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Training Manual
Contents
Contents
1 The Air Interface ................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks .............................................................................................................. 1-2
1.1.1 First Generation Mobile Systems ................................................................................................... 1-2
1.1.2 Second Generation Mobile Systems ............................................................................................... 1-2
1.1.3 Third Generation Mobile Systems .................................................................................................. 1-4
1.1.4 Fourth Generation Mobile Systems ................................................................................................ 1-5
1.2 3GPP Releases ....................................................................................................................................... 1-6
1.2.1 Pre-Release 99............................................................................................................................... 1-6
1.2.2 Release 99 ..................................................................................................................................... 1-7
1.2.3 Release 4 ....................................................................................................................................... 1-7
1.2.4 Release 5 ....................................................................................................................................... 1-7
1.2.5 Release 6 ....................................................................................................................................... 1-7
1.2.6 Release 7 ....................................................................................................................................... 1-8
1.2.7 Release 8 ....................................................................................................................................... 1-9
1.2.8 Release 9 and Beyond ................................................................................................................... 1-10
1.3 Radio Interface Techniques .................................................................................................................... 1-10
1.3.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access ............................................................................................. 1-10
1.3.2 Time Division Multiple Access ..................................................................................................... 1-11
1.3.3 Code Division Multiple Access ..................................................................................................... 1-11
1.3.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access ........................................................................... 1-12
1.4 Transmission Modes .............................................................................................................................. 1-12
1.4.1 Frequency Division Duplex .......................................................................................................... 1-13
1.4.2 Time Division Duplex................................................................................................................... 1-13
1.5 Spectrum Usage .................................................................................................................................... 1-14
1.5.1 Frequency Bands .......................................................................................................................... 1-14
1.5.2 Existing Mobile Deployment ........................................................................................................ 1-16
1.5.3 LTE Release 8 Bands .................................................................................................................... 1-17
1.6 Channel Coding in LTE ......................................................................................................................... 1-20
1.6.1 Transport Block CRC ................................................................................................................... 1-20
1.6.2 Code Block Segmentation and CRC Attachment ........................................................................... 1-21
1.6.3 Channel Coding............................................................................................................................ 1-23
1.6.4 Rate Matching .............................................................................................................................. 1-28
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5 Glossary.................................................................................................................................. 3-1
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Figures
Figures
Figure 1-1 Evolution of Cellular Networks................................................................................................... 1-2
Figure 1-2 Second Generation Mobile Systems ............................................................................................ 1-3
Figure 1-3 Third Generation Mobile Systems ............................................................................................... 1-5
Figure 1-4 Forth Generation Mobile System ................................................................................................ 1-6
Figure 1-5 3GPP Releases............................................................................................................................ 1-6
Figure 1-6 HSDPA ...................................................................................................................................... 1-7
Figure 1-7 HSUPA ...................................................................................................................................... 1-8
Figure 1-8 HSPA+ (Release 7) ..................................................................................................................... 1-9
Figure 1-9 Release 8 HSPA+ and LTE ......................................................................................................... 1-9
Figure 1-10 Release 9 and Beyond .............................................................................................................. 1-10
Figure 1-11 Radio Interface Techniques ...................................................................................................... 1-10
Figure 1-12 Frequency Division Multiple Access ........................................................................................ 1-11
Figure 1-13 Time Division Multiple Access ................................................................................................ 1-11
Figure 1-14 Code Division Multiple Access ................................................................................................ 1-12
Figure 1-15 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access ...................................................................... 1-12
Figure 1-16 Frequency Division Duplex ..................................................................................................... 1-13
Figure 1-17 Time Division Duplex.............................................................................................................. 1-13
Figure 1-18 GSM Deployments .................................................................................................................. 1-16
Figure 1-19 Key UMTS Deployment Bands................................................................................................ 1-17
Figure 1-20 EARFCN Calculation .............................................................................................................. 1-19
Figure 1-21 Example Downlink EARFCN Calculation................................................................................ 1-19
Figure 1-22 Summary of LTE Transport Channel Processing....................................................................... 1-20
Figure 1-23 Cyclic Redundancy Check Concept.......................................................................................... 1-21
Figure 1-24 CRC Parity Bits ....................................................................................................................... 1-21
Figure 1-25 Code Block Segmentation and CRC Attachment ...................................................................... 1-22
Figure 1-26 Example Calculation for Segmentation and Filler Bits. ............................................................. 1-22
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ix
Figures
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Figures
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xi
Figures
xii
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Figures
Figure 2-81 PRACH Configuration and Preamble Sequences Per Cell ......................................................... 2-66
Figure 2-82 PUSCH Mapping..................................................................................................................... 2-67
Figure 2-83 Multiplexing Control Signaling................................................................................................ 2-67
Figure 2-84 Mapping to Physical Resource Blocks for PUCCH ................................................................... 2-68
Figure 2-85 FDD Timing ............................................................................................................................ 2-69
Figure 2-86 Example of TDD Configuration 2 ............................................................................................ 2-70
Figure 2-87 Uplink Reference Signals......................................................................................................... 2-70
Figure 2-88 DRS Sequence Group Selection ............................................................................................... 2-71
Figure 2-89 Uplink Demodulation Reference Signal (Normal CP) ............................................................... 2-72
Figure 2-90 Uplink Demodulation Reference Signal (Extended CP) ............................................................ 2-72
Figure 2-91 Requirement for SRS ............................................................................................................... 2-73
Figure 2-92 Example of SRS Frequency Hopping ....................................................................................... 2-73
Figure 2-93 Example SRS Allocation.......................................................................................................... 2-74
Figure 2-94 PUCCH Format 1a and 1b (Normal CP)................................................................................... 2-76
Figure 2-95 PUCCH Format 2 (Normal CP)................................................................................................ 2-77
Figure 2-96 PUCCH Format 2 (Extended CP) ............................................................................................. 2-77
Figure 2-97 PUCCH Format 2a and 2b ACK/NACK Coding....................................................................... 2-78
Figure 2-98 Overall Random Access Procedure........................................................................................... 2-78
Figure 2-99 Random Access RRC Signaling Procedure ............................................................................... 2-79
Figure 2-100 PRACH Probing .................................................................................................................... 2-79
Figure 2-101 Allocating Preambles to Group A and Group B ....................................................................... 2-81
Figure 2-102 Random Access Response Window ........................................................................................ 2-82
Figure 2-103 MAC Random Access Response ............................................................................................ 2-82
Figure 2-104 Random Access - Assigned UL-SCH...................................................................................... 2-83
Figure 2-105 MAC Contention Resolution .................................................................................................. 2-84
Figure 2-106 Uplink Power Control ............................................................................................................ 2-84
Figure 2-107 Paging Issues ......................................................................................................................... 2-86
Figure 2-108 System with DRX Reception of Paging .................................................................................. 2-87
Figure 2-109 ARQ Verses HARQ ............................................................................................................... 2-88
Figure 2-110 Basic Concept of SAW ........................................................................................................... 2-89
Figure 2-111 HARQ Parallel Processes ....................................................................................................... 2-89
Figure 2-112 HARQ Methods ..................................................................................................................... 2-89
Figure 2-113 Example of Redundancy Versions and Soft Bits ...................................................................... 2-90
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Figures
xiv
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Figures
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xv
Figures
xvi
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Tables
Tables
Table 1-1 2.5G and 2.75G GSM/GPRS Systems ........................................................................................... 1-3
Table 1-2 IMT Advanced Features ............................................................................................................... 1-5
Table 1-3 GSM Frequency Bands................................................................................................................ 1-14
Table 1-4 UMTS FDD Frequency Bands ..................................................................................................... 1-15
Table 1-5 UMTS TDD Frequency Bands..................................................................................................... 1-15
Table 1-6 LTE Release 8 Frequency Bands.................................................................................................. 1-18
Table 1-7 Transport Channel Coding Options .............................................................................................. 1-23
Table 1-8 Control Information Coding Options ........................................................................................... 1-23
Table 1-9 CFI Encoding .............................................................................................................................. 1-24
Table 1-10 Convolutional Coding Example ................................................................................................. 1-25
Table 1-11 Standard Convolutional Coding Verses Tail Biting Convolutional Coding................................... 1-27
Table 1-12 LTE Sub-block Interleaver ......................................................................................................... 1-29
Table 1-13 LTE Channel and FFT Sizes ...................................................................................................... 1-32
Table 2-1 NAS EMM and ESM Procedures.................................................................................................. 2-5
Table 2-2 Downlink CP Parameters ............................................................................................................. 2-17
Table 2-3 Type 2 Radio Frame Switching Points.......................................................................................... 2-18
Table 2-4 Layer Mapper Configuration ....................................................................................................... 2-22
Table 2-5 Codeword to Layer Mapping for Spatial Multiplexing.................................................................. 2-22
Table 2-6 Codeword to Layer Mapping for Transmit Diversity .................................................................... 2-23
Table 2-7 Codebook for Transmission for Two Antenna Ports ...................................................................... 2-25
Table 2-8 Downlink PRB Parameters .......................................................................................................... 2-28
Table 2-9 Example of SSS Indices .............................................................................................................. 2-30
Table 2-10 CFI Mapping............................................................................................................................. 2-36
Table 2-11 CFI Codewords ......................................................................................................................... 2-37
Table 2-12 DCI Formats ............................................................................................................................. 2-42
Table 2-13 DCI Ambiguous Sizes of Information Bits ................................................................................. 2-43
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Tables
Table 2-14 Precoding Information Field for 4 Antenna Ports (Open Loop) ................................................... 2-46
Table 2-15 Cell Selection Parameters .......................................................................................................... 2-57
Table 2-16 SC-FDMA verses OFDMA........................................................................................................ 2-61
Table 2-17 Random Access Preamble Parameters ........................................................................................ 2-63
Table 2-18 PRACH Configuration Index ..................................................................................................... 2-65
Table 2-19 K Values for TDD Configurations .......................................................................................... 2-69
Table 2-20 PUCCH Formats ....................................................................................................................... 2-75
Table 2-21 Parameters for Random Access .................................................................................................. 2-80
Table 2-22 FDD Subframe Patterns ............................................................................................................. 2-87
Table 2-23 TDD Subframe Patterns............................................................................................................. 2-88
Table 2-24 TDD HARQ Processes .............................................................................................................. 2-91
Table 2-25 UL HARQ Operation................................................................................................................. 2-92
Table 2-26 Codebook Precoding ................................................................................................................. 2-97
Table 3-1 Modulation and TBS index table for PDSCH ...................................................
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Objectives
On completion of this section the participants will be able to:
1.1 Describe the evolution of cellular networks.
1.2 Summarize the evolution of 3GPP releases, from release 99 to release 8.
1.3 Describe radio interface techniques.
1.4 Explain the difference between FDD and TDD mode.
1.5 Describe flexible spectrum usage.
1.6 Explain the concepts of channel coding and FEC (Forward Error Correction).
1.7 Describe the principles for OFDM.
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1-1
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Telephone System) - This first appeared in 1976 in the United
States. It was mainly implemented in the Americas, Russia and Asia. Various issues
including weak security features made the system prone to hacking and handset cloning.
TACS (Total Access Communications System) - This was the European version of
AMPS with slight modifications, as well as operating in different frequency bands. It
was mainly used in the United Kingdom, as well as parts of Asia.
These analogue systems were all proprietary based FM (Frequency Modulation) systems and
therefore they all lacked security, any meaningful data service and international roaming
capability.
1-2
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) - this is the most successful of all 2G
technologies. It was initially developed by ETSI (European Telecommunications
Standards Institute) for Europe and designed to operate in the 900MHz and 1800MHz
frequency bands. It now has world-wide support and is available for deployment on
many other frequency bands, such as 850MHz and 1900MHz. A mobile described as
tri-band or quad-band indicates support for multiple frequency bands on the same device.
GSM is TDMA, such that it employs 8 timeslots on a 200kHz radio carrier.
cdmaOne - this is a CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) system based on IS-95
(Interim Standard 95). It uses a spread spectrum technique and utilizes a mixture of
codes and timing to identify cells and channels. The system bandwidth is 1.25MHz.
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D-AMPS (Digital - Advanced Mobile Phone System) - this is based on IS-136 (Interim
Standard 136) and is effectively an enhancement to AMPS which provides a TDMA
access technique. It has been primarily used on the North American continent, as well as
in New Zealand and parts of Asia-Pacific.
In addition to being digital, as well as improving capacity and security, these 2G digital
systems also offer enhanced services such as SMS (Short Message Service) and circuit
switched data.
2.5G Systems
Most 2G systems are being evolved. For example, GSM was extended with GPRS (General
Packet Radio System) to support efficient packet data services, as well as increasing the data
rates.
As this feature does not meet 3G requirements, GRPS is often referred to as 2.5G. A
comparison between 2G and 2.5G systems is illustrated in Table 1-1.
2.75G Systems
GSM/GPRS systems also added EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution). This
nearly quadruples the throughput of GPRS. The theoretical data rate of 473.6kbit/s enables
service providers to efficiently offer multimedia services. Like GPRS, since it does not
comply with all the features of a 3G system, EDGE is usually categorized as 2.75G.
