FMCHIII AIR POLLUTION, HOUSING AND

NOISE POLLUTION - DR. TIU

AIR POLLUTION
Major sources
Transportation Engine
Power and Heat Generation
Industrial processes
Burning of Solid waste
Air pollutant
- Substance in air that cause harmful in
environment
Six most common air pollutants
1. Ozone
2. Lead
3. Nitrogen Dioxide
4. Carbon Monoxide
5. Sulfur dioxide
6. Particulate matter
1. Ozone
Ground level ozone
Key ingredient in ground smog
Gas composed of three oxygen
atom
Created by chemical reaction
between oxides of Nitrogen
(Nox) and volatile organic
compounds
(VOC)
in
the
presence of heat and sunlight
Major Sources of Nox and VOC:
1. Motor vehicle exhaust
2. Industrial emissions
3. Gasoline vapors
4. Chemical solvents
2. Lead
Major sources:
o Motor vehicles
o Metal processing plants
Other sources:
o Waste incinerators
o Lead acid battery
o Manufacturers
Health problems
Damage to kidneys and liver
Osteoporosis
Reproductive disorders

Excessive exposure causes seizures,

mental
retardation,
behavioral
disorders, memory problems and
mood changes
Low levels in fetuses and young
children result to learning deficit and
low IQ
High blood pressure and increase
heart diseases
Anemia
3. Particulate Matter (lung problem)
- Article found in air
Dust, dirt, soot, smoke and
liquid droplets
Can be directly emmited to the
air or indirectly formed when
gasses from burning fuels react
with sunlight and water vapor
Health problems
Aggravates asthma
Increase respirator symptoms
Chronic bronchitis
Decreased lung function
Premature death
4. Sulfur Dioxide lung problem
Dissolve easily in water
Crude oil, coal and ore
Common metals like aluminum,
copper, zinc, lead and iron
Health problems
Temporary breathing difficulty
Long term exposure to high
levels causes respiratory illness
Visibility impairment (Haze)
Aesthetic damage
5. Nitrogen Oxide
Colorless and odorless
Formed when fuel is burned in
high temperatures
Primary
sources:
motor
vehicles,
electric
utilities,
industrial
commercial
and
residential sources that burn
fuels
Health problems
Heart and Lung

6. Carbon Monoxide
Colorless and odorless

Formed when fuel is not burned

completely
Sources: motor vehicles exhaust
Other non road engines and
vehicles,
industrial
processes,
wood burning, natural sources,
stove cigarette smoke, kerosene,
heaters
Health problems
Heart disease
Vision problems
Apathy,
headache,
fatigue,
disorientation
At extreme high levels
poisonous and cause death
Contributes to formation of
ground level ozone (smog)
The Ozone Layer
Highly
concentrated
in
the
stratosphere between 10 and 50km
above sea level
Protects us from damaging ultraviolet
radiation of the sun ( UV B radiation)
Allows sufficient UV rays to support
the activation of Vitamin D
Depletion of the Ozone Layer
First depletion of ozone hole is
Antartica by British scientist Joseph
Farman and collegue on 1985
First unequivocal evidence of ozone
loss due to manmade chlorine and one
of first clear definable effect of human
induced global change
Mainly
due
to
human
activity
specifically CFCs and HCFCs
Ex. CFC aerosol propellants, cleansing
agents, foaming agents, solvents,
foam insulations
Atmospheric lifetime of chlorine atom
is 1 -2 years
Recovery of Ozone layer expected to
take 50 100 years
Effects of Ozone Layer Depletion
Human Health
Skin cancer
Basal/squamous Cell CA
Melano CA
Sunburn

Eyes photokeratitis and cataracts

Damage to immune system
Marine Environment
Reduction
of
number
of
phytoplanktons in the sea
Causes damage to young fish, shrimp
and crab larvae
Reduction in food stocks, marine
animals and sea birds
Depletion of Ozone Layer
North America
Large part of South America, Asia,
New Zealand, Australia
Nearly the whole Europe are the only
unaffected areas
GLOBAL WARMING
What is global warming?
The changes in the surface air temperature,
referred as global temperature, brought
about by enhanced greenhouse effect,
induced by emissions of greenhouse gases
into the air
A natural cycle or a human result?
Several
possible
reasons
for
the
warming scientists say?
NATURAL CYCLE
A change in the Earths orbit or the
intensity of the suns radiation could
change, triggering warming or cooling
HUMAN RESULTS
The
concentration
of
certain
greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere
are increasing
Ex. Water vapor, Carbon dioxide,
Methane, Nitrous oxide, CFCs, Ozone
Therefore more infrared radiation
emitted by the earths surface is being
trapped
The planet is losing less heat
How global warming works
*Heat enter in and out of the earth
*We use fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural
gasses) that is formed and inhibit the
desiccation of heat caused by increase
temperature of earth
Example of the Greenhouse Effect

