Energy Saving Strategy Based on SPIN Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor

Network
Oluwatuyi Rufus Abidakun, Ryo Yamamoto, Yoshiaki Tanaka,

Global Information and Telecommunication Institute, Waseda University

Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University

1. Introduction
Wireless sensor networks are formed by a large number of
wireless sensing nodes. The sensor nodes measure physical
quantities such as temperature, position, humidity and
pressure. The output of those sensor nodes are transmitted to
the base station or gateway for data collection, analysis, and
logging using wireless communication. Thus, end users may
be able to receive and manage the data from sensors using
console terminals [1].
Wireless sensor nodes are typically battery operated.
Therefore, their energy is constrained. To maximize sensor
nodes lifetime after its deployment, some aspects including
circuits, architecture, algorithms, and protocols have to be
energy efficient [2]. As concern this, WSNs need a different
routing approach for their data in order to minimize energy
consumption during transmissions. In this paper, we
introduce SPIN-N protocol based on SPIN protocol as an
energy-efficient routing protocol to send data message
through neighbouring sensor nodes.

based on SPIN family of protocol. In SPIN-N, the source

node calculates an energy cost of direct transmission and
determines whether the transmission through the
neighbouring node is more energy efficient.
Energy consumption of sensor nodes is paramount to the
overall efficiency of the network. SPIN-N helps in
maintaining the efficiency by saving nodes energy,
especially when the residual energy ER of the node is below
a defined threshold of the initial energy. For the SPIN-N
protocol we consider the first order radio model which is
researched in [5]. The energy consumption per bit in
transmission is given by
Et (d , n ) Ee Ea d n
(1)
where Ee represents the energy consumption per bit in the
transmitter circuitry and Eadn represents the energy
consumption in transmission amplifier for transmit a single
bit over a distance d [6]. The minimum output power
required to transmit a signal over a distance d is proportional
to dn where 2n<4 . The exponent n is closer to 4 for lowlying antennae and near-ground channels [4]. Hence, The
total energy consumption for transmitting a K-bit packet is
ET ( d , n) K ( Ee Ea d n ) K
(2)
The energy consumption for receiving a K-bit packet where
Er is the energy requirement per bit for successful reception
is
ER ( K ) Er K
(3)
Using the above equations, we calculate the total energy
consumption for direct transmission from source node a to
destination node b as
ET d (a, b), 2 K K Ee Ea d 2 (a, b)
(4)

2. SPIN Protocol
SPIN [3] is a data-centric routing protocol. It is an adaptive
protocol based on an idea that sensor nodes operate more
efficiently. It can save transmission energy by sending
metadata that describes a sensing data instead of sending the
whole data unless it will be explicitly requested. In SPIN
protocol, nodes use three types of message for
communication:
(1) ADV: When a node has new data to share, it
broadcasts an ADV message to its
neighbouring nodes.
(2) REQ: If a node is interested in the ADV message, it
sends a REQ message to request for the data.
(3) DATA: DATA message contains actual sensor data.
Before sending a DATA message, a sensor broadcasts an
ADV to its neighbouring nodes. If a neighbouring node is
interested in the ADV message, it sends back a REQ
message for requesting the DATA message. After receiving
the REQ message by the sensor node, the DATA message is
sent to this neighbouring sensor node [4]. However, when a
request is made for the DATA, the source node spends a lot
of energy to transmit the DATA.

and the total energy consumption for transmitting to node b

through neighbouring node c is
ET d (a, c, b),2 K K Rn (b) 2 Ee Ea d 2 (a, c) d 2 (c, b)
(5)
where Rn(b) represents neighbouring node cs reliability
which prove the node existence in the network calculated by
source node and destination node jointly. To guarantee
neighbouring nodes reliability, a value 1 or 0 is assigned
upon verification by the both nodes. The value assignment is
done to confirm the validity of neighbouring node in the
network. The reliability value 1 is assigned to neighbouring
node only when the node responds to the beacon message
from source and destination during periodic neighbour

3. SPIN-N Method
To save the energy consumption during transmission for
DATA, we proposed SPIN-N protocol. SPIN-N protocol is

discovery phase. This approach prevents a malicious node

from claiming neighbour relationship.
After the calculation of the energy cost for transmission, a
source node compares the cost for direct transmission and
detoured transmission. If the latter cost is smaller, the source
node selects the detoured route as a transmission route.

The main goal of the proposed SPIN-N protocol is to save

energy and extend the networks life time. Direct
communication in SPIN protocol can be energy tasked,
especially when the deployment of the sensor node is over a
long period of time. SPIN-N protocol considers residual
energy of a sensor node. SPIN-N protocol is based on SPIN
protocol, however, it uses neighbouring nodes to reduce
transmission distance for less energy consumption. By using
SPIN-N protocol, it can reduce the total energy consumption
of the entire network compared to direct communication.
However, one major problem is if the residual energy of the
neighbouring node is also below the defined threshold,
nodes decision to support forwarding DATA might be
crucial to the efficiency of SPIN-N protocol. Future work
may be to work on this associated problem.

Fig. 1 SPIN-N Routing Strategy

Fig. 1 shows the example operation of SPIN-N protocol.
When node B sends a REQ message to node A for the DATA
message, node A calculates the estimated energy cost for
actual data transmission to node B. If node A and node B
have common neighbouring node, node A calculates the
estimated energy cost to the node. In this example, node C
would be the common neighbouring node. Subsequently, the
estimated energy cost from node B to C is calculated. Then,
the estimated transmitting cost from node A to B through
node C Et{d(B,C,A),n} is compared with Et{d(B,A),n}
which represents estimated transmitting cost from node A to
B directly. If Et{d(B,C,A),n} is smaller than Et{d(B,A),n},
the link (B,C,A) would be used to send a DATA messages to
node B. Before the route is used for data transmission,
neighbouring node Cs reliability is also calculated by node
A and B jointly. In order to guarantee node Cs reliability,
both node A and B assigns a value 1 or 0 upon verification.
The assigned reliability Rn(b) prevents a malicious node from
claiming neighbour relationship.

Fig. 2 Residual energy of sensor node A

4. Performance evaluation
In our work, we assume a model where the radio consumes
Ee=50nJ/bit, Ea=100pJ/bit/m2 with K ranging from 20005000 bits. The distance d(a,b)=100m, d(a,c)=70m,
d(c,b)=60m and Rn(b)=1. The initial energy of the source
node is set to Ei=0.5J. The simulations have been done by
MATLAB.
Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show the simulation results. From the
result, total energy consumption using SPIN-N protocol is
smaller than SPIN protocol that does not use neighbouring
node for data message transmission. This is because that
SPIN protocol tries to send a data message directory to its
destination. On the other hand, SPIN-N protocol tries to use
its neighbouring node for detouring to reduce transmission
energy. This also decrease the total energy consumption in
the network since the average transmission distance is
decreased by detouring long and non energy-efficient links
among the networks.
5.

Fig. 3 Total energy consumption

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Conclusion

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