Service
Theoretical Data
Rate
2G GSM
Circuit Switched
Data Service
9.6kbit/s or
14.4kbit/s
9.6kbit/s or
14.4kbit/s
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1-3
2.5G GPRS
Packet Switched
Data
171.2kbit/s
4kbit/s to 50kbit/s
2.75G EDGE
Packet Switched
Data
473.6kbit/s
120kbit/s
1-4
WCDMA (Wideband CDMA) - This was developed by the 3GPP (Third Generation
Partnership Project). There are numerous variations on this standard, including
TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA. WCDMA is the main evolutionary path from GSM/GPRS
networks. It is a FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) based system and occupies a 5MHz
carrier. Current deployments are mainly at 2.1GHz, however deployments at lower
frequencies are also being seen, e.g. UMTS1900, UMTS850, UMTS900 etc. WCDMA
supports voice and multimedia services with an initial theoretical rate of 2Mbit/s, with
most service providers initially offering 384kbit/s per user. However, this technology is
continuing to evolve and later 3GPP releases have increased the rates to in excess of
40Mbit/s.
TD-CDMA (Time Division CDMA) - This is typically referred to as UMTS TDD (Time
Division Duplex) and is part of the UMTS specifications, however it has only limited
support. The system utilizes a combination of CDMA and TDMA to enable efficient
allocation of resources.
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UMTS
WCDMA
3G (Third
Generation)
UMTS
TD-CDMA
WiMAX
CDMA2000
TD-SCDMA
LTE Advanced - LTE (Long Term Evolution) is part of 3GPP, however it does not meet
all IMT Advanced features, as such it is sometimes referred to as 3.99G. In contrast, LTE
Advanced is part of a later 3GPP Release and has been designed specifically to meet 4G
requirements.
WiMAX 802.16m - The IEEE and the WiMAX Forum have identified 802.16m as their
offering for a 4G system.
UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) - This is identified as EV-DO Rev C. It is part of 3GPP2
however most vendors and service providers have decided to promote LTE instead.
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1-5
4G (Fourth
Generation)
LTE
Advanced
UMB
(EV-DO Rev C)
WiMAX
802.16m
3GPP Releases enhance various aspects, not just the radio interface. For example, Release 5
started the introduction of the IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) in the core network.
1.2.1 Pre-Release 99
Pre-Release 99 saw the introduction of GSM, as well as the addition of GPRS. The main
GSM Phases and 3GPP Releases include:
1-6
GSM Phase 1.
GSM Phase 2.
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1.2.2 Release 99
3GPP Release 99 saw the introduction of UMTS, as well as the EDGE enhancement to GPRS.
UMTS contains all features needed to meet the IMT-2000 requirements as defined by the ITU.
It is able to support both CS (Circuit Switched) voice and video services, as well PS (Packet
Switched) data services over common and dedicated bearers. Initial data rates for UMTS were
64kbit/s, 128kbit/s and 384kbit/s. Note that the theoretical maximum was 2Mbit/s.
1.2.3 Release 4
Release 4 included enhancements to the core network. The concept of All IP Networks was
included and service providers were able to deploy Soft Switch based networks, i.e. the MSC
(Mobile Switching Centre) was replaced by MSC Servers and MGW (Media Gateways).
1.2.4 Release 5
Release 5 is the first major addition to the UMTS air interface. It adds HSDPA (High Speed
Downlink Packet Access) which improves capacity and spectral efficiency. Figure 1-6
illustrates some of the main features which include:
l
Flexible Coding - Based on fast feedback from the mobile in the form of a CQI (Channel
Quality Indicator) the UMTS base station, i.e. the Node B, is able to modify the effective
coding rate and thus increase system efficiency.
Fast Scheduling - HSDPA includes a 2ms TTI (Time Transmission Interval), which
enables the Node B scheduler to quickly and efficiently allocate resources to mobiles.
HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) - In the event a packet does not get through
to the UE (User Equipment) successfully, the system employs HARQ (Hybrid Automatic
Repeat Request). This improves the retransmission timing, thus requiring less reliance on
the RNC (Radio Network Controller).
1.2.5 Release 6
Release 6 adds various features, with HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Data) being of most
interest to RAN development. Even though the term HSUPA is widespread, this 3GPP
enhancement also goes under the term Enhanced Uplink. It is also worth noting that
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1-7
HSDPA and HSUPA work in tandem and thus the term HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) is
used.
HSUPA, like HSDPA adds functionality to improve packet data. Figure 1-7 illustrates the
three main enhancements which include:
l
Flexible Coding - HSUPA has the ability to dynamically change the coding and therefore
improve the efficiency of the system.
Fast Power Scheduling - A key fact of HSUPA is that it provides a method to schedule
the power from different mobiles. This scheduling can use either a 2ms or 10ms TTI.
HARQ - Like HSDPA, HSUPA also utilizes HARQ. The main difference is the timing
relationship for the retransmission.
1.2.6 Release 7
The main RAN based feature of Release 7 is HSPA+. This, like HSDPA and HSUPA,
provides various enhancements to improve packet switched data delivery. Figure 1-8
illustrates the main features which include:
1-8
16 QAM - This is added to the UL (Uplink) and enables the uplink to theoretically
achieve 11.76Mbit/s.
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) Operation - this is added to HSPA+ Release 7
and offers various benefits including the ability to offer a theoretical 28.8Mbits/s in the
downlink.
Less Overhead - The downlink includes an enhancement to the MAC (Medium Access
Control) layer which effectively means that fewer headers are required. This in turn
improves the system efficiency.
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1.2.7 Release 8
There are many additions to the RAN functionality in Release 8, such as enhancements to
HSPA+. However the main aspect is the inclusion of LTE (Long Term Evolution). Figure 1-9
illustrates some of the main features for Release 8 HSPA+ and LTE.
Release 8 HSPA+ enables various key enhancements, these include:
l
64 QAM and MIMO - Release 8 enables the combination of 64 QAM and MIMO, thus
quoting a theoretical rate of 42Mbit/s, i.e. 2 x 21.6Mbit/s.
Dual Cell Operation - DC-HSDPA (Dual Cell - HSDPA) is a Release 8 feature which is
further enhanced in Release 9 and Release 10. It enables a mobile to effectively utilize
two 5MHz UMTS carriers. Assuming both are using 64 QAM (21.6Mbit/s), the
theoretical maximum is 42Mbps. Note that in Release 8 a mobile is not able to combine
MIMO and DC-HSDPA.
Less Uplink Overhead - In a similar way to Release 7 in the downlink, the Release 8
uplink has been enhanced to reduce overhead.
LTE provides a new radio access technique, as well as enhancements in the E-UTRAN
(Evolved - Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network). These enhancements are further
discussed as part of this course.
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1-9
Release 10 includes the standardization of LTE Advanced, i.e. the 3GPPs 4G offering. As
such it includes modification to the LTE system to facilitate 4G services.
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FDMA channels also suffer since they cannot be close together due to the energy from one
transmission affecting the adjacent/neighboring channels. To combat this, additional guard
bands between channels are required, which also reduces the systems spectral efficiency.
Devices must be allocated a timeslot; therefore it is usual to have one or more timeslots
reserved for common control and system access.
TDMA systems are normally digital and therefore offer additional features such as ciphering
and integrity. In addition, they can employ enhanced error detection and correction schemes
including FEC (Forward Error Correction). This enables the system to be more resilient to
noise and interference and therefore they have a greater spectral efficiency when compared to
FDMA systems.
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1-11
Figure 1-14 illustrates the basic concept of CDMA. The narrowband signals are spread with a
wideband code and then transmitted. The receivers are designed to extract the encoded signal
(with the correct code) and reject everything else as noise.
Figure 1-14 Code Division Multiple Access
UMTS, cdmaOne and CDMA2000 all use CDMA. However the implementation of the codes
and the bandwidths used is different. For example UMTS utilizes a 5MHz channel bandwidth,
whereas cdmaOne uses only 1.25MHz.
1-12
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Normally the uplink channel (mobile transmit) operates on the lower frequency. This is done
because higher frequencies suffer greater attenuation than lower frequencies and therefore it
enables the mobile to utilize lower transmit levels.
Some systems also offer half-duplex FDD mode, where two frequencies are utilized, however
the mobile can only transmit or receive, i.e. not transmit and receive at the same time. This
allows for reduced mobile complexity since no duplex filter is required.
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1-13
GSM Bands
Table 1-3 illustrates the main frequency bands defined for GSM. However, this does not
guarantee that the spectrum is available since there may be regulatory issues, as well as
limitations in some handsets and base stations.
The initial GSM band was referred to as P-GSM (Primary GSM). This was mainly defined to
replace the TACS system which was also in the 900MHz band. Other 900MHz bands which
were added include E-GSM (Extended GSM) and R-GSM (Railways GSM) bands, providing
more channels and support of a railway based variant. Finally, other bands away from the
900MHz band are also available; however the support for 450MHz and 480MHz is limited.
The terms DCS (Digital Cellular Service) and PCS (Personal Communications Service) are
typically used in Europe and North America respectively to identify the higher frequency
deployment options. It was expected that these frequencies would offer a better re-use in built
up areas and therefore provide additional capacity.
Table 1-3 GSM Frequency Bands
Operating Band
Frequency
Band
Uplink Frequency
(MHz)
Downlink
Frequency (MHz)
GSM 400
450
450.4 - 457.6
460.4 - 467.6
GSM 400
480
478.8 - 486.0
488.8 - 496.0
GSM 850
850
824.0 - 849.0
869.0 - 894.0
900
890.0 - 915.0
935.0 - 960.0
900
880.0 - 915.0
925.0 - 960.0
GSM-R (R-GSM)
900
876.0 - 880.0
921.0 - 925.0
DCS 1800
1800
1710.0 - 1785.0
1805.0 - 1880.0
PCS 1900
1900
1850.0 - 1910.0
1930.0 - 1990.0
UMTS Bands
UMTS, like GSM, has a number of frequency bands defined. These are identified by an
Operating Band number which is illustrated in Table 1-4, along with the associated Uplink
and downlink frequency ranges.
1-14
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Frequency
Band
Uplink Frequency
(MHz)
Downlink
Frequency (MHz)
2100
1920 - 1980
2110 - 2170
II
1900
1850 - 1910
1930 - 1990
III
1800
1710 - 1785
1805 - 1880
IV
1700
1710 - 1755
2110 - 2155
850
824 - 849
869 - 894
VI
800
830 - 840
875 - 885
VII
2600
2500 - 2570
2620 - 2690
VIII
900
880 - 915
925 - 960
IX
1700
1749.9 - 1784.9
1844.9 - 1879.9
1700
1710 - 1770
2110 - 2170
XI
1500
1427.9 - 1452.9
1475.9 - 1500.9
XII
700
698 - 716
728 - 746
XIII
700
777 - 787
746 - 756
XIV
700
788 - 798
758 - 768
In addition to the previous UMTS FDD bands, various UMTS TDD bands are also defined.
Table 1-5 illustrates the main TDD bands, however the majority of these have never been
implemented.
Table 1-5 UMTS TDD Frequency Bands
Frequency Band
1900 - 1920
2010 - 2025
1850 - 1910
1930 - 1990
1910 - 1930
2570 - 2620
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1-15
GSM Deployments
Figure 1-18 summarizes the main GSM deployment bands. It can be seen that GSM 900 and
GSM 1800 are used in most parts of the world, i.e. Europe, Middle East, Africa and most of
Asia/Pacific. In contrast, GSM 850 and GSM 1900 are mainly used in North America and
Canada, as well as many other locations. Finally, the lower frequency bands, i.e. GSM
400/450 has limited support.
Figure 1-18 GSM Deployments
Band I (WCDMA 2100) - This is mainly used in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, New
Zealand and Brazil.
Band IV (WCDMA 1700) - This is typically referred to as the AWS (Advanced Wireless
Services) band. Certain service providers in North America and Canada have access to
this band.
Band V (WCDMA 850) - This is found mainly in North and South America, as well as
Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Israel, Poland and Asia.
Band VIII (WCDMA 900) - This is now being found in Europe, Asia, Australia, New
Zealand and Venezuela.
This list and usage of bands is not exclusive. As such other countries, as well as other cellular systems
may exist.