The suns energy passes through

cars wind shield
The energy (heat) is trapped inside
car and cannot pass back through
windshield, causing the inside of
car to warm up

the
the
the
the

Whats the difference between global

warming and climate change?
GLOBAL WARMING
Is the increase of the Earths average
surface temperature due to build up of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
CLIMATE CHANGE
Broad term that refers to long term
changes in climate including average
temperature and precipitation
Effects of Global Warming
Rising Sea Level
Increase Temperature
Habitat Damage and Species affected
Changes in Water supply
Whats the proof that global warming
making place?
Portage Clacier
Alaska 1914 2004
They found out that there is an island
in glacial mountain that can be a
probable source for energy exploration
Colorado River June 2002 Dec 2003
Virgin forest NO tress
They cut the trees and convert it to
fuels lot of emission of greenhouse
gasses
Why Global Warming is happening?

Burning of fossil fuels

Pollution from coal, natural gas and oil

Global Warming graph

1985 first discovered
1980s rise of temperature
1998 warmest year
1990s warmest decade on record
Atmospheric lifetime how many years the
gas remains active in the atmosphere?
CO2-----------------------------100 years
Methane-----------------------12 years
NO------------------------------114 years
HFC 23------------------------260 years
Sulfur hexa fluoride----------3,200 years
Earths temperature has risen by 0.5C over
the past century
1. Sea level
o 20cm rise vy 2030 due to
glacial melting and thermal
expansion of the oceans as
water temperature rise
2. Water Resources
o Change in global warming
pattern
o Droughts and flood
o Increse domestic demand of
water
o Water quality may suffer to a
due to algae blooms
3. Terrestrial Ecosystems
o Risk for extinction
o More tolerant varieties (creeks
and pests) will thrive
4. Human health
o Increase spread of certain
diseases (malaria)
5. Urban air pollution is likely to get
worse
o Heat induced deaths are likely
to increase especially among
the elderly
6. Weather condition
o Such as storms and flood will
exact their own costs both
human and economic
Intertropical Convergence Zone
Region that circles the earth near the
equator, where the transitions of the
northern and southern hemisphere
comes together
Variations in the location of the ITCZ
affects rainfall in maintaining normal

Acid

nations resulting in wet or dry areas of

the tropics
Jan----ITCZ----south of the equator
July----ITCZ----north of equator
rain
Acid precipitation
Acid deposition
Rainfall with PH of less than 5.6

Wet deposition
Snow, sleet, mist
Dry deposition
Gases, dust, smog
Formed when oxides of nitrogen and sulfide
combine with moisture in the atmosphere
make nitric and sulfuric acid
Primary Sources of Acid Rain
Sulfur Dioxide
10% emission from volcanoes, seas,
spray plankton and rotting vegetation
69.4% industrial combustion
3.7% transportation
Nitrogen Oxide
5% bacterial action in ______________
43% transportation
32% industrial combustion
Effects of Acid Rain
1. Causes damage to man made
materials and structures
Marbles,
limestone
and
sandstone
can
easily
be
dissolved
Metals, paints, textiles and
ceramic are corroded
Downgrade leather and rubber
Carvings and monuments in
stones their features
2. Acid rain can affect health of human
being
Absorbed by drinking water
crops or animals that human
consume
Nerve damage, severe brain
damage or death

Alzeihmers
aluminum

disease

from

3. Accelerate soil weathering and remove

nutrients:
Seep into the ground poisoning
and destroy the trees
Dissolve the nutrients and
helpful minerals from the soil
Help release toxic substances
such as aluminum
More vulnerable to disease,
insects, cold weather
4. Affects organisms in aquatic biomes
Serious deformities youngs
Some adult species cannot
tolerate high levels of acidity

Sulfuric acid interferes with the

fish proficiency to take in
oxygen, salth and nutrients
Mucus form in fish gills
Low PH throw off balance of salt
in the fish tissue
Calcium levels of some fish
cannot be maintained
o Eggs are brittle and______
o Weak
spines
and
deformities in bones
Rainfall runoffs caries fertilizers
with it
o Stimulate the growth
of algae
o Increase in the death
of fish
o Decomposition takes
up even more oxygen

How is global warming measured?

