Correlation between Food Frequency Questionnaire Sodium Scoring

and Predictive 24-Hour Sodium Urine

Muhammad Naufal Fadhillah,1 Lola Ilona Fuad Abdul Hamied, Yulia Sofiatin, Hadyana Sukandar,2 Diah Dhianawaty,3 Rully M.A Roesli 4
Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran
2
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran,
3
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran
4
Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital
1

BACKGROUND
HIGH PREVALANCE

Hypertension condition is strongly associated with high intake of sodium

and hypernatremia condition. Hypertension is one of predictors in many
cardiovascular disorder. Indonesia and Myanmar have the highest prevalence of hypertension in South East Asia region. This condition could be
prevented by recording the data of sodium intake in general population in
country, so that might be a prevention and promotion activity to control the
sodium intake.

Urin
e
The 24 hour Sodium urine is the gold standard for estimating daily sodium
intake. Although it is the gold standard, it is expensive and difficult to obtain a
good sample. Alternatively, we can use food frequency questionnaire, which
is relatively cheap and easy to obtain. The purpose of this study is to know the
correlation between sodium scoring of a food frequency questionnaire and
predictive 24-hour sodium urine.

methods

N
E

I
S

N
O

PE

RT

This cross sectional correlative

study was performed in Jatinangor
around September November 2014.
The data in this study was secondary
data taken from another study called
Epidemiologi Hipertensi dan Albuminuria di Jatinangor. Twenty nine
of 131 people aged 18-59 years old
were included in this study.

Food Name
Nasi Goreng
Telur Goreng
Opor Telur
Sayur Sop
Sayur Kacang Merah
Tumis Kacang
Tumis Buncis
Tumis Tempe
Cah Kangkung
Oseng Daun
Singkong
Urap
Semur Ayam
Krengseng Ayam
Seblak
Basreng
Kerupuk Pedas
Mie Instan
Ikan Asin

Serving
Size (g)
200
50
70
125
180
70
70
60
70

Na/100g
(mg)
460
190
755
431
893
392
376
687
332

Na/Serving
RawScoring Scoring
(mg)
920
30.7
31
95
3.2
3
528.5
17.6
18
538.75
17.9
18
1607.4
53.6
54
274.4
9.1
9
263.2
8.8
9
412.2
13.7
14
232.4
7.7
8

70

961

672.7

22.4

22

70
70
100
100
100
30
75
30

183
997
1500
596
51
454
920
2893

128.1
697.9
1500
596
51
136.2
690
867.9

4.3
23.3
50
19.9
1.7
4.5
23
28.93

4
23
50
20
2
5
23
29

HY

Seventeen type of foods and their recipes were gathered

from this study and were used to make their general recipes and modify a food frequency questionnaire.

The result of the equation was

used to correlate with the total
scoring of the questionnaire.
The scoring system of this food
frequency questionnaire was
determined by multiplying the
food sodium score with the frequency and the serving portion
of the food.

PREVENT

O
W
N
M
O
N
O
R
!
F
Questionnaire

The sodium and creatinine content of the

urine sample was taken from afternoon
spot urine sample. This value was converted
into predictive 24-hour sodium urine data
by using the Tanaka formula

Tanaka Formula

Predictive 24-hour Na = 23 (21.98 XNa0.392)

XNa = [Spot Na (mmol/L) / Spot Cr (mg/dL) 10] [Predictive 24-hour Cr]

Predictive 24-hour Cr = [-2.04 age (year)] + [14.89 weight (kg) + [16.14 height (cm)] 2244.45

results

The correlation between food frequency questionnaire scoring and predictive 24-hour sodium that is analyzed with pearson method was insignificant (r = -0.169, p = 0.381)

CONCLUSION
The correlation is insignificant, this result may arise due to some confounders and limitation of the study.

References
1. Strom BL, Yaktine AL, Oria M, Populations CCSR, Board FN, Practice BPHPH, et al. Sodium Intake in Populations: Assessment of Evidence: National Academies Press; 2013.
2. Krishnani A, Gargii R, Kahandaliyanageiii A, editors. Hypertension in the South-East Asia Region: an overview. Regional Health Forum; 2013.
3. de Moura Souza A, Bezerra IN, Pereira RA, Peterson KE, Sichieri R. Dietary Sources of Sodium Intake in Brazil in 2008-2009. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2013;113(10):1359-65.
4. Charlton KE, Steyn K, Levitt NS, Jonathan D, Zulu JV, Nel JH. Development and validation of a short questionnaire to assess sodium intake. Public health nutrition. 2008;11(01):83-94