Written By

Ng Chee Kin

B.Sc.(Hons.), MBA
ngcheekin@gmail.com
mrcheekin@blogspot.com.au
All Rights Reserved 2012 Ng Chee Kin

Page 1

.a

Pr
R eE
SS
EXp
s

om

CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Science

1.2

1
2

It is a room or a building where scientic

investigations are carried out.
We must obey safety rules and precautions
when working in a science laboratory.
Common laboratory apparatus:

t.c

Evaporating dish

Water trough

Tripod stand

gs

po

Measuring cylinder

Bell jar

Gas jar

Test tube rack

Flat-bottomed ask

Conical ask
Test tube holder

Crucible tongs

Dropper

Eureka can

Test-tube

ExpressNotes SC (F1)1st 3

rc

A Science Laboratory

lo

Filter funnel

.b

Beaker

in

What is Science?

Science is a systematic study of nature and its

effects on us and the environment.
Natural phenomena are events that happen
naturally around us.
Science can be divided into many elds such
as: Biology, physics, chemistry, geology,
astronomy and meteorology.
Science-based careers are occupations that are
based on science, for example: Life science
doctor, nurse, dietician, botanist, zookeeper;
earth science environmental scientist,
meteorologist,
geologist,
mineralogist,
volcanologist; and physical science physicist,
chemist, engineer, architect, and radiologist.

ek

he

1.1

Boiling tube

Flat-bottomed ask

Round-bottomed ask

4/16/09 10:49:42 AM

Page 2
Hazard warning symbols:

1.3

The Steps in a Scientic Investigation

external),
micrometer,
vernier
calipers

Highly ammable

(1) Identifying the problem

.a

(2) Forming a hypothesis

(3) Planning the experiment

Examples:
Ethanol, petrol

(4) Controlling variables

(5) Collecting data
(7) Drawing a conclusion
(8) Writing a report
1.4

Physical quantities and their s1 units:

Corrosive

Physical Quantities and Their Units

Examples:
Concentrated
hydrochloric acid,
sodium hydroxide

Unit
symbols

metre

mass

kilogram

kg

time

second

temperature

kelvin

electric current

ampere

lo

length

.b
in

Examples:
Lead, mercury

1.5

Weight and Mass

The weight of an object is the pull of the

Earths gravity on the object.
The mass of an object is the quantity of matter
in the object.

ek

Irritant

he

Examples:
Chlorine, chloroform

rc

Highly ammable
Examples:
Ethanol, petrol

SI units

gs

Physical
quantities

Poisonous/toxic

ExpressNotes SC (F1)1st 4

po

Examples:
Sodium, potassium

1.6

Measuring Tools

Physical
quantity
Length of
straight lines

String
and ruler,
opisometer

Area of
regular
shapes

Mathematical
formulae,
graph paper

Area of
irregular
shapes

Estimation
using graph
paper

Volume of
liquids

Measuring
cylinder,
pipette,
burette

t.c

(6) Analysing and interpreting data

Explosive

Length of
curves

om

Tools/method

Units
and their
relationship

Metre rule,
ruler, calipers
(internal &

1 cm = 10 mm
1 m = 100 cm
1 km = 1000 m

Volume of
Mathematical
regularformulae,
shaped solids water
displacement
method
(Eureka can
or measuring
cylinder lled
with water)
Volume of
Water
irregulardisplacement
shaped solids method
(using
Eureka can
or measuring
cylinder lled
with water)

1 cm2
= 100 mm2
1 m2
= 10 000 cm2
1 km2
= 1 000 000 m2
1 ml = 1 cm3
1 l = 1 000 cm3
1 m3 = 1 000 000 cm3

1 m3
= 1 000 000 cm3

4/16/09 10:49:43 AM

Page 3

CHAPTER 2

Cell As a Unit of Life

2.1

1
2

What is a Cell?

A cell is the basic unit of life.

Its function is to carry out life processes.

Vacuoles

Stores water and

dissolved materials

2.2

Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms

A unicellular organism has one cell only.

