44022-921-01-Fault Locator

Instruction Bulletin
44022-921-01
June 2001
Middletown, OH, USA
High Resistance Ground Unit

For Use on 480 and 600 Volt Wye and
Delta-Connected Sources
50 or 60 Hertz Systems
Class 6036
Retain for future use.
NOTICE
Read these instructions carefully and look at the equipment to become

familiar with the device before trying to install, operate, or maintain it. The
following special messages may appear throughout this bulletin or on the
equipment to warn of potential hazards or to call attention to information that
clarifies or simplifies a procedure.
The addition of either symbol to a Danger or Warning safety label
indicates that an electrical hazard exists which will result in personal injury or
death if the instructions are not followed.
This is the safety alert symbol. It is used to alert you to potential personal
injury hazards. Obey all safety messages that follow this symbol to avoid
possible injury or death.
DANGER
DANGER indicates an imminently hazardous situation which, if not
avoided, will result in death or serious injury.
WARNING
WARNING indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not
avoided, can result in death or serious injury.
CAUTION
CAUTION indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not
avoided, can result in minor or moderate injury.
CAUTION
CAUTION, used without the safety alert symbol, indicates a potentially
hazardous situation which, if not avoided, can result in property damage.
NOTE: Provides additional information to clarify or simplify a procedure.
PLEASE NOTE
Electrical equipment should be serviced only by qualified personnel. No

responsibility is assumed by Schneider Electric for any consequences arising
out of the use of this document. This document is not intended as an
instruction manual for untrained persons.
Bulletin No. 44022-921-01

June 2001
CONTENTS

Contents
SECTION 1INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
SECTION 2SAFETY PRECAUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
SECTION 3RECEIVING, HANDLING, STORAGE,
AND INSTALLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Receiving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
SECTION 4TYPICAL HIGH RESISTANCE
GROUNDING SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Low Voltage Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Control Power Transformer (CPT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Derived Neutral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Resistor and Enclosure Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Resistor Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Equipment Enclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Principles of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Ungrounded Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
High Resistance Grounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Pulse Fault Locator Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Ground Detection and Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Ground Current Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
System Capacitive Charging Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Selection of Ground Resistor Value and Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Resistor Circuit Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Door Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Front Door Control Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Green Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Red Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Amber Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Pulse/Normal Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Test Push Button (Push-to-Test Button) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Reset Push Button (Push-to-Reset Button). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Voltmeter Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Ground Ammeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Internal Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Start-Up Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
HRG System Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Ground Detection System Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Use of the System Under Actual Grounded Condition . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Power System Revisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
System Initial Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Voltmeter Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Voltmeter Relay Set Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
System Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
SECTION 5INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
SECTION 6NAMEPLATE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
19952001 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved

List of Figures and Tables

June 2001
SECTION 7ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Portable Ground Current Detector with Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
SECTION 8INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE LOGS . . . . . . . . . . 24
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1:
Figure 2:
Figure 3:
Figure 4:
Figure 5:
Figure 6:
Figure 7:
Figure 8:
Figure 10:
Figure 11:
Diagrams of Wye and Delta Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Derived Neutral Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Typical Resistor Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Ground Current Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Resistor Circuit Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Door Component Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Internal Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Typical High Resistance Ground System Used on
Wye Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Typical High Resistance Ground System Used on
Delta Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
High Resistance Grounding System Nameplate . . . . . . . . 22
Ground Detector with Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Table 1:
Table 2:
Table 3:
Table 4:
Table 5:
Table 6:
Resistor Connection Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

System Initial Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Voltmeter Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Voltmeter Relay Set Points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
System Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maintenance Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 9:
LIST OF TABLES
12
24
24
25
26
27

June 2001
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION

Section 1Introduction
This bulletin contains instructions for the theory, operation, and maintenance
of high resistance ground systems manufactured by Square D. High
resistance grounding equipment provides a high resistance grounding circuit
for ungrounded power systems. Depending upon the options selected, high
resistance grounding equipment offers the following functions:
Provides system stability and prevents overvoltages by damping high
frequency system oscillations due to ground faults and other system
disturbances.
Provides a way to detect and warn of the first ground fault that occurs
within the system.
Provides a means of monitoring the condition of the system voltage in
relation to ground potential by means of voltage measurements.
In the event of a groundprovides a way to pulse the ground fault current
so the path of ground fault current can be traced by a portable detector.
Enables the system to continue to operate with a single line-to-ground
fault present.
These functions are accomplished with system neutral grounding adjusted
so that ground fault currents are only slightly higher than the natural
capacitive charging currents of the ungrounded systems. By selecting the
appropriate options, high resistance grounding equipment is suitable for Wye
or Delta ungrounded configured systems rated for 480 and 600 volts nominal.
See Figure 1 on page 6. Control circuits typically operate on
120 Vac.
NOTE: This guide covers several applications of grounding equipment. The
illustrations and procedures are general in nature. Your equipment may be
different from the illustration shown on page 6. Refer to the factory shop
drawings supplied with the low voltage equipment. The descriptions and
specifications contained in this guide were in effect at the time the guide was
approved for printing. Square D reserves the right to discontinue models at
any time, and to change specifications or design, without notice or incurring
obligation. The equipment described within this guide may or may not be
identified as either standard or optional. If results described within this
manual are not produced when testing, inspecting, or installing this
equipment, and the immediate cause cannot be determined, contact
Square D Field Service Division (FSD) at 1-800-634-2003.