Ice Core Data
CO2 Atmospheric Measurement
o As
CO2
increases
Temperature
increases
Global Warming: Shifting Gears
Rapid Environmental change
MONTREAL PROTOCOL
Signed in 1987 by 31 nations
preventing global deteriorations
International cooperation to cut the
production of CFCs
Urge all countries to use clean, low
_____, coal and technologies

Our Goal
Decrease use of CO2 per year
Whats being done now to reduce our
emissions?
Wind power
Solar power
Fuel efficiency improved
What can you do to help solve the
problem?
Simple things to do
1. Turn off your television or computer
when you are not using it
2. Take shorter shower, heating water
uses energy
3. Keep rooms cool by closing the blinds
shades or curtains
4. Turn off the lights when you leave a
room
5. Use compact fluorescent bulbs
Be Bulb Smart Use CFLs
Incandescent vs Compact Fluorescent
Whats the difference?
500lbs of coal
1,430 CO2, pollution avoided
$30saved
6. Dress lightly when its hot instead
turning up the airconditioning
7. Dress warm when its cold instead of
turning up the heat
8. Offer to help your parents keep the air
filters on your AC and furnace clean
9. Walk short distances instead of asking
for a ride in the car
10.Plant a tree
11.Recycle
STOP GLOBAL WARMING!
NOISE POLLUTION

Unwanted sound which get trapped in

the atmosphere with no regards to the
adverse effects it may have
Noise present in great intensity as to
cause
psychological
stress
or
physiological damage to people in the
environment
MAN MADE NOISE
3 categories
1. Industrial Noise
Originate from processes causing
impact, vibration or reciprocation
movements, friction and turbulence
in an or gas streams
2. Transport Noise
Individual behicles
Continous stream of vehicles
Aircraft noise
3. Neighborhood Noise
Noise from residential premises
Measurement
Noise intensity is measured in
Decibel (dB)
o One tenth of a bell
o Faintest audible sound is 0dB
hearing threshold
o 120dB threshold for pain
Normal breathing
10dB
Whispering
20dB
Conversation
60dB
Permissible Noise Levels
1. Rural
25
2. Residential (urban) 35
3. Business (urban) 45
4. City
45
5. Industrial Area
6. Hospital, classrooms

35 dB
45 dB
50 dB
55 dB
50 60 dB
25 30 dB

Noise
Sound without value
Random or unwanted sound
Any sound that is undesired by the
recipient
Wrong sound in the wrong place, a
wrong time

Grading of sound:
Audible
Very Quiet
Quiet
Moderately Loud
Very Loud
Uncomfortably Loud
dB
Painful

Noise pollution

Physiologic Effects of Noise

11
31
51
75

_____ dB
30 dB
50 dB
75 dB
100 dB
101 125
>125 dB

1. High intensity noise damage in the

tympanic membrane
2. Noise level of 120 150 dB affects the
respiratory system, causes dizziness,
disorientation and loss of physical
control
3. Very high intensity sound upto 150dB
and above causes permanent hearing
loss
4. Affect the secretion of hormones
5. Affects the brain and the nervous
system
Most adverse effect of noise is hearing loss
Permissible Duration of Exposure
Duration
Sound
Level
(hrs/day)
dB
dB
8
85
90
4
90
95
2
95
100
1
100
105

105
110

110
115
1/8
115
No exposure to continuous or intermittent
noise in excess of 115 dB
Noise Exposure Index
Tells us if particular noise is safe or not
Divide actual exposure to noise with
permissible
duration
for
the
corresponding noise level
If NEI is greater than 1, the noise is a
pollutant
Psychological Effects through NEI
1. Mental and physical fatigue
Loss in concentration efficiency
Reduced work rate
Increased absenteeism
Higher frequency of accidents
and injuries
2. Interferes with deep sleep
3. Cause mental and physical disability
4. Children exposed to excessive noise
shows signs of behavioral disturbance
5. Lead to frustration and hypertension
Noise Effects on Human Beings
Noise Hazards and Noise Nuisance
1. Efficiency
Mental stress
Frustration

