Main
Menu. Each row is associated with the input designated on the top left of the display, in
this case C1.
32
The first row shows the present value of the input, updated every second, with units
(if any).
The second row displays the Station of the signal source if the input device Type is an
anemometer, wind vane, thermistor or temperature transducer. The Station is the
position of the device expressed as its height from the base of the meteorological
tower and the azimuth (compass angle) of its mounting boom from the tower. If the
input is not one of these position-sensitive Types, the second row simply displays the
configured input Name. The Name is often the model of sensor or transducer. For
example Setra 276SW is a particular model of barometer. The Name can also be an
additional description of the input. See Sections 8.5.1b & 8.5.2b for more information
on Names.
The third line identifies which Type of device the particular input has been configured
as. In this example the input Type is Anemometer. See Sections 8.5.1a & 8.5.2a for
more information on Types.
Data Tracks on the fourth row of the Inputs & Data display lists the tracks configured
for the selected input. See Section 8.5.4 for more information on Tracks.
Pressing and moves to the next and previous inputs, respectively. The sequence
going right is C1, A1, C2 . C11, C12, Inner Temperature, Battery 1, Battery 2, 12V
Power, and back to C1. Pressing returns to the Main Menu.
Type and Data Tracks can be selected for more details if desired. The is moved
between them using and . For more information, consult Nomad Desktop Help.
6.2.4.a Input Configuration
C1 Configuration:
Type: Anemometer
Name: Maximum #40
Units: mph
Slope:+1.711mph/Hz
Offset:+0.780mph
Hi/Lo Threshold: 0V
Low Pass Filter: On
Height: 150
Azimuth: 250 (WSW)
Serial #: H100532C
Selecting Type from the Inputs & Data screen invokes the Input Configuration display.
The first row indicates the input, C1 in this example. The down-arrow at the far right
indicates that there are more lines that can be accessed by scrolling down using .
Pressing or displays the previous and next inputs configuration, respectively,
similarly to display navigation at the Inputs & Data level. Pressing at any point
returns to the Inputs & Data display at the current input.
The second row shows the configured device Type, the same as shown in the Inputs &
Data display. Here, though, Type is the top level of a hierarchy of settings, sometimes
more than can be viewed simultaneously on the display. The Type will determine
which and how many items are in the next rows.
33
In this example, the device name on the third row was chosen from a default list of
anemometer models, although it could also be changed in configuration to an arbitrary label.
The fourth row, and the next seven off screen rows, are configuration settings appropriate
for the example: an anemometer wired to a counter input. These include units, Slope and
Offset, input circuit control settings, the device Height, boom Azimuth, and Serial Number.
Other types would have different configuration items. See Section 8.5 for a description of
these configuration settings.
Moving down to the fourth row in our example by pressing again scrolls the next row
into view. The display will now look like:
Type: Anemometer
C1 Configuration:
Name: Maximum #40

Units: mph
Slope:+1.711mph/Hz
Offset:+0.780mph
Hi/Lo Threshold: 0V
Low Pass Filter: On
Height: 150
Azimuth: 250 (WSW)
Serial #: H100532C
The top row remains the same, although the scroll indicator at the end of the first line now
shows that it is possible to scroll up or down from here. Scrolling down further displays the
offset. Displaying Slope and Offset together is helpful in field checking that the scaling is correct.
Pressing two more times brings up the configurable hardware settings for this input:
Type: Anemometer
Name: Maximum #40
Units: mph
Slope:+1.711 mph/Hz
C1 Configuration:
Offset:+0.856 mph
Hi/Lo Threshold: 0V
Low Pass Filter: On
Height: 150
Azimuth: 250 (WSW)
Serial #: H100532C
Pressing three more times brings up the Station and Serial Number of the input device:
Type: Anemometer
Name: Maximum #40
Units: mph
Slope:+1.711 mph/Hz
Offset:+0.780mph
Hi/Lo Threshold: 0V
Low Pass Filter: On
C1 Configuration:
Height: 150
Azimuth: 250 (WSW)
Serial #: H100532C
Note that the up-arrow at the end of the first line shows that we are at the bottom of the
scroll.
34
6.2.4.b Data Tracks

C1 Tracks (of 4):
1:Average, 10min
2:StdDev, 10min
3:Maximum, Daily
4:TimeOfMax, Daily
Here is what the operator might see after selecting Data Tracks from the Inputs & Data
display. In this example, the NOMAD 2 was configured to collect four tracks from
Counter 1: 10 minute average and standard deviation, and daily maximum and the
time of day that the maximum event occurred. and are used to scroll through the
track list for this input. Pressing at any point returns to the Inputs & Data display at
the current input. For more information about tracks, see Section 8.5.4.
6.2.5 NOMAD 2 Operation

Operation Setup:
ID & Code Versions
Time & Date
Location
Height Units
Remote Access
Display
Selecting Nomad2 Operation from the Main Menu brings up the Operation Setup display.
Pressing and moves and scrolls, pressing goes back to the Main Menu.
6.2.5.a ID & Code Versions
ID & Code Versions
Serial Number: 00567
App. Version:
3.02
Boot Version:
2.02
ID & Code Version displays the serial number of the NOMAD 2 and the versions of
firmware (software stored in nonvolatile program memory) currently installed.
The unit Serial Number should match the ID labels on the underside of the NOMAD 2
divider and on the Compact Flash socket on the main circuit board.
App. Version identifies the version of application firmware. This is the software that
the NOMAD 2 normally executes. A field upgrade usually changes the version to a
higher number.
Boot Version identifies the version of boot code. This firmware only runs during
special circumstances, such as when the NOMAD 2 is powered up, or while the
application firmware is in the process of being changed. The boot code is also fieldupgradeable to newer versions.
35
6.2.5.b Time and Date

14:54:31 23Apr2004
Time Zone:GMT-05:00
Daylight Saving: US
Adjust:
+00:00:00
Edit GMT
The Time and Date display provides the means to both examine and modify the NOMAD 2s
time, date, and local time settings. See Section 8.3 for more details about NOMAD 2
timekeeping.
The local time (if the GMT offset and daylight savings have been configured) and date are
displayed on the first line of the Time & Date display.
The second line shows the Time Zone, expressed as the time offset from Greenwich Mean
Time (GMT). This time offset is usually in whole hours, but there are regions where half-hour
or other fractional hour offsets are maintained. To adjust the offset from the front panel,
position the cursor on this line and press q. The cursor will change to the change cursor
() and a blinking block will appear over the hour position. Use and to change the offset
to match your map zone. (See map, Section 8.3.5.) The settable range is from +12:00 to
12:00. If your zone is not an integer hour offset from GMT, press to move the blinking
block over to the minutes position and adjust it with and as needed. Press to accept
the changes or to discard them.
The third line displays whether Daylight Savings Time (DST) is used, and if so, which rules
are used to determine its beginning and ending, European (EU) or US. To change the setting
from the front panel, position the cursor on this line and press q. The cursor will change
to the change cursor () and a blinking block will appear over the DST setting. Use and
to change the setting to No, US, or EU. Press to accept the changes or to discard them.
Time Zone and Daylight Savings settings do not affect the NOMAD 2s real time clock, which
operates in GMT. The settings only affect local time display on the NOMAD 2, and in Nomad
Desktop. For more information, see Section 8.4.3, and consult Nomad Desktop Help.
The bottom Adjust row changes the real (and local) time by up to ten minutes. This is a
handy way to compensate for minor drift in NOMAD 2s time keeping that can become
evident over weeks or months. To adjust the time, position the cursor on this line and press
q. The cursor will change to the change cursor () and a blinking block will appear over the
minutes position. Use and to adjust minutes, then press to move over to seconds.
When you are satisfied with the adjustment, press . The displayed time should change to
match your adjustment almost immediately.
Tip:
Adjusting the time may interrupt data processing and can even reboot the
NOMAD 2. If this occurs, wait for the reboot to check if the time is corrected. If not,
try adjusting again.
Pressing when the cursor is on the Adjust row moves down to the next line, revealing the
Edit GMT line as shown:
Time Zone:GMT-05:00
114:54:31 23Apr2004
Daylight Saving: US
Adjust:
+00:00:00
Edit GMT
36
Pressing at this point brings up the Edit GMT display:

Edit GMT:
19:54:36 23Apr2004
This display shows NOMAD 2s real-time clock, unaffected by GMT offset or Daylight Savings
Time settings. The real-time clock is supposed to be set to Greenwich Mean Time. If it is close
but off by a few minutes, use the Time adjust facility previously described. If the time is off
by a lot, either because it was mis-set before or the units real-time clock battery was
replaced, use this display to set it correctly. Press q, changing the cursor to the change
cursor (). Use , , , and to increment or decrement the time and date settings as
necessary. When done, press . A warning will appear:
WARNING: Changing
the GMT setting may
invalidate your
data! Continue?
Pressing will return to the Edit GMT display. Pressing again instead will change the
real-time clock to your new setting, and then NOMAD 2 will restart.
6.2.5.c Location
Site:Big Piney 4
Lat:
37 43.174N
Long: 121 25.829W
Altitude: 236 ft
Selecting Location from Operation Setup brings us here. Pressing and moves and scrolls,
pressing goes back to the Main Menu.
The Site name is any alphanumeric string of 14 characters or less.
Latitude and Longitude are in GPS-standard degrees-decimal minutes format. Altitude is in
either meters (m) or feet (ft) depending on the Height Units setup.
6.2.5.d Height Units
Nomad2 Elevation and
Station Height
Units: feet
This Units setting only determines whether the NOMAD 2 interprets location altitude and
station height data as meters or feet. For more information on Units configuration, see Sections 8.5.1c & 8.5.2c.
37
6.2.5.e Remote Access