1-16
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1-17
Duplex
FDL_low
FDL_high
(MHz)
(MHz)
NOffs-DL
NDL
FUL_low
FUL_high
(MHz)
(MHz)
NOffs-UL
NUL
FDD
2110
2170
0-599
1920
1980
18000
18000-18599
FDD
1930
1990
600
600-1199
1850
1910
18600
18600-19199
FDD
1805
1880
1200
1200-1949
1710
1785
19200
19200-19949
FDD
2110
2155
1950
1950-2399
1710
1755
19950
19950-20399
FDD
869
894
2400
2400-2649
824
849
20400
20400-20649
FDD
875
885
2650
2650-2749
830
840
20650
20650-20749
FDD
2620
2690
2750
2750-3449
2500
2570
20750
20750-21449
FDD
925
960
3450
3450-3799
880
915
21450
21450-21799
FDD
1844.9
1879.9
3800
3800-4149
1749.9
1784.9
21800
21800-22149
10
FDD
2110
2170
4150
4150-4749
1710
1770
22150
22150-22749
11
FDD
1475.9
1500.9
4750
4750-4999
1427.9
1452.9
22750
22750-22999
12
FDD
728
746
5000
5000-5179
698
716
23000
23000-23179
13
FDD
746
756
5180
5180-5279
777
787
23180
23180-23279
14
FDD
758
768
5280
5280-5379
788
798
23280
23280-23379
17
FDD
734
746
5730
5730-5849
704
716
23730
23730-23849
33
TDD
1900
1920
36000
36000-36199
1900
1920
36000
36000-36199
34
TDD
2010
2025
36200
36200-36349
2010
2025
36200
36200-36349
35
TDD
1850
1910
36350
36350-36949
1850
1910
36350
36350-36949
36
TDD
1930
1990
36950
36950-37549
1930
1990
36950
36950-37549
37
TDD
1910
1930
37550
37550-37749
1910
1930
37550
37550-37749
38
TDD
2570
2620
37750
37750-38249
2570
2620
37750
37750-38249
39
TDD
1880
1920
38250
38250-38649
1880
1920
38250
38250-38649
40
TDD
2300
2400
38650
38650-39649
2300
2400
38650
38650-39649
1-18
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
The channel numbers that designate carrier frequencies close to the edges of the operating band are not
used. This implies that the first 7, 15, 25, 50, 75 and 100 channel numbers at the lower operating band
edge and the last 6, 14, 24, 49, 74 and 99 channel numbers at the upper operating band edge are not used
for channel bandwidths of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz respectively.
Example
It is possible to utilize the previous equations to calculate the frequency for a given EARFCN.
In addition, it is possible to calculate the EARFCN for a given frequency. Figure 1-21
illustrates an example with a defined uplink and downlink frequency. The calculation shown
in the figure translates a downlink frequency of 2127.4MHz to an EARFCN equal to 174.
Figure 1-21 Example Downlink EARFCN Calculation
100kHz Raster
Uplink
Downlink
1937.4MHz
2127.4MHz
Frequency
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
(FDL - FDL_low)
0.1
+ NOffs-DL
(2127.4 - 2110)
+ 0 = 174
0.1
1-19
Channel Coding.
Rate Matching.
The coding stages in Figure 1-22 are indicative of the LTE DL-SCH (Downlink Shared Channel) and the
PCH (Paging Channel). Other channels, such as the UL-SCH (Uplink Shared Channel), BCH (Broadcast
Channel) etc. are different but they can still utilize similar processes, e.g. they all have a channel coding
stage.
1-20
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
The LTE transport block is used to calculate the CRC parity bits. The size of the CRC is set to
24bits, 16bits or 8bits. This is typically indicated by higher layer signaling, i.e. RRC (Radio
Resource Control). Figure 1-24 illustrates the CRC parity bits, where A is the size of the
transport block and L is the number of parity bits. In addition, the lowest order information bit
a0 is mapped to the most significant bit of the transport block.
Figure 1-24 CRC Parity Bits
A = Input Sequence
a0
a1
a2
a3
L = Parity Length
aA-1
p0
Transport Block
p1
pL-1
The parity bits are generated by one of the following cyclic generator polynomials:
gCRC24A(D) = D24 + D23 + D18 + D17 + D14 +D11 + D10 + D7 + D6 + D5 + D4 + D3 + D + 1
gCRC16(D) = D16 + D12 + D5 + 1
gCRC8(D) = D8 + D7 + D4 + D3 + D + 1
Parity Checking
The encoding is performed in a systematic form, which means that in GF(2) (Galois Field (2)),
the polynomial:
a0DA+23 + a1DA+22 ++ aA-1D24 + p0D23 + + p1D22+ p22D1 + p23
yields a remainder equal to 0 when divided by the corresponding 24bit CRC generator
polynomial. Note that the 16bit and 8bit CRC generators each have a different polynomial
which also yields a remainder equal to 0.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
1-21
The input bit sequence to the code block segmentation is denoted by b0 , b1 ,.bB1.
Segmentation is performed if B is larger than the maximum code block size Z (6144bits).
Finally, an additional CRC sequence of 24bits is attached to each code block.
Note that if B < 40, filler bits are added to the beginning of the code block.
The code block CRC is different to the one used by the transport blocks. The polynomial is:
gCRC24B(D) = D24 + D23 + D6 + D5 + D + 1
The verification polynomial is the same one used for the gCRC24A transport block which also
yields a remainder equal to 0.
Example
Figure 1-26 illustrates an example for segmentation when B=8000. In this instance the initial
segment size is 4200bits (including the 24bit transport block CRC) which gets a 24bit code
block CRC. The remaining 3800bits also get a 24bit code block CRC, however an additional
16bits of filler is required to ensure that the segments meet a valid turbo coding code block
size.
Figure 1-26 Example Calculation for Segmentation and Filler Bits.
In this example the total number of bits sent is 8064bits, thus an extra 64bits are sent (24bits
+24bits +16bits).
1-22
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
Repetition Coding
Block Coding.
Turbo Coding.
The actual method used is linked to the type of LTE transport channel (Table 1-7) or the
control information type (Table 1-8). Additional information on LTE channel types and
control information is discussed in Section 2.1 .
Table 1-7 Transport Channel Coding Options
Transport Channel
Coding Method
Rate
Turbo Coding
1/3
1/3
DL-SCH
UL-SCH
PCH
MCH
BCH
Coding Method
Rate
DCI
1/3
CFI
Block Code
1/16
HI
Repetition Code
1/3
UCI
Block Code
Variable
1/3
Repetition Coding
Repetition coding is used for coding the HI (HARQ Indicator) bit. The HI bit set to 1 is
termed an ACK (Acknowledgement) and the HI bit set to 0 is a NACK (Negative
Acknowledgement). The process of repetition coding is applied to increase the channel
robustness. As such, for one initial bit, three bits are generated. These three bits are then map
to an orthogonal sequence. The use of the HI bit, as well as the orthogonal sequences, is
discussed in Section 2.21 .
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
1-23
Block Coding
The main utilization of block coding in LTE is for the CFI (Control Format Indicator). This
parameter is used to convey vital information about the size of the downlink control region.
Table 1-9 illustrates how the CFI values are encoded into a 32bit CFI codeword.
Table 1-9 CFI Encoding
CFI
CFI Codeword
<0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1>
<1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0>
<1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1>
4 (Reserved)
<0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0>
The utilization of the CFI and the mapping to the Physical Channels is discussed in Section
2.9.2 .
1-24
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
It can be seen in this simple coder that the output is dependent on the input and the state of the
registers at any given time. What is also important is to understand how the output will
change for any given input. For example, if the first input bit is 0 (bit A) and S1 and S2 are
both at 0, both outputs will be 0. As the next bit arrives (bit B) it affects the output, such
that G0 and G1 are both set to 1. Table 1-10 illustrates bit B (in bold) clocking through the
shift registers, as well as the output for the given sequence.
Table 1-10 Convolutional Coding Example
Input
S1
S2
G0
G1
Using the example coder from Figure 1-28 there are two possible outputs from each state.
Figure 1-29 illustrates these, as well as the relationship for an input of 0 or 1.
Figure 1-29 Convolutional Coding Trellis
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
1-25
0 was sent - This is the example shown, therefore there are 0 errors indicated on the
initial input=0 line.
1 was sent - This is not the example shown, however the 2 on the input=1 line
illustrates 2 errors, i.e. if the original input sequence was a 1, i.e. coded as 11 two
errors must have happened on the air interface.
In order for the Viterbi decoding trellis to work all possible states are considered for the
sequence of bits. If errors did occur, it is the maximum-likelihood path which is chosen, i.e.
the one with the least amount of errors.
1-26
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
Table 1-11 Standard Convolutional Coding Verses Tail Biting Convolutional Coding
Standard Convolutional Coding
The initial value of the shift registers are set to the values corresponding to the last 6
information bits in the input stream as illustrated in Figure 1-31. This ensures that the initial
and final states of the shift registers are the same for the decoding process.
Figure 1-31 Initializing Tail Biting Convolutional Coding
The actual LTE tail biting convolutional coder is shown in Figure 1-32. There are six shift
registers and hence 6bits are required to initialize the coder. The input bit stream is identified
by ck, dk(0), dk(1) and dk(2) correspond to the first, second and third parity streams, respectively.
Figure 1-32 LTE 1/3 Rate Tail Biting Convolutional Coding
Turbo Coding
Turbo coding defines a high-performance FEC mechanism. The term Turbo coding can be
used to describe many different types of encoders. For example, in LTE the turbo encoder is
known as a PCCC (Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Code) and it has two 8 state
constituent encoders and one contention-free QPP (Quadratic Permutation Polynomial) turbo
code internal interleaver. As previously mentioned, the coding rate of the LTE turbo encoder
is 1/3, i.e. for each input bit, three bits are produced. The structure of a turbo encoder is
illustrated in Figure 1-33.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
1-27
Systematic
Bits
xk
Turbo Code
Internal
Interleaver
ck
zk
Parity
Bits
xk
Parity
Bits
zk
The LTE turbo encoder employs two recursive convolutional encoders connected in parallel,
with the QPP turbo interleaver preceding the second encoder. The outputs of the constituent
encoders are punctured and repeated to achieve the correct output. It can be seen that the turbo
coder encodes the input block twice, i.e. with and without interleaving, to generate two
distinct sets of parity bits.
1-28
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
The sub-block interleaver is a row-column interleaver with 32 columns. Table 1-12 illustrates
the column permutations.
Table 1-12 LTE Sub-block Interleaver
Number of Columns
32
The sub-block interlearver works by writing each stream of bits row-by-row into a matrix
with 32 columns. In so doing, the number of rows is based on the stream size. In addition,
padding is added to the front of each stream so that the matrix is complete.
The output of the sub-block interleaver consists of the columns read out in the permutation
order, i.e. 0, 16, 8 etc.
The bit collection block provides a circular buffer which can be read during bit selection and
pruning. The circular buffer is formed by concatenating the rearranged systematic bits with
the two rearranged/interlaced parity bit streams.
Finally, the bit selection and pruning block performs a very important function. It provides a
rate matching output, ek, of the correct length and utilizing the correct RV (Redundancy
Version). The redundancy version is identified by the parameter rvidx and can have the values
0, 1, 2 or 3. As such, this value impacts the HARQ (Hybrid ARQ) operation, enabling the
system to select and prune different sets of bits.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
1-29
SC-FDMA (Single Carrier - Frequency Division Multiple Access) used on the uplink.
The concept of OFDM is not new and is currently being used on various systems such as
Wi-Fi and WiMAX. In addition, it was even considered for UMTS back in 1998. One of the
main reasons why it was not chosen at the time was the handsets limited processing power
and poor battery capabilities.
LTE was able to choose OFDM based access due to the fact mobile handset processing
capabilities and battery performance have both improved. In addition, there is continual
pressure to produce more spectrally efficient systems.
1-30
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
FDM systems are not that spectrally efficient (when compared to other systems) since
multiple subcarrier guard bands are required.
The centre subcarrier, known as the DC (Direct Current) subcarrier, is not typically used in OFDM
system due to its lack of orthogonality.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
1-31
At the receiver side, this signal is passed to the FFT which analyses the complex/combined
waveform into the original streams. Figure 1-40 illustrates the FFT process.
Figure 1-40 Fast Fourier Transform
FFT Size
Subcarrier
Bandwidth
Sampling Rate
1.4MHz
128
1.92MHz
3MHz
256
3.84MHz
5MHz
512
7.68MHz
15kHz
10MHz
1024
15.36MHz
15MHz
1536
23.04MHz
20MHz
2048
30.72MHz
The subcarrier spacing of 15kHz is also used in the calculation to identify the OFDM symbol duration.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
subcarriers. The next 12 subcarriers are mapped to the next OFDM symbol period. In addition,
a CP (Cyclic Prefix) is added between the symbols.
Figure 1-41 OFDM Symbol Mapping
LTE allocates resources in groups of 12 subcarriers. This is known as a PRB (Physical Resource Block).
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
1-33
ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) is typically reduced with equalizers. However, for the
equalizer to be effective a known bit pattern or training sequence is required. However, this
reduces the system capacity, as well as impacts processing on a device. Instead, OFDM
systems employ a CP (Cyclic Prefix).
Figure 1-44 Inter Symbol Interference
Cyclic Prefix
A CP (Cyclic Prefix) is utilized in most OFDM systems to combat multipath delays. It
effectively provides a guard period for each OFDM symbol. Figure 1-45 illustrates the Cyclic
Prefix and its location in the OFDM Symbol. Notice that the Cyclic Prefix is effectively a
copy taken from the back of the original symbol which is then placed in front of the symbol to
make the OFDM symbol (Ts).
The size of the Cyclic Prefix relates to the maximum delay spread the system can tolerate. As
such, systems designed for macro coverage, i.e. large cells, should have a large CP. This does
however impact the system capacity since the number of symbols per second is reduced.
1-34
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
Frequency
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
CP
Symbol Period T(s)
Cyclic Prefix
Time
T(g)
LTE has two defined Cyclic Prefix sizes, normal and extended. The extended Cyclic Prefix is designed
for larger cells.
OFDM is almost completely resistant to multi-path interference due to very long symbol
duration.
higher spectral efficiency for wideband channels.
