LTE Technical Challenges For in Building Coverage PDF

LTE Technical Challenges for In-Building Coverage
Introduction
LTE technology promises to bring speeds of over 100Mbps downlink and 50Mbps uplink to mobile
users using mobile broadband applications. With 196 operators in 75 countries currently investing
in the technology, LTE is now generally acknowledged to represent the future of the industry.
In turn, demand for data is running at levels that were unimaginable even a couple of years ago.
This is due to the emergence of smartphones and other high end devices running multimedia
applications such as streaming video and mobile TV. By 2015, it is predicted that total data rates
will exceed 6,300,000 terabytes per month.
Given that some 50% of total mobile traffic is said to originate or terminate within buildings, we
predict a corresponding massive increase in demand for data from our in-building networks.
The purpose of this document is to present the figures relating to this growth in data demand and
to assess how we may scale our existing in-building DAS networks to handle this growth. We
consider options such as deploying smaller cells to improve capacity in localised areas; utilising
MIMO technologies to offer higher data rates; and upgrading, all or part of our existing DAS
networks to LTE technology. The document is structured as follows:
First we highlight the figures behind the hype surrounding this ever-increasing demand for
data. We look at the number of devices such as smartphones and tablet PCs, both now and
in the years to come, and multimedia services such as video, VoIP, gaming etc. These
figures will help us benchmark the requirements of future in-building network designers.
Working with these figures for data demand, we must consider the performance of both
existing cellular technologies (HSPA and HSPA+) and emerging technologies (LTE and
LTE-Advanced). We need to estimate how these technologies will be able to cope with
increasing demand and for how long.
One of the key factors in increasing the performance of wireless networks is the
introduction MIMO technologies. MIMO will play an important role in our decisions on future
network design. A section in this document has been dedicated to explaining multiple
antenna technologies.
We consider how an in-building DAS may be designed to cope with the volumes of data
that will be required in the coming months and years. In the case of 4G networks, the
challenge from the outset will be to engineer the networks to deliver capacity, as opposed
to coverage, where it is needed.
Finally we look at a couple of possible solutions for migrating a DAS to LTE with 2x2 MIMO,
with one option simply doubling up on existing infrastructure and a more novel approach
using CAT5/6 cabling to carry the DAS signals.
LTE Technical Challenges for In-building Coverage
This document is designed to highlight the challenges involved in designing a DAS to

support the massive data demands generated by the proliferation of smartphones and the
like, together with applications such as video streaming and multimedia gaming. It is not the
objective to propose any solutions but hopefully to stimulate discussion.
Exponential growth in data consumption

Over the period of the last three years to 2010, the volume of data being consumed over mobile
networks has almost tripled year on year. In 2010, according to Cisco, total global mobile data
traffic was in excess of 230 petabytes per month (1 petabyte = 1,000, 000 gigabytes). This is over
three times greater than total global internet usage in the whole of the year 2000.
Whilst this rate of growth is forecast to level out during 2011, Cisco has forecast that by 2015 we
will see a 26 fold increase in 2010 rates, with monthly usage of 6.3 exabytes per month (1 exabyte
= 1,000 petabytes). Please see figure 1 below.
Moreover, Alcatel Lucent has forecast a 16-fold increase in mobile data traffic to 2015 but warned
that it could grow as high as 40 times todays levels [2].
Terabytes per Month
92% CAGR 2010-2015
7,000,000
6,000,000
6.3 EB
5,000,000
3.8 EB
4,000,000
3,000,000
2.2 EB
2,000,000
1,000,000
1.2 EB
0.24 EB
0.6 EB
0
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Source: Cisco VNI Mobile, 2011
Figure 1: Cisco Forecasts 6.3 Exabytes (6,300,000 Terabytes)

per Month of Mobile Data Traffic by 2015
This description of the growth in data rate

consumption includes some new terminology used to
describe the vast quantities of data under discussion.
The chart opposite shows the values of these new
terms, such as petabytes and exabytes relative to the
more recognisable figures such as gigabytes.
Copyright: Cellular Asset Management Ltd 2010
Exabyte
1,000,000,000,000,000,000
Petabyte
1,000,000,000,000,000
Terabyte
1,000,000,000,000
Gigabyte
1,000,000,000
Megabyte
1,000,000
Kilobyte
1,000
www.cellularasset.com
Page 2
Smartphones, Tablet PCs and Data Hungry Applications