State:Idle,85% RSS
Type:SWI CDMA
On@ 10:00-14:30
On@ 22:00-02:00
Reinitialize modem
Send test e-mail
The Remote Access display indicates high level information about remote access gear,
typically a modem or cellular modem, if it is installed and configured.
The modem operational State will be displayed on the first line, with messages such as: Off,
Idle, Connecting, Connected, Not Ready, etc.
In the case of Second Wind-supplied cellular modem options, a Received Signal Strength (RSS)
number, expressed as a percentage of full scale, will accompany the indication of the idle
state. RSS is useful for optimizing antenna positioning, and determining whether or not
reception is likely. After the first RSS indication appears, which may take nearly a minute, it
is typically updated every 5 seconds.
The second line identifies the Type of modem that NOMAD 2 is configured for. This should
match the actual installed modem type; if not, operational problems may occur.
On@ (short for On at) indicates the two configurable periods during which the NOMAD 2
will turn on modem power in anticipation of incoming calls. The NOMAD 2 automatically
turns on modem power to call out. Off all the time would be 00:00-00:00, on all the time
would be 00:00-23:59. The two intervals are independent of each other.
Scrolling down by pressing reveals Reinitialize modem. Pressing when the cursor is on
this line turns the power off to the modem if it was on, then restarts it the same way it would
normally turn on according to the On@ settings. Use this feature if you have just installed or
exchanged a modem and want to use it right away.
If you configured the e-mail option using Nomad Desktop, pressing brings up Send Test EMail to the last row. Pressing when the cursor is next to Send Test E-Mail will immediately
send a short e-mail message for diagnostic purposes. Progress of the procedure will be
displayed as it occurs, resulting in e-mail sent OK or an error message. The result message
will remain on the fourth line of this display until is pressed again. See the application
memo for the installed modem option for more information.
6.2.5.f Display
Display Settings:
Type:LCD Ocular
Stays on: 2 min
Contrast Adjust +0
The front panel display settings display lists the type of display installed, in this example the
LCD Ocular version.
After two minutes of inactivity at the front panel, the default setting will turn off the NOMAD
2 display. The amount of time the display remains on for can be adjusted by moving the
cursor down to the third line of the display and pressing q. The cursor will change to the
38
change cursor () and a blinking block will appear. Use and to change the amount of
time the display will remain on, either 1 minute, 2 minutes, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, or always.
Note that the option to leave the display on always can only be selected if there is a 12 Volt
power supply connected to the NOMAD 2. When done, press to save the change or to
cancel. The setting chosen will remain in effect until the data logger is rebooted, changing
back to the default 2 minutes.
The contrast of the front panel display can be adjusted from 15 to +15. Move the cursor
down to the Contrast Adjust line and press q. Use and to change the contrast setting.
Press to save the change or to cancel.
6.2.6 Boot and Upgrade Displays

6.2.6.a Boot Display
N2 Boot Loader 2.03
Memory Test OK
CF Card 32M OK
N2 Firmware 3.03
Starting N2-00290...
The boot display will be accompanied by flashing of the LED status light. The light will blink
once every time the boot loader performs an activity. When the logger starts, the display will
go off, the LED will go off for a few seconds, then stay on steady for a few seconds, blink fast
three times, and then resume the standard heartbeat.
The NOMAD 2 may automatically reboot so that it may continue logging data if there is a
problem. To reboot the NOMAD 2 manually, all possible sources of power need to be removed
from the data logger:
Remove both 9 Volt batteries

Disconnect the 12 Volt external power
Pull the fuse on the solar charge regulator if one is installed
Disconnect the serial cable from the local port on the front panel
Make sure no externally powered device is connected to an analog input
When the NOMAD 2 is rebooted, the information in the buffer is lost. If you have a Compact
Flash card installed, then only the most recent data that has been collected but not yet written to the card will be lost. For example, if you are collecting a ten-minute data track and an
hourly data track, you will lose the data from the time the last ten-minute data was recorded
until the power is reconnected, and the data from the time the last hourly data was recorded
until the power is reconnected. The next ten-minute and hourly tracks will only include the
information collected since the power was reconnected. A track will only be recorded if at
least half of the data used to calculate the value has been collected. All configuration settings
and recorded data will be saved.
39
6.2.6.b Upgrade Display

N2 Boot Loader 2.02
Memory Test OK
CF Card 32M OK
Reading N2BOOTLDR.NEW
Loading Bootloader
N2 Boot Loader 2.03
Memory Test OK
CF Card 32M OK
Reading N2FIRMWR.NEW
Loading New Firmware
Starting N2-00290...
The above two displays show a field upgrade of new boot loader and new firmware files.
The LED will blink rapidly for a minute or more while the logger reads the boot loader file.
Then the display will go off, and the LED will go off for several seconds, then stay steady for
a few seconds.
The LED will again blink rapidly while reading the firmware file, then go off for several
seconds, stay steady for several seconds, blink rapidly a few times, and then resume the
normal heartbeat.
40
Nomad Desktop
Nomad Desktop is an integrated suite of software tools for working with NOMAD 2
data loggers. With your PC and Nomad Desktop you can:
Configure NOMAD 2 data loggers to collect the data you want
Tell the NOMAD 2 where it is, what time it is, and what sensors are hooked up to it
Communicate with the NOMAD 2 with a direct serial connection
Dial up remote NOMAD 2 loggers that have modems installed
Connect via the Internet to NOMAD 2 loggers with advanced cellular modems
Display real time NOMAD 2 data
Transfer files from remote NOMAD 2 loggers
Store NOMAD 2 data in an advanced database
Process NOMAD 2 data and generate a variety of plots and reports
Export NOMAD 2 data in formats compatible with other analysis programs
For more information on Nomad Desktop, please see Nomad Desktop Help.
41
NOMAD 2 Reference
8.1 Compact Flash File System

The Nomad 2 manages inserted Compact Flash cards like modern digital cameras do.
It creates and reads files and directories on the card in ways that maintain
compatibility with Windows computers. A Compact Flash card can be moved back
and forth between NOMAD 2s and computers (and even cameras) without the need for
reformatting or special translation software.
Like most cameras, the NOMAD 2 uses short file and directory names on the cards.
When transferring files by e-mail or modem, the NOMAD 2 changes them to long
names as appropriate for easier file management on the computer side.
Here is an example that will illustrate how the NOMAD 2 file system works: NOMAD 2
serial number #00438 has been logging data to the same Compact Flash card since
May 27, 2004. You visit the site, pull the card out and replace it with another one.
You take the extracted card back to the office and insert it in a Compact Flash card
reader on your computer, which assigns the card a drive letter, E for example. You
examine the E drive with Windows Explorer, and see the following. (The
backwards slash indicates a folder name, in accordance with Windows conventions.
Folders are in bold.)
OLDCFG.000
OLDCFG.001
N2COMCFG.000
N2FIRMWR.000
N2-00438.LOG
N2TIME.000
EFILES.LST
DSCN0412.JPG
DSCN0413.JPG
N2-00438\
2004-05\
27-024387.NDF
28-000001.NDF
29-000001.NDF
29-025933.NDF
30-000001.NDF
31-000001.NDF
2004-06\
01-000001.NDF
02-000001.NDF
03-000001.NDF
04-000001.NDF
Tip:
42
NOMAD 2 file and folder names are not case-sensitive.

For example, N2ComCfg.new is treated the same as N2COMCFG.NEW.
8.1.1 Folders
8.1.1.a Logged Data Folder (N2-00438\)

This is the main folder on the Compact Flash card where NOMAD 2 serial number
00438 writes all its logged data. If the directory already exists on the card, the NOMAD
2 uses it. If not, the NOMAD 2 creates it.
8.1.1.b Monthly Folders (2004-05\, 2004-6\)
The NOMAD 2 writes data files to monthly subdirectories. 2004-05\ has the data files
for the month of May 2004, 2004-06\ has the data from June 2004. If the directory
already exists on the card, the NOMAD 2 uses it. If not, the NOMAD 2 creates it. NOMAD 2
uses yyyy-mm format instead of mmm-yyyy (e.g. May-2004) to facilitate alphanumeric sorting on the Compact Flash card and on the PC.
8.1.2 Files
8.1.2.a Data Files (27-024387.NDF, 28-000001.NDF 29-000001.NDF)

These files have the extension NDF for Nomad Data File. We also call these files
dayfiles because they contain all the data for the day of the month in their names.
Each data file also contains complete Site & Input configuration information,
including any changes made during that day.
The first two digits in the file name are the day of the month. The last six are the
number of seconds after midnight GMT that the file was first created (opened) by the
NOMAD 2. Since under many circumstances the new file is opened right after the new
day starts, suffixes of 000001 or 000002 are common.
There is usually only one data file per card for each day unless the Compact Flash
card has been removed and reinserted, or NOMAD 2 operation has been interrupted by
a restart or reprogramming.
The card in our example was probably a replacement for a previous card, the last
data file of which was called 27-000001.NDF. The first data file in our example card
was created right after its insertion, 24387 seconds or about 6 hours after midnight
GMT. The 27-000001.NDF file on the first card would have the first six hours of data
for May 27, 2004 on it. The 27-024387.NDF on the example card would have the last
18 hours of data. The NOMAD 2 stores data in the buffer (see Section 8.2.2) until a new
card is inserted, and then it will write a new data file at beginning of the next hour.
For this reason, data files will have a whole number of hours of data. No data is lost
in card changes even if the card is not replaced for more than an hour, as the buffer is
usually good for several hours of data logging. (The actual amount of buffer
remaining is shown in the Wakeup display when no card is present.)
8.1.2.b System Log (N2-00438.LOG)
This file is created and written to by the NOMAD 2 to keep a chronological listing and
detailing of operational events (such as opening new files) or any encountered operational problems (e.g. a restart, or an inability to send e-mail due to cellular service
unavailability). The system log is an ASCII text file, readable with Notepad or any
other computer editor or word processing program. An examination of the log by the
operator or Second Wind Inc. support staff is often key to diagnosing problems and
optimizing NOMAD 2 performance.
43
8.1.2.c Site & Input Configuration Files (oldcfg.000, oldcfg.001)

