Winter 2000 CH1 Mark Scheme

1.

(a)
(b)

elements / metals forming one or more ions which have

incompletely filled d orbitals / sub-shells (1)

(c)

(d)

(1)

(i)
(ii)

charge (1)
an atom would have if it were a simple ion (1)
OR
number of electrons atom has lost or gained (1)
control of / used for bonding (1)

+ 5 / 5 / 5+ / V(V) / V5+ (1)

only 5 electrons available for bonding consequential on
b(i) (1)

(i)

(+) 4 (1)

(ii)

oxidising (agent) / electron acceptor (1)

(iii)

anything with redox potential > 1.00v eg chlorine, bromine,

potassium manganate (VII), potassium dichromate (VI),
hydrogen peroxide, lead(IV) oxide (1)

variable oxidation state / variable valency / available

space in d-orbitals (1)

coloured compounds or ions or solution / complex (ion)

formation / paramagnetic (1)

(iii)

(i)
(ii)

4s2

3d3

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2.

(a)

Mg
Mg2+

1s

2s

2p

2p

2p

3s

3p

3p

3p
(1)
(1)

2
(b)

energy required to remove an electron from each of one mole (1)

of gaseous singly positive ions (1)
equation M+(g) M2+(g) + e (1)
note: the mark for mole could be gained from kJ mol1 in eqn (3)

(c)

(i)

(ii)

General marking points:

Some comment that refers to attraction between the
electrons and the nucleus (1)
some reason why this is so (1)
e.g same nuclear charge but 1 less electron / greater effective
nuclear charge / electron closer to the nucleus / ion is smaller than
the atom
Therefore ; it needs more energy / there is a greater
electrostatic attraction / more difficult to remove electron
from a positive species.

inner shell / closer to the nucleus / new shell of lower energy /

second shell rather than third (1)
less shielding for second shell / more shielding for third shell (1)

et

Winter 2000 CH1 Mark Scheme

(d)

(e)

(f)

beryllium(1) sodium (1)

OR magnesium (1) potassium (1)
OR zinc (1) rubidium (1)
nb any Group I element as last element (1)

(i)

Ba(OH)2 or barium (hydroxide) (1)

(ii)

MgCO3 or magnesium (carbonate) (1)

(iii)

K or potassium (1)

(iv)

KCl or potassium chloride or potassium (1)

Cl

is a larger(1) and more polarisable anion(1)

or the reverse argument for fluoride.
Note: Max I mark if no clear indication of ions given
Alternative answer
greater electronegativity difference between Mg and F (1)
than between Mg and Cl (1)
Note Max 1 mark if mention ions

2
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3.

(a)

(b)
(c)

electrostatic attraction (1)

between positive and negative charges / oppositely charged ions (1)
electrostatic attraction between atoms (0)
sharing / overlap (1)
a pair(s) of electrons (1)
(i)

all covalent / s-bond(1)

(ii)

covalent(1) and hydrogen (1) correctly identified

(i)

in ice hydrogen bonds relatively weak and easy to break (1)

in diamond (all one molecule) covalent bonds strong and
difficult to break (1)

every C atom surrounded by 4 pairs of electrons (1)

pairs repel and move to positions of minimum repulsion (1)

(ii)
(d)

(e)

ice is 1/18 moles of molecules = 3/18 moles of atoms (1)

diamond is 1/12 moles of atoms (1)
therefore ice
(wrong / no conclusion from correct working max (1))

acidic behaviour of CO2 (1)

illustrated by equation eg CO2+NaOH NaHCO3
/ CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O / H2O + CO2 H+ + HCO3 /
H2O + CO2 2H+ + CO32 (1)
amphoteric nature of PbO2 (1)
illustrated by equations
eg
PbO2 + 4HCl PbCl4 + 2H2O (1)
PbO2+ 4HCl Cl2 + PbCl2 + 2H2O
eg
PbO2+ 2NaOH + 2H2O Na2Pb(OH)6 (1)
If PbO2 is stated as only basic then 1 mark is available for a correct
equation showing basicity (i.e max 3)

5
[18]

et

Winter 2000 CH1 Mark Scheme

4.

(a)

(b)

36.5/23 = 1.59
1.59/0.79 = 2.01
Na2SO3 (1)

38.1/16 =2.38 (1)

2.38/0.79 =3.01 (1)

25.4/32 =0.79
0.79/0.79 =1.00

(i)

25.0 1/1000 = 0.025 or 2.5 102 (1)

(ii)

300/24 000(1) =0.0125 or 1.25 102(1)

(iii)

0.0125 moles has a mass of 0.800g

1 mol = 0.800/0.0125 = 64 (2)

(there are other valid ways of carrying out this part of the calculation)
Note ; part (iii) is consequential on part (ii) but max 1 if the final
answer so produced is not sensible e.g. a molar mass of 0.64)
flame test (1)
yellow / orange colour (1)

(i)

S (1)

(ii)

32S16O
2

(1)
positive (1)

(iv)
(c)

(d)

Na2SO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + SO2 + H2O ( or 2NaCl + H2SO3)

all correct products (1)
balanced (1)

2
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et