The general pattern of accelerating growth in usage of advanced data services is linked to a strong
uptake in the usage of smartphones and other high end devices such as Tablet PCs and mobile
gaming consoles.
Smartphones, running applications such as streaming video and interactive gaming are extremely
data hungry. In 2010, the typical smartphone generated 24 times more mobile data traffic than a
basic-feature cell phone. Cisco VNI
To make matters worse (for the network designer) the iPhone and the Android based devices will
consume 5 to 10 times as much data as a regular smartphone.
Typically a high end smartphone will generate around 79MB per month compared with 3.3MB per
month for a basic feature set phone.
The table below gives an idea of the levels of traffic generated by different device types.
Device type
Basic mobile phone
Smartphone
Handheld gaming console
Tablet PC
Laptop
Traffic Generated cf. Basic Mobile Phone

x1
x24
x60
x122
x515
Table 1: Figures Courtesy Cisco VNI 2011
Impact of smartphones from the Mobile Operators perspective

Figures collated and released by the Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA) show a
substantial growth in revenue throughout 2010 which has been driven by the success of the
smartphone throughout Europe, the USA and Asia Pacific.
Vodafone UK: 2010 data revenue growth up 30%; driven by smartphone success
Vodafone Italy: 2010 data revenue growth up 22% ; smartphone sales 50% of total
handset sales
AT&T USA: 2010 data revenue growth up 27%; 7.4 million device sales; 4.1 million iPhone
sales in 2010
PCCW Asia: >80% of new subscribers are smartphone users; 3G data revenue grew by
156% in H1 2010
Page 3
This phenomenal growth in smartphone adoption and the exponential increase in data usage is
further borne out by the following figures and predictions:
Google state that 300,000 Android phones are activated worldwide daily.
The ITU estimates that the global number of smartphones is expected to quadruple from
today's (2010) estimate of 200 million handsets to almost 1 billion by 2015.
Figure 2: Courtesy Global Mobile Suppliers Association www.gsacom.com
According to Informa Telecoms & Media, whilst smartphone penetration currently runs at just
13%, this accounts for 65% of all mobile cellular traffic worldwide. This usage figure is set to
increase exponentially over the next five years with the average traffic per smartphone user
increasing by 700% by 2015.
In addition to the success of the smartphone, there are ranges of other, data hungry devices that
have recently emerged on the scene and are being adopted by the consumer at a rate:
Worldwide sales of media tablets such as the iPad will reach 19.5 million by the end of
2010 and exceed 54 million in 2011. Gartner.
Shipments of mobile broadband-enabled consumer products, including e-book readers,
mobile digital cameras, camcorders, personal media players and mobile gaming devices
will increase 55-fold between 2008 and 2014 with total shipments reaching 58 million units
per year in 2014. ABI Research
Given that a tablet PC can generate about five times as much data as a high end smartphone, the
potential data usage of a combination of all these devices is beyond any figure that the original
mobile networks were designed to handle.
Page 4
Predictions on Future Demand for Data on In-building Systems

Using these figures as a guideline we can model the potential impact on an in-building DAS of the
rapidly increasing demand for data due to:
The level of penetration (market share) of smartphones increasing from 13% currently to
50% and beyond by 2015
A seven fold increase in traffic per smartphone: Cisco VNI
In predicting the demand on an in-building network we make the following assumptions:

1. In an in-building scenario we assume the majority of the traffic will come from mobile phones.
We do not include laptops or other devices. (smartphone traffic + basic phone traffic =
composite traffic).
2. There will be no significant increase in the number of handsets within a given in-building
scenario as we assume the building population will not change significantly over time.
3. Although the DAS for each individual building will experience different traffic changes over
time, we can assume a prediction for a generic scenario such as a shopping centre.
Tables 2 and 3 show the predicted traffic levels as described above per device:
Table 2: Current traffic levels (MB per month)
Basic Phone
Smart Phone
Traffic per Month
Penetration %
Traffic x Penetration
3.3
79.2
87%
13%
Composite Traffic
2.871
10.296
13.167
Table 3: Predicted traffic levels in 2015 (MB per month)
Basic Phone
Smart Phone
Traffic per Month
Penetration %
Traffic x Penetration
3.3
554.4
50%
50%
Composite Traffic
1.65
277.2
278.85
Combining the figures for increase in penetration of smartphones with the seven fold increase in
data demand from these devices, we can see from the tables above that in-building traffic per
device is predicted to increase from 13.2 to 278.9 MB per month by 2015, more than a doubling of
data year on year.
Page 5
In designing an in-building network to deliver these volumes of data there are a number of options
available to us:
Deploying HSPA+ and LTE technology within buildings to provide high throughput, low
latency networks.
MIMO antenna systems are an integral part of LTE and HSPA+ technologies and may be
used to improve performance, by improving the quality of the radio link, and/or increasing
data throughput, under given conditions.
Small cell architectures can be used to increase the capacity of a network by delivering the
data locally to a smaller number of users.
These options will be discussed in the following sections.
Page 6
Comparative Performance of Cellular Technologies: HSPA, HSPA+ and LTE

As the demand for data increases we must consider the technologies being used (within the inbuilding system). Although there are more criteria than just data rates to consider when deciding
on a cellular technology, it is one of the most important and we therefore present a comparison of
HSPA, HSPA+ and LTE data rates.
HSPA and HSPA+ are well established technologies, with hundreds of networks deployed globally.
LTE rollouts began late 2010 and in-building LTE is still in the early stages. LTE-Advanced is still in
development.
(Performance figures quoted in this section are, in the large part, peak data rates, from which we
can calculate throughput rates from on-site experience. Throughput figures are quoted where
available.)
HSPA has been launched by over 99% of WCDMA operators globally:

35% of HSPA networks
30% of HSPA networks
8% of HSPA networks
support up to 3.6 Mbps peak DL

HSPA+ has been deployed in stages, as the technology has evolved.

The evolution of HSPA+ technologies can be seen from the data below.
HSPA+ using 64QAM,

HSPA+ using 16QAM with 2x2 MIMO
HSPA+ using 64QAM and 2 x 5Mhz carrier
HSPA+ using 16QAM
HSPA+ using multicarrier on the uplink
supports up to 21 Mbps peak DL

supports up to 11.5 Mbps peak UL
supports up to 23 Mbps peak UL
Further development of HSPA technologies within Release 9 and 10 aims at the following downlink
rates:
Rel 9 HSPA+ combines multicarrier and MIMO in 10 MHz bandwidth for 84 Mbps peak
downlink
HSPA+ beyond Release 9 should lead to peak downlink data speeds exceeding 100 Mbps
Page 7
LTE technology was first rolled out in 2010. In-building throughput figures are scarce at this
time.
The number of commercial networks launched to date is still quite low and actual throughput
figures are hard to come by. The peak data rates for LTE are as follows:
Peak downlink speeds (64QAM) -
supports up to 100Mbps (SISO)

supports up to 172Mbps (2x2 MIMO)
supports up to 326Mbps (4x4 MIMO)
Peak uplink speeds
supports up to 50Mbps (QPSK)

supports up to 57Mbps (16QAM)
supports up to 86Mbps (64QAM)
HSPA Current
Implementation
Downlink
Peak Network
Speed
7.2 Mbps
HSPA
14.4 Mbps
HSPA+ (DL 64 QAM, UL

16 QAM)
21.6 Mbps
Peak And/Or
Typical User Rate
Uplink
Peak Network
Speed
5.76 Mbps
Peak And/Or
Typical User Rate
5.76 Mbps
1.5 Mbps to 7
Mbps
13 Mbps peak
11.5 Mbps
1 Mbps to 4
Mbps
> 3 Mbps typical
expected
HSPA+ (2X2 MIMO, DL 16