(a)

(b)

Irregular in shape

Regular in shape

No cell wall

Have cell wall

No chloroplasts

Have chloroplasts

Mostly no vacuoles

Have large vacuoles

Structure

ek

Controls all cell activities

Cytoplasm

A place where chemical

processes take place

Cell wall

ExpressNotes SC (F1)1st 5

Controls ow of materials
in and out of cell

Cell membrane

rc

Nucleus

Gives shape to the cell

u
A multicellular organism has many cells.
(a)
(b)

Hydra

(c)
Spirogyra
pseudopodium

2.3

(c)

Function

Yeast

Chondrus

in

Amoeba

he

The functions of cell structures:

lo

Plant cells

bud

nucleus

.b

Animal cells

(f)

gs

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

nucleus

nucleus

Pleurococcus

Nucleus

Euglena

A microscope is used to study the general

structure of a cell.

Cell
Protoplasm

(e)

.a

Carries out
photosynthesis

t.c

Chloroplast

om

The Importance of Standard Units

Standard unit improves international

communications.
They also ensure the physical quantities are
measured accurately and consistently.

po

1.7

Cell Organisation in the Human Body

Organisation of cell:
Cell (simple)

Chlamydomonas

chloroplast

Tissue

Organ

(d)

cilium

Paramecium

System

Organism (complex)

4/16/09 10:49:46 AM

Page 4
(c) Nerve tissue

Examples of cell:
(a) Nerve cell

Examples of system:

.a

Nose

Trachea

om

(d) Epithelial tissue

(b) Red blood cell

Liver

Lungs

(a)

(d) Bone cell

.b

lo

Lungs

ek

Examples of tissue:
(a) Connective tissue

he

m
ExpressNotes SC (F1)1st 6

Uterus

Kidney

(f)

2
3
Brain

Adrenal
gland

Vagina

Sperm
duct

Sex
glands
Testis

Urethra

Testis
(male)

Endocrine system
2.4

Tongue

Ovary

Thyroid
gland

Ovary
(female)

(e)

Oviduct or
Fallopian tube

Pituitary
gland

(d)

Eye

Excretory system

Female

rc

(b) Mucsle tissue

Urinary
bladder

Respiratory system

Stomach

in

(c)

Kidney

t.c
(b)

po

(c) Epithelial cell

Examples of system:

gs

Skin

Bronchus

penis

Male

The Human Being A Complex Organism

A human being is a complex multicellular

organism because the cells are organized into
tissues, organs and systems.
Cell specialisation helps to divide body
functions among the different types of cells.
Cell specialisation and cell organisation
ensure the life processes are carried out
effectively.

4/16/09 10:49:50 AM

Page 5

Matter
What is Matter?

Mass
Density =
Volume

Arrangement
of particles

Solid
Closely
packed

Liquid

Gas

Further apart Very far

apart

Very small

Large

Very large

Movement of
particles

No free
movement,
vibrate
about a xed
position

Move freely,
collide with
one another

Move
freely, very
rapidly and
randomly

Density

High

Medium

Shape

Denite
shape

Volume

Denite
volume

ExpressNotes SC (F1)1st 7

Denite
volume

3.4

4.1

To make drinks, cooking,

washing and cleaning

Air

To ll buoy, rise hot

air balloons, make a
submarine sink or oat

The Various Resources on Earth

The basic resources needed for life on Earth

are:

Basic
resource
Air

zinc (7.10 g/cm3)

The Properties of Matter and Their Application

in Everyday Life

Matter

Iron, steel

No denite
shape

To construct buildings,
bridges and vehicles,
make cooking utensils

Wood

No denite
volume

To build bridges ad
houses, making furniture

Plastic

To make toys, components

in vehicles

Solid

Low

Importance
Needed for
respiration and
combustion

Useful
substances
Oxygen,
nitrogen,
carbon
dioxide

Carbon dioxide
is needed for
photosynthesis

water (1.00 g/cm3)

Applications

he

Water

The Variety of Resources on Earth

cork (0.24 g/cm3)

Example

rc

No denite
shape

po

ek

Spaces
between
particles

gs

Characteristic

The unit of density is gram per cubic

centimeter (g/cm3).
3 The buoyancy of a substance is affected by its
density.
4 Buoyancy (or otation) refers to the ability
of a substance to oat or sink in another
substance.
5 A lower density substance will oat on a
higher density liquid.
6 On the other hand, a higher density substance
will sink in a lower density liquid.
2

To make thermometer,
hydrometer

CHAPTER 4

lo

Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid and

gas.
2 Matter changes its state when it is heated or
cooled.
3 The kinetic theory of matter states that matter
consists of tiny and discrete particles.
4 Characteristics of state matter:

Mercury

Density is dened as mass per unit volume of

a substance.