Section 1Introduction

June 2001
Neutral
From transformer
secondary
A B
Fuse
Fuse
Control power
transformer (CPT)
Fuse
Pulse contactor
Selector
SW
normal
pulse
Resistor
Normal
Voltage
meter
relay
G
Panel
lights
Ground
Fault
Circuit Diagram Showing Wye Systems
From transformer
secondary
A B C
Fuse
Fuse
Control power
transformer (CPT)
Grounding
transformers
Fuse
Resistor
Pulse contactor
Normal
Voltage
meter
relay
G
Panel
lights
Ground
Fault
Selector
SW
normal
pulse
Circuit Diagram Showing Delta Systems
Figure 1:
Diagrams of Wye and Delta Systems

June 2001
SECTION 2SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS

Section 2Safety Precautions
DANGER
HAZARD OF ELECTRIC SHOCK, BURN, OR EXPLOSION
This equipment must be installed and serviced only by qualified
personnel.
Perform such work only after reading and understanding all of the
instructions contained in this bulletin.
Turn off all power supplying this equipment before working on or inside
equipment.
Before performing visual inspections, tests, or maintenance on this
equipment, disconnect all sources of electric power. Assume all circuits
are live until they are completely de-energized, tested, and tagged. Pay
particular attention to the design of the power system. Consider all
sources of power, including the possibility of backfeeding.
Always use a properly rated voltage sensing device to confirm power
is off.
Always practice lock-out/tag-out procedures according to OSHA
requirements.
Handle this equipment carefully and install, operate, and maintain it
correctly in order for it to function properly. Neglecting fundamental
installation and maintenance requirements may lead to personal injury
or death, as well as damage to equipment or other property.
Be aware of potential hazards; wear personal protective equipment, and
take adequate safety precautions.
Carefully inspect your work area and remove any tools and objects left
inside the equipment.
Replace all devices, doors, and covers before turning on power to
this equipment.
Failure to follow these instructions will result in death or serious
injury.
CAUTION
HAZARD OF EQUIPMENT DAMAGE OR INJURY
Proper selection of ground resistance value is required for proper
operation of the high resistance grounding system.
As electrical system parameters change over time, the grounding
resistance may need adjustment. Verify proper selection of the
grounding resistance when electrical system changes are made, and
on an annual basis.
Failure to follow these instructions can result in injury or equipment
damage.
DANGER
Connect system neutral to ground only through the grounding
resistance.
Failure to follow this instruction will result in death or serious
injury.

Section 3Receiving, Handling, Storage, and Installation

June 2001
SECTION 3RECEIVING,
HANDLING, STORAGE, AND
INSTALLATION
Receiving
Before leaving the factory, high resistance grounding equipment is given a

final inspection, both mechanical and electrical. Upon receipt, immediately
inspect the equipment for damage. If the equipment is damaged,
immediately file a claim with the carrier. Include all pertinent information with
the claim, such as description of damage, shipping crate numbers, and
requisition numbers.
Handling
High resistance grounding equipment is shipped in an upright position, either

as part of a low voltage equipment or as a single stand-alone section.
Maintain the equipment in an upright position. Refer to the specific low
voltage equipment installation bulletin for handling information.
Storage
Store the high resistance ground equipment per the instructions provided in
the low voltage equipment installation bulletin.
Installation
Install the high resistance ground equipment per the instructions provided in
the low voltage equipment installation bulletin and as shown in applicable
drawings provided with the equipment.

