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Detailed Explanations of
Design of Beams
T1 : Solution
(a)
0.0035
0.002
Xu
3
Xu
7
0.45 fck
4 X
7 u
c1
c2
Section
0.87 fy
+ 0.002
Es
Strain diagram
Stress diagram
In strain diagram
0.0035
Xu =
d Xu
=
Xu
Given,
and
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0.87 fy
+ 0.002
Es
d Xu
0.87 fy
+ 0.002
Es
0.0035
f y= 415 MPa
Es = 2 105 MPa
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Workbook
d
1 =
Xu
d
xu
0.87 415
+ 0.002
2 105
0.0035
= 2.0872
Xu = 0.479 d
(b)
...(i)
3
4
CX = C1X 1 + C2 X 2
3
3 4 3
fck b Xu + Xu
8 7 7
0.36 fck bX u
X =
= 0.42 Xu
(c)
Mu lim =
=
C =
0.36 fck bXu =
0.36 fck b(0.479 d) =
As =
T2 : Solution
Bf = 2342 mm
Cu
Xu
lever arm = d
380 mm
d = 500 30
= 470 mm
Xa
3
NA
Df = 120 mm
T
Bw = 230 mm
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Stress diagram
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Given data:
Spacing of beam = 3 m
Effective span,
l eff = 8.35 m, Bw = 230 mm
Thickness of slab
Df = 120 mm
Area of steel,
Ast = 2
Beff =
l0
+ 6 Df + Bw
6
8.35 1000
+ 6 120 + 230
6
= 2341.6 2342 mm = Bf
Take an effective cover of 30 mm
Effective depth,
d = 500 30 = 470 mm
For M 25 Concrete
Modular ratio,
m =
280
280
= 10.98 11
=
3 8.5
3 cbc
Bf X a
Xa
2
2342
X a2
= 11 1608.50 (470 Xa)
2
= m Ast (d X a )
(hence ok)
mcbc
11 8.5
d =
470
Xc = + m
230 + (11 8.5)
y
cbc
= 135.84 mm
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Xa < Xc
Beam is underreinforced
Ca < cbc or C
cbc = C
Ca
ta
= st
m
m
and
Xc
Xa
Moment of resistance
Xa
M = st Ast d
3
77.05
ta
m
st
m
W l2
8
W (8.35)
8
164.38 =
W = 18.86 kN/m
Hence safe load including self weight that beam can carry is 18.86 kN/m.
T3 : Solution
Area =
300
b
300
xa2
xa2
650
(20 )2 (600 xa )
4
4 - 20
50
Ca
2
xa
d 3
Ca
218.85
600
90 106 = 300 218.85
2
3
Ca = 5.2 N/mm2
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xa
BM = t a Ast d
3
218.85
90 106 = t a 1256.64 600
ta = 135.9 N/mm2
2nd method for ta
t /m
Ca
= a
d xa
xa
ta =
mCa (d xa )
xa
= 135.84 N/mm2
For BM of 210 kNm linear interpolation can be done for stress in concrete and steel.
For 90 kNm moment, concrete stress = 5.2 N/mm2
For 210 kNm moment, concrete stress =
5.2
210 = 12.13 N/mm2
90
135.9
210 = 317.1 N/mm2
90
T4 : Solution
0.446 fck
A
200
175
75
K
I
500
75
500
C
II
175
Duct
100
III
F
215.55
350
NA
100
125
125
Given, M 20 concrete
Fe 415 steel
fck = 20 N/mm2
f y = 415 N/mm2
b = 350 mm
D = 500 mm
Effective cover = 50 mm
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3
3
xu lim = (215.55 ) mm = 92.38 mm
7
7
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Divide the area above the balanced neutral axis into 3 parts with
portion ABFE Part I
portion BCKJ Part II
portion CDHG Part III
and
Part I and III are each of width 125 mm and are under the influence of complete compressive stress block
over a depth of xu lim (= 215.55 mm). Part II is of width 100 mm which is under the influence of compressive stress
block for a depth of h = 75 mm. This part II is within the rectangular stress block because h = 75 mm depth
3
< xu lim (= 92.38 mm)
7
Let,
C1 = Compressive force due to Part I
C1 + C2 + C3 = T
At balanced stage,
T = 455.49 kN
f st = 0.87 fy
T = 0.87 fy Ast = 455.49 103 N
Ast =
455.49 10 3
= 1261.57 mm 2
0.87 ( 415)
400
D = 650 mm
d = 650 50 = 600 mm
Limiting depth of NA
xu lim = 0.48 d (for Fe 415)
= 0.48 600 = 288 mm
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650
Area of steel = 3
3-16
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Actual depth of NA
C = T
0.36fck bxu = 0.87fy Ast
(Assuming under reinforced section so that fst = 0.87fy)
0.36 30 400 xu = 0.87 415 603.2
xu = 50.41 mm < xu lim (= 288 mm)
Thus assumption of under-reinforced section is correct.