These are NOMAD 2 Site & Input Configuration files that were each originally named
N2Config.new. They were renamed by the NOMAD 2 after having been uploaded, read,
and either accepted or rejected. Accepted means that the NOMAD 2 validated the file
and then reconfigured itself according to the configuration file contents. Rejected files
have no effect on NOMAD 2 operation.
The NOMAD 2 checks twice a minute or so after any card activity to see if N2Config.new
has appeared in its root directory. The file could appear when a new card is inserted,
or it could be uploaded from Nomad Desktop via Direct Connect or a remote
connection.
Expect to encounter oldcfg files after making even minor changes to the NOMAD 2
configuration, for example assigning station heights and azimuths to anemometers
and vanes, or changing scaling of an input.
8.1.2.d Communication Configuration Files (n2comcfg.000)
The NOMAD 2 uses N2ComCfg.new files to reconfigure its remote communications
parameters. The NOMAD 2 renames the uploaded and accepted file n2comcfg.000, or
001, 002, etc. depending on whats already on the card. Consult Nomad Desktop Help
for more information about configuration files.
8.1.2.e Firmware Upgrade Files (n2firmwr.000)
The NOMAD 2 reads n2firmwr.new from the root directory to completely reprogram
itself with new firmware. The NOMAD 2 renames the file n2firmwr.000 after reading
and accepting it. This mechanism is most often used to field-upgrade to a new version
of firmware.
8.1.2.f Time Adjustment Files (n2time.000)
The NOMAD 2 reads n2time.new from the root directory to adjust its real time clock. The
NOMAD 2 renames the file n2time.000 after reading and accepting it. n2time.new files
are created using Nomad Desktop; see Nomad Desktop help for more information on
creating these files.
8.1.2.g E-Mail List (Efiles.lst)
This is a file created and used by the NOMAD 2 to hold the names of data files that will
be sent to data file recipients at the next email attempt. Every time a new data file is
completed (at midnight GMT), it is added to the list. Every data file that is emailed
successfully is removed from the list. If the email was unsuccessful, the NOMAD 2 will
retry sending the data files on this list the next day. Efiles.lst will hold up to ten data
file names.
8.1.2.h Incidental Files (DSCN0412.JPG, DSCN0413.JPG)
These are two files that may have been written to the Compact Flash card if the card
had been previously used in a digital camera. (The jpg extension indicates that these
files are image files, not data files.) NOMAD 2 files and directories coexist with
whatever files and directories are already on the card. Files unrelated to the NOMAD 2
do not cause any problems, but will occupy space on the card. The Wakeup display
shows the size of the Compact Flash card in megabytes, the free space available, and
the number of days remaining before the card is full based on the current
configuration. These numbers are correctly reported according to the formatting and
contents of the card, including any incidental files and directories.
44
8.2 Data Storage

8.2.1 Compact Flash Card
Second Wind Inc. provides industrial grade, extended temperature range, Compact
Flash cards for use with the NOMAD 2. These Flash cards have an operating
temperature range of 40 to +85 C. Industrial grade Compact Flash cards in sizes up
to 256 MB can be used with the NOMAD 2, providing the capability to hold several
years worth of data collected by the NOMAD 2.
Second Wind Inc. sells optional Compact Flash card readers that plug into your PCs
USB Port. PCMCIA adaptors are also available from SecondWind Inc. that hold a
compact flash card and plug into a PCMCIA card slot on laptop computers.
8.2.2Data Buffer
The NOMAD 2 reserves some internal memory (buffer) for data storage. The buffer will
serve as the NOMAD 2s primary data storage in the temporary absence of a Compact
Flash card, or if the installed card becomes full. The amount of time it will take for the
buffer to fill is dependent on the complexity of the configuration. Data is stored with no
file structure in the buffer, the file structure is created by the NOMAD 2 when the data is
transferred to the Compact Flash card. When files are transferred to and from the
NOMAD 2, either via direct connection or remote connection, these files are copied to and
from the Compact Flash card, not the buffer.
45
8.3 Time Keeping

8.3.1 Real-Time Clock Battery
The NOMAD 2 has a Real-Time Clock (RTC) that operates even when there is no 9 Volt
or 12 Volt power. Under such circumstances the clock runs on a standard (IECCR2032) Lithium coin battery mounted in an operator-accessible socket on the main
board. Because the RTC uses little power and takes it from the 9 and 12 Volt batteries
when available, the coin battery life expectancy is nearly the same as its storage
lifetime, about 10 years.
8.3.2 GMT and Local Time

The NOMAD 2 has a built-in, battery backed up real time clock. The real time clock is
set at the factory to GMT (Greenwich Mean Time), also known as Universal Time.
The NOMAD 2 will display the Local Time where the logger is installed if the GMT
Offset and Daylight Savings configuration items are set in the Site and Input
Configuration or from the Front Panel Operator Interface. See Nomad Desktop Help
for instructions on creating a configuration with GMT Offset and Daylight Savings
settings from Nomad Desktop.
GMT Offset is the difference between Local Time and GMT time, ignoring Daylight
Savings effects. If your NOMAD 2 is west of the Greenwich meridian, enter a negative
GMT Offset. For locations east of the Greenwich meridian enter a positive GMT offset.
For example, if you were in the Eastern Standard Time (EST) zone of the United
States, you would enter -05:00 to get the correct GMT offset. See the Time Zone Map
to determine GMT Offsets for your logger locations.
The Daylight Savings selection indicates whether Daylight Savings Time (DST) is to
be used for NOMAD 2 Local Time displays, and if so, which rules are used to determine
its beginning and ending. The Daylight Savings (DST) setting has three options:
Off: no DST rules in effect.
US Daylight Saving: DST rules for most of the US and North America. US
Daylight Savings begins on the first Sunday in April at 02:00 local time and
ends on the last Sunday in October, 02:00 local time.
EU Daylight Saving: DST rules for most of Europe. EU Daylight Savings begins
on the last Sunday in March at 01:00 GMT and ends on the last Sunday in
October 01:00 GMT.
The NOMAD 2 display, and all NOMAD 2 configuration items that depend on time, such
as modem on and off times and time to send email, will use Local Time. If GMT Offset
is set to 00:00, and Daylight Savings time is set to OFF, then all times will be in GMT.
So if you want your NOMAD 2 to send you an email every night at 3:00 AM, make sure
to configure GMT Offset and DST, or NOMAD 2 will send your email at 3:00 AM GMT.
Note that all graphs and reports generated by Nomad Desktop will report time in
Local Time. See Nomad Desktop Help for more information on graphing and reports.
46
8.3.3 Time Stamps

NOMAD 2 data is collected and stored using GMT. The timestamps for each data point
are in GMT, recorded as the number of seconds since midnight GMT. The timestamp
is recorded at the end of the time interval configured for the data track. Nomad
Desktop converts from GMT to Local Time for graphing and reporting. Therefore the
Local Time settings can be changed at any time without losing any data. Nomad
Desktop will use the most recent settings for DST and GMT Offset when converting to
Local Time.
8.3.4 Time Adjustment

NOMAD 2 Time is based on the battery backed up real time clock. It is possible that the
real time clock could drift a minute or two a month depending on the temperature
extremes that the NOMAD 2 is subjected to. You can adjust the time as needed from the
front panel. Nomad Desktop also provides the ability to send Time Adjustment files to
the NOMAD 2 (N2time.new). When the NOMAD 2 sees a Time Adjustment file in its root
directory it will adjust the real time clock by the amount given in the file. Real time
clock adjustments are limited to +/-10 minutes. See Nomad Desktop Help for more
information on creating Time Adjustment files and transferring them to your NOMAD 2.
47
8.3.5 Time Zone Map
Map courtesy of the General Libraries, the University of Texas at Austin.

48
8.4 Site Configuration

All NOMAD 2 data are automatically associated with the NOMAD 2s site configuration.
This is a collection of information identifying and locating the NOMAD 2 and/or its
meteorological tower. NOMAD 2 data is also automatically linked with the main NOMAD
2 circuit boards own serial number. This information will not be lost even if there are
configuration errors or omissions. However, the more accurate the configuration
information is, the easier it will be to interpret and use the data correctly.
8.4.1 Location
8.4.1.a Site Name (Site)
The Site Name is any alphanumeric string of 14 characters or less. For regional
assessment programs, the general location makes for a good name: Cheyenne, Big
Piney, etc. Finer-scale micro studies are usually more specifically named, for
example: Alton Ranch 12 or Cabazon NNW.
8.4.1.b Latitude (Lat)
The Latitude of the NOMAD 2 is expressed in standard degrees/minutes/hemisphere
format. For example: 4127.811N. Note that the minutes are in modern decimal
minutes format, not minutes/seconds/decimal seconds.
8.4.1.c Longitude (Long)
The Longitude of the NOMAD 2 is expressed in standard degrees/minutes/hemisphere
format. For example: 7048.941W. Note that the minutes are in modern decimal
minutes format, not minutes/seconds/decimal seconds.
8.4.1.d Altitude
The Altitude of the NOMAD 2 is usually an integer height, such as 64 or 12,515, but the
number can be fixed point (e.g. 64.7). The number is interpreted as meters or feet
depending on the Height Units selection.
8.4.2 Height Units

Units identify how the NOMAD 2 and Nomad Desktop will interpret height numbers,
either meters or feet. This affects elevation, another site configuration item, and
station height, which pertain to wind speed, wind direction, and temperature sensors.
8.4.3 Time & Date

8.4.3.a Local Time (Time)
Local Time is the current time for the location where the NOMAD 2 is installed. Local
Time is the Greenwich Mean Time modified by GMT Offset and Daylight Savings
Time. See Time Keeping (Section 8.3) for more information on GMT Offset and DST.
See Section 6.1.5.b for how to set these from the front panel. See Nomad Desktop Help
for information on configuring GMT Offset and DST from Nomad Desktop.
49
8.4.3.b Time Zone

Time Zone indicates the offset between NOMAD 2S local time and Greenwich Mean
Time (GMT). If the NOMAD 2 is west of the Greenwich meridian, the offset is negative.
For example, a NOMAD 2 is in the Eastern Standard Time (EST) zone of the United
States, the Time Zone setting would be -05:00. The Daylight Saving option selected
does not affect the GMT Offset.
The NOMAD 2 time-stamps data in GMT, which is unaffected by local time settings.
8.4.3.c Daylight Saving
The Daylight Saving selection indicates whether Daylight Savings Time (DST) is to be
used for NOMAD 2 local time, and if so, which rules are used to determine its beginning
and ending. The NOMAD 2 currently has three settings:
1. Off: no DST
2. US: Daylight Saving Time rules for most of the US and North America. US
Daylight Savings begins on the first Sunday in April at 02:00 local time and
ends on the last Sunday in October, 02:00 local time.
3. EU: Daylight Saving Time rules for most of Europe. EU Daylight Savings
begins on the last Sunday in March at 01:00 GMT and ends on the last Sunday
in October, 01:00 GMT.
The NOMAD 2 time-stamps data in GMT, which is unaffected by local time settings.
50
8.5 Input Configuration