June 2001

Section 4Typical Resistance Ground System
SECTION 4TYPICAL HIGH

RESISTANCE GROUNDING
SYSTEM
Low Voltage Systems
High resistance ground (HRG) systems are designed for application on

480 and 600 volt ungrounded Delta and ungrounded Wye, 50 and 60 hertz
power systems. Systems are specific for each type, voltage, and frequency
and are specified on order entry. Refer to the factory shop drawings for
specified ratings.
Control Power Transformer

(CPT)
A separate dry type control power transformer (CPT) may be provided as

necessary to supply control voltage for the HRG controls. These
transformers are provided with the appropriate primary and secondary fuses.
Control power also may be obtained from the low voltage equipment in which
the HRG is installed.
Derived Neutral
If the power system incorporates a Delta-connected transformer or an

ungrounded Wye transformer where the neutral terminal is not available, a
derived neutral must be created.
High resistance grounding systems by Square D use the Wye-Delta type
derived neutral, as shown in Figure 2. Three single-phase transformers are
connected in a Wye-Delta configuration. The ratings of these transformers
are based in part on system voltage and maximum current drawn through the
grounding resistor during a ground fault. These transformers are specific to
the power system ratings and are shown on the factory shop drawings.
The primary windings of these transformers are connected in Wye with each
winding connected to a phase conductor of the system. The common
connection of each primary winding provides a derived neutral to which the
grounding resistor is connected.
The secondary windings of these transformers are connected in a Delta
configuration. An equivalent current will circulate in the secondary windings
as a reflection of current flowing in the grounding resistor. See Figure 9 on
page 18 for a line diagram of a typical high resistance ground system used
on Delta systems.
Primary
A
B
C
Secondary
R
Wye-Delta Type Derived Neutral

Figure 2:
Derived Neutral Configuration
Resistor and Enclosure Material

Resistor Unit
The resistor unit consists of a group of industrial resistors arranged to provide

the proper resistance and capacity to dissipate heat under all operating
conditions. The resistor unit is normally mounted in an internal compartment
in the low voltage equipment. When mounted in the low voltage equipment,
the compartment is adequately ventilated to dissipate the heat developed
during ground fault conditions. If the desired compartment cannot be
sufficiently ventilated, or if one is not available, the equipment resistor unit is


June 2001
mounted on top of the equipment or in some remote location. Figure 3

illustrates a typical resistor assembly.
Figure 3:
Equipment Enclosure
Typical Resistor Assembly
The high resistance grounding equipment is typically mounted within the low
voltage equipment. The high resistance grounding system also may be
mounted in a separate NEMA Type 1 or NEMA Type 3R freestanding unit.
When the enclosure is supplied as a freestanding unit, the grounding resistor
is mounted and ventilated within the enclosure.
Principles of Operation
Ungrounded Systems
The National Electrical Code (NEC), in many situations, requires electrical

systems to be grounded by some means. Solidly grounded systems have the
advantage of ensuring that the potential on any conductor is no higher than
the maximum system single-phase voltage. However, in some industrial
applications, ungrounded systems have an advantage in system reliability
because the first ground fault will not disrupt electrical service as it would for
solidly grounded systems. This has particular importance for continuous
industrial processes.
In an ungrounded system, if one conductor becomes grounded due to
insulation failure at any point in the system, then that conductor assumes
ground potential, and the remaining two conductors assume a line-to-line
potential with respect to ground. If no other failures of insulation-to-ground
exist involving the other two conductors, an ungrounded system may
continue to operate. If the single line-to-ground fault is not solid, and has an
arcing characteristic, an ungrounded system may experience unusually high
line-to-ground voltages at relatively high frequencies. This high voltage is a
result of the conductor inductance, conductor-to-ground capacitance, and
the intermittent characteristics of the arcing fault.
In this case, the system neutral and three-phase conductor voltages are
displaced significantly from ground potential. This is undesirable because
system insulation is overstressed. The HRG system minimizes these high
voltages and frequencies by dampening or reducing the effects of
capacitance and inductance inherent in the power system.
High Resistance Grounding
10
The fundamental purpose of high resistance grounding is to provide

sufficient system damping to overcome the negative effects of arcing ground
faults and at the same time retain all of the advantages of an effectively
ungrounded system. A resistance value is selected sufficient to limit the
overvoltage during arcing faults, but not low enough to draw excessive
ground fault current. The resistance value should be selected relative to the
system capacitive charging current. The system capacitive charging current
is proportional to the capacity of the system and the types of components
used within the electrical system.