i.e.,
xu < xu lim
Moment of resistance
MR = 0.36fckbxu(d 0.42xu)
= 0.36 30 400 50.41 (600 0.42 50.41)
= 126.05 kNm
Unfactored moment/working moment
126.05
= 84.03 kNm
1.5
126.05
= 84.04 kNm
1.5
400
650
Ast = 6
Given :
6-25
Actual depth of NA
C = T
0.36fckbxu = 0.87fy Ast
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528.09
= 352.06 kNm
1.5
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528.09
= 352.06 kNm
1.5
400
Area of steel = 8
650
Given:
Limiting depth of NA
Actual depth of NA
8-25
Unfactored MR =
596
= 397 kNm
1.5
Ast lim =
Mu lim
596 106
2
=
0.87 415 (600 0.42 288) = 3445.9 mm
Alternatively
f
pt lim = 41.61 ck
fy
Ast lim =
xu lim
30
= 41.61
(0.48 ) = 1.44%
d
415
1.44
400 600 = 3465.6 mm2
100
T6 : Solution
Width of beam (b)
Overall depth of the beam (D)
Span (L)
Assuming an effective cover of 50 mm,
Effective depth of the beam (d)
Loads and bending moment
Live load
Self weight of the beam
Given:
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= 380 mm
= 700 mm
= 6m
= 700 50 mm = 650 mm
= 20 kN/m
= 0.38 0.7 25 kN/m = 6.65 kN/m
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10
Total load =
=
=
Factored load (wu) =
Factored bending moment (Mu) =
w uL2
39.975 62
kNm = 179.89 kNm
=
8
8
Alternatively
(for Fe 500)
Calculation of xu for M u
Mu
179.89 106
43832.846
xu
Area of tension steel required
=
=
=
=
Ast =
= 666.7 mm2
Alternatively
R =
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pt
100
Mu
bd 2
179.89 10 6
380 650 2
= 1.120461
Ast
30
1.120461
=
1 1 4.598
bd 2 ( 500 )
30
pt = 0.2679%
Ast =
0.2697
380 650 = 666.16 mm2 (same as above)
100
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11
T7 : Solution
Step: 1 Unknown Parameters : b, d (and thus D), Ast
Step: 2 Effective Span : As per Cl. 22.2 (a) of IS 456: 2000, effective span is taken as :
230
230
7000
230 230
= 6770 mm
2
2
Now Cl. 23.2.1 of IS : 456 2000 gives basic ratios of span to effective depth which is 20 for simply
supported beam for beam upto 10 m span.
Here,
Span = 7 m < 10 m
l
d
20
7000
l
=
= 350 mm
20
20
Adopt d = 350 mm
Effective span is
xu lim
d
= 0.48
f x
25
pt lim = 41.61 ck u lim = 41.61
0.48 = 1.203 %
415
fy d
Let
0.85
fy
Step: 4 Effective Depth (d) : The basic value of span/ depth ratio is multiplied by modification factor (kt)
to account for tension reinforcement.
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12
l
Actual span/depth ratio =
kt kc
d basic
Where, kc = 1 for pc = 0 %
= 20 (1) = 20
d =
7000
span
=
= 350 mm
20
20
b
should preferably lie between 0.5 and 0.7
D
b = 250 mm
Let
b
D
250
= 0.625
400
(Partial safety factor for dead and live loads is 1.5 for limit state of collapse)
w u l 2 eff.
72
= 14.25
= 87.28 kNm
8
8
Where
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R =
Ast
f
R
= ck 1 1 4.598
bd 2f y
fck
87.28 106
Mu
=
= 2.85 N/mm2
250 3502
bd 2
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pt
100
25
2.85
Ast
=
1 1 4.598
2 ( 415 )
25
bd
= 9.343 103
pt = 0.9343 %
; pt assumed (=0.9 %)
Ast =
0.9343
250 350 = 817.51 mm2
100
817.51
= 2.6 ; 3 nos.
(20 )2
4
Provide 3-20 bars at bottom and 2-10 bars at top for holding the stirrups as hanger bars.
T8 : Solution
b = 230 mm
2-16
Asc = 2
D = 500 mm
16 2 = 402.12 mm 2
4
2-25
Ast = 2
25 2 = 981.75 mm 2
4
f st = fsc = 0.87 fy
Cuc = 0.362 fck b xu = 0.362 (20) 230 (xu) = 1665.2 xu
Cus = (0.87fy 0.447 fck) Asc
= (0.87 415 0.447 20) 402.12 = 141590.47 N
40
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0.87 415
2 10 5
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14
fsc 0.87 fy
Thus,
xu 127.83 mm
d
40
= 0.0869
=
d
460
For
Mu lim = 0.362 fck b xu lim (d 0.42 xu lim)+ (fsc 0.447 fck) Asc (d d)
= 0.362 (20) 230 (220.34) (460 0.42 220.34)
+ (353.524 0.447 20) 402.12 (460 40)
= 193 kNm
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250 mm
T1 : Solution
f y = 250 N/mm2
fck = 15 N/mm2
Cover = 25 mm
450 mm
Given
Bending moment
fy Ast
M = 0.87fy Ast d f b
ck
12 mm ,
6 nos.
