LAB REPORT

CEW421 FLUIDS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

EC221 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG

TABLE OF CONTENTS
No.

ITEMS

Page

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objective
1.2 Equipment
1.3 Theory / Examples
2. PROCEDURE

3.0 RESULTS & ANALYSIS

4.0 DISCUSSION

5.0 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES & APPENDICES

SCL

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LAB REPORT

CEW421 FLUIDS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

EC221 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objective
To study the behavior of non uniform flow and the use of a broad-crested weir to measure the
discharge in a rectangular open channel
1.2 Equipment
1.
2.
3.
4.

Open channel flume

Broad-crested weir
Flow meter for measuring flow rate (or any other methods)
Point gauge for measuring depth

1.3 Theory / Examples

Whenever an obstruction such as a broad-crested weir is placed in the channel, flow is
disrupted and the flow is no longer uniform. If the flow is subcritical, the water will flow over
the weir and a drop in water level occurs over the weir. If the weir height exceed the critical
value of

, where

and

are the specific energy and the minimum specific

energy in the channel respectively, the flow over the weir becomes critical flow the depth is
equal to the critical depth,

Q=1.705

2.0 PROCEDURE

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LAB REPORT

CEW421 FLUIDS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

EC221 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG

1. The dimension of the channel was recorded

2. The channel width was adjusted to a mild slope
3. The broad-crested weir was installed and the water was let being flow over the
4.
5.
6.
7.

weir.
The choking and water behind the weir increase in depth was being ensured
Flow meter was being used to measure the flow rate.
Height of broad created weir was being measured
The depth behind the weir was being measured and being deduct with the value of

H
8. Broad-crested weir equation is used to calculate the discharge

3.0 RESULTS & ANLYSIS

A. Rectangular Notch
Depth of notch,Z = 8.2 cm
Width of notch, b = 3.0 cm
No.

Depth to

H=Z-D

Volume

Time, t

Qact

water surface,

(cm)

of water,

(s)

(cm3/sec)

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Log H

Log Qact

LAB REPORT

CEW421 FLUIDS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

EC221 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG

1
2
3
4
5

(cm)
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0

(cm3)
40
40
40
40
40

0
5
10
17
30

0
8.0
4.0
2.35
1.21

-0.70
0.08
0.34
0.51
0.62

0.90
0.60
0.37
0.08

Log H

Log Qact

0
0.30
0.48

0.94
0.26
0.17

0.2
1.2
2.2
3.2
4.2

B. Triangular Notch
Depth of notch,Z = 4.0 cm
Width of notch, b = 8.0 cm

No.

1
2
3
4

Depth to

H=Z-D

Volume

Time, t

Qact

water surface,

(cm)

of water,

(s)

(cm3/sec)

0
5
22
27

0
8.8
1.82
1.48

(cm)
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0

(cm3)
44
44
44
44

0
1.0
2.0
3.0

4. DISCUSSION
A sharp-crested weir allows the water to fall cleanly away from the weir.Sharp crested weirs
come in many different shapes such as rectangular, V-notch and triangular notch.
The comparison between theoretical discharge and actual discharge is obvious different. For
the theoretical value is positive and for the actual discharge value is negative. It is because
the interception value from graph is negative. The graph has shown inversely proportional
between log Q versus log H. In experiment, for the starting get the zero value because start
the experiment in the 8.0 cm depth and the time is began. In triangular notch experiment,
only get three reading because do the wrong procedure.
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LAB REPORT

CEW421 FLUIDS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

EC221 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG

5. CONCLUSION
Based on the experiment, the data we get is used to calculate the intercept line for to
determine the discharge coefficient. The relationship of the graph log Q versus log H is
inversely proportional. As a conclusion, the actual discharge in any stream is measure by the
discharge coefficient, Cd.
The objective for this experiment is not achieved.

6.0 REFERENCES & APPENDICES

References
Norashikin Ahmad Kamal and others. (2011). Fluid
Mechanics and Hydraulics: Laboratory Manual (OBE). UiTM. Shah Alam.
Weir. (n.d). retrieved 15 October 2011. From Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir
Appendices

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LAB REPORT

CEW421 FLUIDS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

EC221 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG

Rectangular plate

Triangular plate

Weir
STUDENT CENTERED LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Briefly explain what the advantage for both weir notches is and what the main criteria
needed when we want to design or applied these notches.
Advantages for both weir notches

The rectangular can handle more flow.

The triangular will give you better resolution when flows are low relative to

the weir's capacity.

V-notch weir might easily handle the normal range of discharges at a
structure; but occasionally, much larger flows would require a rectangular

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LAB REPORT

CEW421 FLUIDS AND HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

EC221 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG

weir. A compound weir, consisting of a rectangular notch with a V-notch cut

into the center of the crest, might be used in this situation.

Broad-crested weirs can be computer calibrated.
Some forms of broad-crested weirs pass floating debris and sediment
better than sharp thin-plate weirs, especially those with round nose or

ramp approach transitions.

Submergence does not affect broad-crested weirs up to about 80 percent
with a vertical downstream drop and up to about 90 percent with sloped
downstream transitions.

Criteria in designing or applied this notches

Weir (concrete, wood, metal)

notch weir plate (stainless steel, smooth, and plane,

intersection with

the upstream weir face)

Water Level Sensor:
o Bubble Sensor
o Shaft Encoder
o Radar Sensor
o Pressure Sensor
o (Capacity Sensor)
o
The downstream water level should be low enough to ensure that it does
not interfere with the ventilation of the air pocket.

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