June 2001

Pulse Fault Locator Circuit
Since the fault current with high resistance grounding can be similar in
magnitude to the charging currents, it is difficult to distinguish between the
two. A pulsing circuit is provided to momentarily increase the fault current
by intermittently short-circuiting part of the grounding resistance. The
pulsing current can be detected within the grounded circuit due to a more
noticeable flicker of the ground current detector ammeter. The pulse locator
circuit is initiated only when a fault has been detected and pulse is selected
via the operator controls.
Ground Detection and Alarm
Ground detection is accomplished through a contact-making voltmeter relay,

or similar device that monitors the voltage across the grounding resistance.
Under ideal conditions, the voltage is zero if the system capacitance within
all three phases is balanced. If it is unbalanced, which is normal, the meter
shows a small voltage, proportional to the degree of capacitance unbalance,
across the grounding resistance.
The voltmeter relay is provided with two user-adjustable set points and
adjustable time delay. The lower set point is wired to terminal blocks for
customer use. A typical application may be to set the lower set point just
above the nominal charging current, approximately 510%. This setting is
based on the history of the system operation or on analysis of the charging
current measured. In this manner, a slight increase in charging current can
be detected and signaled to a remote panel without activating the high
resistance ground alarm circuit.
The upper set point is used to trigger the alarm circuit. This set point should
be set approximately 1020% above the nominal charging current. The
alarm will be activated when the charging current exceeds this value for the
specified time delay setting. See Section 8Installation and Maintenance
Logs on pages 2427 for charts on which to log this data.
Ground Current Detector
The detector measures the leakage current caused by a ground fault. It

enables the operator to locate failures quickly. See Ground Detection
System Test and Use of the System Under Actual Grounded Condition on
page 19 for instructions.
The detector is a clamp-on current transformer and ammeter that is sensitive
to ac currents passing through it. The detector is moved within the power
system following the path of pulsating ground current. If the meter needle
flickers, the detector is in a circuit that contains a ground fault downstream. If
it does not flicker, the ground fault is in a different circuit or the detector is
downstream from the fault location.
The detector must encompass all current-carrying conductors in the circuit.
It makes no difference whether the circuit is three-phase or single-phase. The
detector measures the leakage current to ground. Figure 4 illustrates a
method of using the ground current detector.
Source
A
B
C
Leak
R
Figure 4:
Ground Current Detector

11

System Capacitive Charging

Current

June 2001
The maximum system capacitive charging current must be known in order to

set the ground resistor taps to the proper setting. The system charging
current should be measured with all components of the power system
connected to ensure the total capacitive current is measured. Note these
values in the table below. These measurements should be made using a
prescribed test method. Contact the local Square D representative for
additional information.
Measured Charging Current: Ia = ______; Ib = ______; Ic = ______

The charging current of the system is the average of these three
measurements shown by the following formula:
IC =
Selection of Ground Resistor

Value and Connections
(Ia + Ib + Ic)
_______
3
After determining the value of the system capacitive charging current (IC),
calculate the resistance value (R) according to the following formula:
R = Line-to-Line Voltage / (1.732 x IC)
The resistance values available with standard resistor connections are likely
to be different than calculated. Since the selection is not critical, a value is
selected which is just lower than the calculated value. This ensures a
maximum ground current slightly higher than the system charging current.
Table 1 lists various resistance values that are available in a typical resistor
bank. Refer to the factory order drawings for specific settings available.The
equipment is shipped from the factory with the resistors connected for the
lowest resistance value.
Table 1:
Connection Diagram
(Figure 5)
Normal Connected
Resistance (Ohms)
Pulse-Connected
Resistance (Ohms)
5A
277.0
139.0
5B
139.0
92.3
5C
92.3
55.4
5D
55.4
39.6
12
Resistor Connection Chart
Resistance calculations are based on standard Square D resistor connections for a 480 V
power system.

June 2001

See Figure 5 for typical resistor configurations. Refer to Resistor Circuit

Diagrams on page 14 for descriptions of each configuration.
5A
MR
Meter relay
input
X1
1 PT
H1
Neutral ground resistor

138.0
R6
46.7
R5
R6 #8 GA.
R6 #8 GA.
36.9
R6 #8 GA.
R6 #8 GA.
R2
R1
R6 #8 GA.
R3
R4
R1
R2
R6 #8 GA.
R5
R6
39.6
15.8
R3
R4
Connection Shown for 1 A Ground Fault with 2 A Pulse

5B
MR
Meter relay
input
X1
1 PT
H1

138.0
R6
46.7
R5
R6 #8 GA.
R6 #8 GA.
36.9
R6 #8 GA.
R6 #8 GA.
R2
R1
R6 #8 GA.
R3
R4
R1
R2
R6 #8 GA.
R5
R6
39.6
15.8
R3
R4