Area of steel
Ast = 6
Also, effective depth
2
(12 ) = 678.6 mm2
4
12
= 419mm
2
250 678.6
15
250
= 55.16 kNm
d = 450 25
s
0.87 250
Ld = 4
=
= 54.375
bd
4 1
M1
+ L0 , L0 = 0
V
55.16
Ld <
200
55.16
1
<
200
54.375
< 5
Ld <
or
or
Since
Hence, beam is not safe in bond.
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16
T2 : Solution
l0
B
Df
B
D2
W
=
=
=
=
=
=
10.0 m
450 mm
120 mm
250 mm
480 mm
25.0 kN/m
l0 + W = 10 + 0.45 = 10.45 m
l0 + d = 10 + 0.48 = 10.48 m
l eff = 10.45 m
Vmax =
wL 25 10.45
=
= 130.625 kN
2
2
w/m
wl
2
_
Shear Force Diagram
wl
2
V
130.625 1000
=
= 0.90 N/mm2
b.d
250 575
= 0.90 N/mm2
T3 : Solution
Since the beam is reinforced with 4-20 mm diameter bars and thus area of tension steel provided (Ast) is
1256.63 mm2.
Assuming an effective cover of 50 mm, effective beam depth
= 600 mm 50 mm = 550 mm
Percentage tension steel (pt) =
1256.63 100
= 0.7616%
(300 550 )
300 1000
= 1.818 N/mm2
(300 550 )
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17
Maximum shear strength for M 20 concrete (c max) = 2.8 N/mm2 (Table 20 of IS 456: 2000)
Shear force to be resisted by shear reinforcement (Vus) = Vu cbd
= 300 x 103 0.56 300 550
= 207140.64 N = 207.14 kN
Using 2 legged 10 mm diameter stirrups,
A sv = 2 10 2 = 2 78.54 = 157.08
4
(sv) =
0.87f y Asv d
Vus
= 90.71 mm = 85 mm (say)
< 300 mm
< 0.75d = 0.75 550 mm = 412.5 mm
(OK)
Asv min
0.4 (300)(85)
0.4bsv
= 0.87 250
( )
0.87fv
(OK)
A sv = 2
Spacing of shear reinforcement (sv)
(OK)
Asv min
T4 : Solution
Width of the beam (b) = 350 mm
Overall depth of the beam (D) = 650 mm
Assuming an effective cover of 50 mm,
Given:
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18
=
=
=
=
Ist location =
=
650 50 mm = 600 mm
68 kN/m
0.35 0.65 25 kN/m = 5.68 kN/m
68 + 5.68 kN/m = 73.68 kN/m
2 0.8 600 mm
(OK)
(OK)
wl
1.5 73.68 7.5
kN = 414.5 kN
=
2
2
Vu
414.5 103
=
N/mm2
bd
350 600
6
Percentage of reinforcement at support (pt) =
25 2 100
4
= 1.4%
350 600
25 2 sin45 = 250.64 kN
4
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19
2
0.87f y Asv d 0.87 415 2 4 8 600
mm
=
sv =
Vus
131.23 10 3
2
= 165.95 mm
Spacing as per minimum shear reinforcement requirement
sv
0.87f y Asv
0.4b
0.87 415 2
0.4 350
82
mm
259 mm
Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement
1. 0.75d = 0.75 600 mm = 450 mm
2. 300 mm
Vu1 =
3071
414.5 = 339.45 kN
3750
8
Percentage of steel reinforcement (pt)
25 2
4
100 = 1.87%
350 600
2
0.87fy Asv d 2 4 8 0.87 415 600
sv =
mm
=
Vus
171.45 10 3
= 127.02 mm
For portion 2, provide 2-legged 8 mm dia. bars @ 120 mm c/c
Shear reinforcement design for portion 3
x
168
=
3750
414.5
x = 1520 mm
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20
3
1
x = 1520
mm
Vu
Vu1
3
x = 1520
mm
Vcu
679
mm
3071 mm
3750 mm
Length of portion 2
8mm@
160mm c/c
8mm@
120mm c/c
8mm@
120mm c/c
8mm@
160mm c/c
2-25
2 a = 679mm
1551 mm
3040 mm
1551 mm
2 a = 679mm
20
mm = 460 mm
2
2
2
2
Area of tension steel (Ast) = 3 20 mm = 942.5 mm
4
0.87f y Ast
0.362fck b
Limiting depth of neutral axis (xu lim) = 0.479d = 0.479 460 mm = 220.34 mm >xu (=125.34 mm)
Thus beam section is under-reinforced and fst = 0.87fy is correct in the above calculation of depth of
neutral axis.