The States of Matter

Liquid

Gas

The Concept of Density

.b

3.2

3.3

Air

om

Matter is everything that has mass and

occupies space.
2 Examples of matter are wood, air, water, soil
and living things.

in

3.1

Water,
mercury
(a type of
metal)

Soil, wood,
most metals

.a

Examples

t.c

CHAPTER 3

Water

Needed to support Fresh water

the functions of the
body systems

Soil

Contains air, water, Humus

minerals and organic
substances which are
needed to support
living things

Minerals

Minerals such as
metals are used
to make useful
products and
construct buildings

Metals

4/16/09 10:49:53 AM

Page 6

They are sources

of food, building
materials, clothes
and fuel

Meat, skin,
carcasses,
silk, milk

Physical
properties

Mixture

Can consist
of one or
more than
one type of
particle

Cannot be
separated
by any
processes

Can be
separated
by chemical
means only,
such as
electrolysis

ExpressNotes SC (F1)1st 8

It is made
up of two
or more
substances
which
are not
chemically
combined

Shiny

Brittleness
and hardness

Ductile (can
be pulled into
strands) and
hard

Brittle (can
break easily)
and soft

Malleability
(ability to be
shaped)

Malleable

Nonmalleable

Conductivity
of heat

Good
conductor of
heat

Poor
conductor of
heat

Conductivity
of electricity

Good
conductor of
electricity

Poor
conductor of
electricity

Melting point

High

Low

Boiling point

High

Low

Density

High

Low

ek

Only
consists of
one type
of particle

Separation
method

It is made
up of two
or more
substances
which are
chemically
combined

he

Composition

It is the
simples
substance

Can be
separated
by
physical
means,
such as
ltration

rc

Denition

Surface
appearance

po

Compound

Dull

Brittleness and
hardness

gs

Element

Non-metals

lo

Aspect
Appearance

Metals

.b

Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

Comparing elements, compounds and mixtures

Naphthalene, Soil, air,

sugar, rubber, dessert
table salt,
water

Comparing metals and non-metals

in

4.2

Iron,
hydrogen,
oxygen,
helium,
carbon,
mercury

Physical methods to separate components of a mixture

Physical
properties
Surface
appearance

Metals
Shiny

Ductile (can
be pulled
into strands)
and hard

Brittle (can
break easily)
and soft

Malleability
(ability to be
shaped)

Malleable

Nonmalleable

Conductivity of
heat

Good
conductor of
heat

Poor
conductor of
heat

Conductivity of
electricity

Good
conductor of
electricity

Poor
conductor of
electricity

Melting point

High

Low

Boiling point

High

Low

Density

High

Low

Living
things

Examples

.a

Coal,
petroleum,
natural gases

om

Used to produce
energy in power
plants, factories,
vehicles, machines
and to make plastics

t.c

Fossil
fuels

Non-metals
Dull

Comparing
Mixtures

the

Properties

Aspect

of

Compounds

Compounds

and

Mixtures

(a) Method of
separation

By chemical
reactions.

By physical
means.

(b) Formation
of a new
substance

A new
substance is
formed

No new
substance is
formed

(c)

Heat is
released or
absorbed
when a
compound is
formed

No heat is
released or
absorbed
when a
mixture is
formed

The
characteristics
of the original
components
are no longer
maintained

The
characteristics
of the original
components
are
maintained

Conversion of
energy

(d) Characteristic
of the original
components

4/16/09 10:50:07 AM

Page 7

(f) Ratio of
components

Components
are combined
in a specic
ratio

Components
are formed
without a
xed ratio

1 Air consists of about 20% of oxygen.

Water lls up of
gas jar, showing
that about 20% of
the volume of air
consists of oxygen

Air contains water vapour.