1
5C
MR
Meter relay
input
X1
1 PT
H1

138.0
R6
R6 #8 GA.
46.7
R5
R6 #8 GA.
R6
36.9
R6 #8 GA.
R5
R6 #8 GA.
R1
R2
R6 #8 GA.
R3
R4
39.6
15.8
R3
R4
R6 #8 GA.
R2
R1

5D
MR
Meter relay
input
X1
1 PT
H1

138.0
R6
R6 #8 GA.
46.7
R5
R6 #8 GA.
R6
36.9
R6 #8 GA.
R5
R6 #8 GA.
R4
39.6
15.8
R2
R3
R4
R6 #8 GA.
R3
R1
R6 #8 GA.
R2
R1

Figure 5:
Resistor Circuit Diagrams

13

Resistor Circuit Diagrams

June 2001
5AUnder ground fault conditions, the total resistance is 277.0 ohms. This
produces 1 A of ground fault current. During the pulse ON cycle, the contactor
contact C closes, shorting part of the resistor. This decreases the total
resistance to 139.0 ohms, thus increasing the current (pulse current) to 2 A.
5BUnder ground fault conditions, the total resistance is 139.0 ohms. This
5CUnder ground fault conditions, the total resistance is 92.3 ohms. This
5DUnder ground fault conditions, the total resistance is 55.4 ohms. This
Door Components
Figure 6 illustrates components of a typical, free-standing, NEMA Type 1 high

resistance ground unit. Contact the local Square D field office for
replacement parts.
2
12
11
10
1. Nameplate High Resistance

Ground
7. Resistor compartment:
May be remote mounted
2. Ammeter: Measures ground

current
8. Operation nameplate
3. Green light: Normal operation
9. Push-to-Test button
4. Amber light: Pulse
10. Normal/Pulse switch
5. Push-to-Reset button
11. Red light: Ground fault
6. Rating nameplate
12. Voltmeter relay
Figure 6:
14
Door Component Locations


June 2001

Front Door Control Functions
The front door control panel typically consists of the voltmeter relay, ground
ammeter, amber light, red light, green light, pulse/normal selector switch,
push-to-reset button, and a push-to-test button. These items are discussed
in the following paragraphs.
Green Light
The green light indicates that control power is available and the system is
operating normally. The green light is turned off when the voltage drop across
the ground resistor has increased to a level above the voltmeter set point.
Red Light
The red light indicates a system ground fault where the voltage drop across
the grounding resistor has increased to a level above the voltmeter set point.
The red light remains illuminated until the ground fault is cleared and the
reset button is pushed.
Amber Light
The amber light indicates when the pulse circuit is on and will flash in sync
with the pulse current.
Pulse/Normal Switch
This switch turns on the pulse circuit. The pulse circuit is activated by the
operator during fault location activity. It may be activated any time a ground
fault occurs and when the alarm circuit is energized.
Test Push Button (Push-to-Test

Button)
When the test button is pushed, the voltmeter reading will increase and the
alarm relay is picked up. The green light goes out and the red light
illuminates. Push the reset button to restore the system to normal operating
conditions.
Reset Push Button (Push-toReset Button)
This button restores the system to normal after a system ground fault
condition or a test. The reset push button does not return the system to a
normal condition if the grounding resistor voltage drop exceeds the voltmeter
set point. Normal conditions are: the green light illuminated, red light out, and
the alarm relay de-energized.
Voltmeter Relay
The voltmeter relay monitors the voltage drop across the grounding resistor.
The voltmeter is equipped with two contact set points. The lower set point is
utilized as a pre-alarm or first level alarm. This contact should be set just
above the voltage reading associated with the nominal charging current,
approximately 510%. This contact is wired to terminal blocks for customer
use and does not indicate an alarm via the alarm controls.
The upper set point is used to activate the alarm circuit upon sensing an
increasing voltage drop across the grounding resistor. The upper set point is
set at a voltage which is slightly higher, approximately 1020% than the
maximum voltage drop caused by the maximum charging current under
normal conditions.
Ground Ammeter
The ground ammeter displays charging current and actual ground fault
current when a ground fault occurs.
15

PT
MODEL
Figure 7 illustrates internal components of a typical high resistance ground

unit. Contact the local Square D field sales office for replacement parts.
-460
Internal Components