8.5.1 Counter Inputs
8.5.1.a Type
The configuration of a Counter input starts at its Type. The Type selection determines
the possible measurement units, how the input signals are to be processed, what
control over the input circuits is possible, and what kind of math functions can be
applied to the data.
Counter Types are:
1. Anemometers that produce pulses or sine waves with frequencies
proportional to wind speed.
2. Totalizers that produce pulses that represent the accumulation of some fixed
quantity. Totalizers include rain gauges that produce one pulse per unit of
rainfall, and pulse-initiating meters that produce one pulse per some
quantity of kilowatt-hours or kVAR-hours.
3. State Signals that have two values: high/low, on/off, etc. State signals can
originated from relay closures, output modules of programmable controllers,
or even simple switches.
4. Other devices can be any type of signal with frequency proportional to the
measured quantity, for example the pulse output of a tachometer.
The Type selection also influences the operation of certain graphs and reports in
Nomad Desktop. For example, the Wind Rose and Power Curve graphs require wind
speed data to come from inputs configured as Type Anemometer. If Other is
selected, the track data can be configured for perfectly acceptable data acquisition,
but the tracks will not be usable in those graphs. For this reason, it is best to use Other
only when there is no other appropriate choice available.
8.5.1.b Name
The Name of a device in a configuration is basically a label for identifying the input.
During the configuration process, however, the Name can represent a collection of
default properties of a specific model or kind of signal source, already categorized
by the chosen Type. For example, selecting Type Anemometer during configuration
produces a list of anemometer models listed in the Name field. Choosing one of these
names in turn produces default settings for slope and offset (also dependent on
selected units), Hi/Lo threshold, and Low Pass Filter. All of these defaults can be
edited, including the name itself. A different collection of default properties is
associated with the Names listed for each Type.
8.5.1.c Units
The Units selection is dependent on input Type. For Type Anemometer there is a list
of four possible units: mph, m/s, kph, and kts. For inputs configured as Type
Totalizer or Other, there are default units loaded when the Name is chosen, but any
three characters can be substituted. State Type inputs dont have units.
51
8.5.1.d Slope and Offset

The NOMAD 2 uses a configurable Slope and Offset to linearly scale the frequency
measured at a counter input configured as Type Anemometer or Other into readings
in appropriate Units. The scaling relationship is:
Scaled Reading = (slope measured frequency) + offset
In this case the slope is expressed in configured units/Hz, meaning units per countsper-second. The offset is expressed in configured units.
For Anemometer inputs, default slopes and offsets are loaded during configuration
dependent on the Units selection. For example, the default slope of a Maximum #40
anemometer is 1.711 mph/Hz if units are mph, 0.765 m/s / Hz if units are m/s, and
so on. If you use slightly different scaling, or want to use the data from calibration
certificates, alter the slope and offset accordingly.
Totalizer inputs have linear scaling too, but it is assumed that there is zero offset.
8.5.1.e Sense
State Type inputs dont have slopes or offsets. The measurement of a State Input is
either a high or low level, not frequency. The NOMAD 2 and Nomad Desktop call the
scaling of the State signal the Sense, defined as On if high (greater than 3 Volts)
or On if low (less than 3 Volts.)
8.5.1.f Hi/Lo Threshold
The Hi/Lo Threshold affects the electronic operation of the counter input. Selecting
3V sets the input to detect a high signal if it is above 3 Volts with respect to signal
ground, a low signal if it is less than 3 Volts with respect to signal ground. Selecting
0V sets the input to detect a high signal if it is positive with respect to signal ground,
a low signal if it is negative with respect to signal ground.
Generally, the threshold for AC generator anemometers should be set to 0 Volts. Most
other devices with frequency-type signals have unipolar pulse outputs with near-zero
low levels and 4 Volt to greater than 12 Volt high levels. For these devices, the input
threshold should be set to 3 Volts. The NOMAD 2 automatically sets the threshold to 3
Volts for State and Totalizer type inputs.
8.5.1.g Low Pass Filter
The Low Pass Filter setting affects the electronic operation of the counter input.
When turned On the filter reduces the amplitude of the signal reaching the threshold
detection circuit, the higher the frequency the greater the reduction.
Turning the Low Pass Filter On is especially appropriate for eliminating unwanted
noise picked up by AC generator anemometer coils, as the desired wind speedproportional signal increases with frequency. Whether the filter should be on or off
for an Other Type input depends on the source signal; some experimentation may be
warranted to determine the optimum setting in your application.
The NOMAD 2 automatically turns on the Low Pass Filter for input Totalizer and State
Signal Types, which are inherently low frequency.
52
8.5.1.h Height and Azimuth

Inputs configured as type Anemometer have Height and Azimuth settings that
identify where the anemometer is located on the monitoring mast or tower. We call
the height and azimuth taken together to be the Station of the device. The Height is
relative to the NOMAD 2 altitude. Note that the height field is labeled in meters or feet,
dependent on the Height Units selection.
For example, if an anemometer connected to this input is mounted on a boom 75 feet
up the mast, its height should be set to 75 feet. If the elevation of the NOMAD 2 (and
base of the tower) is 2,896 feet, the elevation of the anemometer can be calculated as
2,971 feet.
The Azimuth is the compass bearing of the anemometer mounting with respect to the
mast. Recording this correctly is important in predicting and compensating for
tower shadow.
For example, if the boom the anemometer is on at that 75-foot height is to the southsouthwest of the mast, select an azimuth of SSW. If the anemometer is on the top of
the mast, the appropriate azimuth selection is n/a (not applicable).
8.5.2 Analog Inputs

8.5.2.a Type
The configuration of an Analog input starts at its Type. The Type selection determines
the possible measurement units, how the input signals are to be processed, what
control over the input circuits is possible, and what kind of math functions can be
applied to the data.
Types are:
1. Wind Vane, which has a resistance or DC voltage proportional to wind
direction.
2. Thermistor, a sensor available from Second Wind Inc. that has a nonlinear
resistance-to-temperature curve known to the NOMAD 2.
3. Temperature Transducer (Temp Xducer), a device that produces a voltage
or current proportional to temperature.
4. Barometer, a transducer that produces a voltage or current proportional to
barometric pressure.
5. Power Signal, a voltage or current proportional to power. The Power Signal is
used by the NOMAD 2 and Nomad Desktop for power curves and other wind
energy-specific turbine performance characterizing applications.
6. Anemometer, either a DC generator-type anemometer or a transducer that
produces a voltage or current proportional to wind speed, including ultrasonic
devices.
Other devices can be any type of signal with voltage or current proportional to the
measured quantity, for example a relative humidity transducer.
53
The Type selection also influences the operation of certain graphs and reports in
Nomad Desktop. For example, the Wind Rose and Power Curve graphs require wind
speed direction to come from inputs configured as Type Wind Vane, and density
correction requires Thermistor or Temp Xducer and Barometer inputs for temperature
and pressure variables. If Other is selected, the track data can be configured for
perfectly acceptable data acquisition, but the tracks will not be usable in those graphs.
For this reason, it is best to use Other only when there is no other appropriate choice
available.
8.5.2.b Name
The Name of a device in a configuration is basically a label for identifying the input.
During the configuration process, however, the Name can represent a collection of
default properties of a specific model or kind of signal source, already categorized
by the chosen Type. For example, selecting Type Barometer during configuration
produces a list of barometric transducer models listed in the Name field. Choosing
one of these names in turn produces default settings for slope and offset (also
dependent on selected units), and the Full Range setting. All of these defaults can be
edited, including the name itself. A different collection of default properties is
associated with the Names listed for each Type.
8.5.2.c Units
The Units selection is dependent on input Type. Some have fixed units:
Wind Vane: (degrees of compass)
Power: kW
Some have a list:
Barometer: Hg (inches mercury), mB (milliBars), hPa (hectoPascals),
kPa (kiloPascals)
Thermistor and Temp Xducer: F or C
Anemometer: mph, m/s, kph, or kts
For inputs configured as Type Other, default units are loaded when the Name is
chosen, but any three characters can be substituted.
8.5.2.d Slope and Offset
The NOMAD 2 uses a configurable Slope and Offset to linearly scale the voltage
measured at any type of analog input except Thermistor into readings in the
appropriate Units. The scaling relationship is:
Scaled Reading = (slope measured voltage) + offset
In this case the slope is expressed in configured units/Volt. The offset is expressed in
configured units.
For Barometer, Temp Xducer, and Anemometer inputs, default slopes and offsets are
loaded during configuration dependent on the Units selection. For example, the
default slope of a Setra 276SW barometer is 208.33 mB/V if units are mB, 20.833
kPa/V if units are kPa, and so on. If you use slightly different scaling, or want to use
the data from calibration certificates, alter the slope and offset accordingly.
54
8.5.2.e 360 and Deadband