Calculation of moment of resistance:
Moment of resistance of the beam section (Mr) = 0.87 fy Ast(d 0.416xu)
= 0.87 415 942.5(460 0.416 125.34) = 138.79 kNm
For M25 concrete and Fe415, design bond stress (bd) = 1.4 x 1.6 N/mm2 = 2.24 N/mm2
(Cl. 26.2.1.1 of IS 456: 2000)
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21
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Development length:
Ld =
0.87fy
4bd
0.87x 415
= 40.296
4x 2.24
Anchorage length:
For 90 degree bend, anchorage length (Lo) = 8 = 8 20 mm = 160 mm
40.296 1.3
138.79 10 6
+ 160
157.5 10 3
32.4 mm
So there is no need to increase the anchorage length.
If the diameter of bar provided was larger than 32.4 mm then in that case, the anchorage length had to
be increased either by extending the bar length beyond the anchorage value provided or by providing
the anchorage in the form of a U bend (anchorage value = 16).
T6 : Solution
230
Ast
100 = 0.25
bd
Ast
100 = 0.5
bd
450
4 12
Factored SF =45 kN = Vu
We have to calculate the dia of Fe 500 2-Legged stirrup to be used at a spacing of 325 mm c/c
v =
Vu 45 1000
=
= 0.4348 N/mm2
bd 230 450
(12 )
4
100 = 0.437%
%tensile steel =
230 450
4
c = 0.36 +
0.12
( 0.437 0.25) = 0.45 N/mm2
0.25
Since v c < 0
Min shear reinforcement is required
Min shear reinforcement is given by
0.4
Asv
bSv = 0.87 fy
Asv =
Asv = 2
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Design of Slabs
T1 : Solution
Load calculations
Dead load, DL = 6 kN/m (for unit width)
Live load, LL = 4.5 kN/m
A
14.25 kN/m
E
RA
RB
3.5 m
1.5 m
1
dtotal = deff + clear cover+ dia. of bar
2
= 125 + 15 + 4 = 144 mm
Take
d = 150 mm
Unit weight of RCC = 25 kN/m3
Safe weight = 25 0.150 kN/m = 3.75 kN/m
Total load = DL + LL + Self weight
= 6 + 4.5 + 3.75 = 14.25 kN/m
Now, RB 3.5 = 14.25 5 2.5
or
RB =
14.25 5 2.5
= 50.89 kN
3.5
RA = 20.36 kN
Critical moment either at B or mid span of AB (say E)
At B,
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MB = 14.25
1.52
= 16.03kNm
2
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23
1.752
= 13.80 kNm
2
Again,
Where,
d =
16.03 106
= 133.60 (safe)
0.898 1000
M = Astjd
or
or
106
16.03
= Ast 230 90 125
Ast = 619 mm2
Area, A =
2
(8) = 50.3 mm2
4
Spacing of 8 mm bar =
1000A
Ast
1000 50.3
= 81.26 mm
619
T2 : Solution
(i) Calculation of design constants
For M 20 concrete, m = 13.33, c = 7 N/mm2 = cbc
For Fe 415 steel, t = 230 N/mm2 = st
mc
13.33 7
= 0.2886
k = t + mc =
230 + 13.33 7
j = 1
k
02886
.
=1
= 0.9038
3
3
1
1
cjk =
7 0.9038 0.2886 = 0.9129
2
2
(ii) As per the vertical deflection criterion, the span to effective depth ratio for spans upto 10 m for a
simply supported slab is given by
Q =
l
= 20
d
4000
l
d =
=
= 200 mm
20
20
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24
b g
M =
wle2
10.5 4.2
=
8
8
V =
wle
10.5 4.2
=
= 22.05 kN
2
2
= 23.15 kN-m
d =
[B = 1000 mm]
2315
. 106
0.9129 1000
Now taking
we get
D = d + 20 = 160 + 20 = 180 mm.
(vi) Main reinforcement
Ast =
M
2315
. 106
=
= 696 mm2
st jd
230 0.9038 160
Spacing of bars, s =
1000 A
A st
s =
1000 78.54
= 112.84 mm
696
1000 78.54
= 654.5 mm2
120
le
4.2
=
= 0.84 m
5
5
2
654.5 = 436.33 mm2 which is more than minimum reinforcement (0.15%).
3
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25
M1
+ L0
V
M1 = st . j . d Ast at support
= 230 0.9038 160 436.33
= 14.51 106 N-mm
V = 22.05 kN
Assuming a clear cover of 25 mm is provided at the side (end) and providing a U-hook
Given width of support = 230 mm = ls
L0 =
=
Ld =
Now
1.3
ls
x + 13
2
230
25 + 13 10 = 220 mm
2
10 230
st
=
= 299.48 mm (60% increase for HYSD bars)
4
1.6 1.2
4 bd
M1
13
. 14.51 106
+ L0 =
+ 220
V
22.05 103
299.48
Ld
=
= 100 mm beyond the face of
3
3
support.