June 2001
2
7
1. Control power fuses
6. Grounding transformer
disconnect in locked
enclosure (for use on derived
neutral systems)
2. Terminal blocks
3. Potential transformer
4. Timing relay
7. Shorting terminal blocks
5. Control relays
8. Ammeter CT
9. Control power transformer
(CPT), when required
Figure 7:
16
Internal Components

June 2001

Start-Up Procedures
DANGER
Connect system neutral to ground only through the grounding
resistance.
Failure to follow this instruction will result in death or serious
injury.
Before start-up, carefully read the danger precaution above.
Power systems with a high resistance ground unit shall be grounded solely
through the grounding resistance furnished in the high resistance ground
unit. Ensure the system is grounded properly before proceeding.
1. Turn off all power supplying this equipment before working on or inside
equipment.
2. Verify power system is free of ground faults. (Refer to low voltage
equipment instruction bulletin.)
3. Verify all phase, neutral, and ground connections have been made
between the power system and the HRG system per the factory shop
drawings.
4. Based on the system capacitive charging current, reconnect the
grounding resistor as necessary. Refer to Figure 5 on page 13.
5. Set the Normal/Pulse control to Normal.
6. Carefully inspect your work area and remove any tools and objects left
7. Replace all devices, doors, and covers before turning on power to
this equipment.
8. With all loads connected and the system energized, set the voltmeter relay
lower set point to a position 10% above the actual voltmeter reading. Set
the upper set point approximately 20% above the actual reading.
17


June 2001
Figure 8 and Figure 9 are diagrams of typical high resistance ground systems
used on Wye and Delta systems, respectively.
HRG System Diagrams
2
1
MR
Meter relay
input
1 PT
X1
H1
Transformer
secondary
Current transformer
R6
R3
R4
R5
R1
AM
C
R2
Ammeter
Test resistor
R2
Fuse
Ground bus
connection
Control power
transformer
Auxilliary power
Test PB
120 Vac
MR
MR
R2
R1
Reset PB
R2 Normal G
A
Pulser
Normal Pulse
R1
MR 0-10 Sec
ON Delay
R1
D1
CS
Ground R
fault
D1
A
Pulser ON
Figure 8:
Typical High Resistance Ground System Used on Wye Systems
2
1
MR
Meter relay
input
1 PT
X1
B
Transformer
secondary
Current transformer
H1
C
Grounding transformer
disconnect Square D Type
FIL circuit breaker enclosed
in electrical box with lock
AM
Ammeter
R5
R6
R4
R3
R2 R1
Grounding
transformers
CB
Test resistor
R2
Fuse
Control power
transformer
R1
Auxilliary power
Test PB
120 Vac
MR
MR
R2
R2 Normal G
R1
Reset PB
MR 0-10 Sec
ON Delay
R1 Ground R
Fault
Pulser
Normal Pulse
Ground bus
connection
D1
CS
D1
A
Pulser ON
Figure 9:
18
Typical High Resistance Ground System Used on Delta Systems

June 2001
Ground Detection System Test

1. Press and hold the Push-to-Test button for five seconds. The voltmeter
reading will increase. The green light goes out, and the red light
illuminates. Any user-supplied warning devices connected to the alarm
circuits will operate.
2. When the Push-to-Test button is released, the red light remains
illuminated until the Push-to-Reset button is pressed.
3. Turn the Normal/Pulse switch to Pulse. The amber light begins to flash
and the pulse contactor begins to operate in a rhythmic fashion. If the
system is normal and some line-to-ground capacitance imbalance exists,
a slight pulse in the voltmeter reading occurs.
4. Push the Push-to-Reset button. The red light goes out and the green
light again illuminates.
Use of the System Under Actual

Grounded Condition
Power system ground faults exist in varying forms and degrees of severity.
They could be in the form of wet insulation which displaces the neutral a
small amount, or could be so severe that one of the phases is solidly
grounded.
A condition in which all three phases have equal grounding is not detected
by this system. This condition is only detected when operating an overcurrent
device. Typically, however, only one or two of the phases are affected. In this
case, detection is possible. As one or two lines develop a lower resistance to
ground, the system neutral is displaced and a higher voltage develops across
the grounding resistor. As the resistance of the grounding decreases, the
voltage increases and the voltmeter relay indicates a higher reading, as
expected for a deteriorating insulation system.
When a ground fault occurs, the resistor limits the ground current. The
resulting voltage appearing across the grounding resistor and is sensed by
the voltmeter relay. After a preset, adjustable time delay, a control relay
contact opens, which extinguishes the green light (Normal) and a control
relay contact closes, which illuminates the red light (Ground Fault). To
locate the fault, turn the Normal/Pulse switch to Pulse. This initiates the
pulse relay, alternately energizing and de-energizing a shorting contact
across part of the grounding resistor. A rhythmic fluctuation in the magnitude
of the ground current results at a fixed rate of 30 pulses per minute.
DANGER
personnel.
Be aware of potential hazards; wear personal protective equipment,
and take adequate safety precautions.
injury.
The current transformer and ammeter on the panel allow the operator to
observe the current fluctuation on the system. Using a portable ammeter
(ground current detector), trace the fluctuation of the ground current through
the system.
Start at a point as close to the supply as possible. Due to large cable sizes
and multiple cables per phase, it may not be practical to start at the main
distribution panel. Select a branch circuit where the portable detector will
19