QAM, UL 16 QAM)
28 Mbps
11.5 Mbps
HSPA+ (2X2 MIMO, DL 16

QAM, UL 16 QAM)
42 Mbps
11.5 Mbps
LTE (2X2 MIMO)
173 Mbps
LTE (2X4 MIMO)
326 Mbps
4 Mbps to 24
Mbps (in 2 x 20
MHz)
58 Mbps
86 Mbps
Table 2: Comparison of Peak Data Rates: Throughput Figures Shown Where Available.
Data courtesy HSPA to LTE Advanced Rysavy Research www.3gamericas.org
MIMO technology is discussed in detail in the next section.
Page 8
MIMO Technologies
This paper is addresses the challenges of rolling out in-building LTE networks. MIMO technology
is a fundamental part of LTE, impacting the amount of work and the costs involved in a rollout more
than any other single item. We have therefore provided a description of MIMO concepts,
terminology and modes of operation as they relate to LTE.
MIMO is considered essential for LTE, to maximize system capacity and provide high data rates.
Both 2x2 and 4x4 designs are being considered although only 2x2 configurations are being
deployed at this time. [5]
LTE systems specify three types of antenna techniques; Diversity, Beamforming and MIMO
Fig 3: Typical Configurations for Multiple Antenna Systems
Antenna diversity can include transmit diversity or Multiple-In-Single-Out (MISO) and receive
diversity or Single-In-Multiple-Out (SIMO) configurations:
MISO (transmit diversity), uses two or more transmit antennas and a single receive
antenna. The same data is sent from both transmitting antennas simultaneously, but coded
in such a way that the receiver can identify the data from each transmitting antenna. This
technique can make the signal more resistant to fading and is used to improve performance
in poor coverage areas.
Page 9
SIMO (receive diversity) uses one transmit antenna and two or more receive antennas.
Only one data stream is transmitted across the path and spatial diversity at the receive end
can be used to improve SNR under poor channel conditions.
Transmit Beamforming is a technique whereby multiple data streams are transmitted over
multiple transmit antennas, and with the help of feedback from the receiver (Channel Quality
Information CQI), the relative phase of the transmitted signals can be adjusted such that they will
combine constructively at the receiver to focus the RF beam on that device. Transmit
Beamforming can be used to improve signal reception and increase the range to a particular
receiving device.
MIMO (Multiple-In-Multiple-Out) makes use of two or more transmit antennas and two or more
receive antennas. Depending on the way MIMO is implemented, multiple antenna configurations
can be used to generate higher throughput (spatial multiplexing) or to provide a more reliable link
(diversity techniques).
Spatial multiplexing is used to increase link capacity. The information to be transmitted is
divided into independent data streams and each stream is sent simultaneously from a
separate antenna (multiple spatial streams). If we have N transmit antennas then we must
also have N receive antennas. If the resultant data streams are sufficiently uncorrelated to
be distinguishable from one another, then the total throughput of the link will be N times the
single data stream.
Spatial diversity can be used to increase the range and/or reliability of a link. The same
data is transmitted simultaneously over multiple independent fading signal paths and by
making use of the low probability of these signal paths experiencing deep fades at the
same time, the incoming signals can be combined to increase SNR, hence improving link
reliability and range. For effective diversity, the antennas at the both the transmitter and the
receiver must be placed wavelength apart.
Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) is commonly used in LTE systems to increase the data rate to one
user in good radio conditions. The most common downlink configuration for LTE is 2x2 SU-MIMO
using spatial multiplexing. (see Fig 4).
Multi User MIMO (MU-MIMO). Consider two data streams, each stream originating from a different
user device (see Fig 4). MU-MIMO relies on the fact that the spatial separation between the user
devices is sufficient that the information arriving at the receive antennas will have uncorrelated
paths. This maximises the potential capacity gain at the receiver (the eNode via DAS antenna).
One of the design motivations of the LTE standard is to keep the terminal or mobile device cost
low. Therefore in order to minimise actual transmit antennas on the mobile device, multiple user
MIMO (MU-MIMO) is being considered as an attractive option.
Page 10
Fig 4: SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO configuration
To summarise the above, MIMO is a method of using more than one antenna at the transmitter
and receiver to improve communications performance. MIMO has the potential either to increase
the capacity of networks or to enlarge the area of a given cell without the need for additional
spectrum.
Page 11
Correlation in MIMO Channels