(viii) Check for shear
p = % reinforcement at support =
For p = 0.15%, c = 0.28
For p = 0.25%,
c = 0.36
Now v =
436.33
100 = 0.24%
180 1000
FG 0.36 028
. I
(0.24 0.15) = 0.352 N/mm
. 015
. JK
H 025
V
22.05 103
=
= 0.138 N/mm2
Bd
1000 160
015
. BD
015
. 1000 180
=
= 270 mm2
100
100
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26
Spacing of bars =
1000 A
A sd
62 = 28.27 mm2
4
1000 28.27
= 104.7 105 mm
270
This is less than 5d and 450 mm both. Hence provide 6 mm bars @ 105 mm C/C. Near the edge of the
support, the distribution reinforcement may be provided both at top as well as the bottom. The details
of the reinforcement are shown below.
10 @ 360 C/C
6 @ 105 C/C
180 mm
a, b, c
820 mm
820 mm
10 @ 120 C/C
4000 mm (4 m)
820 mm
820 mm
T3 : Solution
y
(a) Edges are simply supported and corners are not held down
= 150 15
x
3.5 m
4.5 m
4630
= 1.28 < 2 Two way slab
3630
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ly
For
lx
27
= 1.28,
d = 61.72 mm
Adopt overall depth (D ) = 100 mm
10
= 80 mm
2
Self weight of slab (= 0.1 25 = 2.5 kN/m2) need not to be received since already a higher design load
is taken.
Reinforcement in short direction
Rx =
pt x
100
Mx
bd
15.77 10 6
1000 80 2
= 2.464
Ast
f
4.598 R x
= ck 1 1
bd
2 fy
fck
30
2.464
3
1 1 4.598
= 7.63 10
2 ( 415)
30
= 0.763%
pt x
As t x =
Using 10 bars,
0.763
1000 80 = 610.432 mm 2 / m
100
1000 A
=
spacing =
As t x
10 2
4
= 128.66 mm c/c
610.432
1000
Ry =
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My
bd 2
9.65 10 6
1000 80 2
= 1.5078
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28
pt y
100
Asty
(1.5078) = 4.45 10 3
30
1 1 4.598
=
bd
2 ( 415)
30
pt y = 0.445%
As t y =
0.445
1000 80 = 356 mm2 / m
100
1000
Using 10 bars,
4
356
spacing =
10 2
= 220.62 mm c/c
0.12
1000 80 = 96 mm 2 / m
100
(OK)
100
10 @ 200 c/c
10 @ 120 c/c
SECTION X-X
10 @ 200 c/c
PLAN
Reinforcement detailing
10
= 110 mm
2
0.23 0.23
+
= 3.73 m
2
2
0.23 0.23
+
= 4.73 m
2
2
Now,
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Thus,
lx =
3.61 m
3.73 m (whichever is less) = 3.61 m
ly =
4.61 m
4.73 m (whichever is less) = 4.61 m
ly
lx
29
4.61
= 1.28 < 2 Two way slab
3.61
Loads
Self weight of slab = 0.13 25 = 3.25 kN/m2
Live load = 4 kN/m2
Assume miscellaneous loads = 1 kN/m2
Total load = 3.25 + 4 + 1 = 8.25 kN/m2
Factored load (w ) = 1.5 8.25 = 12.375 kN/m2
Since all the four edges of the slab are discontinuous
This refers to case 9 of Table 26 of IS 456: 2000
x+ = 0.0776
y+ = 0.056
d = 54.97 mm
Adopt overall depth as (D) = 100 mm
20
= 80 mm
2
Rx =
pt x
100
Mx
bd 2
1000 80 2
= 1.955
4.598 (1.955 )
Ast x
30
1 1
= 5.8 10 3
=
bd
2 ( 415 )
30
pt x = 0.58%
As t x = 471.68 mm2/m
1000
Using 10 mm diameter bars,
12.51 10 6
10 2
4
471.68
spacing =
= 166.51 mm
c/c
Ry =
Copyright
My
bd 2
9.03 10 6
1000 80 2
= 1.411
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30
pt y
100
Asty
(1.411) = 4.146 10 3
30
1 1 4.598
=
bd
2 ( 415)
30
pt y = 0.4146%
A s t y = 331.69 mm2/m
1000
Using 10 bars,
10 2
4
331.69
spacing =
= 236.79 mm c/ c
(OK)
1
1
w l x = (12.375) 3.5 = 21.66 kN / m
2
2
21.66 10 3
= 0.27N / mm 2
1000 80
Ast
100
bd
1000
4
150
Ast =
where,
10 2
= 523.6 mm2 /m
523.6
100 = 0.6545%
1000 80
Design shear strength of M30 concrete for pt = 0.6545% as per table 19 of IS:456 (c) = 0.556 N/mm2
For 130 mm thick slab, k = 1.3
10 2 1000
100
1
( 4610 ) = 922 mm = 950 mm (say)
5
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Workbook
10 @120 c/c
31
950
x
950
10 @ 200 c/c
BOTTOM PLAN
10 @ 200 c/c
TOP PLAN
10 @ 200 c/c
100
10 @ 200 c/c
10 @ 120 c/c
SECTION X-X
Reinforcement detailing
Copyright
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Design of Columns
T1 : Solution
Tu = 0.87 fy Ast = 0.87 250
(a)
0.0035 ( xu d )
xu
Assume
xu
= 0.4 or, xu = 0.4 350 = 140
d
sc =
(20)2 4
4
= 577398.56 N = Tu (adopt)
(b) Centroid =
400
= 200 mm
2
xu
xu = 140 mm
e = Centroid xu
= 200 140
= 60 mm
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33
T2 : Solution
Y
fck = 20 N/mm2
400 mm
f y = 415 N/mm2
Step-1: Checking the column as short or long
l e x = l ey = 3100 mm
ley
Dy
550 mm
3100
= 7.75 < 12
400
Thus, slenderness ratio in both the directions is less than 12 so the column is short.