June 2001
encompass all of the three-phase conductors. Any branch circuit in which the
detector indicator pulses is the faulted circuit. Repeat this procedure at any
downstream panels until the faulted circuit and location can be determined.
Usually only one feeder circuit indicates a detectable flicker in the charging
current reading.
Other feeder circuits may display a continuous charging current which does
not indicate a ground fault. Readings taken with the portable ammeter
around metal conduit are likely to be ineffective since the ground current may
be returning through the grounded conductors. This feeder circuit is then
followed to the next distribution point in the system or pull box where it is
possible to again encompass all three phases of the insulated conductors.
If this feeder circuit is further distributed, test each circuit of that distribution
individually to see which carries the pulsating current. If, within a single
circuit, the pulsating current disappears at a point downstream, the fault is
somewhere between the previous point tested and the point where the
pulsing current disappears.
When the fault is located, the pulse switch may be returned to the Normal
position. The red light remains illuminated until the system is repaired and the
Push-to-Reset button is pressed. Once the system is restored, check the
voltmeter reading. The reading should have returned to a level below the set
point and indicate a level approximately equal to the level prior to the fault. If
multiple faults exist, the voltmeter reading remains above that which is
considered normal. If necessary, repeat this procedure to find other
abnormal conditions.
Power System Revisions
A power system may be modified to meet changing needs. If there is a

question whether the power system needs to be reset, evaluate the
grounding system and reset as if it were a new system.
Records
In order to accurately determine the status of a power system, accurate

records must be maintained. Keep these records at the end of this manual in
the appropriate tables in Section 8Installation and Maintenance Logs on
pages 2427. For high resistance grounding systems, record the following:
System Initial Installation
The original line-to-ground charging currents for each phase

The grounding resistor value selected
The voltmeter reading as the system was originally established
Voltmeter Readings
Record voltmeter readings at regular intervals. Frequency of reading is

dictated by the severity of stress placed upon the system and history of
occurrences. Take monthly readings initially; modify the frequency as
experience indicates.
Voltmeter Relay Set Points
Verify voltmeter relay set points initially and each time the set point is
changed. Also, indicate the reason(s) for the change.
System Faults
Log the date, time, location, a detailed description, and suspected causes for
all faults located and cleared from the system.
20

June 2001
SECTION 5INSPECTION
AND MAINTENANCE

Section 5Inspection and Maintenance
DANGER
personnel.
Turn off all power supplying this equipment before working on or inside
equipment.
Before performing visual inspections, tests, or maintenance on this
equipment, disconnect all sources of electric power. Assume all circuits
are live until they are completely de-energized, tested, and tagged. Pay
particular attention to the design of the power system. Consider all
sources of power, including the possibility of backfeeding.
Always use a properly rated voltage sensing device to confirm power
is off.
Always practice lock-out/tag-out procedures according to OSHA
requirements.
Handle this equipment carefully and install, operate, and maintain it
correctly in order for it to function properly. Neglecting fundamental
installation and maintenance requirements may lead to personal injury
or death, as well as damage to equipment or other property.
Be aware of potential hazards; wear personal protective equipment, and
take adequate safety precautions.
Carefully inspect your work area and remove any tools and objects left
Replace all devices, doors, and covers before turning on power to
this equipment.
injury.
Refer to the applicable low voltage equipment instruction bulletin for
inspection and maintenance procedures.
21

Section 6Nameplate Information
SECTION 6NAMEPLATE
INFORMATION

June 2001
The high resistance grounding system nameplate (Figure 10) is located on

the front of the installed equipment.
When ordering renewal parts, include in the parts description the factory
order number found on the nameplate. The following list of information is
found on the nameplate:
a. Factory order number (plant manufacturing number)
b. Drawing number (electrical diagram by which unit was wired)
c. Phase (number of phases)
d. System voltage (480 or 600 V)
e. System type (Wye or Delta)
f.
Hertz (5060 Hz)
g. Rated current (maximum)

h. Total grounding resistance
i.
Temperature coefficient of resistor
j.
NEMA Type (1 or 3R)
k. Weight (not applicable if part of low voltage equipment section)

l.
Instruction bulletin number (44022-921-01)
Figure 10: High Resistance Grounding System Nameplate
22

June 2001

Section 7Optional Equipment
SECTION 7ACCESSORY
EQUIPMENT
Portable Ground Current
Detector with Case
The portable ground current detector is utilized as an aide in troubleshooting.