OFDM Disadvantages
OFDM also has some disadvantages:
l
l
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
1-35
1-36
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
Objectives
On completion of this section the participants will be able to:
2.1 Detail the channel structure of the radio interface.
2.2 Detail the radio interface protocols.
2.3 Describe the physical signals in the UL and DL.
2.4 Detail the time-domain structure in the radio interface in the UL and DL for both FDD and
TDD mode.
2.5 Have a good understanding of the OFDM principle, signal generation and processing.
2.6 Detail the DL transmission technique.
2.7 Detail the DL synchronization signals.
2.8 Detail the reference symbols in the DL.
2.9 Detail the DL physical Channels.
2.10 Detail the DL control signaling and formats.
2.11 Explain the cell search procedure.
2.12 Detail the UL transmission technique.
2.12 Have a good understanding of the SC-FDMA principle, signal generation and processing.
2.13 Explain the pros and cons with OFDM and SC-FDMA.
2.14 Detail the UL Physical Channels.
2.15 Explain the timing relationships between the UL and DL.
2.16 Detail the reference signals.
2.17 Detail the UL control signaling and formats.
2.18 Detail the random access procedure.
2.19 Describe the Power Control in the UL.
2.20 Detail the paging procedures.
2.21 Explain HARQ.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-1
2.22 Describe the concepts of layers, channel rank, spatial multiplexing, open and closed loop
spatial multiplexing, TX diversity, beamforming, SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO.
2-2
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-3
NAS Signaling
In terms of NAS signaling, messages pass between the User Equipment and the MME. This is
illustrated in Figure 2-4.
Figure 2-4 NAS Signaling
2-4
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
Table 2-1 illustrates the main EMM and ESM LTE procedures.
Table 2-1 NAS EMM and ESM Procedures
EMM Procedures
ESM Procedures
Attach
Detach
Service Request
GUTI Reallocation
Authentication
Identification
EMM Status
ESM Status
EMM Information
NAS Transport
Paging
EMM Procedures
The key EMM procedures include:
l
Attach - this is used by the UE to attach to an EPC (Evolved Packet Core) for packet
services in the EPS (Evolved Packet System). Note that it can be also used to attach to
non-EPS services.
Detach - this is used by the UE to detach from EPS services. In addition, it can also be
used for other procedures such as disconnecting from non-EPS services.
Tracking Area Updating - this procedure is always initiated by the UE and is used for the
various purposes. The most common include normal and periodic tracking area updating.
Service Request - this is used by the UE to get connected and establish the radio and S1
bearers when uplink user data or signaling is to be sent.
Extended Service Request - this is used by the UE to initiate a Circuit Switched fallback
call or respond to a mobile terminated Circuit Switched fallback request from the
network.
Authentication - this is used for AKA (Authentication and Key Agreement) between the
user and the network.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-5
Security mode control - this is used to take an EPS security context into use, and
initialize and start NAS signaling security between the UE and the MME with the
corresponding NAS keys and security algorithms.
EMM Status - this is sent by the UE or by the network at any time to report certain error
conditions.
EMM Information - this allows the network to provide information to the UE.
Transport of NAS messages - this is to carry SMS (Short Message Service) messages in
an encapsulated form between the MME and the UE.
Paging - this is used by the network to request the establishment of a NAS signaling
connection to the UE. Is also includes the Circuit Switched Service Notification
EMM Procedures
The key ESM procedures include:
l
Default EPS Bearer Context Activation - this is used to establish a default EPS bearer
context between the UE and the EPC.
Dedicated EPS Bearer Context Activation - this is to establish an EPS bearer context
with specific QoS (Quality of Service) and TFT (Traffic Flow Template) between the UE
and the EPC. The dedicated EPS bearer context activation procedure is initiated by the
network, but may be requested by the UE by means of the UE requested bearer resource
allocation procedure.
EPS Bearer Context Modification - this is used to modify an EPS bearer context with a
specific QoS and TFT.
EPS Bearer Context Deactivation - this is used to deactivate an EPS bearer context or
disconnect from a PDN by deactivating all EPS bearer contexts to the PDN.
ESM Information Request - this is used by the network to retrieve ESM information, i.e.
protocol configuration options, APN (access Point Name), or both from the UE during
the attach procedure.
ESM Status - this is used to report at any time certain error conditions detected upon
receipt of ESM protocol data.
NAS User
The NAS user plane is based on IP (Internet Protocol). As such, IP datagrams are passed to
the lower layers, i.e. PDCP, for processing.
2-6
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2.2.3 RRC
The main air interface control protocol is RRC (Radio Resource Control). For RRC messages
to be transferred between the UE and the eNB it uses the services of PDCP, RLC, MAC and
PHY. Figure 2-5 identifies the main RRC functions. In summary, RRC handles all the
signaling between the UE and the E-UTRAN, with signaling between the UE and Core
Network, i.e. NAS (Non Access Stratum) signaling, being carried by dedicated RRC
messages. When carrying NAS signaling, RRC does not alter the information but instead,
provides the delivery mechanism.
RRC provides the main configuration and parameters to the lower layers. As such, the PHY layer will
get information from RRC on how to configure certain aspects of the Physical Layer.
2.2.4 PDCP
LTE implements PDCP in both the user plane and control plane. This is unlike UMTS, where
PDCP was only found in the user plane. The main reason for the difference is that PDCP in
LTE takes on the role of security, i.e. encryption and integrity. In addition, Figure 2-6
illustrates some of the other functions performed by PDCP.
Figure 2-6 PDCP Functions
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-7
In the control plane, PDCP facilitates encryption and integrity checking of signaling messages,
i.e. RRC and NAS. The user plane is slightly different since only encryption is performed. In
addition, the user plane IP datagrams can also be subjected to IP header compression
techniques in order to improve the systems performance and efficiency. Finally, PDCP also
facilitates sequencing and duplication detection.
2.2.5 RLC
The RLC (Radio Link Control) protocol exists in the UE and the eNB. As its name suggests it
provides radio link control, if required. In essence, RLC supports three delivery services to
the higher layers:
l
TM (Transparent Mode) - This is utilized for some of the air interface channels, e.g.
broadcast and paging. It provides a connectionless service for signaling.
These modes, as well as the other RLC features are illustrated in Figure 2-7. In addition to
ARQ, RLC offers segmentation, re-assembly and concatenation of information.
Figure 2-7 RLC Modes and Functions
2.2.6 MAC
MAC (Medium Access Control) provides the interface between the E-UTRA protocols and
the E-UTRA Physical Layer. In doing this it provides the following services:
2-8
Mapping - MAC maps the information received on the LTE Logical Channels into the
LTE transport channels. These channels and their mapping are discussed further in
Section 2.3 .
Multiplexing - The information provided to MAC will come from a RB (Radio Bearer)
or multiple Radio Bearers. The MAC layer is able to multiplex different bearers into the
same TB (Transport Block), thus increasing efficiency.
HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) - MAC utilizes HARQ to provide error
correction services across the air. HARQ is a feature which requires the MAC and
Physical Layers to work closely together. This is discussed further in Section 2.21 .
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
Radio Resource Allocation - QoS (Quality of Service) based scheduling of traffic and
signaling to users is provided by MAC. There are various scheduling options, these are
described further in Section .
In order to support these features the MAC and Physical layers need to pass various
indications on the radio link quality, as well as the feedback from HARQ operation.
Figure 2-8 Medium Access Control Functions
2.2.7 Physical
The PHY (Physical Layer) in LTE provides a new and flexible channel. It does however
utilize features and mechanisms defined in earlier systems, i.e. UMTS. Figure 2-9 illustrates
the main functions provided by the Physical Layer.
Figure 2-9 Physical Layer Functions
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-9
Logical channels are classified as either Control Logical Channels, which carry control data
such as RRC signaling, or traffic Logical Channels which carry user plane data.
PCCH (Paging Control Channel) - This downlink channel is used by the eNB to send
paging information.
2-10
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
CCCH (Common Control Channel) - This is used to establish a RRC (Radio Resource
Control) connection, also known as a SRB (Signaling Radio Bearer). The SRB is
discussed further in Section 2.18 . The SRB is also used for re-establishment procedures.
SRB 0 maps to the CCCH.
DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel) - This provides a bidirectional channel for signaling.
Logically there are two DCCH activated:
SRB 1 - This is used for RRC messages, as well as RRC messages carrying high
priority NAS signaling.
SRB 2 - This is used for RRC carrying low priority NAS signaling. Prior to its
establishment low priority signaling is sent on SRB1.
The DTCH is a bidirectional channel that can operate in either RLC AM or UM mode. This is
configured by RRC and is based on the QoS (Quality of Service) of the E-RAB (EPS Radio
Access Bearer).
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-11
BCH (Broadcast Channel) - This is a fixed format channel which occurs once per frame
and carries the MIB (Master Information Block). Note that the majority of System
Information messages are carries on the DL-SCH (Downlink - Shared Channel).
PCH (Paging Channel) - This channel is used to carry the PCCH, i.e. paging messages. It
also utilizes DRX (Discontinuous Reception) to improve UE battery life.
DL-SCH (Downlink - Shared Channel) - This is the main downlink channel for data and
signaling. It supports dynamic scheduling, as well as dynamic link adaptation. In
addition, it supports HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) operation to improve
performance. As previously mentioned it also facilitates the sending of System
Information messages.
RACH (Random Access Channel) - This channel carries limited information and is used
in conjunction with Physical Channels and preambles to provide contention resolution
procedures.
UL-SCH (Uplink Shared Channel) - Similar to the DL-SCH, this channel supports
dynamic scheduling (eNB controlled) and dynamic link adaptation by varying the
modulation and coding. In addition, it too supports HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat
Request) operation to improve performance.
PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel) - This is used to indicate the
number of OFDM symbols used for the PDCCH.
PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) - This channel is used for resource
allocation.
PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel) - This channel is part of the HARQ
process.
PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) - This channel carries the DL-SCH.
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Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) - This channel carries the Random Access
Preamble. The location of the PRACH is defined by higher layer signaling, i.e. RRC
signaling.
PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) - This channel carries uplink control and
feedback. It can also carry scheduling requests to the eNB.
PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) - This is the main uplink channel and is used
to carry the UL-SCH (Uplink Shared Channel) Transport Channel. It carries both
signaling and user data, in addition to uplink control. It is worth noting that the UE is not
allowed to transmit the PUCCH and PUSCH at the same time.
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2-13
2-14
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
In order to facilitate the multiplexing from Logical Channels to Transport Channels, the MAC
Layer typically adds a LCID (Logical Channel Identifier).
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2-15
The use of the extended cyclic prefix is intended for scenarios when the range of the cell
needs to be extended, e.g. for planning purposes.
2-16
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
Table 2-2 illustrates the sizes of the cyclic prefix for different configurations. It can be seen
that the CP size can vary during a slot, such that the first CP is larger than the rest when the
normal CP size is chosen.
Table 2-2 Downlink CP Parameters
Configuration
CP Length (Ts)
Time
Delay
Spread
~ 5.208s
~ 1.562km
~ 4.688s
~ 1.406km
Normal Cyclic
Prefix
f = 15kHz
Extended Cyclic
Prefix
f = 15kHz
~16.67s
~ 5km
f = 7.5kHz
1024 for 0, 1, 2
~ 33.33 s
~ 10km
The 7.5kHz option is part of MBSFN (MBMS over Single Frequency Network) which is still in the
Release 8 PHY specifications, however the MBMS feature which utilizes this has been delayed until
Release 9. In addition, this option (7.5kHz) is only available in the downlink.
The symbol (Ts) consists of a guard period, i.e. the cyclic prefix, and the Tb data duration
which is 2048 LTE time units for both the normal and extended 15kHz option. Figure 2-21
illustrates an example of the normal cyclic prefix configuration for a slot.
Figure 2-21 Normal CP Configuration
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-17
GP (Guard Period)
DwPTS (Downlink
Pilot Time Slot)
3
UpPTS (Uplink
Pilot Time Slot)
There are various frame configuration options supported for TDD. Table 2-3 illustrates the
different options. Configuration options 0, 1, 2 and 6 have a 5ms switching point and
therefore require 2 special subframes, whereas the rest are based on a 10ms switching point.
In the table, the letter D is reserved for downlink transmissions, U denotes subframes
reserved for uplink transmissions and S denotes a special subframe with the three fields
DwPTS, GP and UpPTS.
Table 2-3 Type 2 Radio Frame Switching Points
Configuration
Switching
Point
Periodicity
Subframe Number
0
5ms
5ms
5ms
10ms
10ms
10ms
5ms
The DwPTS and UpPTS in a special frame may carry information. For example the DwPTS can include
scheduling information and the UpPTS can be configured to facilitate random access bursts.
2-18
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
Codeword
Rank 1
1
1 Layer
Rank 2
1
2 Layers
Rank 3
1
Rank 4
2
3 Layers
4 Layers
4 Antenna
4 Antenna
1, 2 or 4
2 or 4
Ports
Ports
Antenna
Antenna
Ports
Ports
It is important to note that the number of modulation symbols on each layer needs to be the
same. As such, when operating with three layers, the second codeword is twice as large as the
first. This can be achieved due to the supported TB sizes and the other Physical Layer stages.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-19
2.5.2 Scrambling
The initial stage of the Physical Layer processing is scrambling. This stage is applied to the
signal in order to provide interference rejection properties. Scrambling effectively randomizes
interfering signals using a pseudo-random scrambling process. Figure 2-25 illustrates the
concept of scrambling, showing a Physical Resource Block on each of the cells using the
same frequency. The scrambling feature statistically improves the interference by scrambling
the information with a scrambling code based on the physical cell ID and RNTI.