Step-2: Calculation of minimum eccentricities
exmin =
eymin =
D
3100 550
le x
+ x =
+
= 24.53 mm
500 30
500
30
ley
500
Dy
30
3100 400
+
= 19.53 mm
500
30
Now,
2250 103 = 0.4 20 (400 550) + (0.67 415 0.4 20) Asc
100
= 0.937%
( 400 550)
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(OK)
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34
550
400
4-20 bars
(at corners)
4-16 bars
T3 : Solution
Let
Thus
2
D core = ( 280 ) = 61575.22 mm2
4
4
(Ah ) =
82 = 50.27 mm2
4
(Ag ) =
Asc
2945.24
100 = 2.89 %
100 =
101787.602
Ag
0.36
fck Ag
1
fy Acore
Ah Dcore
Acore s
0.36
fck Ag
1
fy Acore
( 50.27 ) (280 )
(61575.22 ) 50
0.0113
0.0144 0.0113
Thus load carrying capacity of the column can be increased by 5%.
Which is true.
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35
= 1690.15 kN
Safe working load,
(P) =
Pu
1.5
6 25
1690.15
=
kN
1. 5
8 tie @ 50 c/c
= 1126.77 kN ; 1126 kN
Reinforcement Detailing
T4 : Solution
As per IS 456: 2000 requirements, minimum area of compression steel in column is 0.8%.
Thus, let p = 0.8% and effective cover = 50 mm on all the sides
p
So,
fck
0.8
= 0.02667
30
50
d
= 0. 1
=
D
500
and,
Now since the column is square in section and is symmetrically reinforced and thus the uniaxial moment
capacity of the column will be same in both the directions i.e. along x and y directions.
Axial load (P ) = 900 kN
Factored axial load (Pu) = 1.5 900 kN = 1350 kN
1350 10 3
Pu
= 0.18
=
30 500 500
fck bD
From Chart 48 of SP: 16, for
and
d
= 0.1
D
Pu
= 0.18
fck bD
Mu
fck bD 2
or
= 0.04
Mu = Mu x = Muy
1
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36
So,
Also,
52
Mu x
= 0.346667
=
150
Mu x1
and,
Muy
45
= 0. 3
=
150
Muy1
P
Value of n for u = 0.32943 comes out to be 1.21572
Pz
Mu x
M u x1
M uy
+
M uy 1
(OK)
Asc provided = 8
(OK)
T5 : Solution
Dia. of the column (D) = 600 mm
Axial load (P) = 2400 kN
Effective length of the column (leff) = 9000 mm
Slenderness ratio,
Given:
=
It is a long column.
Load carrying capacity of the column
leff 9000
=
= 15 > 12
D
600
P = 1.05 Cr ( As cc + Asc sc )
9000
48 600 4
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40330.63
= 8.2 10 nos. (say)
252
4
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Workbook
37
Volume of core per meter column length (Vc) = Ac 1000 = 212371660 mm3
Gross area of the column section
(Ag) =
1000
2
( Dh ) ( h )
Volume of helix (Vh) =
4
p
1000
510 102 = 125837456.1 mm3
=
4
p
p
As per the requirement of helical reinforcement
0.36
p = 82.46 mm
p 75 mm
D
520
= 86.67 mm
p c =
6
6
max. pitch
p 3h = 3 10 mm = 30 mm
min. pitch
p 25 mm
p=
82.46 82
102
= 52.77 mm
10-25
Dg = 600 mm
Pitch,
125837456.1
25 282743.3
1 =
212371660p
415 212371.66
Dc = 520 mm
0.36
V
fck Ag
1 h
fy Ac
Vc
10 @75 c/c
Tie or
8 @ 50 c/c
Reinforcement Detailing
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Design of Footings
T1 : Solution
Axial load (P ) = 1200 kN
Assuming 10% of column load as weight of footing and soil backfill.
d
Critical section
for two way
shear
450
3700
d/2
450
Critical section
for one way
shear
Critical section
for bending
moment
3700
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39
Section (A) (A) is the face of column which is critical section for bending moment.