Wind vanes have linear outputs, but their unusual modulo-360 interpretation has led
us to scaling their signals with different terminology than Slope and Offset.
Instead of Slope, we enter the voltage that corresponds to the full scale 360 of
compass, assuming 0 of compass is zero volts. Most wind vanes are based on
potentiometers that produce a signal no more than the 2.5 Volt excitation that Nomad2
supplies them. There are powered vanes that produce 5 Volt signals, however, and
ultrasonic types that have full 3.6 Volt signals at 360.
The deadband is a common term for a gap in the resistance element inside a
potentiometer-based wind vane. The deadband position is often indicated by a small
pointer mark on the base of the wind vane. It is common practice to orient the
deadband to the north, partly because the 0-to-360 transition of the compass matches
the 0 Volts to full-scale voltage transition that occurs at the edges of the deadband. The
problem with this arrangement is that wind direction measurement is poor around the
deadband, which can be 10 or greater gap in the potentiometer. If the wind blows
from around north much of the time, pointing the deadband north isnt a good idea.
The solution using the NOMAD 2 and Nomad Desktop is simple. Point the wind vane
deadband in an uncritical direction in wind energy terms, and make that direction the
deadband entry in the configuration for that input. The deadband entry is essentially
the offset.
8.5.2.f Full Range
The Full Range setting affects the electronic operation of the analog input. Selecting
2.5V or 5V sets the maximum measurable voltage to be 2.5 Volts or 5 Volts,
respectively with respect to signal ground. The 2.5 Volt range is a perfect match for
the 2.5 Volt excitation provided by the NOMAD 2, but many transducers powered by
12 Volts DC have 0-to-5 Volt signal outputs. If you know the input signal will never
go above 2.5 Volts, select 2.5V for greater resolution and accuracy.
8.5.2.g Height and Azimuth
Inputs configured as type Wind Vane, Thermistor, Temp Xducer, or Anemometer,
have Height and Azimuth settings that identify where the device producing the
signal is located on the monitoring mast or tower. We call the height and azimuth
taken together to be the Station of the device.
The Height should be entered relative to the Nomad2 altitude. Note that the height
field is labeled in meters or feet, dependent on the Height Units.
For example, if a wind vane is connected to this input is mounted on a boom 75 feet
up the mast, its height should be set to 75 feet. If the elevation of the NOMAD 2 (and
base of the tower) is 2,896 feet, the elevation of the wind vane can be calculated as
2,971 feet.
The Azimuth is the compass bearing of the device mounting with respect to the mast.
Recording this correctly is important in predicting and compensating for tower
shadow.
For example, if the boom the wind vane is on at that 75-foot height is to the southsouthwest of the mast, select an azimuth of SSW. If the wind vane is on the top of the
mast, the appropriate azimuth selection is n/a ( not applicable).
55
8.5.3 Internal Inputs

The NOMAD 2 has four internal inputs that are always configured. These are:
Inner Temp, the temperature of the main Nomad2 circuit board.
Battery 1 and Battery 2, the voltages of the two nominally 9 Volt batteries in
the front panel.
12V Power, the voltage of the nominally 12 Volt power supplied by the
internal 12 Volt battery its charging system, a DC supply, or anything else
connected to the red-labeled 12V+ bus on the Interface Board.
The internal input types and names are fixed and can not be changed. Inner Temp
can be configured as F or C, while the other inputs all have V (Volts) for units.
8.5.4 Tracks
Tracks are the data that the NOMAD 2 generates from the configured inputs. A track is
defined by its input, the math function applied to the input, and its recording (and
processing) interval. You can configure up to eight tracks for every input.
8.5.4.a Math Functions

What math functions are available depend on the Type of the input. Several types
have:
Average
Standard Deviation (Std Dev)
Maximum
Time of Maximum (TimeOfMax) - The time the Maximum occurred, in
seconds from the beginning of the interval
Minimum
Time of Minimum (TimeOfMin) - The time the Minimum occurred, in seconds
from the beginning of the interval
Sample A sample of the input measured at the beginning of the interval
Other Types have properties that require different math processing, and not all the
functions make sense for every type. Wind Vanes have Vector Average and Vector
Standard Deviation (although they are displayed as Average and Std Dev),
and the maximum and minimum functions are not defined or configurable. Totalizers
only use the Total function. State Signals have Average, Sample, and Cycle the
count of high/low transitions in the interval.
Tip:
56
If Switched 12V Transducer Power is used to power the source of a particular

analog input, math functions should be restricted to Sample, Maximum, and
Time of Maximum. The other functions will still work, but will give unusable
results because the analog input is invalid 59 out of 60 seconds.
8.5.4.b Track Intervals

The NOMAD 2 allows four choices of processing and recording intervals: 1 minute, 10
minutes, hourly and daily. These can be selected in any order and combination. For
example, a wind speed input could have ten minute average and standard deviation
tracks, but daily maximum and time of maximum tracks.
Remember that there are 1,440 one-minute intervals, 144 ten-minute intervals, 24
hourly intervals, and one daily interval per day. The intervals you configure will have
that much data accumulating, which may be a real consideration in cellularconnected operation.
57
8.6 Communication Configuration

NOMAD 2 remote communications are configured through Nomad Desktop. The
NOMAD 2 is always configured for a direct serial connection from a PC to the Local
Port on the NOMAD 2. If one of the modem options was purchased from Second Wind
Inc., the NOMAD 2 can be configured to allow you to dial-in to the NOMAD 2 at specified
times during the day. In addition, with the factory-installed modem, the NOMAD 2 can
be configured to connect to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) and send you an email
every day with the NOMAD 2 data file as an attachment. If you have a modem
installed, please refer to the modem application note shipped with your unit, and to
Nomad Desktop Help for assistance with configuring your NOMAD 2 for remote
communications.
8.6.1 Modem Option

Second Wind Inc. currently offers the following modem types:
GSM (900/1900 MHz for North America, 900/1800 MHz for Europe)
AMPS (analog, 800 MHz) for remote areas in North America and elsewhere
CDMA (800/1900 MHz) for North America and elsewhere
Iridium Satellite modems, for anywhere in the world
Transparent radio links (9.6 and 19.2 kbps)
Note: This list will be expanding in forthcoming versions of NOMAD 2 firmware.

If you receive a new modem type not yet on the list, besides the new
firmware you will also need an updated version of Nomad Desktop to
configure the NOMAD 2.
8.6.2 On & Off Times

Since modems can draw a significant amount of power, the NOMAD 2 can be
configured to only turn on the modem at a specific time of the day in order to save
battery power. If your modem is configured to send email, the NOMAD 2 will
automatically turn on the modem when it is time to send the email. Refer to Nomad
Desktop Help for information on configuring the NOMAD 2 to send email.
The NOMAD 2 can also be programmed to turn the modem on for two time periods
during the day to allow you to dial-in to the NOMAD 2 to check inputs, download files,
send a new configuration, or even send new firmware to the NOMAD 2. See Nomad
Desktop Help for information on configuring the time periods for the NOMAD 2 to turn
the modem on. Each time period has an On at time for the modem to turn on, and
an Off at time to shut the modem off. All times are in Local Time. Refer to Nomad 2
Display Navigation (Section 6.1) to see the menu that displays the modem status and
on and off times. This menu will also display the modem received signal strength and
status.
58
8.7 Electronics
8.7.1 Counter Inputs
There are 12 counter inputs, Counter 1 through Counter 12. Counter is abbreviated
C on the display and above the input terminal blocks, and Cntr at the input
terminals. The inputs are single-ended, meaning they all reference a common
ground, marked Gnd at the terminals. The input signals can be just positive
(unipolar) or both positive and negative (AC or bipolar) with respect to Gnd .
The inputs are connected via protection circuitry and passive devices to ultra-low
power comparators, the outputs of which can be used for frequency measurement or
state (high/low) detection. Frequencies from 0 Hz to up to about 2 kHz can be
measured with very high accuracy (better than 0.02%), making the counter inputs
ideal for frequency-type anemometer applications.
The input threshold has about 0.1 Volt of hysteresis, that is, a small band around the
switching point in which the comparator output will not switch. The hysteresis will
prevent erroneous counting from noisy or ringing signals.
8.7.1.a Input Threshold
The input voltage threshold at which each comparator switches output state is
operator configurable to be either 0 or about 3 Volts with respect to Gnd . In general
the threshold for AC generator anemometers should be set to 0 Volts. Most other
devices with frequency-type signals have unipolar pulse outputs with near-zero
low levels and 4 to greater than 12 Volt high levels. For these devices, the input
threshold should be set to 3 Volts. The NOMAD 2 automatically sets the threshold for
State and Totalizer type inputs to be 3 Volts.
8.7.1.b Input Filter
Each counter input has a low pass filter circuit that can be switched on or off.
When enabled, the filter reduces the amplitude of the signal reaching the comparator
circuit, the higher the frequency the more the reduction. This is especially appropriate
for eliminating unwanted noise picked up by AC generator anemometer coils, as the
desired wind speed-proportional signal increases with frequency. The NOMAD 2
automatically turns on the filters on inputs configured for low frequency use, such as
pulse-initiating energy meters and state signals.
8.7.2 Analog Inputs

There are 8 analog inputs, Analog 1 through Analog 8. Analog is abbreviated A on
the display and above the input terminal blocks, and Anlg at the input terminals.
These are all of the single-ended, unipolar type. That is, they all receive positive
voltage signals with respect to a common ground, marked Gnd at the terminals.
The inputs are connected via protection circuitry, passive devices, and buffer
amplifiers to individual channels of a 12-bit (1 part in 4096) Analog-to-Digital
converter.
Bipolar (negative-going) signals, such as from power transducers measuring wind
turbine output, may be connected safely to the inputs, although negative voltages will
be interpreted as zero volts. Negative voltages are readily measured with the addition
of two resistors at the input terminals.
59
8.7.2.a Input Range

The analog inputs are each operator configurable to have a range of from 0 to either
2.5 or 5 Volts. The latter is useful for standard unipolar output transducers, which are
typically powered by 12 Volts and produce full span signals of 5 Volts. The 2.5 Volt
range matches the 2.5 Volt excitation ( 2.5V+M ) provided by the NOMAD 2 for passive
devices, notably potentiometers common to wind vanes and 10K thermistors. The 5
Volt range has an input impedance of about 80 k in its normal operating (linear)
region. The 2.5 Volt range has a corresponding input impedance greater than 10 M.
Select the range that makes the most sense in your application. If the input signal is
not expected to exceed 2.5 Volts in the application, select the 2.5 Volt range for that
input to insure the highest measurement accuracy.
8.7.3 Internal Inputs