Figure 2-25 Scrambling in LTE
Figure 2-26 illustrates the generation of the scrambling code which is applied to most of the
Physical Channels. It is worth noting that scrambling is not used on the downlink PHICH and
on certain parts of the uplink.
Figure 2-26 LTE Scrambling Code Generation
2-20
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
BPSK
QPSK
1
-1
1
1
-1
10
-1
11
16QAM
Q
00
1
-1
01
1011
1001
0001
0011
1010
1000
0000
0010
-3
-1
1110
1100
0100
0110
1111
1101
0101
0111
-1
-3
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-21
Layers ( )
Antenna Ports ( P )
Single Antenna
=1
P =1
Transmit Diversity
=P
P 1 (2 or 4)
Spatial Multiplexing
1 P
P 1 (2 or 4)
The complex-valued modulation symbols for each of the codewords to be transmitted are
mapped onto one or several layers. Complex-valued modulation symbols
(q)
d ( q ) (0),..., d ( q ) ( M symb
1) for codeword q are mapped onto the layers
layer
x(i ) = x ( 0) (i ) ... x ( 1) (i ) , i = 0,1,..., M symb
1 where is the number of layers and
layer
M symb
is the number of modulation symbols per layer.
Single Antenna
For transmission on a single antenna port, a single layer is used, = 1 , and the mapping is
layer
(0)
defined by x (0) (i ) = d (0) (i ) with M symb
= M symb
.
Spatial Multiplexing
For spatial multiplexing, the layer mapping is illustrated in Table 2-5. The number of layers
is less than or equal to the number of antenna ports P used for transmission of the physical
channel. The case of a single codeword mapped to two layers is only applicable when the
number of antenna ports is 4.
Table 2-5 Codeword to Layer Mapping for Spatial Multiplexing
Number
of Layers
Number of
Codewords
x (0) (i ) = d (0) (i )
layer
( 0)
M symb
= M symb
x (0) (i ) = d (0) (i )
layer
(0)
(1)
M symb
= M symb
= M symb
layer
Codeword to Layer Mapping i = 0,1,..., M symb
1
x (1) (i ) = d (1) (i )
2-22
layer
(0)
M symb
= M symb
2
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
layer
(0 )
(1)
2
M symb
= M symb
= M symb
x (0) (i ) = d (0) (i )
layer
(0)
(1)
2 = M symb
2
M symb
= M symb
Transmit Diversity
For transmit diversity there is only one codeword and the number of layers is equal to the
number of antenna ports used for transmission of the physical channel.
Table 2-6 Codeword to Layer Mapping for Transmit Diversity
layer
Number Number Codeword to Layer Mapping i = 0,1,..., M symb
1
of
of Code
Layers
words
x ( 0 ) (i ) = d ( 0) (2i )
layer
(0)
M symb
= M symb
2
x (1) (i ) = d ( 0) (2i + 1)
x ( 0 ) (i ) = d ( 0) ( 4i )
x (1) (i ) = d ( 0) ( 4i + 1)
x
( 2)
( 3)
(i ) = d
(0)
( 4i + 2)
(i ) = d
(0)
( 4i + 3)
( 0)
( 0)
M symb
4
if M symb
mod 4 = 0
layer
M symb
= ( 0)
(0 )
M symb + 2 4 if M symb mod 4 0
( 0)
If M symb
mod 4 0 two null symbols are
(0 )
appended to d ( 0) ( M symb
1)
2.5.5 Precoding
The next stage is precoding the complex-valued modulation symbols on each layer for
transmission. Figure 2-29 illustrates the different precoding options:
l
Transmit Diversity.
Spatial Multiplexing - This includes two options, i.e. with CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity)
and without.
CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity) is a method whereby a delayed version of the same OFDM symbol is
transmitted from multiple antennas. It provides a method for transforming spatial diversity into
frequency diversity thus avoiding Inter Symbol Interference.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-23
Precoding Concept
ap
y (i ) = ... y ( p ) (i ) ... , i = 0,1,..., M symb
1 to be mapped onto resources on each of the antenna
ap
i = 0,1,..., M symb
1 of the precoding operation is defined by:
(
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
y ( 0 ) (2i )
j 0 Re x ( 0 ) (i )
1 0
(1)
0 1 0
j Re x (1) (i )
y (2i ) = 1
y ( 0) (2i + 1)
0
j Im x ( 0) (i )
2 0 1
(1)
(1)
y (2i + 1)
1 0 j 0 Im x (i )
layer
ap
layer
for i = 0,1,..., M symb
1 with M symb
= 2M symb
.
It is worth noting that any two columns of the coding matrix are orthogonal. In addition, the
precoding has facilitated space-frequency transmit diversity, i.e. coding in frequency domain.
ap
layer
The precoding for four antenna ports is similar, however typically M symb
.
= 4M symb
2-24
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
M
M
= W (i )
y ( P 1) (i )
x ( 1) (i )
ap
ap
layer
where the precoding matrix W (i ) is of size P and i = 0,1,..., M symb
1 , M symb
= M symb
.
Note that the values of W (i ) are selected among the precoder elements in the codebook
configured in the eNodeB and the UE.
For large-delay CDD, precoding for spatial multiplexing is defined by
y ( 0 ) (i )
x ( 0 ) (i )
= W (i ) D (i )U M
y ( P 1) (i )
x ( 1) (i )
ap
ap
layer
where the precoding matrix W (i ) is of size P and i = 0,1,..., M symb
1 , M symb
= M symb
.
Compared to none CDD precoding, D(i) provides the CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity)
diagonal matrix, whereas U uses a square matrix.
Number of layers
1
1 1
2 1
1 1 0
2 0 1
1 1
2 1
1 1 1
2 1 1
1 1
2 j
1 1 1
2 j j
1 1
2 j
Note that for transmission on four antenna ports there are 16 codebook indexes to choose
from.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-25
They are in the PRB (Physical Resource Blocks) assigned for transmission.
They are not used for transmission of PBCH, synchronization signals or reference
signals.
sl( p) (t ) =
DL RB
N DLN RB / 2
RB sc
k = NRB Nsc / 2
j 2kf (t NCP,lTs )
( p)
ak( + ) ,l e
k =1
2-26
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
Frequency
Device is allocated one
or more PRB (Physical
Resource Blocks)
Channel
Bandwidth
E.g. 3MHz
OFDMA
PRB consists of 12
subcarriers for 0.5ms
Time
It is also worth noting that a device is typically allocated 1ms of time, i.e. a subframe, and not
an individual PRB.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-27
The different configurations for the downlink E-UTRA PRB are illustrated in Table 2-8.
Table 2-8 Downlink PRB Parameters
Configuration
Normal Cyclic Prefix
Extended Cyclic
Prefix
NSCRB
NSymbDL
f = 15kHz
f = 15kHz
f = 7.5kHz
7
12
6
24
The uplink PRB configuration is similar; however the 7.5kHz option is not available.
2-28
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
(1)
(2)
Ncell
ID = 3NID + NID
eNB
UE
In LTE there are two synchronization sequences, known as the PSS (Primary Synchronization
Signal) and the SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal). The location of these is dependent
on the transmission mode, i.e. FDD or TDD, as well as the use of the normal or extended
cyclic prefix.
Figure 2-34 PSS and SSS Location for FDD
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-29
(1)
m0
m1
N ID
m0
m1
N ID
m0
m1
N ID
(1)
m0
m1
N ID
(1)
m0
m1
34
68
12
102
15
19
136
22
27
35
69
10
13
103
16
20
137
23
28
36
70
11
14
104
17
21
138
24
29
37
71
12
15
105
18
22
139
25
30
(1)
167
33
2-30
(1)
67
11
101
14
18
135
21
26
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
The concatenated sequence is scrambled with a scrambling sequence given by the primary
synchronization signal.
UE Specific.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-31
This is used for a single TX (Transmit) antenna. The reference signals are transmitted during
the first and fifth OFDM symbols of each slot when the normal CP is used and during the first
and fourth OFDM symbols when the extended CP is used.
Cell ID Offset
It is worth noting that the position of the reference signals is dependent on the value of the
Physical Cell ID. As such, the system performs a calculation (Physical Cell ID mod 6) to
determine the correct offset. Figure 2-38 illustrates two cells, each producing a different
offset.
Figure 2-38 Reference Signal Physical Cell ID Offset
2-32
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
Whilst Reference Symbols are transmitted on one antenna, the other antennas resource element is null.
In addition, like the single antenna port configuration the location of the reference signals is offset based
on the Physical Cell ID.
x x
x x
R x
R x
x x
x R
x R
x x
R x
R x
x x
x x
x R
x x
x x
x R
x x
x x
R x
R x
x x
x R
x R
x x
R x
R x
x x
x x
x R
x x
x x
x R
Antenna Port 0
Antenna Port 1
Antenna Port 2
Antenna Port 3
Antenna port 2 and antenna port 3 both have a reduced number of reference symbols.
This is to reduce the reference signal overhead. It does also have a negative impact on the
system since the lack of reference signals will mean that in high mobility, i.e. fast channel
variations, the channel estimation will not be as accurate. This however can be offset by the
fact that spatial multiplexing MIMO with 4 antennas will mostly be performed in low
mobility scenarios. In addition, like the single antenna port configuration the location of the
reference signals is offset based on the Physical Cell ID.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-33
Subframe
Slot
Subframe
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Extended CP
15kHz
R
R
Extended CP
7.5kHz
R
R
R
R
Since the device has no information on the beamforming attributes applied by the eNB it
needs to estimate these as part of the channel estimation process.
2-34
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
The coded BCH TB (Transport Block) is mapped into four subframes within a 40ms interval.
This 40ms timing is blindly detected by the UE and the information within the subframe is
assumed to be self decodable. This means that it is not dependent on information in
subsequent transmissions of Transport Blocks on the PBCH. The PBCH is located in 4
symbols of slot 1 only (symbols 0, 1, 2 and 3).
Figure 2-44 MIB to PBCH Mapping (FDD and Normal CP)
CRC
Channel Coding
Rate Matching
Scrambling
Modulation
Layer Mapping
Precoding
Mapping to REs
System
Bandwidth
MIB
PBCH
10ms Frame
Only the MIB is carried in the PBCH, other SIB (System Information Blocks) are sent using the
PDSCH.
Section 2.11.4 discusses the LTE SI (System Information) messages and scheduling options.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-35
N RB 10
DL
DL
The control area within a PRB is grouped into multiple REG (Resource Element Group), with
one REG containing four Resource Elements. It is worth noting that the REG does not use
Resource Elements assigned to Reference Signals.
Figure 2-45 CFI to PCFICH Mapping
CFI
k
Channel Coding
(Block1/16)
Scrambling
Modulation
Layer Mapping
Precoding
Mapping to REs
OFDM Symbols
allocated to
PDCCH
PCFICH
NRBDL
Cell
DL
k = (NRB
sc /2)(NID mod 2NRB)
Reserved RSs
k=k
DL
RB
k = k + NRB
)/2 Nsc
/2
DL
RB
k = k + 2NRB)/2 Nsc /2
RB
k = k + 3NDL
RB)/2 Nsc /2
The PCFICH requires four REGs, i.e. 16 Resource Elements, which are distributed over the
channel bandwidth. The location of these varies depending on the system bandwidth (NSCRB)
and the NIDcell. Figure 2-45 illustrates the processes involved in mapping the CFI (Control
Format Indicator) to the correct REGs. In addition, the calculations required are also
illustrated. Table 2-11 illustrates the CFI codewords which are mapped to the PCFICH. These
can change every subframe, i.e. 1ms.
2-36
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
<0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1>
<1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0>
<1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1>
4 (Reserved)
<0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0>
Since there are 2bits, i.e. four combinations, coded to 32bits the result is 1/16 Block Coding.
In TDD the control regions are only available on the downlink subframes and the DwPTS.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-37
PDCCH Mapping
Figure 2-48 illustrates the concept of mapping the PDCCH to REGs. It assumes that the
PCFICH indicated 2 symbols, as well as two antennas and one PHICH. The numbers in the
control region relate to the grouping of REs into a REG.
Figure 2-48 PDCCH to Control Region Mapping
Each control channel carries downlink or uplink scheduling information for one MAC identity,
namely a C-RNTI (Cell - Radio Network Temporary Identifier). This is implicitly encoded in
the CRC.
2-38
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
There are various rules governing when a PDCCH can start in a subframe. Effectively there is
a tree based method to the aggregation of CCE, these include:
l
Search Spaces
The set of PDCCH candidates to monitor are defined in terms of search spaces. The diagram
illustrates the concept of search spaces and the relationship to the CCEs.
Figure 2-50 Common and UE-Specific Search Spaces
There are two types of search spaces, namely common and UE specific. The common search
space corresponds to CCEs 0-15 at two levels:
l
These are monitored by all UEs in the cell and can be used for any PDCCH signaling. In
addition, a UE must monitor one UE specific search space at each of the aggregation levels 1,
2, 4 and 8. This may overlap with the common control search space. The location of the
UE-specific search space is based on the C-RNTI (Cell - Radio Network Temporary Identity).