To Appreciate the Importance of Earths

Resources

The Air Aroun Us

Nitrogen (78%)

rc

The Composition of Air

he

CHAPTER 5

5.1

po

Air contains microorganisms.

Air contains dust particles.

Sticky surface
facing up
Dust particles

Carbon dioxide
(0.03%)

Experiments to show the properties of air

Glass slide

Glass slide

Dust
particles

Oxygen

Carbon
dioxide

Colour

Colourless

Colourless

Odour (smell)

Odourless

Odourless

Solubility in
water

Slightly
soluble

Slightly
soluble

Solubility
in sodium
hydroxide

Not soluble

Very soluble
(to form
sodium
carbonate)

Effect on lime
water

No effect

Lime water
turns cloudy

Supporting
combustion

Supports
combustion.

pH

Neutral
Has no
effect on
moist blue
and red
litmus
papers
Has no
effect on
hydrogen
carbonate
indicator

lo

End of
experiment

gs

Beginning of
experiment

Oxygen (21%)

Inert gases + water

vapour + dust +
microorganisms (0.97%)

ExpressNotes SC (F1)1st 9

Water

Properties

.b

Liquid on the
outer wall of
the test tube

Ice

in

Test tube

ek

Preservation of resources is the act of keeping

the resources in their original state.
Conservation of resources is the responsible
use and management of natural resources to
prevent loss, waste or damage.
Preservation and conservation of Earths
resources are important to:
(a) prevent extinction of animal and plant
species
(b) prevent depletion of natural resources
such as fossil fuels and minerals
(c) prevent the pollution of air and water
(d) ensure the basic needs of humans are not
threatened
(e) ensure the natural resources will be
available for future generations

The Properties of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

t.c

Cork

4.3

5.2

The original
components
can be
identied
easily

.a

The original
components
cannot be
identied
easily

om

(e) Identication
of the original
components

Does not
support
combustion.
A glowing A glowing
splinter
splinter
relights
relights
A burning A burning
splinter
splinter
burns more
burns more
brightly
brightly
Acidic
Turns
moist blue
litmus
paper to
red
Turns red
hydrogen
carbonate
indicator to
yellow

4/16/09 10:50:09 AM

Page 8

5.4

1
2

Exhaled air

Nitrogen

78

78

Oxygen

21

16

Carbon
dioxide

0.03

Inert gases

0.97

0.97

Water
vapour

Less

More

5.6

Oxygen is Needed for Combustion

Carbon + Oxygen Carbon dioxide

3

Combustion
kerosene):

of

hydrocarbon

(such

as

he

Air pollution is caused by the pollutants in

the air.
Air pollutants are harmful substances that
are added to the air.
The effects of air pollution on human beings:
Lung cancers (caused by asbestos,
sulphur dioxide)
Brain damage in children (caused by lead
particles, carbon monoxide)

ExpressNotes SC (F1)1st 10

Examples

po

.a

Kinetic
(working
energy)

Energy that
is found
in moving
objects.

A moving
bus
A swinging
pendulum
A rotating
ceiling fan
A ying
aeroplane

Heat
(working
energy)

Energy that
is released
by hot
objects.

A burning
candle
A boiling
water
The hot Sun
A hot iron

Light
(working
energy)

Energy that
is produced
by glowing
objects.

A shining
star
A glowing
light bulb
A burning
campre
A switched
on torch

Sound
(working
energy)

Energy that
is produced
by vibrating
objects.