The NOMAD 2 has four inputs that are derived from internal circuitry. The signals and
their scaling are not operator accessible, but their values are displayable and
employable for data logging just like the other inputs.
8.7.3.a Inner Temperature
Inner temperature is actually the internal chip temperature of a processor on the
NOMAD 2 main circuit board. Although it is only accurate to about 2C, the input is
useful for determining the air temperature inside the NOMAD 2 enclosure, which the
chip temperature should track within a few minutes. The NOMAD 2 uses this input for
adjusting the liquid crystal display contrast, but it can also be useful for detecting
internal 12V battery overcharging, ambient conditions around the enclosure, etc.
8.7.3.b 9 Volt Battery Voltages
The voltage of the two parallel 9V batteries mounted in the front panel are monitored
with about 0.1V accuracy down to about 6 Volts. These voltages are functions of
several variables: state of discharge, current demand, temperature, and battery
chemistry (alkaline or lithium). Nonetheless, the voltages are useful in determining
when and which battery needs replacement.
8.7.3.c 12 Volt Power Voltage
The voltage of the 12 Volt Power bus ( 12V+ ) is monitored to about 0.1V accuracy
down to about 6 Volts. The NOMAD 2 automatically switches to this power supply if it
is above about 10V, rendering the 9V batteries standby supplies. (Below 10V the
Vacuum Fluorescent Display is automatically turned off, although the NOMAD 2
remains operational.) 12V Power can indicate both the state of charge of a connected
lead acid battery and the state of the charging system. Recording the average value of
this input can assist in ensuring that solar panel, charger, battery, and logger
configuration are suitably matched and working properly.
60
8.7.4 Outputs
8.7.4.a 2.5 Volt Excitation ( 2.5V+M )
The NOMAD 2 provides a switched precision 2.5 Volt excitation output of up to 250
mA for passive electronic-based sensors such as potentiometer wind vanes and
thermistors. 2.5 Volt excitation, marked 2.5V+M at the terminals, is distributed to
each terminal block with an analog input.
Every second, the NOMAD 2 switches the excitation on for about 20 milliseconds, long
enough for the voltages to stabilize and charge longer lengths of sensor cable. The
analog inputs are sampled, then the excitation is turned off. Leaving the excitation off
98% of the time reduces battery drain significantly.
The excitation output is protected from short circuits and other faults, but these will
invalidate the readings from any excited devices. The NOMAD 2 can detect such fault
conditions at the terminal blocks. The excitation is kept on continuously when there is
keypad activity to leave signals on for diagnostic purposes while using NOMAD 2s
Signal QuickView feature.
8.7.4.b Switched 12 Volt Transducer Power ( 12V + M )
The NOMAD 2 also provides up to 1 Amps of switched, 12 Volt Transducer power
( 12V + M ) if 12 Volts is supplied to any of the 12V+ terminals. 12V + M is distributed
to each terminal block with an analog input. This output is intended to reduce battery
drain by supplying power for one second each minute to interconnected transducers.
Transducer specifications should be checked to ensure that the devices warm up to
sufficient accuracy within one second, although most do.
Switched 12 Volt transducer power is kept on continuously during any
communications port or front panel activity. This allows the Zoom Input function to
work properly, and keeps signals on for diagnostic purposes while using NOMAD 2s
Signal QuickView.
Tip:
Data tracks for any devices powered by 12V + M should be limited to the
Sample, Maximum, or Time of Maximum functions. Other functions arent useful
as the signal produced by the switched transducer is usually off.
8.7.4.c Switched 12 Volt Modem Power ( 12V + M )

This output has similar electrical characteristics to switched 12 Volt transducer
power. Switched modem power is used, as its name implies, for powering modems or
other devices used for remote communications with the NOMAD 2. These could be
wired, cellular, radio, or satellite modems and associated telecommunications gear.
Modem power is supplied to a connector on the NOMAD 2 main circuit board for SWIsupplied modem options. It is also available at the modem terminal block, marked
12V + M , for operator-connected modems.
61
The NOMAD 2 activates switched 12 Volt modem power whenever it calls out to send
e-mail, or whenever the operator configures it to be on for incoming calls. Switching
modem power can substantially reduce battery drain, especially with typically
power-hungry analog cellular gear. Most cellular modems draw far more power
when transmitting than when receiving, but the latter drain can be considerable
depending on technology. The amount of time per day that switched modem power
is kept on should be determined by several factors: desired call-in access time, 12 Volt
battery and solar panel size, and modem power consumption. We recommend
recording at least an hourly average track of 12 Volt Power to monitor charging and
power consumption.
8.7.4.d Relay Contacts ( Relay+ and Relay- )
This output is a set of normally open 1 Amp rated contacts available for control
applications. The contacts are wired to Relay+ and Relay- on the power terminal
block on the interface board. A typical use of the relay would be for switching a
power relay to de-ice anemometers and wind vanes supplied with heating circuits.
The NOMAD 2s relay should not be used to directly switch high currents. Custom
control algorithms may be implemented upon request for moderate volume
applications. Please contact Second Wind Inc. for details.
8.7.5 Communication Ports

The NOMAD 2 has three independent asynchronous serial ports, each of which can
communicate at up to 115 KB per second. All port signals are transient-protected
RS232C.
8.7.5.a Local Port
The local serial port on the front panel connects directly to a laptop or other computer
serial port by standard straight-wired DB9F-DB9M cable. This connection can be used
to transfer configuration files and data files, and to view live data. For more
information on connecting directly to the front panel, consult Nomad Desktop Help.
Tip:
The local port powers down after a few minutes of inactivity. It is reactivated
by pressing any key on the front panel.
8.7.5.b Remote Port

The modem port is brought out to two locations: a connector on the NOMAD 2 main
circuit board and a terminal block on the interface board. The former is used for
Second Wind Inc. supplied modem options, the latter for operator-installed devices.
The modem terminal block has a transmit output ( Tx ), a receive input ( Rx ), and
an enable output ( En ) for general-purpose communications control use. The Rx
input is always active for quick response to incoming calls. A terminal block is used
rather than a DB9 connector to facilitate field wiring. Contact Second Wind Inc. for a
list of supported devices.
8.7.5.c Device Port
The device port is available for use with microcomputer-based transducers and other
multi-function devices that communicate their outputs by asynchronous protocols.
For example, using the device port, the NOMAD 2 can display and log over 150 types of
data from Phaser power transducers. Contact Second Wind Inc. for information
about development of custom interfaces for other asynchronous devices.
62
The device terminal block has a transmit output ( Tx ), a receive input ( Rx ), and an
enable output ( En ) for general-purpose communications control use. A terminal
block is used rather than a DB9 connector to facilitate field wiring.
An RS232-to-RS485 or asynchronous fiber adapter is recommended for
communications with devices that are more than 10 meters away and/or vulnerable
to electrical transients or ground differences from the NOMAD 2.
8.7.6 Power Sources

8.7.6.a 9 Volt Batteries
The NOMAD 2 can be powered from a single standard (ANSI/NEDA-1604) 9 Volt
battery. There are slide-in receptacles for two to facilitate changing batteries without
interrupting NOMAD 2 operation. Two batteries, of course, also last twice as long as one.
Alkaline batteries are recommended for standard use. They will provide useful energy
down to below 6 Volts, but by then (at room temperature) they have very little energy
left. Non-rechargeable 9 Volt Lithium batteries (e.g. Energizer L522) are recommended
if extreme cold is expected, plus they have about twice the energy capacity as alkaline
batteries. A fully charged 9V battery should read approximately 9 Volts on the Signal
QuickView display. Batteries should be replaced when they drop below about 7.3 Volts
at room temperature.
8.7.6.b 12 Volt Power
12 Volt power is required for various NOMAD 2 options, including cellular and other
modems, the Vacuum Fluorescent Display, and an internal barometric pressure
transducer option. Applying 10 to 20 Volts DC to any of the 12V+ terminals will
completely power the NOMAD 2, shutting down the 9 Volt batteries. Under these
circumstances, the 9 Volt batteries provide a reliable source of emergency backup
power.
12 Volt power is normally supplied from a battery mounted behind the interface
board, although it can also be from a line-powered regulated DC power supply or
external 12 Volt battery. The NOMAD 2 internally accommodates 12 Volt lead acid
batteries up to 20 Ampere-Hours (AH) in capacity.
A fully charged 12 Volt lead acid battery can be used as a large primary battery that
could power the NOMAD 2 for over a year in many configurations. A fully charged 12
Volt 7.2 Amp-hour battery will read approximately 13 Volts on the Signal QuickView
display, and should be recharged when the battery goes below 12 Volts.
In most remote circumstances, the battery will be charged by a combination of an
externally mounted solar panel and the integrated solar charge regulator. Acceptable
combinations of panel, charger, and battery depend on the power consumption and
on-time of interconnected sensors, transducers, sensor heating, and
telecommunications equipment.
63
87.6.c Power Management

The NOMAD 2 provides flexible power management beyond the various power supply
options. Sections of circuitry are turned off and clock frequencies are slowed down
when not in use. As a result, the NOMAD 2 typically consumes less than 1 milliamp on
average.
Beyond what the NOMAD 2 does automatically, effective power management is, to a
great extent, up to the operator. 12 Volt powered transducers can be connected to the
switched 12V + M terminals instead of the always-on 12V+ terminals, reducing their
energy burden by a factor of 60. Instead of active electronic devices, thermistor
temperature probes and potentiometer wind vanes can be used, which are only
energized 2% of the time each second, and consume only modest current when on.
Although the NOMAD 2 will operate with most optical and active electronic
anemometers, AC generator anemometers consume no power, and many reed-relay
anemometers can operate continuously at very low power levels. Cellular modem
devices can be switched on only when needed, and many sites have multiple cellular
service providers, some of which require less power than others.
8.7.7 Transient Protection and Grounding