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-39
Bandwidth.
PHICH configuration.
Frame structure type 2 (TDD) - the number of PHICH groups may vary between
downlink subframes; this is achieved through different configuration formats.
The amount of PHICH resources (Ng) is signaled on the PBCH, as part of the MIB. Figure
2-51 illustrates how the number of PHICH groups is calculated using this parameter.
Figure 2-51 PHICH Mapping
2-40
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
Subframe
Extended
PHICH
5MHz (25 Resource Blocks)
Normal
PHICH
Subframe
PDSCH
Symbols
PDSCH
Symbol
Mapping
Reserved for
Control
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-41
Usage
Scheduling of PUSCH
1A
1B
1C
1D
2A
3A
The size of the DCI format depends on its function, as well as the system bandwidth. There
are various rules associated with the formatting of the DCI messages. As such, padding is
typically added to ensure the rules are met.
2-42
Flag for format0/format1A differentiation - 1 bit, where value 0 indicates format 0 and
value 1 indicates format 1A.
Hopping flag.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
UL index - This field is present only for TDD operation with uplink-downlink
configuration 0.
DAI (Downlink Assignment Index) - This field is present only for TDD operation with
uplink-downlink configurations 1-6.
CQI Request.
Redundancy version.
It is important that the size of a DCI format 1 message does not match other DCI messages. If
the number of information bits in DCI format 1 is equal to that for format 0/1A, one zero is
added. In addition, if the number of information bits in DCI format 1 belongs to one of the
sizes in Table 2-13, one or more zeros can be added.
Table 2-13 DCI Ambiguous Sizes of Information Bits
Ambiguous Sizes of Information Bits
12, 14, 16 ,20, 24, 26, 32, 40, 44, 56
Flag for format0/format1A differentiation - 1 bit, where value 0 indicates format 0 and
value 1 indicates format 1A.
Preamble Index.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-43
Otherwise, when used for compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword the following
information is sent:
l
Flag for format0/format1A differentiation - 1 bit, where value 0 indicates format 0 and
value 1 indicates format 1A.
Redundancy version.
Like format 0, various rules apply to the size of the message, such that zeros may need to be
inserted. In addition, depending on the channel usage, i.e. the CRC is scrambled with random
access, paging or system information RNTIs, certain fields may be reserved.
Redundancy version.
TPC command for PUCCH.
l
l
TPMI information for precoding - The TPMI (Transmitted Precoding Matrix Indicator)
information indicates which codebook index is used corresponding to the single-layer
transmission.
PMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) confirmation for precoding - This indicates whether
precoding is based on the indicated TPMI or on the latest PMI report sent on the
PUSCH.
If the number of information bits in format 1B belongs to one of the sizes in Table 2-13, one
zero bit is added.
2-44
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
HARQ process number - the size of this varies depending on FDD or TDD mode.
Redundancy version.
Downlink power offset - This is required for multi-user MIMO scheduling in the
downlink.
If the number of information bits in format 1D belongs to one of the sizes in Table 2-13, one
zero bit is added.
HARQ process number - the size of this varies depending on FDD or TDD mode.
Transport block to codeword swap flag - This determines the transport block to
codeword mapping. However, if one of the transport blocks is disabled the mapping is
different.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
Redundancy version.
Redundancy version.
Precoding information - This is either 3bits or 6bits depending on the number of antenna
ports.
2-45
Bit field
mapped to
index
Message
Bit field
mapped
to index
Message
Reserved
Reserved
Reserved
TPC command number 1, TPC command number 2,, TPC command number N,
where:
N = format 0 ,
2
The parameter Lformat 0 is equal to the payload size of format 0 before CRC attachment.
A power control parameter, namely tpc-Index, is provided by higher layers. This is utilized by
the mobile to determine the index to the TPC command for a given UE. Power control is
discussed in Section 2.19 .
2-46
TPC command number 1, TPC command number 2,, TPC command number M where M = Lformat 0 , and where Lformat 0 is equal to the payload size of format 0
before CRC attachment.
Huawei Proprietary and Confidential
Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
In order to access a cell the device must find and synchronize to the cell. It is then able to
decode the System Information messages and perform PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
and Cell Selection. Once this has been completed, the device is in a position to access the cell
and establish a RRC connection, i.e. a SRB (Signaling Radio Bearer).
Frame - 10ms
0
5MHz (25
Resource
Blocks)
PSS
SSS
PBCH
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-47
In order for the UE to identify the cell and synchronize with the downlink transmission, the
eNB sends synchronization signals over the centre 72 sub-carriers. For FDD mode (using a
normal CP) this is in the first and sixth subframes of each downlink frame.
These synchronization signals comprise of the PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal) and
SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal). Together they enable the UE to become downlink
synchronized and identify the Physical Cell Identity. There are 504 unique physical cell
identities, divided into 168 cell identity groups each containing three cell identities (sectors).
Figure 2-56 Physical Cell Identities
eNB
eNB
eNB
PSS - One of 3 Identities
The Physical Cell ID is able to be reused based on the cell and frequency reuse mechanism employed.
At this stage the cell identity within the group is known. In addition, the location of the SSS is
also known because it occupies the previous OFDM symbol (FDD mode). However, at this
stage the frame synchronization is not known since subframe 0 and 5 both utilize the same
PSS sequence.
2-48
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
where 0 n 30 .
(1)
The indices m 0 and m1 are derived from the Physical Layer cell identity group N ID
and
are shown in Table 2-9.
The two sequences s0(m0 ) (n) and s1(m1 ) (n) are defined as two different cyclic shifts of
the m-sequence ~s (n) .
The two scrambling sequences c 0 (n) and c1 (n) depend on the primary
synchronization signal and are defined by two different cyclic shifts of the m-sequence
c~ (n) .
The scrambling sequences z1(m0 ) (n) and z1( m1 ) ( n) are defined by a cyclic shift of the
m-sequence ~z (n) .
Figure 2-58 illustrates the correlation of the SSS. Note that the device is
monitoring/processing a number of different SSS possibilities, i.e. more than the two shown.
Figure 2-58 SSS Correlation Example
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-49
Decode cell specific Reference Signals (since their location is based on the Physical Cell
ID).
Decode the PBCH which carries the MIB (Master Information Block).
The MIB repeats every 40ms and uses a 40ms TTI (Time Transmission Interval), i.e. the
message is interleaved over 4 frames. The MIB transmission is aligned to the SFN (System
Frame Number) such that it starts when SFN mod 4 = 0.
Figure 2-59 PBCH and the Master Information Block
The MIB is always transmitted in subframe 0. The MIB carries three very important bits of
information. It indicates the downlink bandwidth, i.e. 6, 15, 25, 50, 75 or 100 Resource
Blocks. This enables the device to know where it should be looking (subcarriers) for the
downlink control information. In addition, the PHICH configuration parameter is included.
This indicates that Ng is equal to 1/6, 1/2, 1 or 2 and whether Normal or Extended
PHICH mode is being used. These are used by the device to determine the number of PHICH
groups configured on the cell and their location. Finally, the SFN is also included.
In addition, the PBCH is layer mapped and precoded. As such, the PBCH can employ transmit
diversity over multiple antennas ports.
Based on the MIB the UE is able to decode the PCFICH. This identifies the number of OFDM
symbols assigned to the downlink control region in the subframe.
2-50
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
PLMN Identity List - This is a list of PLMN identities. The first listed PLMN-Identity is
the primary PLMN.
l
l
Tracking Area Code - This is a TAC (Tracking Area Code) that is common for all the
PLMNs listed.
E-CGI - This is a 28bit cell identifier.
CSG Indication - if set to TRUE, the UE CSG (Closed Subscriber Group) identity
needs to match.
CSG Identity - This is the identity of the Closed Subscriber Group within the primary
PLMN the cell belongs to.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-51
SI Periodicity Mapping Information - This denotes a value in radio frames: rf8, rf16, rf32,
rf64, rf128, rf256, rf512 and is used to calculate the occurrence of messages.
SIB Window Length - This is a common SI scheduling window for all SIB and indicates
1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 40ms.
System Info Value Tag - Common for all SIBs other than MIB, SIB1, SIB10 and SIB11.
Acquisition of an SI Message
When acquiring an SI message, the UE performs various calculations to determine the start of
the SI-window for the concerned SI message:
l
For the concerned SI message, determine the number n which corresponds to the order of
entry in the list of SI messages configured by schedulingInfoList in
SystemInformationBlockType1.
The SI-window starts at the subframe #a, where a = x mod 10, in the radio frame for
which SFN mod T = FLOOR(x/10), where T is the si-Periodicity of the concerned SI
message.
In order to identify the scheduling of SI messages the UE looks for the SI-RNTI (System
Information - Radio Network Temporary Identifier) on the PDCCH.
Figure 2-61 Example of SI Mapping
E-UTRAN should configure an SI-window of 1 ms only if all SIs are scheduled before subframe #5 in
radio frames for which SFN mod 2 = 0.
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2-53
2-54
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2-55
For an E-UTRAN cell, the measured RSRP value is greater than or equal to -110 dBm.
Found PLMNs that do not satisfy the high quality criterion, but for which the UE has been
able to read the PLMN identities are reported to the NAS together with the RSRP value. The
quality measure reported by the UE to NAS is the same for each PLMN found in one cell.
Note that the UE may optimize the PLMN search by using stored information e.g. carrier
frequencies and optionally also information on cell parameters from previously received
measurement control information elements.
2-56
Either the HPLMN (if the EHPLMN list is not present or is empty) or the highest priority
EHPLMN that is available (if the EHPLMN list is present).
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
Once the UE NAS has selected a PLMN, the cell selection procedure can be performed in
order to select a suitable cell of that PLMN to camp on.
Initial Cell Selection - This is when the UE has no prior knowledge of the cell.
Stored Information Cell Selection - This is when the UE has stored information which is
used to optimize the selection process, i.e. it stored information before it was switched
off.
Once a UE has synchronized with the cell and decoded the necessary System Information
messages, it must camp on it; or one of the surrounding cells. This is achieved through the cell
selection process. The UE is aiming to find the cell which will provide the best quality radio
link between it and the network. Figure 2-71 illustrates the S (Cell Selection) calculation.
Figure 2-71 LTE Cell Selection
Table 2-15 identifies the parameters used as part of the Cell Selection process.
Table 2-15 Cell Selection Parameters
Parameter
Description
Srxlev
Qrxlevmeas
Qrxlevmin
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-57
Qrxlevminoffset
Pcompensation
PUMAX
In terms of the radio channel, the UE measures the RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power).
The LTE downlink contains cell specific RS (Reference Signals) which are used for channel
equalization and determining the RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power).
The device calculates the Qrxlevmeas for each cell. It then gathers the related Qrxlevmin and
other parameters from the SI messages (each cell may provide different parameters). Once it
has gathered all the information it is able to calculate Srxlev for each cell.
All cells that return a value of Srxlev greater than zero are considered candidates for selection.
The cell with the most positive value is selected and becomes the camped on cell.
2-58
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
In Figure 2-72 the SC-FDMA signal generation process starts by creating a time domain
waveform of the data symbols to be transmitted. This is then converted into the frequency
domain, using a DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform). DFT length and sampling rate are chosen
so that the signal is fully represented, as well as being spaced 15kHz apart. Each bin
(subcarrier) will have its own fixed amplitude and phase for the duration of the SC-FDMA
symbol. Next the signal is shifted to the desired place in the channel bandwidth using the zero
insertion concept, i.e. subcarrier mapping. Finally, the signal is converted to a single carrier
waveform using an IDFT (Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform) and other functions. Finally a
cyclic prefix can be added. Note that additional functions such as S-P (Serial to Parallel) and
P-S (Parallel to Serial) converters are also required as part of a detailed functional description.
Figure 2-73 illustrates the concept of the DFT, such that a group of N symbols map to N
subcarriers. However depending on the combination of N symbols into the DFT the output
will vary. As such, the actual amplitude and phase of the N subcarriers is like a code word.
For example the first combination represents the first set of symbols. Since the second set of
symbols is different the amplitude and phase of the N subcarriers would then be different.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-59
The process at the eNB receiver takes the N subcarriers and reverses the process. This is
achieved using an IDFT (Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform) which effectively reproduces
the original N symbols.
Figure 2-74 illustrates the basic view of how the subcarriers received at the eNB are converted
back into the original signals.
Note that the SC-FDMA symbols have a constant amplitude and phase and like ODFMA, a
CP (Cyclic Prefix) is still required.
Figure 2-74 SC-FDMA and the eNB
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
sl (t ) =
UL RB
N sc / 2 1
N RB
UL RB
k = N RB
N sc / 2
ak ( ) , l e
j 2 ( k +1 2 )f (t N CP ,l Ts )
RB
for 0 t < (N CP ,l + N ) Ts where k ( ) = k + N UL
RB N sc 2 , N = 2048 , f = 15 kHz and a k ,l
is the content of resource element (k, l ) .
The SC-FDMA symbols in a slot are transmitted in increasing order of l , starting with l = 0 ,
where SC-FDMA symbol l > 0 starts at time
l 1
l =0
SC-FDMA
OFDMA
Low PAPR
Performance
Uplink MIMO
PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) - This channel carries the Random Access
Preamble. The location of the PRACH is defined by higher layer signaling.
PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) - This channel carries UCI (Uplink Control
Information) such as ACK/NAKs in response to downlink transmission, as well as CQI
(Channel Quality Indicator) reports. It also carries scheduling request indicators and
MIMO codeword feedback.
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PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) - This is the main uplink channel and is used
to carry the UL-SCH (Uplink Shared Channel) Transport Channel. It carries both
signaling and user data, in addition to UCI.
The Guard Period is required since the eNB does not know when the preambles will arrive.
Figure 2-78 illustrates an example with two UEs. The first is next to the eNB therefore there
is very little delay. In contrast UE B is some distance from the eNB, as such the initial
access preamble is delayed, i.e. there is a round trip delay. The eNB must allocate a large
enough window such that the preambles from UE at the edge of the cell dont arrive outside
of this window.
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Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
TSEQ
(Ts)
TCP
(Ts)
TCP (s)
TGT
(Ts)
TGT
(s)
Max.
Delay
Spread
(s)
Max
Cell
Radius
(km)
24576
3168
103.125
2976
96.875
5.208
14.531
24576
21024
684.375
15840
515.625
16.666
77.344
49152
6240
203.125
6048
196.875
5.208
29.531
49152
21024
684.375
21984
715.625
16.666
102.65
4 (TDD)
Special
Frame
4096
448
14.583
576
18.75
16.666
4.375
Format 4 is only available for frame structure type 2 and special subframe configurations with UpPTS
lengths 4384Ts and 5120Ts only.
For FDD format 0, 1 2 or 3 can be configured. Figure 2-79 visualizes the different formats. It
is worth noting that they can occupy more than a subframe and in addition the guard period is
not specified.
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2-63
The actual PRACH channel utilizes 6 PRBs, i.e. it occupies 1.4MHz of uplink channel
capacity.
For FDD the subcarrier spacing is 1.25kHz and there are 839 subcarriers, whilst TDD utilizes
a 7.5kHz subcarrier spacing and 139 carriers. As such for FDD the duration is 1/T =
1/1.25kHz = 0.8ms.
Figure 2-80 PRACH Configuration
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Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
The exact position of the PRACH is defined in the SI (System Information) messages by
using the PRACH Configuration Index. This is based on a table and can vary from 0 to 63.
Table 2-18 illustrates the first part of the table.
Table 2-18 PRACH Configuration Index
PRACH
Configuration
Index
Preamble
Format
System
Frame
Number
Subframe
Number
Even
Even
Even
Any
Any
Any
Any
1, 6
Any
2 ,7
Any
3, 8
Any
1, 4, 7
10
Any
2, 5, 8
11
Any
3, 6, 9
12
Any
0, 2, 4, 6, 8
13
Any
1, 3, 5, 7, 9
14
Any
0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9
15
Even
63
Even
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-65
The random access preamble is generated from Zadoff-Chu sequences. These have key
properties:
l
Constant Amplitude - This improves the PAPR and increases the amplifier efficiency.
Cross Correlation - This enables different base sequence cyclic shifts to be used.
Additional mechanisms are required when the cyclic shift is greater than the time
expected for round trip propagation and signal delay spread.
The set of 64 preamble sequences in a cell is found by including first, in the order of
increasing cyclic shift, all the available cyclic shifts of a root Zadoff-Chu sequence with the
logical index RACH_ROOT_SEQUENCE, where RACH_ROOT_SEQUENCE is
broadcasted as part of the System Information.
Additional preamble sequences, in case 64 preambles cannot be generated from a single root
Zadoff-Chu sequence, are obtained from the root sequences with the consecutive logical
indexes until all the 64 sequences are found.
The relation between a logical root sequence index and physical root sequence index u is
defined by various tables and calculations in the 3GPP 36.211 specification - Physical
Channels and Modulation.
The u th root Zadoff-Chu sequence is defined by:
xu (n ) = e
un ( n +1)
N ZC
, 0 n N ZC 1
where the length N ZC of the Zadoff-Chu sequence, e.g. 829 for Format 0. Various rules
apply to identify the chosen set. In addition, the parameter Highspeed-flag is provided by
higher layers and determines if unrestricted set or restricted set is used. The restricted set
adds additional rules on the cyclic shifts that can be used as preambles, i.e. taking Doppler
spread into account.
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Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
the Resource Elements. Like the downlink, the uplink also has resource elements reserved for
Reference Signals and control.
Figure 2-82 PUSCH Mapping
Additional Resource Elements are typically required to carry extra control signaling, e.g. CQI (Channel
Quality Information), ACK/NACK, etc.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-67
Figure 2-83 illustrates an example of control signaling to the PUSCH. In this example, three
additional types of signaling are added:
l
ACK/NACK - These are part of the HARQ process and are located next to the RS. This
ensures that they benefit from the best possible channel estimation. The information is
punctured to make way for the ACK/NACK information.
CQI/PMI - The CQI (Channel Quality Information) and PMI (Precoding Matrix
Indicator) can also be multiplexed onto the PUSCH. These are rate matched with the
UL-SCH. The mapping of these is sequential on one subcarrier before continuing on the
next.
Various rules on the mapping and coding of control information exist. In addition, it is also
possible to send control information on the PUSCH without data, i.e. not the UL-SCH.
PRB=n
Control Region 0
Control Region 1
Control Region 2
PRB=0
Slot n
Slot n+1
Subframe
The PUCCH resource blocks are located at both edges of the uplink bandwidth. It uses
inter-slot hopping to improve frequency diversity. Note that a UE only uses the PUCCH when
it does not have any data to transmit on the PUSCH, i.e. no allocated resources.
There are various types of PUCCH formats associated with uplink control. Section 2.17
discusses these in detail.
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Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
TDD Timing
For TDD the timing relationship is more complex. As such, it now depends on the UL/DL
TDD configurations, namely 0 to 6. Table 2-19 illustrates the different K values for TDD.
Table 2-19 K Values for TDD Configurations
TDD UL/DL
Configuration
4*
6*
2
3
4*
6*
4
4
4
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2-69
The UE, upon detection of a PDCCH with DCI format 0 and/or a PHICH transmission in
subframe n intended for the UE, adjusts the corresponding PUSCH transmission in subframe
n+k, with k given in Table 2-19.
Figure 2-86 illustrates an example of frame configuration 2. In this configuration, K=4 in
subframes 3 and 8. This relates to transmission being scheduled for subframes 7 and 2
respectively.
Figure 2-86 Example of TDD Configuration 2
SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) - This is not associated with transmission of PUSCH
or PUCCH.
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Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
Base Sequences
Reference Signals are generated using Base Sequences, with the same set of base sequences
used for demodulation and sounding Reference Signals. These sequences need to support
different bandwidth options whilst at the same time having auto correlation and cross
correlation properties. In addition, they need to have acceptable cubic metric values.
Sequence - Each group contains one sequence for each length up to 5PRB, and two
sequences for each length from 6PRB.
When using a fixed group, i.e. not group hopping, the same group is used for all slots.
However, the group number to use is dependent on the channel type. As such, the PUCCH
group number is based on the cell identity and the PUSCH group number is influenced by a
higher layer parameter.
If using group hopping, the group number changes with slots based on an equation. There are
17 different hopping patterns and 30 different sequence-shift patterns. As such, the PUCCH
and PUSCH have the same hopping pattern but may have different sequence-shift patterns.
PUSCH DRS
The DRS varies in its location depending on a number of attributes, such as the use of a
normal or extended cyclic prefix. Figure 2-89 illustrates the DRS location for the PUSCH and
a normal CP. In this case the DRS is located on the 4th symbol in each slot and uses the same
transmission bandwidth allocated to the UEs in the uplink. Reference Signals for different
UEs are derived by different cyclic shifts from the same base sequence.
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2-71
In contrast, if the system is utilizing an extended CP then the DRS is located in a different
OFDM symbol.
Figure 2-90 Uplink Demodulation Reference Signal (Extended CP)
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Extended CP
DRS Location
Slot
Slot
Subframe
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Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
The configuration of the sounding signal, e.g. bandwidth, duration and periodicity, are given
by higher layers. The SRS is transmitted in the last symbol of the subframe. Figure 2-92
illustrates an example, whereby the eNB has configured the mobile to send SRS over a
desired portion of the band.
Figure 2-92 Example of SRS Frequency Hopping
Subframe
eNB
UE
SRS
Since the SRS can be sent when the UE has no current PUSCH or PUCCH assignment,
mechanisms must exist to stop the UE interfering with other users PUSCHs. This is done by
making sure all UEs know when the SRS are transmitted, such that the last symbol of the
subframe where SRS is transmitted is not used by any mobiles for their PUSCH.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-73
SRS Transmission
There are various Sounding Reference Symbol parameters defined. Most are UE
semi-statically configurable by higher layers:
l
Transmission comb.
SRS configuration index ISRS for SRS periodicity and SRS subframe offset Toffset .
cs
Cyclic shift nSRS
.
In addition, cell specific parameters, SRS transmission bandwidths ( C SRS ) and subframe
transmission are configured by higher layers.
Figure 2-93 illustrates an example of multiplexing the SRS from different users. Notice that
multiple UEs can send the SRS at the same time, using different resources as well as a
different cyclic shift.
Figure 2-93 Example SRS Allocation
Note that the SRS may need to interact with ACK/NACK, CQI or SR information. If
interacting with ACK/NACK the SRS may be dropped or the ACK/NACK punctured. In
contrast, when interacting with the CQI and SR information, the SRS is dropped.
2-74
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
Description
Modulation
Type
Bits per
subframe
Scheduling Request
N/A
N/A
1a
ACK/NACK
BPSK
QPSK
QPSK
20
ACK/NACK+SR
1b
ACK/NACK
ACK/NACK+SR
CQI/PMI or RI
(CQI/PMI or RI)+ACK/NACK
(Extended CP only)
2a
(CQI/PMI or RI)+ACK/NACK
(normal CP only)
QPSK+BPSK
21
2b
(CQI/PMI or RI)+ACK/NACK
(normal CP only)
QPSK+QPSK
22
If a UE has a scheduling request or CQI to send, higher layer signaling configures the
resource.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-75
Note that various rules apply to the sending of scheduling requests, especially if the UE is
multiplexing it with CQI and/or ACK/NAK on PUCCH. In this case:
l
For an extended CP, there are six symbols and only two UL RS (Reference Signals).
Interference Issues
There should be no intra cell interference in a RB since the system is using the same base
reference sequence with different cyclic shifts and orthogonal codes. However there may be
inter cell interference. This is improved with the use of different cyclic shifts and orthogonal
codes, as well as applying different hopping patterns (since these are cell specific too).
PUCCH Format 2
Format 2 is used when CQI/PMI is transmitted without ACK/NACK or when CQI/PMI and
ACK/NACK are jointly coded for the case of the extended cyclic prefix. Format 2 is
characterized as follows:
l
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Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
The initialization of the scrambling sequence generator is the same as that of the
PUSCH.
The initialization of the scrambling sequence generator is the same as that of the
PUSCH.
BPSK (2a) or QPSK (2b) modulation for the 2nd RS symbol in each slot is used. This
carries ACK/NACK.
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Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
In this example the initial probe is below the noise/interference level and thus is not heard.
The UE increases its power based on a step size until a response is heard on the PDCCH.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-79
2-80
Parameter
Description
PRACH-ConfigInfo
ra-ResponseWindowSize
powerRampingStep
preambleTransMax
preambleInitialReceivedTargetPower
DELTA_PREAMBLE
maxHARQ-Msg3Tx
mac-ContentionResolutionTimer
numberOfRA-Preambles
sizeOfRA-PreamblesGroupA
messagePowerOffsetGroupB
messageSizeGroupA
ra-PreambleIndex
ra-PRACH-MaskIndex
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
Group Utilization
For the first Msg3 (Higher Layer Message) the selection of group B is based on message size
and pathloss attributes:
l
For retransmissions the UE uses the same group as was used for the initial preamble
transmission attempt.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-81
The RA-RNTI is calculated using the formula: 1 + t_id+10*f_id, where t_id is the index of
the first subframe of the specified PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) resource and
f_id is the index of the specified PRACH resource within that subframe.
eNB
UE
PRACH Preamble Sequence
MAC Scheduling Grant
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Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
UL delay - 1bit.
The UE would postpone the PUSCH transmission to the next available UL subframe if the UL Delay
field is set to 1.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-83
PCMAX - This is the configured UE transmitter power. It relates to either the maximum
allowed by the eNB or the UE power class.
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Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
PO_PUSCH ( j ) - This parameter is the sum of various cell and UE specific parameters. It is
- This is a 3bit cell specific parameter provided by higher layers (0, 0.4, 0.5,
0.6,.1).
PL (Pathloss) - This is the downlink pathloss estimate calculated in the UE. Note
pathloss is calculated based on the reference signal power and other higher layer filter
configurations.
TF - This is a UE specific parameter which relates to the MCS (Modulation and Coding
Scheme) and TF (Transport Format), i.e. TBS (Transport Blok Size).
F - This enables UE specific power control, i.e. TPC (Transmit Power Control). Different
options can be configured, e.g. accumulation or current absolute power.