For MIMO to be effective in achieving its objectives of increased range and capacity, the
environment in which it is deployed must provide sufficient multi-path (reflected waves). This is
referred to as non-line-of-sight (NLOS) transmission which typically occurs in an indoor
environment.
In this so called rich scattering environment, the transmitted signals bounce off objects such as
walls, such that they are received with distinctly different profiles at the receive antennas; i.e. the
signals are easily distinguishable from one another. In mathematical terms, the signals are decorrelated at the receiver.
Conversely, in an environment with purely line-of-sight LOS characteristics. there is one
predominant signal arriving at the receiver. The advantages of MIMO cannot be as easily realised
as the signals are no longer de-correlated. Further description is beyond the scope of this
document; however more detail is available on request from CAM.
MIMO is a crucial technology for improving in-building cellular coverage. In a rich scattering
environment with a high signal to noise ratio, a MIMO system can deliver between 70% to 100%
throughput and capacity gains over a single input-single output (SISO) deployment. The rich
scattering environment describes most in-building environments and in-building distributed antenna
systems (DASs) can provide high signal quality. (ADC June 2010)
A challenge for radio planners is leveraging the maximum performance from MIMO systems, this
will require in-building systems designed to provide a sufficiently multi-path rich environment while
still achieving a high signal to noise ratio.
Page 12
Challenges for In-building Solutions

Thus far in this document we have highlighted the soaring increases in data consumption mainly
due to smartphones using data hungry multimedia applications. Predictions for data consumption
going forward show more than a doubling of traffic year-on-year from 2011 to 2015.
This raises the question: how long can the existing 2G/3G in-building DASs cope with the data
demands upon them and what would be an appropriate upgrade path to the next generation of
networks?
How long can an existing DAS support the increasing traffic?
In order to estimate how long an existing DAS can support the increasing traffic levels we must
make a couple of assumptions:
For sites that can split into smaller cells the capacity of the site may be doubled for a
doubling of cells.
Network support for higher HSPA+ without MIMO will also lift capacity by a factor of two
As each of these changes doubles capacity of the site we can see that the existing DAS will be
able to support traffic growth for another couple of years within any particular building before MIMO
becomes necessary.
Added to this is the fact that neither MIMO nor Small Cell topologies will be added as a network
wide upgrade, but will be deployed in localised areas only. The network upgrades can be
performed gradually over time, spreading both the costs and the risks as we learn from each stage
of an upgrade.
What Options are Available for Upgrading an Existing In-building DAS?

Reducing cell size by sectorisation or using small cells. Large buildings can be
divided into smaller cells (or sectors), reducing the number of users per cell (or sector),
thereby increasing capacity. The disadvantages are that there are physical limitations to
how small cells can be made; smaller cells may mean more cells which in turn require more
Node-Bs, which require more space and more power. Re-cabling of the system each time a
small cell is added can be expensive.
Increasing data rates with MIMO. This has the advantage that capacity can be increased
without using more spectrum. This option could prove expensive if cabling had to be
doubled up; however, there are options available for running multiple antennas over one
cable, or over an Ethernet link.
Deploying LTE to specific areas within the building. This is undoubtedly the way LTE
will be deployed for the reasons given earlier i.e. capacity is only delivered where it is
needed. Any upgrade to LTE technology will follow this upgrade path for reasons of cost
and efficiency. The advantages of MIMO are that capacity can be increased without using
additional spectrum. The main disadvantage as mentioned above is doubling up on cabling
to the multiple antennas.
Page 13
What Options are Available for Deploying a New In-building DAS?

It is a fact that GSM/UMTS will comprise the overwhelming majority of subscribers over the next
five to ten years, even as new wireless technologies are adopted. Therefore, even in the light of
large increases in data demand, a new DAS deployment would most likely still be based on a
building-wide 2G/3G network with smaller areas of high capacity LTE networks, only where the
data demand is required. The LTE sections of the network would be similar to the upgrade options
given in the previous section.
Estimated costs from CAM, for a new DAS installation comprising materials described below, are
as follows:
20 antennas
700m co-axial cable
10 splitters
10 couplers
Costs:
1.
2.
3.
2G / 3G / 4G SISO System:
2G / 3G / 4G 2 x 2 MIMO System:
2G / 3G / 4G 4 x 4 MIMO System:
22,000 to design and install