The NOMAD 2 has multiple levels of and strategies for protection from electrostatic
discharge (ESD) transients and electrical noise. No supplemental lightning protection
devices are needed or recommended for normal use, even if ESD is expected.
One important NOMAD 2 protection strategy is to route transient energy to earth. This
requires that the NOMAD 2 enclosure be securely connected to an electrically sound
earth, literally the ground in many parts of the world, but an effective earth-grid in
some dry locations. The enclosure tends to automatically connect to earth by simple
conduction through mounting hardware to the mast or tower upon which it is
secured. An earth-grounding lug on the lower enclosure flange is intended and
recommended for a secure copper-conductor ground to either the tower or some
other earthing point.
Another significant protection strategy is to keep transients from entering the signal
wires in the first place. The NOMAD 2 fosters this strategy by electrically separating
signal common ground from earth ground. The Gnd terminals on the interface
board and the RS-232 local port ground are all electrically connected to each other,
but kept semi-detached from earth ground by various devices.
DO NOT connect any conductor wired to Gnd to Earth Ground!
Doing so may not affect normal operation, but it can compromise the
NOMAD 2s immunity to electrical transients.
64
Appendix 1. Warranty
Express Limited Warranty And
Limitation On Liabilities And Remedies
Limited warranty and limitation of manufacturers liabilities and purchasers remedies:
The express limited warranty set forth below shall not vest any rights in, nor create any
warranties in favor of, any person not in direct privity of contract with Second Wind Inc.
(SWI), if those rights or warranties would not otherwise exist in the absence of this express
limited warranty; whether implied, by operation of law or otherwise.
The following constitutes SWIs sole and limited warranty and limitation on remedies and is
hereby expressly made applicable to any person purchasing the product directly from Second
Wind Inc.
SWI warrants that its products will be free from substantial defects in material and workmanship
at the time of delivery from SWI of such products to the original purchaser thereof. This limited
warranty shall apply for a period of one year from the date of delivery of the products from SWI
to the original purchaser thereof. SWI will repair or replace, at their sole discretion, any
defective components of the product. This warranty includes only the cost of parts and labor for
repair and replacement, and not shipping, handling, or any other expense.
The foregoing warranty is exclusive and SWI hereby excludes and disclaims any and all other
warranties whether express or implied, including any implied warranties of merchantability and
fitness for a particular purpose. SWI shall not be responsible for failures due to vandalism,
accidents, improper installation or use, alterations, unauthorized servicing, or acts of God,
including but not limited to, direct lightning strikes.
If any alleged failure occurs, SWI must be notified immediately in writing. In appropriate
circumstances, and in SWIs sole discretion, SWI will issue a return authorization and shipping
instructions. SWI will not assume any liability or cost for unauthorized returns.
This warranty supersedes any warranty that may appear on any promotional material describing
the products of SWI.
Limitation On SWIs Liabilities And Purchasers Remedies:

Any direct purchasers sole and exclusive remedy and SWIs limit of liability for any and all
losses or damages resulting from alleged nonconforming goods or tender, the alleged
malfunction of goods, the alleged breach of any warranty, or from any other cause, shall be, at
SWIs sole option, the repair or replacement of any defective components of the product, or
refund of the price charged by SWI to the original purchaser for the specific goods with respect
to which claim is made.
In any event, the purchaser shall have no remedy, and SWI shall have no liability, (a) in excess of
the price charged by SWI to the original purchaser of the specific goods with respect to which
such claim is made, and (b) for the cost to such purchaser of any labor or material expended on
any such goods, or for any other special, direct, indirect, or other alleged consequential
damages.
Except as otherwise specifically provided by this Express Limited Warranty and Limitation on
Liabilities and Remedies, purchaser shall assume any and all risks and liabilities whatsoever in
connection with the installation and use of the product and any corresponding equipment
supplied with the product.
65
Appendix 2. Specifications
12 Counter Inputs:
Configurable for AC & pulse anemometers, other frequencyoutput devices, and high/low digital or relay state signaling
Frequency range DC to 2 kHz
High display resolution with low frequency anemometers
Input high/low threshold configurable for 0V or 3V
Configurable filtering for low frequency devices
1-second count integration, 0.02% accuracy
8 Analog Inputs:
Configurable range of 0 to 2.5V or 5V

12-bit analog to digital conversion
1-second sampling, 0.2% accuracy
Direct interface to potentiometer wind vanes, 10k thermistors,
and analog-output transducers
Fault Detection:
Feedback input from 2.5V+ excitation output for wiring and

device fault detection
Internal Temperature: 1-second sampling, 2C accuracy

Power Supplies:
Voltages of two 9V batteries and 12V power, 0.1V accuracy
Outputs
2.5V+ Excitation:
2.5V+ smart-switched excitation distributed to all input terminal

blocks for energy-conserving measurement of potentiometers
and thermistors
Calibrated to 5mV, 25 ppm/C, 250 mA max
12V Transducer:
12V+ smart-switched transducer power output distributed to all

input terminal blocks for energy-conserving operation of
electronic transducers
1 Amp maximum
12V Modem Power:
12V+ configurable switched modem power output for energyconserving operation of cellular & other modems
1 Amp maximum
Relay Output:
For de-icing or other control applications

SPST dry contact, 1 Amp maximum, AC or DC
66
Power Supply
9 Volt Batteries:
2 parallel standard 9V batteries in sliding receptacles

Up to 6 months operation with alkaline, up to one year with
lithium (-40C) batteries that have no shipping restrictions
12 Volt Power:
Solar:
Serial Ports
Local Port:
12V (10-18V DC) input for internal primary or rechargeable

batteries, external DC power supply, or regulated solar panel
One-screw removable internal mounting for lead-acid batteries
for higher power transducer, controls, and communication gear,
standard sizes up to 20 A-H
On-board solar charge regulator
3 independent RS232C serial ports, up to 115 kBaud

Direct straight-cable connection to laptop or PC
Standard pinout DB9, DCE
Remote Port:
Connects to modem, radio, or asynch network adapter

Auto-wakeup Rx input
Internally connected for SWI-supplied modem options, fieldwireable terminals for customer-installed devices
Device Port:
ESD Protection
Connects to and logs from communicating transducers

including multifunction Phaser power transducers &
ultrasonic anemometers
All inputs, outputs, and serial port signaling transient and fault
protected
No additional lightning protection needed
Front Panel Operator Interface

Local Display:
4 x 20 alphanumeric character display, LCD or VFD

Configurable smart-switched power
Automatic temperature-compensating LCD contrast
Keypad:
7-key sealed membrane keypad
67
Remote Interface:
Full display, configuration, data transfer, & firmware

upgradability by local port or modem connection to any
computer via Nomad Desktop
Status Light:
LED indicates operational status independent of display
Input and Data Processing

Wind Speed:
Slope & offset scaling, auto-zeroing for counter inputs
Wind Direction:
Modulo 360 and true vector processing

Deadband location correction
Temperature:
Thermistor linearization to device accuracy (0.1C)
Math Functions:
Average, standard deviation, maximum, time of maximum,

minimum, time of minimum, total, sample value
Recording Intervals: 1 minute, 10 minutes, hourly, or daily in any combination for all
inputs and math functions
Data Storage
Media:
Industry/consumer standard Compact Flash, up to 256MB

Read/write-able by any notebook or desktop computer via
PCMCIA adapter or any USB-type Compact Flash adapter
Full -40 to 85C operation rated devices available
Formats:
Card directory & file formats are fully Windows compatible

Any FAT (PC) formatted Compact Flash card fully usable
Data written to daily files in named monthly subdirectories
Each datum in standard IEEE floating point format, indexed for
positive database ID independent of file name/location
Each datum time-stamped in Universal Time (UT/GMT),
configurable for time zone & daylight savings offsets
Transfer:
68
Files transferable by card removal, local serial connection,

remote dial-up connection, or as e-mail attachments
Physical
Operating Temp:
-40 to 85C all specifications (Vacuum Fluorescent Display)
LCD Temperature:
LCD operates from -20 to 70C, storage -30 to 80C
Internal RT Clock:
1 minute/month accuracy, internet time-server adjustable

Backed up by socketed 2032 Lithium coin cell (10 year life)
Wire & Cabling:
12 six-screw, 0.2" (5mm) cage clamp style terminal blocks

Signal, ground, excitation, switched & unswitched 12V power
distributed to each of 8 terminal blocks
Standard SMA-F bulkhead connector for external antennas
Four 3/4" npt/pg21 knockouts for cable & conduit installation
Enclosure:
Integrated waterproof instrument enclosure, wire and cable

junction box, and lockable rain shed
Upper section NEMA4/IP66 (watertight), lower section
NEMA3R (rain tight) or NEMA4 with cable glands
16 ga. steel, 14 ga. mounting flanges, TGIC powder coated
14 x 12 x 5.5 inches (350 x 300 x 140mm), 22 lbs. (10 kg)
Removable door accepts 5 and 10 Watt tiltable solar panels
Mini-rack mounting for internal modem options
Swing-out panels for modem and 12V battery access
Surface, truss-tower, or tube-tower mounting
Single no-tools padlockable hasp closure
Available Options
Vacuum Fluorescent Display
Cellular, Satellite, POTS modems
Integrated solar charging systems, including charge regulator,
panel, mounting brackets, and lead-acid batteries
69
Appendix 3. Wiring for Specific Devices

A3.1
Maximum #40 Anemometer
The Maximum #40 anemometer is an AC generator that produces a signal without any
source of power other than the wind. Connect to this type of device by wiring its output (or
+) terminal to a counter input Cntr# , and its signal common (or ground or -) to a
Gnd terminal. All the Gnd (NOMAD 2 signal ground) terminals are bussed together on the
interface board, so any of these may be used if desired.
NOMAD 2
Input
Term inal
Block #
12V+
1M
Cntr#
Interface 1M
Circuits
Gnd
AC Anemometer
or other 2-terminal
frequency sour ce
Signal
green*
Signal Common
black*
Anlg#
2.5V+:
*N ote: colors are for

SWI pre-w ired
mounting brackets
12V+:
70
A3.2
NRG #200P Wind Vane
A3.2.1
Wiring
The NRG #200P wind vane is based on a potentiometer (pot), or variable resistor. With this
three-terminal device, the ratio of the wiper voltage to the applied excitation voltage
indicates the device position. To wire to a pot wind vane, connect 2.5V excitation ( 2.5V+M )
to the + terminal of the potentiometer and Gnd to the - terminal. The pot wiper
terminal is connected to Anlg# .
If connected properly, the signal increases as the vane moves clockwise as viewed from
above. If the deadband (the small gap between the beginning and end of the resistor
element) is pointed North, then due East is a quarter of the excitation voltage (0.625 V),
South is half (1.25 V), and West is three quarters of excitation (1.875 V). Slightly west of
North is 2.5 V, slightly east of North is 0 V. This is all easily verifiable using NOMAD 2s Signal
QuickView display.
Try to position the vane so that the deadband is pointed to the less likely wind directions for
the site. This will minimize the time that the pot wiper is in the deadband. It is important to
observe and write down the apparent deadband direction after installation to properly
configure the input.
71
A3.2.2
Configuring in Nomad Desktop
A3.3
Maximum #40 and NRG #200P Combo
Second Wind Inc. pre-wires the dual-sensor bracket with 4-conductor sensor cable so that a
single cable can be used for both sensors. The cable should be wired to the NOMAD 2 as shown
below.
NOMAD 2
Input
Terminal
Block #
Maximum #40 Anemometer