A beating
drum
A person
singing
A blowing
whistle

CHAPTER 6

Air Pollution

rc

We can keep the air clean by practising the

following:
Using less CFC based products, such as
aerosols.
Recycling and reducing wastes
Using unleaded petrol
Using public transport or sharing vehicles
(car pooling)
Installing catalytic converters to motor
vehicles
2 Cigarette smoke contains tar, nicotine and
carbon monoxide which are harmful to
humans.

ek

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen
Carbon dioxide + Water
5.5

The Importance of Keeping the Air Clean

Combustion is a process that requires oxygen,

heat and fuel.
Combustion of carbon (such as charcoal):

Characteristics

Potential
Energy stored
A stretched
(stored energy) in an object due
sling-shot
to its position or A rock on a
cliff
condition.
A
compressed
spring
A wound up
alarm clock

t.c

Inhaled air

Energy

om

Composition (%)

gs

Gas

lo

Oxygen is needed for respiration to produce

energy.
The composition of inhaled and exhaled air:

Bronchitis, pneumonia (caused by

sulphur dioxide)
Death (caused by carbon monoxide)
The effects of air pollution on the
environment:
Acid rain (caused by sulphur dioxide)
Thinning of the ozone layer (caused by
CFC)
Greenhouse effect (caused by carbon
dioxide)
Haze (caused by dust particles, soot)

.b

Oxygen is Needed for Respiration

in

5.3

Sources of Energy

6.1

The Various Forms and Sources of Energy

Energy is an ability to do work.

The SI unit for energy is joule (J).

Forms of energy: Potential, electrical, kinetic,

chemical, heat, nuclear, light, mechanical,
sound

4/16/09 10:50:09 AM

Page 9

Explosion
of an atomic
bomb
The
explosion
on the Suns
surface

Energy that
is posessed
by an object
that has
both kinetic
energy and
potential
energy.

A car is
driven up a
hill
A pendulum
swings back
and forth

ExpressNotes SC (F1)1st 11

Sun
(solar)

ek

he

rc

Mechanical
(combination
of working
and stored
energy)

Water
(hydro)

in

Nuclear
Energy that
(stored energy)
is produced
by atoms
that are
broken
down
(through
nuclear
ssion) or
combined
(through
nuclear
fusion).

Wind

Moving
air

To move a
sailboat
To turn a
windmill for
pumping water
and grind corn
To generate
electricity in
wind farms

To generate
electricity in
power plants
As the main
fuel for vehicles
and machines

.a

Coal
Petroleum
Natural
gas

Radioactive
substances

Geysers
Hot
springs
Volcanoes

om

Uses

t.c

Food
Fossil fuels
(such as
natural gas,
coal and
petrol)
Wood

Fossil fuels

Examples

po

Chemical
Energy that
(stored energy)
is stored in
a substance
that can be
burnt.

An electric
iron
An electric
heater

Sources of
energy

Geothermal

gs

Energy that
is produced
by owing
electrical
current
(electricity).

Sources of energy:

To produce
geothermal
energy that
can be used
to generate
electricity

Energy changes from one form to another. For

example:
Situation

Energy change

A marble rolls
down a slope

Potential energy
Kinetic energy

Winding up spring Kinetic energy

Potential energy
of a toy car
Burning a candle

Chemical energy
Heat + Light energy

Beating a drum

Kinetic energy
Sound energy

Rain fall

To generate
hydroelectricity

Switching on a fan

Electrical energy
kinetic energy

The Sun

To generate
electricity (solar
cells and solar
panels collect
solar energy
and convert
it electrical
energy)
To enable
photosynthesis
in green plants.

An exploding
atomic bomb

Nuclear energy
Heat + Light +
Sound energy

lo

Electrical
(working
energy)

.b

A ringing
telephone

Uranium
To produce
nuclear energy.
Plutonium
To produce
electrical energy
in submarines
and warships

6
6.2

The Sun is the primary source of energy.

Renewable
Sources

and

Non-Renewable

Energy

Comparing renewable and non-renewable

energy sources:

Renewable Energy Non-renewable Energy

(energy sources that (energy sources that will
can be reused and be used up one day and
will never run out)
cannot be replaced)
Solar energy
(from the Sun)

Fossil fuels (such

as natural gas,
petroleum and coal)

4/16/09 10:50:10 AM

Page 10

The Importance of Conserving Energy Sources

Conserving
non-renewable
resources
will make them last longer for the future
generations.