3.7 0.45 3.7 0.45 1
Mu = 131.48 3.7
= 642.3 kNm
2
2
2
Mu =
0.138 fck bd 2
d = 224.315 mm
Adopt overall depth of footing as 500 mm so that effective depth of footing (d),
d = 500 75
20
= 415 mm
2
D = 500 mm
d = 415 mm
R =
pt
100
Mu
642.3 10 6
=
= 1.00795
bd 2 3700 ( 415)2
Ast
25
1.00795
=
1 1 4.598
= 2.935 103
25
bd
2 ( 415)
pt = 0.2935%
Ast =
0.2935
3700 415 = 4506.7 mm2
100
Spacing of bars =
4506.7
= 14.3 ; 15bars
2
20 )
(
4
3700 2 75 15 20
= 232.14 mm
(15 1)
3700 2 75 16 20
= 215.3 mm
(16 1)
(OK)
0.415 kN = 588.64 kN
SF at critical section (B) (B) (Vu1) = 131.48 3.7
588.64 10 3
= 0.3834 N/mm 2
3700 415
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40
5026.55
100 = 0.3274%
3700 415
(OK)
1701.6 10 3
= 1.185N / mm 2
4 ( 450 + 415) 415
ks =
1
+ c
2
where
c =
c = k s v = ks 0.25
= (1) 0.25
Thus depth of footing is safe in two way shear.
Development length
Development length (Ld ) =
25
0.87 fy
4 bd
where,
Ld =
0.87 ( 415) 10
= 403 mm
4 (2.24 )
3700 450
75 ( clear cov er )
2
1.5 1200
450 2
A1
A2
(OK)
where
A1
= 1 here
A2
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41
0.5
450 2 = 1012.5 mm2
100
1012 .5
= 3.22 = 4 bars
2
(20 )
4
Provide 4-20 bars as dowel bars, at the interface of column and footing.
Development length in compression (Ld ) =
0.87 ( 415) 20
= 644.7mm
4 (2.24 ) 1.25
Development length =
1012.5
= 1289 ; 14 bars
2
10
( )
4
0.87 ( 415 )10
4 ( 2.24 ) 1.25
= 322.37 mm <385 mm
(OK)
20 @ 200 c/c
X
450
450
3700
Column bars
450
500
Dowel bars 14 10
300(min.)
300(min.)
75 clear
cover
3700
3700
SECTION X-X
PLAN
T2 : Solution
Solution:
P = 350 kN
M = 500 kNm
V = 50 kN
Ground level
Eccentricity (e) =
M 590
=
= 1.686 m
350
P
1800
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42
5
= 2072.25 kNm
2
2072.25
= 3.57 > 1.4
590
(OK)
2
A I
5
53 2
5
12
= 54.44 28.32 = 82.76 kN/m2, 26.12 kN.m2
Thus there is no uplift any where in the footing base.
Water table at GL
921
590 5
P M
y = 2
A I
5
53 2
5
12
= 36.84 28.32 = 65.16 kN/m2, 8.52 kN/m2
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Prestressed Concrete
200
Given data,
Width of beam, b = 200 mm
Depth of beam, d = 300 mm
Area,
Initial stress in steel
Area of steel placed concentrically
Initial prestressing force,
Modular ratio = 6.0
Direct stress in concrete,
300
T1 : Solution
500 mm
fc =
500,000
2
60,000 = 8.33 N/mm
b = 200 mm
d = 400 mm, L = 12 m
e = 70 at mid span
= 0 at ends
70 mm
400 mm
Given,
Effective prestress
P = 800 kN
c = 25 kN/m3
W = ?
6000 mm
6000 mm
Area of cross-section
A = bd = 200 400 = 80 103 mm2
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44
and
I =
1
1
3
bd3 =
200 ( 400) = 1.067 109 mm4
12
12
At mid span
and
e = 70 mm
y t = 270 mm
yb = 130 mm
Zt =
1.067 109
= 3.951 106 mm3
270
Zb =
1.067 109
= 8.205 106 mm3
130
P Pe Md Mi
bot = A + Z Z Z
b
b
b
...(i)
w = A 1 c
= 0.2 0.4 25 kN/m3 = 2 kN/m
Md =
wl 2
= 36 kNm
8
Ml =
Wl
= 3W
4
36 106
800 103 800 103 70
3W
+
80 103
8.25 106
8.206 106
= 10 + 6.825 4.388 3W = 12.437 3W
bot =
W =
12.437
= 4.14 kN
3
T3 : Solution
ES 200000
e = E = 20000 = 10
C
Strain in steel =
l
20
=
10 1000
l
200000 20
= 400 N/mm2
10000
P = Stress Area = 400 500 = 200 kN
Stress in steel =
Tensile force in steel,
Stress in concrete at the level of steel
fc =
P
200 1000
= 2.5 N/mm2
=
A
200 400
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45
T4 : Solution
Applied prestressing force (P) = 5
6 2 1350 N = 190.85 kN
4
350 3
= 714.583 10 6 mm 4
12
P 190.85 10 3
=
= 2.73 N/mm 2
A
70000
190.85 10 3 75
P Pe
175
y = 2.73 +