Power headroom
The LTE System also defines UE PH (Power Headroom) as:
Where:
l
PCMAX - This is the configured UE transmitter power. It relates to either the maximum
allowed by the eNB or the UE power class.
PO_PUCCH - This is a parameter is the sum of cell specific and UE specific parameters.
PL (Pathloss) - This is the downlink pathloss estimate calculated in the UE. Note
pathloss is calculated based on the reference signal power and other higher layer filter
configurations.
h(n ) - This is a PUCCH format dependent value, where nCQI relates to the number of
F_PUCCH ( F ) - This is provided by higher layers and provides a frame format dB offset.
g (i) - This is the current PUCCH power control and enables UE specific power control,
i.e. TPC (Transmit Power Control).
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
2-85
PCMAX - This is the configured UE transmitter power. It relates to either the maximum
allowed by the eNB or the UE power class.
PL (Pathloss) - This is the downlink pathloss estimate calculated in the UE. Note
pathloss is calculated based on the Reference Signal Power and other higher layer filter
configurations.
To combat this, LTE supports DRX (Discontinuous Reception) of paging messages. Figure
2-108 illustrates the concept, whereby a UE looks at pre-determined times.
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Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
The eNB may have to buffer the paging message until a UEs paging occasion occurs. The UE
is given various parameters which enable it to identify a time when it should listen. This is
termed a PO (Paging Occasion) and relates to a subframe. In addition, the DRX parameters
also define a PF (Paging Frame), i.e. Radio Frame, which may contain one or multiple Paging
Occasion(s). The system information messages provide the necessary DRX parameters to
enable a UE to calculate listening times. Alternatively they can be sent to a specific UE as part
of higher layer signaling.
T - This is a range of DRX values: 32, 64, 128, 256 radio frames. Note that shorter UE
specific values override T.
nB -This is defined as: 4T, 2T, T, T/2, T/4, T/8, T/16, T/32.
The i_s and Ns parameters are used to identify the PO pattern from the pattern tables. Table
2-22 illustrates the subframe patterns for FDD.
Table 2-22 FDD Subframe Patterns
Ns
PO when
i_s=0
PO when
i_s=1
PO when
i_s=2
PO when
i_s=3
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
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PO when
i_s=0
PO when
i_s=1
PO when
i_s=2
PO when
i_s=3
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
2-88
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
The mechanism for sending more packets between each transmission is relatively simple;
have a number of HARQ processes that can run in parallel. Figure 2-111 illustrates the
concept of the HARQ processes. In LTE there are various rules and options for how many
HARQ processes are configured, i.e. it depends on downlink, uplink, FDD or TDD. This
example illustrates the downlink FDD frame where 8 HARQ processes are used. It also
highlights one of these processes, namely process 3, being sent by the eNB and initially
acknowledged by the UE. Whilst the eNB is awaiting the ACK (Acknowledgement) for this,
the additional processes can be utilized to ensure the UE can receive a stream of packets.
Figure 2-111 HARQ Parallel Processes
If the mobile identified an error in the transmission it is able to send a NACK (Negative
Acknowledgement) to the eNB. The eNB is then able to quickly re-schedule the data.
There are two main concepts of HARQ, namely CC (Chase Combining) and IR (Incremental
Redundancy).
Figure 2-112 HARQ Methods
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2-89
Chase Combining
Chase Combining ensures that each retransmission is simply a replica of the data first
transmitted. The decoder at the receiver combines these multiple copies (of the same
information). This type of combining provides time diversity and soft combining gain at a low
complexity cost and imposes the least demanding UE memory requirements of all H-ARQ
methods.
Incremental Redundancy
The IR (Incremental Redundancy) method ensures that retransmissions include additional
redundant information that is incrementally transmitted if the decoding fails on the first
attempt. This causes the effective coding rate to increase based on the number of
retransmissions sent. Incremental Redundancy can be further classified in Partial IR and Full
IR. Partial IR includes the systematic bits in every coded word, which implies that every
retransmission is self-decodable, whereas Full IR only includes parity bits, and therefore its
retransmissions are not self-decodable.
Figure 2-113 illustrates an example showing how rate matching and redundancy versions are
used for retransmission. In addition, it highlights the concept of the effective code rate.
Figure 2-113 Example of Redundancy Versions and Soft Bits
Original Data
1/3 Rate Turbo Coding
Rate Matching
Redundancy
Version
1st TX
Reff. = 4/5
NACK
2nd
TX
Reff.=2/5
Reff. = 4/5
ACK
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Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
The number of HARQ processes for TDD is related to the frame configuration and varies
between 4 and 15.
Table 2-24 illustrates the different TDD HARQ configurations.
Table 2-24 TDD HARQ Processes
TDD UL/DL
Configuration
Maximum Number
of HARQ Processes
10
12
15
Synchronous HARQ.
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2-91
Regardless of the content of the HARQ feedback (ACK or NACK), when a PDCCH for
the UE is correctly received, the UE follows what the PDCCH asks the UE to do i.e.
perform a transmission or a retransmission (referred to as adaptive retransmission).
When no PDCCH addressed to the C-RNTI of the UE is detected, the HARQ feedback
dictates how the UE performs retransmissions:
ACK - the UE does not perform any uplink (re)transmission and keeps the data in the
HARQ buffer. A PDCCH is then required to perform a retransmission i.e. a
non-adaptive retransmission cannot follow.
Measurement gaps (part of the measurements for mobility) are of higher priority than
HARQ retransmissions: whenever an HARQ retransmission collides with a measurement
gap, the HARQ retransmission does not take place.
PDCCH seen by
the UE
UE behaviour
ACK or NACK
New Transmission
ACK or NACK
Retransmission
ACK
None
NACK
None
Non-adaptive retransmission.
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ACK/NACK bundling feedback mode - This is used when the associated HARQ
ACK/NACK from multiple PDSCH subframes map into the same uplink subframe. It
utilizes a logical AND operation across the downlink subframes.
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SU-MIMO (Single User - MIMO) - this utilizes MIMO technology to improve the
performance towards a single user.
MU-MIMO (Multi User - MIMO) - this enables multiple users to be served through the
use of spatial multiplexing techniques.
Transmission Modes
In the downlink, the method of transmission is sent when a mobile is semi-statically
configured via higher layer signaling to receive PDSCH data. LTE includes the following
Transmission Modes:
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Mode 3 - Transmit diversity or with Large Delays CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity) is used.
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Mode 5 - Transmit diversity or multi user MIMO (more than one UE is assigned to the
same resource block).
Mode 6 - Transmit diversity or closed loop precoding for rank=1 (i.e. no spatial
multiplexing, but precoding is used).
Spatial Multiplexing
The most common MIMO category is referred to as SM (Spatial Multiplexing). This allocates
multiple modulation symbol streams to a single UE using the same time/frequency. The
differentiation of signals is achieved by the different Reference Signals which were sent as
part of the PRB (Physical Resource Block). Figure 2-118 illustrates the concept of Spatial
Multiplexing using a 2x2 MIMO system.
Figure 2-118 Spatial Multiplexing MIMO
2x2 SM (Spatial
Multiplexing)
eNB Port 0
TB
TB
MIMO
TB
Port 1
UE
TB
The main issue with Spatial Multiplexing in a cellular system is associated with high levels of
interference, especially at the cell edge. Unfortunately, this can affect both spatial streams and,
as such, twice as many errors could be introduced. Hence, SM is typically used close to the
eNB, i.e. not at the cell edge.
Figure 2-119 Spatial Multiplexing Interference Issues
If a UE was at the cell edge it could still benefit from MIMO. However it would rely on
different implementations, such as using a single stream precoding. Figure 2-120 illustrates
the basic concept of precoding using STC (Space Time Coding) as a visual example. Note that
precoding is more involved.
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Efficiency
Other Techniques
In addition, the following techniques are supported in LTE:
l
Code-book-based pre-coding.
Rank adaptation with single rank feedback. Note: the eNB can override a rank report.
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In order for the signal to be spatially multiplexed onto the different antenna ports various
mathematical processes are required. In addition, variances occur for 2 and 4 antenna
configurations, as well as open and closed loop spatial multiplexing.
Table 2-26 illustrates the mapping of codebook indexs onto layers for a 2 transmit antenna
configuration. Note that the 3GPP 36.211 specification includes the detail of precoding and
layer mapping equations for the different techniques and also for 4 antenna configurations.
Table 2-26 Codebook Precoding
Codebook Index
Number of Layers
1
1 1
2 1
1 1 0
2 0 1
1 1
2 1
1 1 1
2 1 1
1 1
2 j
1 1 1
2 j j
1 1
2 j
For the closed-loop spatial multiplexing transmission mode, the codebook index 0 is not used when the
number of layers is equal to 2.
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2-98
CQI Index
Modulation
Efficiency
out of range
QPSK
78
0.1523
QPSK
120
0.2344
QPSK
193
0.3770
QPSK
308
0.6016
QPSK
449
0.8770
QPSK
602
1.1758
16QAM
378
1.4766
16QAM
490
1.9141
16QAM
616
2.4063
10
64QAM
466
2.7305
11
64QAM
567
3.3223
12
64QAM
666
3.9023
13
64QAM
772
4.5234
14
64QAM
873
5.1152
15
64QAM
948
5.5547
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The system defines multiple types of CQI, whereby the term wideband CQI relates to the
entire system bandwidth. In contrast, sub-band CQI relates to a value per sub-band. This is
defined and configured by the higher layers and relates to the number of resource blocks. It is
also worth noting that a CQI per codeword is reported for MIMO spatial multiplexing.
Depending on the scheduling mode, Periodic and Aperiodic CQI reporting can be used. In
Frequency Non-selective and Frequency selective mode the PUCCH is used to carry
periodic CQI reports. In contrast, for Frequency selective mode, the PUSCH is used to carry
aperiodic CQI reports.
RI (Rank Indication)
This indicates the number of useful transmission layers when spatial multiplexing is used.
Thus, in case of transmit diversity, rank is equal to 1 (RI=1).
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3 Glossary
3
Numerics
16 QAM (Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation
2G (Second Generation)
3G (Third Generation)
3GPP (Third Generation
Partnership Project)
4G (Fourth Generation)
A
ACK (Acknowledgement)
AM (Acknowledged Mode)
AMPS (Advanced Mobile
Telephone System)
AMS (Adaptive MIMO
Switching)
APN (access Point Name)
ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request)
AS (Access Stratum)
AWS (Advanced Wireless
Services)
B
BCCH (Broadcast Control
Channel)
BCH (Broadcast Channel)
C
CATT (China Academy of
Telecommunications Technology)
CC (Chase Combining)
CCCH (Common Control
Channel)
CCE (Control Channel Element)
CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity)
CDMA (Code Division Multiple
Access)
CFI (Control Format Indicator)
CP (Cyclic Prefix)
CPC (Continuous Packet
Connectivity)
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Glossary
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3 Glossary
E
EARFCN (E-UTRA Absolute
Radio Frequency Channel
Number)
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for
Global Evolution)
E-GSM (Extended GSM)
EMM (EPS Mobility
Management)
eNB (Evolved Node B)
EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
EPLMN (Equivalent HPLMN)
EPS (Evolved Packet System)
E-RAB (EPS Radio Access
Bearer)
ESM (EPS Session Management)
ETACS (Extended Total Access
Communication System)
ETSI (European
Telecommunications Standards
Institute)
ETWS (Earthquake and Tsunami
Warning System)
E-UTRA (Evolved - Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access)
E-UTRAN (Evolved - Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access
Network)
EV-DO (Evolution-Data
Optimized)
F
FDD (Frequency Division
Duplex)
FDM (Frequency Division
Multiplexing)
FDMA (Frequency Division
Multiple Access)
FEC (Forward Error Correction)
FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)
FHSS (Frequency Hopping
Spread Spectrum)
FM (Frequency Modulation)
FSTD (Frequency Shift Time
Diversity)
G
GF(2) (Galois Field (2))
GP (Guard Period)
GPRS (General Packet Radio
System)
GSM (Global System for Mobile
communications)
GSMA (GSM Association)
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3 Glossary
UE (User Equipment)
UL (Uplink)
UL-SCH (Uplink Shared
Channel)
UM (Unacknowledged Mode)
UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband)
UpPTS (Uplink Pilot Time Slot)
USIM (Universal Subscriber
Identity Module)
V
VRB (Virtual Resource Block)
W
WCDMA (Wideband CDMA)
WiMAX (Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave
Access)
Z
ZC (Zadoff-Chu)
T
TA (Timing Alignment)
TAC (Tracking Area Code)
TACS (Total Access
Communications System)
TAI (Tracking Area Identity)
TB (Transport Block)
TBS (Transport Block Set)
TBS (Transport Blok Size)
TD (Transmit Diversity)
TD-CDMA (Time Division
CDMA)
TDD (Time Division Duplex)
TDMA (Time Division Multiple
Access)
TD-SCDMA (Time Division
Synchronous CDMA)
TF (Transport Format)
TFT (Traffic Flow Template)
TM (Transparent Mode)
TPC (Transmit Power Control)
TPMI (Transmitted Precoding
Matrix Indicator)
TTI (Time Transmission Interval)
TX (Transmit)
U
UCI (Uplink Control Information)
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3 Glossary
3-5