NEXT WEEK IN BIO153

Tuesday: Lecture 14: Animal diversity

Thursday: Lecture 15: Invertebrate diversity

Friday: Tutorial 7

Readings: Chapters 32 & 33

Lab 7: Invertebrates II

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Session ID:

13: FUNGI
Fungi are heterotrophs
Fungi play key roles in ecology

HOLLYWOOD IS NO MATCH FOR LIFE!

THE REAL BRAIN EATER IS A FUNGUS: OPHIOCORDYCEPS UNILATERALIS

these fungi are literally able to control ants in very specific ways (make them
go to ideal locations to spread their spores like under a leaf up a tree near
animals to be eaten etc.)

http://photographicdictionary.com/sites/
photographicdictionary.com/files/photos/y/yeast.jpg

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_vhBzu4WmuMg/SSFlntjFiEI/
AAAAAAAADlg/twBjz_vAumw/s400/the+remains.jpg

http://cdn9.wn.com/pd/0b/91/d9417eb3750132c348649b48145f_grande.jpg

MOST OF THE TIME, FUNGI ARE LESS DRAMATIC BUT NO LESS IMPORTANT
The process of producing penicillin and blue cheese both use the Penicillium
fungus

The reproductive organs of Amanita muscaria are a popular pizza topping

FALSE

MUSHROOMS ARE REALLY A NETWORK OF HYPHAE

unicellular fungi
are yeasts

constructing the organisms in this way is perfect for obtaining nutrients

this is a fruiting body

the underground roots are much more than the fruiting body

FUNGI ARE INCREDIBLY DIVERSE

all heterotrophs

DIVERSITY IS AGAIN LINKED TO THE ACQUISITION OF NUTRIENTS

Decomposer or saprotroph

Mutualists

Pathogen

how they obtain their nutrients are different

-obtain nutrients from dead material (plants or animals)
decompose at a fewer rate without fungi

MANY FUNGI ARE MUTUALISTS

mutualism is one form of symbiosis
-symbiosis means living together
Forms of symbiosis

Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
relatively easy to recognize and define
A

Effect on
species

chocolate beans

HOW CAN WE CONFIRM THAT

A FUNGUS IS A MUTUALIST?

Cacao tree (Theobroma cacao)

Endophyte fungus (endo means

inside, a fungus
Treatments:
that grows
insidetothe
Endophyte was added
leaves)
cacao seedling leaves

No endophyte was added to

leaves

Pathogen Phytophthora was

added to all seedlingsa protist

if it is a naturalistic relationship see

if the fungus has any inhibitory
effect to prevent the full influence
of the pathogen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobroma_cacao#mediaviewer/File:Matadecacao.jpg

WHAT WOULD YOU EXPECT?

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include a control group should include no endophyte and no pathogen

lichen is an example of naturalistic fungi

BUT NOT ALL FUNGI ARE FRIENDLY

2012. Nature 484: 186 - 194

known as the white nose syndrome

-all of the bats died
-bats wake up more frequently and run
out of resources and die
-they keep insect populations down and
are pollinators

By Keith Weller, USDA-ARS - USDA, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3741014

BANANAS ARE IMPACTED BY A SOIL FUNGUS

Fusarium oxysporumf. sp.cubense

LODGEPOLE PINE STANDS ARE THREATENED BY A FUNGUS

Blue stain
fungus
(Grosmannia
clavigera)

Mountain
pine
beetle

http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/pine-beetles/epidemic-map

u are looking at a single organisms and

hyphae grow in all directions in an almost
perfectly circular fashion and produce the
fruiting bodies if conditions are perfect

NEXT LECTURE PERIOD

Lecture 14: Animal diversity