Final stress at the soffit of section = +
6
I
714.583 10
= 6.24 N/mm2
For equivalent concrete section,
Let modulur ratio (m) = 6
6 2 = 70706.86 mm2
4
350
75 mm
Centroid of section from soffit = 100 mm =
2
5 nos.-6
P/A
A =
x from bottom =
Copyright
Pe/Z
P/A
e = 75
350
200
Pe/Z
62 5 = 141.37 mm2
4
70000 175 + 141.37 100
= 174.25 mm
70000 + 141.37
190.85 10 3 190.85 10 3 75
+
174.25
70706.86
718.52 10 6
= 2.7 + 3.47 = 6.17 N/mm2
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46
6.24 6.17
100 = 1.12%
6.24
T5 : Solution
Prestressing force (P) = 180 kN
Eccentricity (e) = 30 mm
Gross area of cross-section (A) = 120 300 = 36000 mm2
Sectional modulus (Z) = 120
Direct stress =
P 180 1000
=
= 5 N/mm 2
A
36000
Pe 180 1000 30
=
= 3 N/mm 2
Z
1.8 10 6
300 2
= 1.8 10 6 mm 3
6
62
= 22.5 kNm
8
M 22.5 10 6
=
= 12.5 N/mm 2
Z
1.8 10 6
= 14.5
5 + 0.1e = 14.5
e = 95 mm
Pressure line gets shifted from original pressure line by 95 + 30 = 125 mm
Alternatively:
This shift of pressure line can be computed as,
Shift =
M 22.5 10 6
=
= 125 mm (which is same as above)
P
180 10 3
At quarter span
wL L wL L
wL2 wL2 3wL2
=
Moment at quarter span (M1) =
=
2 4 4 8
8
32
32
=
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3 5 62
= 16.875 kNm
32
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47
M 1 16.875 10 6
=
= 9.375 N/mm2
Z
1.8 10 6
e = 63.75 mm
Thus pressure line gets shifted from original location by
63.75 + 30 = 93.75 mm
Alternatively:
This shift of pressure line can be computed as,
Shift =
M1 16.875 10 6
=
= 93.75 mm
P
180 10 3
125 mm
93.75 mm
P = 180 kN
P = 180 kN
6m
T6 : Solution
RA
300
3 kN/m
8m
2m
RB
Total load
RA + RB
and taking moment about A is zero
RB(8) 9 10 5
RB
RA
Copyright
800
=
=
=
=
=
450 kN
0.3 0.8 25 = 6 kN/m
3 kN/m
6 + 3 = 9 kN/m
9 10 = 90 kN
= 0
= 56.25 kN
= 90 RB = 33.75 kN
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48
x
2
= 33.75x 4.5x2
= 0
= 0
= 3.75 m
= 33.75(3.75) 4.5(3.75)2 = 63.28 kNm
M max
= = 140.62 mm
P
Mx = 0
33.75x 4.5x2 = 0
x = 0, 7.5m (from support A)
e =
When
MB
18 10 6
=
= 40 mm
450 1000
P
300
40 mm
800
140.6 mm
Cable profile
T7 : Solution
Gross cross-sectional area of beam (A) = 150 450 = 67500 mm2
Moment of inertia of beam (I) = 150
450 3
= 11.3906 10 8 mm 4
12
227.5 1000
= 3.37 N/mm 2
67500
at mid-span =
2
(3.87 3.37 ) 3.703 N/mm2
3
Loss of stress due to creep = 3 105 3.703 210 1000 = 23.33 N/mm2
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49
T8 : Solution
y =
Slope =
x (L x )
L2
dy 4h
=
(L 2 x )
d x L2
4hL
2
4h 4 80
=
= 0.04 radians
L
8000
x=0
4h
x=0
a
Initial prestressing force (Px)
Px
Loss of prestress
For cable 1, prestress loss
=
=
=
=
=
=
For cable 2, prestress loss =
=
For cable 3, prestress loss =
=
4h 4 40
=
= 0.02 rad
L
8000
T9 : Solution
Step-1: Assume size of beam
Width = 500 mm
Depth = 800 mm
wd = 0.5 0.8 1 25 = 10 kN/m
Self weight
Md =
10 202
= 500 kNm
8
Ml =
30 202
wl l2
= 1500 kNm
=
8
8
Z =
(1 k ) Md + Ml
fc
P
15
k = 1 L = 1
= 0.85
100 100
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50
Z =
Depth required,
Consider
D =
6Z
6 98.44 106
=
= 1086.86 mm
B
500
D = 1100 mm
B = 500 mm
wd = 0.5 1.1 1 25 = 13.75 kN/m
Md =
13.75 202
= 687.5 kNm
8
Z =
D =
6Z
= 1096 mm
B
So,
D = 1100 mm, B = 500 mm
Step-3: Cross-sectional area,
A = B D = 500 1100 = 55 104 mm2
Prestressing force
P =
As =
Step-5: Eccentricity,
e =
A fc 55 104 16
=
= 5176.5 kN
2k
2 0.85
P 5176.5 103
=
= 3451 mm2
fs
1500
(1 + k ) Md + Ml
2kP
= 315 mm
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