Task interference
Irritability
2. Comfort
Sleep interference
Communication
Invasion of privacy
Habit of talking loudly
3. Enjoyment
Concentration interference
Mediation interference
Recreational interference
Temporary hearing loss
Effects of High intensity noise on
human
0dB
Threshold of Audibility
150dB
significant change pulse rate
110dB
Stimulation of skin reception
120dB
Pain threshold
130 135
Nausea, vomiting, dizziness
140dB
Pain in ear, insanity
150dB
Prolong exposure cause skin
burning
160dB
Minor permanent damage if
prolonged
190dB
Major permanent damage
in short time
According to WHO
Of all environmental problems, noise is the
easiest to control
Control of noise
1. Reduce noise at source
Best method of controlling noise
pollution
Design silencing devices
Wear devices such as ear plugs and
ear muffs
2. __?
3. Proper town planning
Prescribe Noise limits for vehicular
traffics
Silent zones
near
schools
and
hospitals
Plan main traffic arteries?
Noise proofing of building
Preferences to Mass Public Transport
System
4. Control of Indoor noise
a. Locate in the building possible
noise source

b. Plant Trees and Shrubs infront of

building
to
provide
some
absorption of sound
c. Locate non critical and critical
areas
d. Back to back bathrooms and toilets
should be avoided
e. Bathroom walls, floor and ceilings
should be sound insulated
f. Quiet siphon yet type flush toilets
should be installedion
5. Vegetation
Buffer
Zones
_______________ indifferent parts of the
city
a. Neem, tamarind and coconuts are
examples of noise absorbing plants
b. Can reduce noise up to 6 10dB
6. Legislation
a. Noise pollution act
b. City Noise control Code
7. Education
HOUSING
Permanent structure erected with
intention of providing a home for
human beings
Functions
1. Shelter
2. Secure place
3. Center of family activities
4. Decent place
Essentials
1. Safe and sufficient water supply
2. Good excreta disposal facilities
3. Refuse collection post control elective
power supply, road maintenance
RECOMMENDED MINIMUM FLOOR AREA
FOR FAMILY
Cities 40sq meter
Suburban areas 60sy meter
Rural areas >60sq m2
PRINCIPLES
1. Protection
against
communicable
disease
2. Protection against injuries, poisonings
and chronic disease
3. Reducing psychological and social
stresses to a minimum
4. Improving the housing environment
5. Making informed use of housing
6. Protecting populations at special risk
Principle 1:

Protection
against
communicable
disease
1.1Safe and adequate water supply
Assist in preventing spread of
gastrointestinal diseases
Supports domestic and personal
hygiene
Provides an improved standard of
living
1.2Sanitary disposal of
Reduce fecal oral transmission of
disease and breeding of insect
vectors
1.3Disposal of Solid Waste
Helps provide a more pleasant
environment
Storage and disposal discourage
insect and rodent vectors of
disease
Protect people against poisonous
substances and accidental injury
1.4Drainage of Surface water
Helps to control communicable
diseases,
safely
hazards
and
drainage to homes and properties
1.5Personal and Domestic hygiene
Includes facilities for personal
domestic hygiene
People should be educated in
hygiene practices
1.6Safe food preparation
Provide facilities for safe _________
and storage of food
1.7Structural safeguard against disease
transmission
Provides
structural
safeguard
against the transmission of disease
Enough
space
to
avoid
overcrowding
Principle 2:
Protection against injuries, poisonings
and chronic diseases
2.1 Structural features and furnishings
Proper sitting, structure and furnishing
of dwellings protect health promotes
safety and reduces hazards
2.2 Indoor air pollution
Adequate
designed
ventilation
dwellings
Free of toxic and irritating substances
Reduce risk of chronic respiratory
diseases
2.3 Chemical Safety
Reduced exposure tool chemicals

2.4 Home as workplace

Dwelling is also used as workplace
Protected
against
hazards
and
contamination
Principle 3:
Reducing
psychological
and
social
stress to minimum
Helps people social and psychological
development
Reduce
to
a
minimum
the
psychological
and
social
stress
connected
with
the
housing
environment
To reduce unhealthy psychological stresses
Adequate living space ______ and light,
privacy and comfort
Family security reinforced by the
community structure
Space for children play sports and
recreation
Reduce exposure to noise provide
greenery and access to community
amenities
Be easy to clean and in good order
Principle 4:
Improving the housing environment
Provide access to place of work
essential services and amenities that
promote good health
Three provisions of special considerations to
health
1. Security and emergency services
____________
Harmful to health, fire, rescue and
emergency medical services
2. Accessibility for both preventive and
curative services
3. Access to cultural and other amenities
(newspaper, TV and radio broadcast)
Principle 5:
Making informed use of housing
Only if residents make proper use of their
housing can its health potential be realized
to the full
Principle 6:
Protecting population at special risk
Reduced to a minimum hazards
Women and children
Living in substandard housing
o Urban

Shanty towns and squatter

settlements
Displaced and mobile population
Aged, chronically ill and disabled
o