COLOUR

What is Color?
Colour is simply light of different wavelengths and frequencies and light is just one form of
energy that we can actually see that is made up from photons.
Color attributes were first understood by 19th century physiologist Ewald Hering, who made the
color charts below. His charts show how all colors arise from a combination of green-or-red,
blue-or-yellow and brightness. (In his diagram, the green-neutral-red is vertical, and blue-
neutral-yellow is horizontal.) The left circle shows relative mixtures of color attributes. The right
circle shows what we perceive when these attributes are mixed.

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 We can understand much about color by considering how the green-
red and blue-yellow color attributes interact. For example,
contrasting colors are diametrically opposite on the color circle.

A modern representation of color space. This is conceptually similar

to Hering ’s circles, but the middle fades to gray.

The artistic term “hue” is the edges of the square (the outside of Hering’s circle); Value or tone
is a measure of how light or dark a color is, without any consideration for its hue. Think of it as
taking a black-and-white photo of a subject where you clearly see what’s in the photo but
everything’s in grayscale. “saturation” represents where the color is placed between grey middle
and the colored edge; “value,” also called “brightness” or “luminance,” is the intensity of the
color and is the third attribute.

Measurement Instruments
1. Colorimeter:
This device simulates the eye and has red, green and blue photo detectors. Light, usually
from a quartz halide bulb, illuminates the sample and the reflected light is passed through
three coloured filters onto separate detectors. The response of the detectors is designed to
match the different spectral responses of the eye. Colorimeters are used in the textile
industry for quality control pass/fail checks where relative differences are important.
Colorimeters are not considered suitable for match prediction work or working to
numerical standards, as the three values produced are for one light source only,
commonly D65. Colorimeters do tend to be somewhat cheaper than spectrophotometers

Single wavelength, direct reading colorimeters:

•Water resistant design

• Auto-zero calibration
• Direct read-out in parts per million

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• Meet all USEPA requirements for NPDWR and NPDES monitoring programs

Single parameter test kits provide readings with ±2% accuracy within five seconds. Fully
portable design is ideal for both field and laboratory use. Model 1200 colorimeters cover the
entire critical range for their test factor, eliminating the need to select a high or low range. Auto-
zero calibration works with the push of button. A built-in RS 232 port enables readings to be
transferred to a computer or logger. Colorimeters include six, 25 mm screw top sample vials
(except 3075B30 which includes five, 10 mm cuvettes), instruction manual and a tough plastic
carrying case. Power requirements: one 9 V battery; optional 110 V and 220 V AC adapters are
available

Electronic color comparator for objective liquid color valuation; eliminates

subjective visual errors:

• Portable

• Conforms to ASTM D 263, D 1045, D1209, D

1544 and D 5386

Replaces conventional visual color valuation with an

objective system. Simple to use, stand-alone filter
photometer measures transmittance of the low end of
the Gardner scale, the upper end of the Hazen scale
and the lower end of the Iodine scale. Fast, single-
button operation makes this unit ideal for production
inspections of resins, fats, cosmetics, oils, surfactants
and solvents. Color value is instantly displayed by
inserting a sample and selecting a scale. Only
requires a 5 mL sample for accurate analysis and can
be used with inexpensive disposable cuvettes (not included). Portable when used with optional
NiCad batteries (Part number 3073A10, not included).

3073A15 are optional 11mm glass cuvettes: precision crafted, cylindrical tubes with rubber corks
(20 pieces).

3073A20 are optional 11mm glass cuvettes: non-precision, cylindrical, disposable tubes, without
corks (approx. 500 pcs.).

Measurement Transmission measurement dual beam, Z filter

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Principle:
Measuring Geometry: 0/180°
Illuminant: Illuminant C
Filter: Standardized color filter
3V/2W
Halogen Lamp:
Weight (unit): 1.1 lbs. (485 g)
Dimensions: 4.6" W x 2.4" H x 7.3" D
Color Scales: Gardner (0.1 - 12)
Hazen (APHA) (80 - 1000)
Iodine (0.1 - 80)

2. Spectrophotometer,
A spectrophotometer measures an object at many points across the visible spectrum by recording
the ratio of reflected light from the sample against the
light reflected from the white sphere walls. These ratios
are the reflectances of the sample at each wavelength
and are usually expressed as percentages.

Spectrophotometers also follow our simple model of

colour vision theory. A light source is used to illuminate
the sample under specifically defined viewing
conditions. The reflected light is then passed through a
spectral analyser where it is split into its individual spectral components so that light detectors
and some sophisticated electronics can produce measurements at many (up to 40) points across
the visible spectrum.