Figures are based on the fact that the materials are doubled in each case but the labour required
for each installation does not double. As a percentage, a 2 x 2 system would be 45% more
expensive to install and a 4 x 4 system 109% more expensive.
These costs however would only be applicable if we were to deploy MIMO over an equivalent area
to the SISO installation. As we have seen in this document, this rollout scenario may not be the
most suitable, or the most cost effective.
To deliver pools of high capacity, using MIMO, only where it is needed would probably cost more
from the point of view of planning and site surveys but will ultimately be cheaper than deploying
MIMO throughout the building. This issue is open to discussion.
Page 14
A Novel Approach to Deploying In-building LTE Coverage: (Cellular-over-LAN)

In previous sections we have discussed the advantages and disadvantages of deploying MIMO
technologies for in-building networks. One of the main disadvantages is the cost of running multiple
cables to the multiple antennas in a MIMO system. There are a few options whereby multiple
antennas can be fed from a single feeder. One option involves feeding the antennas via the
existing CAT5/6 cabling within the building.
This solution, called Mobile Access VE is designed to deliver in-building LTE cellular services over
an existing CAT 5/6 LAN infrastructure, while maintaining full Ethernet and wireless LAN
capabilities. The vendor claims the following performance figures and facilities:
Extends carrier-grade, 5-bar coverage for 2G, 3G, 4G services with MIMO
Reduces installation time by half, as compared with conventional solutions
transparently coexists alongside the LAN without impacting LAN performance
Supports connectivity to any type of operator RF capacity source
Offers proactive end-to-end network monitoring
Plug-and-play design scales cost-effectively, allowing customers to choose where new
services are activated
Results from an actual Mobile Access VE installation give throughput figures for an indoor LTE
deployment:
-70dBm coverage was tested in 90% of the building, following MobileAccessVE deployment
Each VE Pod covered 10,000 square feet.
Spatial multiplexed 2x2 MIMO and 64QAM was verified using the LTE LG USB dongle
The measured data throughput at MIMO configuration was:
15 Mbps for UL (uplink) data speed
40 Mbps for DL (downlink) data speed
SISO performance equivalents offer less than 35% of MIMO throughput (15Mbps UL,
25Mbps DL)
(http://www.mobileaccess.com )
This solution provides an advantage in its quick and easy installation times and MIMO support at
4G, without impacting on the existing LAN performance. MobileAccess VE is also the first cellular
solution validated with the Cisco Unified Wireless Network. More detail is available on request
from CAM.
Page 15
LTE Femtocells
A Femtocell is a small base station, designed to be deployed within home or small business
premises to provide enhanced coverage. The coverage and capacity made available by using the
small cell approach within buildings is well suited to LTE deployment.
LTE Femtocells are supported within 3GPP as early as Release 8 (2008) and are identified as
Home eNode-Bs (HeNB). However, unlike the 3G Femtocell, there is currently no defined
architectural standard in place.
The level of interest from operators is driving the Femtocell ecosystem forward at a pace.
Enterprise Femtocells that could provide coverage in large buildings are now in the pipeline,
supporting femto-femto handovers.
Cellular Asset Management will be happy to discuss the potential of Femtocells upon request.
Conclusions
The purpose of this document has been to promote discussion on the best way to serve the
soaring levels of data demand expected over the next few years, using an in-building DAS system
and new technologies such as LTE. The main points are:
Smartphone devices are expected to more than double the traffic demanded of in-building
systems year on year from 2010 to 2015.
To upgrade an existing in-building DAS for the increase in data there are two main options:
reduce the size of each cell and increase the data rates supported by the DAS.
To support the data rates of HSPA+ and LTE the in-building systems will need to be
upgraded for MIMO antenna technology.
Femtocell technology for LTE could provide small cell capacity solutions, although it is still
in development.
Alternative distribution systems such as MobileAccess VE could provide a quick and
simpler upgrade path with extra capacity being added to areas as the traffic increases.
Do we upgrade now? In the next two years? More likely we will see networks upgrade gradually,
providing extra capacity only in localised areas where it is required and leaving the 2G/3G DAS
installations to handle the wider area coverage.
Page 16
References
1.
Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data: Traffic Forecast Update, 20102015. www.cisco.com
2.
Mobile Broadband Growth Report: Published by the Global mobile Suppliers Association (GSA)
www.gsacom.com Feb 2011
3.
The IET - Engineering and Technology Magazine: Article: Will mobile networks be ready for the 4G data deluge?
http://eandt.theiet.org/magazine/past-issues/index.cfm
4.
Ofcom -The Communications Market 2010 (August)