CHAPTER 7

rc

ExpressNotes SC (F1)1st 12

kelvin (K).
Normally we
use degrees
Celsius (C)

Effect

Causes

matter to
expand or
contract
Causs

matter to
change
from one
state to
another

Causes
matter to
become hot
or cold
Causes
heat to ow
from a hot
region to a
cold region

Amount of
heat- the
more the heat
energy is
supplied, the
higher the
temperature

Difference

t.c

Kinetic
Supplying
energy
heat energy
(such as
to an object
rubbing
(causing
temperature
hands)
to increase)
Chemical
energy
Removing
heat from
(such as
burning
an object
fossil fuels)
(causing
temperature
Electrical
to decrease)
energy
(such as
lighting a
light bulb)
Nuclear
energy
(such as
nuclear
ssion in
the Sun)

joule (J)

Volumethe bigger
the
volume,
the more
the heat

.a

SI Unit

Affected by

om

Degree of
hotness of an
object

ek

Heat as a Form of Energy

Heat is a form of energy

Heat can be produced from:
(a) kinetic energy, such as rubbing two
objects together
(b) chemical energy, such as burning fossil
fuels
(c) electrical energy, such as lighting an
electric bulb
(d) nuclear energy, such as nuclear ssion in
the Sun
Comparing heat and temperature:

he

1
2

A form of
energy

in

Heat
7.1

Denition
on

How it is
produced

Temperature

.b

6.3

Heat

P contains
more heat
than Q
7.2

1
2
3
4

7.3

100C

po

Conservation and efcient use of energy:

(a) Use energy efcient equipment, such as
uorescent lights
(b) Use public transport, such as buses and
light-rail transit (LRT)
(c) Practice car-pooling to work

Aspect

gs

Nuclear energy
(from plutonium)

lo

Hydroelectricity
(from owing
water)
Biomass energy
(from plants)
Wind energy
(from wind)
Geothermal
energy (from the
Earth)

Q
100C

P and Q have
the same
temperature

The Effects of Heat Flow on Matter

Heat changes the volume of matter.

When heated, the volume of matter increases.
Hence, matter expands.
When cooled, the volume of matter decreases.
Hence, matter contracts.
Heat ows from a hot region to a cold region
in three ways:
(a) conduction, occurs in solids
(b) convection, occurs in uids (such as
liquids and gases)
(c) radiation, does not require a medium
Effects of Heat on Matter

Process

Change of state
of matter

Heat ow

Melting

Solid Liquid

Heat is
absorbed

Freezing

Liquid Solid

Heat is
released

4/16/09 10:50:11 AM

Page 11

Heat is
absorbed

Sublimation

Solid Gas

7.4

Heat is
absorbed
Heat is
released

Application of Contraction and Expansion of

Matter

Application of expansion and contraction of

matter:

1
2
3
4

2.

Absorbing and Giving Out Heat

Objects that absorb heat are called heat

absorber.
Objects that give out heat are called heat
radiator.
Dark, dull objects are good heat absorber and
good heat radiator.
White, shiny surfaces are poor heat absorber
and poor heat radiator.

rc

he

ek

in

.b

lo

7.5

The Benets of Heat Flow

Application of heat ow via conduction:

(a) Heat is used for cooking food with
cooking utencil
(b) Heat is used to melt metal for making
jewellery and equipment
Applications of heat ow via convection:
(a) Convection currents improve the air
circulation and keeps the buildings cool
(b) Convection currents cool the Earths
surface through sea breeze and land
breeze.
Applications of heat ow via radiation:
(a) Heat ow by radiation is used to dry
laundry
(b) The heat from the Sun keeps the Earth
and our body warm

Liquid Gas

.a

Evaporation

7.6

om

Heat is
released

Mercury or alcohol in thermometers

Bimetallic strip in thermostats
Bimetallic strip in re alarms
Gaps in railway tracks and bridges
Telephone wires
Metal pipes carrying hot water and oil

t.c

Condensation Gas liquid

Gas Solid

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

Heat is
absorbed

po

Liquid Gas

gs

Boiling

ExpressNotes SC (F1)1st 13

4/16/09 10:50:11 AM