Measures absorbance or transmittance in four

simple steps. Displays instructions to guide users
through concentration measurements. Ten-key
membrane control panel simplifies operation. Two-
line, twenty-character LCD readout displays data,
provides instructions, and indicates error conditions.

Single position cell holder supplied with the unit

accepts 10mm (3/8") square cuvettes, 10mm (3/8")
test tubes, or 1.3cm (1/2") test tubes. Cylindrical
longpath cell holder is for cells up to 22dia.x50Lmm. The rectangular longpath cell holder is for

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cells up to 50Lx12Wmm. The COD vial cell holder accommodates up to an 18dia.x104Lmm
COD vial. The test tube holder is for a 2.5cm (1") test tube, up to 104mm long. The filter holder
is for a filter or lens no greater in size than 44Wx8Dx104L mm.

Built-in RS-232C and Centronics interfaces for remote computer operation or printer link.
Optional internal 20-column printer sold separately. The rectangular cells have a 50mm
pathlength and plastic covers. SPECTRONIC standards kit requires 10mm square cuvette holder
for operation.

Wavelength Range: 325–1100 nm

Wavelength Accuracy: ±2.0 nm
Spectral Slit width: 8 nm
Photometric Range: 0 to 125%T, –0.1 to 2.5 A
Photometric Accuracy: 0.003 A from 0.0 to 0.3 A
1.0% from 0.301 A to 2.5 A
Stray Light: <0.1%T at 340 and 400 nm
Dimensions: 19H x 30W x 33D cm (71/2 x 113/4 x 13")
Electrical: 100–240V, 50/60Hz
Weight: 12 kg (23 lbs

3. Light box:
Color Assessment Cabinet, suitable for all
industries and applications where there is a need
to maintain color consistency and Textile,
Dyeing, Packaging, Printing, Leather, Inks,
Knitwear, Plastic, Automotive, Ceramics.

Light source:

D65 --- International-standard Artificial

Daylight

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Color temperature:6500K Power:20W
TL84 --- Applicable to stores in Europe, Japan and China
Color temperature:4000K Power:18W
CWF (Cool White Fluorescent)
Color temperature:4150K Power:20W
F-light ---- Comparison referential light source, Applicable to family/hotel
Color temperature:2700K Power:40W
UV ---- Ultraviolet light source
Wavelength:365nm Power:20W

1. Use of a light booth to simulate different lighting conditions will help to obtain an objective
assessment of color, anytime, anywhere.

2. TILO Color assessment cabinet/Viewing Booth render color more accurately. With 6 different
light sources(D65, TL84, CWF, F, UV, U30), which can detect the metamerism.

3. Meets or exceeds major international standards for visual color evaluation including: ASTM
D1729, ISO3664, DIN, ANSI and BSI.

4. Elapsed time meter for tracking optimal lamp replacement.

5. Automated alternating among light sources.

6. No warm-up time or flickering which insures quick and reliable color judgment.

7. Economic power consumption and low heat generation for high light efficiency.

8. Dimmension?the max size can be up to 1310x600x800 mm .

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by Adeel Masood BS.6(textile)
These are used in industries and applications where there is need to maintain colour consistency
and quality. Examples include automotive, ceramics, cosmetics, dyeing, foodstuffs, footwear,
leather, packaging, printing and textiles.

4. Colour Space

The data colour spectrophotometers are

designed with a award winning software. They
are also compatible all colour packages. It is
designed in such a way that it is user friendly i.e.
easy to understand status indicators, reducing
the chance of errors in instrument setup &
operation.
• Superior sensor technology can
output data at 5nm or 10 nm
intervals.
• Data colours spectrophotometers
provide high resolution colour
measurement & excellent long as
well as short term repeatability.
• The 3.0 mm operture can measure the unusually small sample areas.
• The exceptionally 3.0mm operture means you can maximize surface area to be
measured ideal when measuring colour without regard to a textured surface.
• It has standard nominal fixed temperature : 20° c .
• High temperature perception +/- 0.05 c with wide possible range : 10 to 100.
• The humidity system is operated exclusively with tap water, an in valuable
advantage for simple installation & convenient operation.
• Auto loading\unloading of dye pot trays.
Dispence 12 recipes at time (2 trays).

The data colour 650tm, 600tm, 550tm, 400tm, are vital components of data colour
SPECTRUM tm. The complete solution for data colour management. Data colour
SPECTRUM tm helps organizations to innovate faster, ensure consistent colour
quantity, reduce the cost of production & accelerate their product speed to the market,
because colour matters.

Made
by Adeel Masood BS.6(textile)