NRG200P Wind Vane
Combo on 2-pair Cable
12V+
1M
Cntr#
Anemometer Signal
Green
1M
Gnd
Interface
Circuits
Anlg#
Vane Signal
Red
2.5V+:
Excitation
40
Signal
Common
Signal Common
Black
Maximum #40
Anemometer
NRG 200P
Wind Vane
+
2.50V
Excitation
White
12V+:
72
A3.4
SETRA 276 and SETRA 276SW Barometer
A3.4.1
Mounting and Wiring
The SETRA barometer requires 12V power to operate, so the NOMAD 2 should have a 12V
battery. The 12V battery carrier in NOMAD 2 was designed so that the barometer can be
mounted onto the lower right of the carrier with two nuts and bolts.
NOMAD 2
1. Mount the barometer in the

Nomad 2.
Input
Terminal
Block #
12V+
2. Cut the sensor cable to the

desired length.
Cntr#
open: 0-2.5V
(Setra 276SW)
Interface
Circuits
closed: 0-5V
(Setra 276)
Gnd
negative excitation
White
negative output
Black
case/shield
40
Anlg#
40
Signal
Green
out
Setra 276SW
and
Setra 276
Barometric
Pressure
Transducers
2.5V+:
12V+:
12V+
A3.4.2
1A
positive excitation
Red
3. Strip the insulation from each

individual cable wire back about
6mm (1/4").
4. The barometer connects to any
analog input on the Nomad 2.
The wires connect as shown
below.
Confirm the model number of your barometer by looking below the devices CE mark.
Choose either Setra 276 or Setra 276SW from the dropdown list. Note that model 276 has a
0-5V output, while model 276 SW has a 0-2.5V output. Be sure to choose Function: Sample
if the barometer is connected to 12V + M (switched power).
73
A3.5
LiCor 200SZ Pyranometer
A3.5.1
Wiring
Cut the sensor cable to the desired length. Strip the insulation from each individual cable
wire back about 6mm (1/4"). The pyranometer comes pre-wired to the interface box. Wire
the interface box to the NOMAD 2 data logger as shown below.
NOMAD 2
Input
Terminal
Block #
Pyranometer
signal common
Drain
12V+
signal
Clear Insulation
Cntr#
signal common
White
Interface
Circuits
Gnd
signal common
Black
Anlg#
signal
Green
40
2.5V+:
12V+:
12V+
A3.5.2
1A
5
4
Pyranometer
3 Interface
Box
2
1
positive excitation
Red
You can type LiCor Pyranometer over Name: Insolation if you choose. Be sure to select
Function: Sample if you wire to 12V + M (switched power).
74
A3.6 Solar Panel

As of February 2006, every Nomad 2 is manufactured with a built-in solar charge controller
circuit on the interface board. If you have purchased the complete Solar Package from
Second Wind since this date, please refer to the sections below for wiring and operating
instructions. The package includes a 5 or 10 Watt photovoltaic (PV) panel with mounting
brackets and a sealed 12 Volt gel-cell lead acid battery.
A3.6.1 Wiring the Solar (PV) Panel and Battery to the Nomad 2
Step 1: Mount the solar panel according to Appendix A3.6.2 of the Nomad 2 Installation and Operation
Manual, Version 1.2.
Step 2: Run the two wires from the solar PV panel into the logger through one of the cable grips. Connect
the negative lead (black wire) to the Solar terminal and the positive lead (red wire) to the Solar +
terminal on the Power Terminal Block of the interface board as shown in Figure 1.
Step 3: The Nomad 2 (with the Solar Package) is shipped with the 12V battery mounted. The positive and
negative leads are connected to the interface board, but with the polarized molded connector disconnected.
Check that the 5 amp fuse in the positive lead is intact. Connect the polarized molded connector to apply
power. See Figure 1 below.
NOTE: If external 12V power is to be used (or a 12V battery without a solar panel), DO NOT connect it to the Batt+ /
Batt- terminals on the Power Terminal Block. Connect it to any input channel RED 12V+ and BLACK Gnd.
CHARGE
LOAD ON
Power
C1 & A1
Solar+
C2 & A2
12V+
Solar-
C3 & A3
12V+
Cntr1
12V+
Cntr2
Cntr3
Batt+
Gnd
Gnd
Gnd
Batt-
Anlg1
Anlg2
Anlg3
Relay+
2.5V+
2.5V+
2.5V+
Relay-
12V+
12V+
12V+
5A Fuse
in holder
Fuse
+
molded
disconnect
Solar
Panel
12V Battery
12 Volt
Lead-Acid
Battery
behind
Interface
Board
75
A3.6.2 Solar Charge Controller Operation

The solar charge controller regulates and controls the flow of power between the solar panel and the 12V
battery as well as between the battery and the Nomad 2 itself. It accomplishes this by continuously
monitoring the voltage of the 12V battery. Two LEDs on the Nomad 2 interface board, Charge and
Load On, indicate the state of the solar charger. Table 1 below summarizes the operation and status of
the Solar Charge System during normal Nomad 2 operation.
A3.6.3 Nomad 2 LED Status

"Charge"
LED Status
"Load On"
LED Status
Solar Panel
Status
Nomad2 Status
Battery Voltage
(V)
Blinking
Off
Charging 12V
battery*
Disconnected from
12V battery, running
off 9V batteries**
< 10.5
Blinking
Blinking
Charging 12V
battery*
Running off 12V

battery
10.5 - 13.6***
Blinking
Disconnected
from 12V
battery, not
charging
Running off 12V

battery
> 13.6
Off
* Solar panels require sufficient solar irradiance to provide a charge to the battery
** If 9V batteries are not installed, the Nomad 2 will be turned off
*** The voltage limit varies with temperature and other factors
A3.6.4 Mounting the Solar Panel

To calculate the best tilt angle of the solar panel
for consistent energy output throughout the year,
first determine the site latitude, and add 20
degrees. Mount the NOMAD 2 to face south if you
are located in the northern latitudes, and north if
you are located in the southern latitudes. (Note: if
you mount the panel at 5 to 15 degrees, you will
get the maximum energy output in the summer,
but less energy in the winter.)
To get yourself oriented, imagine the solar panel
is mounted flush against the door of the NOMAD 2,
and facing the horizon. The panel is now at 90.
If you were to mount the panel perpendicular to
the door of the NOMAD 2, so it is facing straight up
at the sky, it is now at 0.
76
Solar panel
Mounting
Bracket
Adjustable
Mounting
Bracket
Nuts/Bolts
(4 sets)
Mounting
Hinges
NOMAD 2
Hinge Nuts/
Bolts
(8 sets)
Once you have calculated the best tilt angle for the solar panel, look up the corresponding
Mounting Strut Hole and Short Hinge Angle in the table below. The short hinge connects to
the uppermost hole on the mounting strut. Set it at the angle shown in the table. Connect the
long hinge to the appropriate Mounting Strut Hole from the table.
Mounting
Strut Hole
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2
Short Hinge
Angle
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
<0
Solar Panel
Angle
21
25
27
29
32
37
42
46
47
49
51
54
58
63
68
69 - 90
77

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Safety Terms and Symbols

QUICK START ................................................................................................... 7

Recommended Tools and Supplies ........................................................................ 8

Load Resistors for Current Signals .................................................................... 23

DATA LOGGING AND DATA TRANSFER ................................................................ 28

NOMAD DESKTOP ......................................................................................... 41

NOMAD 2 Display Navigation ........................................................................... 30

Compact Flash File System ............................................................................. 42

Data Storage ................................................................................................... 45

Input Threshold .................................................................................................... 59

APPENDIX 1. WARRANTY ............................................................................................ 65

Maximum #40 Anemometer ..........................................................................

Tube Tower Adapter (1 of 2)

Cable Fittings in Knockouts

NOMAD 2 Installation and Operation Manual

See Section(s) for more information

3.3.3: Cable Routing

1.2 Front Panel Operator Interface

See Section(s) for more information

6: Front Panel Operator Interface

8.7.3b: 9 Volt Battery Voltage

Compact Flash Card in Card Slot

8.2.1: Compact Flash Card

1.2.1 Display Map

NOMAD 2 Installation and Operation Manual

1.3 Behind the Front Panel

See Section(s) for more information

modem application note

modem application note

Dual 9V Battery Holder

8.7.3b: 9 Volt Battery Voltage

modem application note

Dual 9V Battery Cable

NOMAD 2 Installation and Operation Manual

8.7.3b: 9 Volt Battery Voltage

8.3.1: Real-Time Clock Battery

1.4 Interface Board

See Section(s) for more information

A3.6.2: Solar Charge Controller Operation

A3.6.2: Solar Charge Controller Operation

Input/Output Terminal Block (1 of 9)

3.3.5: Terminal Blocks, 3.3.7, 3.3.8, 8.7

1.4.1: Status LED

Modem Port Terminal Block

8.7.5b: Remote Port

NOMAD 2 Installation and Operation Manual

1.4.1 Status LED

blinks once per second

NOMAD 2 is operating normally.

briefly blinks inconsistently

NOMAD 2 is reconfiguring itself.

NOMAD 2 is reading new firmware

stays on for a few seconds*

stays off for a few seconds*

NOMAD 2 is not operational;

NOMAD 2 is not operational (e.g. low batteries).

NOMAD 2 Installation and Operation Manual

1.5 Behind the Interface Board

See Section(s) for more information

3.3.9a: SWI 12 Volt Battery Assemblies

Polarized Battery Connector