The detector assists the technician in tracing the fault to its origin. Features
of the portable ground current detector include:
A multi-range switch (1-2-5-10-20-short).
Jaw openings that can be made to encircle 3-1/2-, 4-1/2-, or 6-inch (
89-, 114-, or 182-milllimeter) conductors.
Single-phase and three-phase system operations.
A closed magnetic core to minimize the effects of stray fields.
At least one portable detector should be available at the installation site.
Figure 11: Ground Detector with Case
23

Section 8Installation and Maintenance Logs

June 2001
SECTION 8INSTALLATION
AND MAINTENANCE LOGS
Table 2:
System Initial Installation
Charging Current (Amperage)

Date
Time
Ia
Ib
Table 3:
Date
24
Ic
R (Ohms)
Voltmeter Reading (Volts)
Voltmeter Readings
Time
Volts

June 2001

Table 4:
Initial Set Point
Date
Time
Voltmeter Relay Set Points
Set Point Change

Volts
Date
Time
Volts
Reasons for Change
25


June 2001
Table 5:
Date
26
Time
Location of Fault
System Faults
Description
Suspected Causes

June 2001

Table 6:
Date
Maintenance Log
Description
27
Square D
1500 S. University Blvd.
Middletown, OH 45044
1-888-SquareD (1-888-778-2733)
www.SquareD.com
June 2001 Replaces 80244-812-02A dated 05/96.

44022-921-01-Fault Locator

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

44022-921-01-Fault Locator

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Instruction Bulletin

High Resistance Ground Unit

Read these instructions carefully and look at the equipment to become

NOTE: Provides additional information to clarify or simplify a procedure.

Electrical equipment should be serviced only by qualified personnel. No

Bulletin No. 44022-921-01

High Resistance Ground Unit

19952001 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved

High Resistance Ground Unit

Bulletin No. 44022-921-01

SECTION 7ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Diagrams of Wye and Delta Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Resistor Connection Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19952001 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved

Bulletin No. 44022-921-01

High Resistance Ground Unit

19952001 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved

High Resistance Ground Unit

Bulletin No. 44022-921-01

Circuit Diagram Showing Wye Systems

Circuit Diagram Showing Delta Systems

Diagrams of Wye and Delta Systems

19952001 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved

Bulletin No. 44022-921-01

High Resistance Ground Unit

19952001 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved

High Resistance Ground Unit

Bulletin No. 44022-921-01

Before leaving the factory, high resistance grounding equipment is given a

High resistance grounding equipment is shipped in an upright position, either

19952001 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved

Bulletin No. 44022-921-01

High Resistance Ground Unit

SECTION 4TYPICAL HIGH

High resistance ground (HRG) systems are designed for application on

Control Power Transformer

A separate dry type control power transformer (CPT) may be provided as

If the power system incorporates a Delta-connected transformer or an

Wye-Delta Type Derived Neutral

Derived Neutral Configuration

Resistor and Enclosure Material

19952001 Schneider Electric All Rights Reserved

The resistor unit consists of a group of industrial resistors arranged to provide

High Resistance Ground Unit

Bulletin No. 44022-921-01

mounted on top of the equipment or in some remote location. Figure 3

Typical Resistor Assembly

The National Electrical Code (NEC), in many situations, requires electrical

High Resistance Grounding

The fundamental purpose of high resistance grounding is to provide

Bulletin No. 44022-921-01

High Resistance Ground Unit

Pulse Fault Locator Circuit

Ground Detection and Alarm

Ground detection is accomplished through a contact-making voltmeter relay,

Ground Current Detector

The detector measures the leakage current caused by a ground fault. It

Ground Current Detector

High Resistance Ground Unit

System Capacitive Charging

Bulletin No. 44022-921-01

The maximum system capacitive charging current must be known in order to

Measured Charging Current: Ia = ; Ib = ; Ic = __