http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/research/cmr/753567/CMR_2010_FINAL.pdf
5.
Agilent Technologies. http://www.home.agilent.com/agilent/application.jspx?nid=34563.0.00&lc=eng&cc=GB LTE implementation of MIMO
6.
HSPA to LTE Advanced, Rysavy Research Sept 2009 http://www.4gamericas.org/
7.
NEC Shows How Small Cell LTE Deployment is Smarter Way to Sustainable Future: Mobile Broadband
Mobile World Congress Feb 2011 http://www.nec.com/
Page 17

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LTE Technical Challenges for In-Building Coverage

LTE Technical Challenges for In-building Coverage

This document is designed to highlight the challenges involved in designing a DAS to

Exponential growth in data consumption

Terabytes per Month

92% CAGR 2010-2015

Source: Cisco VNI Mobile, 2011

Figure 1: Cisco Forecasts 6.3 Exabytes (6,300,000 Terabytes)

This description of the growth in data rate

Copyright: Cellular Asset Management Ltd 2010

LTE Technical Challenges for In-building Coverage

Smartphones, Tablet PCs and Data Hungry Applications

Traffic Generated cf. Basic Mobile Phone

Table 1: Figures Courtesy Cisco VNI 2011

Impact of smartphones from the Mobile Operators perspective

Copyright: Cellular Asset Management Ltd 2010

LTE Technical Challenges for In-building Coverage

Figure 2: Courtesy Global Mobile Suppliers Association www.gsacom.com

LTE Technical Challenges for In-building Coverage

Predictions on Future Demand for Data on In-building Systems

In predicting the demand on an in-building network we make the following assumptions:

Table 2: Current traffic levels (MB per month)

Traffic per Month

Table 3: Predicted traffic levels in 2015 (MB per month)

Traffic per Month

Copyright: Cellular Asset Management Ltd 2010

LTE Technical Challenges for In-building Coverage

These options will be discussed in the following sections.

Copyright: Cellular Asset Management Ltd 2010

LTE Technical Challenges for In-building Coverage

Comparative Performance of Cellular Technologies: HSPA, HSPA+ and LTE

HSPA has been launched by over 99% of WCDMA operators globally:

support up to 3.6 Mbps peak DL

HSPA+ has been deployed in stages, as the technology has evolved.

HSPA+ using 64QAM,

supports up to 21 Mbps peak DL

Copyright: Cellular Asset Management Ltd 2010

LTE Technical Challenges for In-building Coverage

supports up to 100Mbps (SISO)

Peak uplink speeds

supports up to 50Mbps (QPSK)

HSPA+ (DL 64 QAM, UL

HSPA+ (2X2 MIMO, DL 16

HSPA+ (2X2 MIMO, DL 16

LTE (2X2 MIMO)

LTE (2X4 MIMO)

MIMO technology is discussed in detail in the next section.

Copyright: Cellular Asset Management Ltd 2010

LTE Technical Challenges for In-building Coverage

Fig 3: Typical Configurations for Multiple Antenna Systems

LTE Technical Challenges for In-building Coverage

Copyright: Cellular Asset Management Ltd 2010

LTE Technical Challenges for In-building Coverage

Fig 4: SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO configuration

Copyright: Cellular Asset Management Ltd 2010

LTE Technical Challenges for In-building Coverage

Correlation in MIMO Channels

Copyright: Cellular Asset Management Ltd 2010

LTE Technical Challenges for In-building Coverage

Challenges for In-building Solutions

What Options are Available for Upgrading an Existing In-building DAS?

Copyright: Cellular Asset Management Ltd 2010