Inverters

( DC to AC Converters)
PWM Inverters

Voltage Source Inverters : Pulse

Width Modulated Inverters

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

R. Femi, Lecturer, EEE Department

Single-phase half-bridge inverter

onics3 R. Femi, Lecturer, EEE Department

rms value of the fundamental component

2Vs
vo
sin nt
n 1,3,5,.. n

onics4 R. Femi, Lecturer, EEE Department

Vs=Vd

= 1.273

Square-Wave Mode of Operation

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

R. Femi, Lecturer, EEE Department

Single Phase Inverter Square-wave

+
Vdc
-

q1(t)
1-q1(t)

Q1

Q2

1-q2(t)

+v out
q2(t)

Vdc
vout(t)

Q1

Q2

-Vdc

4Vdc
vo
sin nt
n 1,3,5,.. n
4

Vout 1 Vdc 1.27Vdc

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

Lecturer, EEE Department

R. Femi,

Single Phase Inverter Square-wave

THD = 0.48

Characteristics: - High harmonic content.

- Low switching frequency.
- Difficult filtering.
- Little control flexibility.
EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics
Lecturer, EEE Department

R. Femi,

Pulse-Width Modulated VSI

Objective of PWM
Control of inverter output voltage
Reduction of harmonics

Disadvantages of PWM
Increase of switching losses due to high PWM frequency
Reduction of available voltage
EMI problems due to high-order harmonics
8

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

Lecturer, EEE Department

R. Femi,

Voltage Control of Single-Phase Inverters

Commonly-used Techniques
Single-Pulse-Width-Modulation
Multiple-Pulse-Width-Modulation
Sinusoidal-Pulse-Width-Modulation
Modified-Sinusoidal-Pulse-Width-Modulation

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

R. Femi, Lecturer, EEE Department

Single-Pulse-Width-Modulation

10

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

R. Femi, Lecturer, EEE Department

One Pulse per Half-Cycle

Pulse Width Controls the Output Voltage

11

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

Lecturer, EEE Department

R. Femi,

Carrier and Reference Signals

Gate Pulse

Gate Pulse

Compare the Reference Signal with the Carrier

Frequency of the Reference Signal determines the frequency

of the Output Voltage

Modulation Index (amplitude modulation ratio) = M = Ar/Ac
EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics
R. Femi, Lecturer, EEE Department

12

rms value of the Output Voltage

2
Vo
2

2
V
d
(

t
)
s

2
2

Vo Vs

0 180

1
2

Quasi Square wave Inverter

0 Vo Vs
13

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

R. Femi, Lecturer, EEE Department

Fourier Series for the Output Voltage

4Vs
n
vo (t )
sin
sin nt
2
n 1,3,5,... n

14

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

R. Femi, Lecturer, EEE Department

Multiple-Pulse-Width-Modulation

15

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

R. Femi, Lecturer, EEE Department

Multiple Pulses per Half-Cycle of Output Voltage

16

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

Lecturer, EEE Department

R. Femi,

Gate Signal Generation

Compare the Reference Signal with the Carrier

Frequency of the Reference Signal determines the Output Voltage

Frequency
Frequency of the Carrier determines the number of pulses per halfcycle
Modulation Index controls the Output Voltage
EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics
R. Femi, Lecturer, EEE Department

17

Gate Signals and Output Voltage

Number of pulses per half cycle = p = fc/2fo = mf /2

where mf = frequency modulation ratio
18

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

R. Femi, Lecturer, EEE Department

rms Value of the Output Voltage

( p ) / 2

2p

2
Vo
V
d
(

t
)
s

( ) / 2
p

1
2

Vo Vs

0 M 1
T
0
2p
0

p
0 Vo Vs
19

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

R. Femi, Lecturer, EEE Department

Fourier Series of the Output Voltage

vo (t )

n 1,3,5,...

Bn sin nt

4Vs
n
3

Bn
sin
sin n( m ) sin n( m

4
4
4
m 1 n
2p

20

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

R. Femi, Lecturer, EEE Department

Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation

In multiple-pulse modulation, all pulses are the same width

Vary the pulse width according to the amplitude of a sine

wave evaluated at the center of the same pulse

21

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

R. Femi, Lecturer, EEE Department

Generate the gating signal

22

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

Lecturer, EEE Department

R. Femi,

2 Reference Signals, vr, -vr

Comparing the carrier and reference signals

Generate g1 signal by comparison with vr
Generate g4 signal by comparison with -vr

23

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

R. Femi, Lecturer, EEE Department

Comparing the carrier and reference signals

24

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

Lecturer, EEE Department

R. Femi,

Potential problem if Q1 and Q4 try to turn ON

at the same time!

25

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

R. Femi, Lecturer, EEE Department

If we prevent the problem

Output voltage is low when g1 and g4 are

both high
26

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

Lecturer, EEE Department

R. Femi,

This composite signal is difficult to generate

27

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

Lecturer, EEE Department

R. Femi,

Generate the same gate pulses with one

sine wave

28

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

Lecturer, EEE Department

R. Femi,

Alternate scheme

29

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

Lecturer, EEE Department

R. Femi,

rms output voltage

Depends on the modulation index, M

V V
o

2p

m 1

Where m is the width of the mth pulse

30

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

R. Femi, Lecturer, EEE Department

Fourier coefficients of the output voltage

4V
n
3
B
sin
sin n
n
4
4
n 1, 3, 5,..
2p

31

m 1

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

Lecturer, EEE Department

R. Femi,

sin n

 Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM)

32

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics R. Femi,

Fig. 5 Pulse-width modulation.
Lecturer, EEE Department

10

I. Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)

B. Pulse-Width Modulated VSI (3)
Inverter output voltage
When vcontrol > vtri, VA0 = Vdc/2
When vcontrol < vtri, VA0 = -Vdc/2

Control of inverter output voltage

PWM frequency is the same as the frequency of vtri
Amplitude is controlled by the peak value of vcontrol
Fundamental frequency is controlled by the frequency of vcontrol

Modulation Index (m)

m
33

vcontrol peak of (VA0 )1

,
vtri
Vdc / 2

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics R. Femi,

where,
A0 )1 : fundamental frequecny
Lecturer,
EEE (V
Department

component of

VA0

Single Phase Inverter

Square--wave Modulation (4)
Square
Example with Vout-1=1.21Vdc
THD = 0.3

Characteristics: - High harmonic content.

- Low switching frequency.
- Difficult filtering.
- More control flexibility.
EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics
Lecturer, EEE Department

R. Femi,

34

One Leg of a Switch-Mode DC-AC

Inverter

35

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

R. Femi, Lecturer, EEE Department

Synthesis of a Sinusoidal Output by

PWM

36

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

R. Femi, Lecturer, EEE Department

37

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

R. Femi, Lecturer, EEE Department

Details of a Switching Time Period

38

EEE/INSRT F342 - Power Electronics

R. Femi, Lecturer, EEE Department