ReferenceManual OrthoVista (English) 61

REFERENCE MANUAL
OrthoVista 6.1
All rights to this publication are reserved. No part of this document may be
reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into
any language, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission from
Trimble Germany. The software described in this document is furnished under a
license agreement. The software may be used or copied only in accordance with the
terms of the agreement. It is against the law to copy this software on magnetic tape,
disk, or any other medium for any purpose other than the licensees personal use.
Copyright 2001, 2015 Trimble Germany
All rights reserved.
OrthoVista Software Manual for OrthoVista Version 6.1 and higher
Trimble Germany reserves the right to make changes to this document and the
software described herein at any time and without notice. Trimble Germany make no
warranty, express or implied, other than those contained in the terms and conditions
of sale, and in no case is Trimble Germany liable for more than the license fee or
purchase price of this product.
Sample data CastleRock used in this manual provided courtesy of Digital Globe
Incorporated. The sample imagery is of Castle Rock, Colorado U.S.A. The imagery
has 5 m ground resolution and is in NAD83 UTM zone 13. Units are in meters.
Introduction to OrthoVista ........................................................ 1
1.1
Quick start ................................................................................................... 1
1.2
What is OrthoVista? ................................................................................... 1
1.3
Available Versions ..................................................................................... 1
1.4
What can OrthoVista do for you? ............................................................. 1
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
Manual or semi-automatic adjustments ................................................................. 2

Balancing and tilting .............................................................................................. 2
Mosaicking ............................................................................................................ 3
1.5
How does OrthoVista fit into your workflow? ......................................... 3
1.6
Will OrthoVista solve all your imagery problems? ................................. 3
1.7
How can you be trained in OrthoVista? ................................................... 4
1.8
Installing OrthoVista .................................................................................. 5
1.9
What are the system requirements for running OrthoVista? ................. 5
1.10
Windows installation.................................................................................. 5
1.10.1
Windows registration ............................................................................................. 5
1.11
Linux installation ........................................................................................ 5
1.11.1
Linux registration ................................................................................................... 6
Getting Started with OrthoVista ............................................... 7
2.1
Invoking OrthoVista ................................................................................... 7
2.2
Exiting OrthoVista ...................................................................................... 8
Basic Concepts ......................................................................... 9
3.1
Main window ............................................................................................... 9
3.1.1
Show Histogram .................................................................................................. 10
3.1.2
To Front............................................................................................................... 10
3.1.3
Display Layers ..................................................................................................... 11
3.1.4
Viewing Control ................................................................................................... 11
3.1.4.1
Single-shot versus Continuous mode: ..................................................... 12
3.2
Shortcuts ................................................................................................... 12
3.3
Language Selection ................................................................................. 12
3.4
Plugins ...................................................................................................... 13
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
Image support plugins (image formats) ............................................................... 13

Georeference data support plugins (report formats)............................................ 13
Image adjustment plugins (image processing) .................................................... 13
3.5
Rotated images ......................................................................................... 14
3.5.1
Rotation of output mosaic .................................................................................... 14
3.6
File management ...................................................................................... 14
3.7
Project Dialog ........................................................................................... 15
3.7.1
3.7.2
3.7.3
3.7.4
Mosaic ................................................................................................................. 16
Images ................................................................................................................ 19
Tiles..................................................................................................................... 20
Vectors ................................................................................................................ 21
3.8
Defining the processing area .................................................................. 26
3.8.1
Using a tile definition with simple parameters (standard file extension is tsp) ..... 26
3.8.2
Using an ESRI ARCshape file as tile definition ................................................... 29
3.8.3
Using an explicit tile definition file (standard file extension is txt) ........................ 30
3.8.4
Using a tile definition with simple parameters from a text editor (standard file
extension is tsp)................................................................................................................. 30
3.8.5
Loading a tile definition file: ................................................................................. 33
3.8.6
Clipping to Area of Interest .................................................................................. 33
3.9
Loading input image data ........................................................................ 33
3.9.1
3.9.2
Background pixels ............................................................................................... 37

Display mapping .................................................................................................. 37
3.10
Specifying a custom area ........................................................................ 38
3.11
Selecting one or a group of tiles: ........................................................... 39
3.12
Begin Processing ..................................................................................... 40
3.13
Clearing the defined processing area .................................................... 40
3.14
Image Commander ................................................................................... 40
3.14.1
3.14.2
3.14.3
3.14.4
Generation of Overviews ..................................................................................... 41

RGB Channel Assignment .................................................................................. 41
Radiometrix ......................................................................................................... 42
View Image ......................................................................................................... 42
3.15
Radiometrix Editor ................................................................................... 42
3.15.1
3.15.2
3.15.3
Adjusting images with the Radiometrix Editor ..................................................... 42

Save/Reject changes of the Radiometrix Editor .................................................. 55
Radiometrix Editor: Background information ....................................................... 55
3.16
Color Picker .............................................................................................. 55
3.17
Status Dialog ............................................................................................ 56
3.18
Move To Dialog .................................................................................. 56
Processing Options ................................................................ 57
4.1
Output options .......................................................................................... 58
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.5
Specifying the Output Directory ........................................................................... 58

Meta Data Directory ............................................................................................ 58
Output Image format ........................................................................................... 59
Output Report format........................................................................................... 60
Save Background Information for Output Images ............................................... 61
4.2
Adjustment options .................................................................................. 61
4.2.1
Specifying radiometric adjustments for single images ......................................... 61
4.2.2
Per-Image Selection ............................................................................................ 64
4.2.3
Image group adjustment ...................................................................................... 64
4.2.3.1
Global Tilting Adjustment ............................................................................. 65
4.2.3.2
Contrast adjustment options......................................................................... 67
4.2.3.3
Reflections Removal .................................................................................... 69
4.2.3.4
Per Image Selection ..................................................................................... 71
4.2.4
Mosaic adjustment .............................................................................................. 71
4.3
Output Selection ....................................................................................... 76
4.3.1
Saving adjusted images ...................................................................................... 76
4.3.2
Generate Seam Data (*.cld Files)........................................................................ 76
4.3.3
Save Vector Seams............................................................................................. 77
4.3.4
Save Vector Seams for each image .................................................................... 77
4.3.5
Seam simplification tolerance .............................................................................. 77
4.3.6
Save Mosaic Output ............................................................................................ 77
4.3.7
Options for Saving Adjusted Images and Mosaic Output .................................... 77
4.3.7.1
Internal Name of Output ............................................................................... 78
4.3.7.2
Directory ....................................................................................................... 78
4.3.7.3
File Name Format ........................................................................................ 78
4.3.7.4
Ratio ............................................................................................................. 78
4.3.7.5
Number of channels and RGB component setting ....................................... 78
4.3.7.6
Channel assignment .................................................................................... 78
4.3.7.7
Example for 4 Channel RGB and Infrared image ......................................... 79
Advanced Information ............................................................ 81
5.1
Multi-Channel Image Support ................................................................. 81
5.2
Batch Mode Processing Capabilities ..................................................... 81
5.2.1
Examples ............................................................................................................ 82
5.3
Using user-defined vectors ..................................................................... 82
5.4
Radiometric Models ................................................................................. 83
5.5
Hot spot removal ...................................................................................... 85
5.6
Intensity Dodging ..................................................................................... 85
5.7
Coordinate reference ............................................................................... 86
5.8
Non constant pixel size, odd offset of orthophotos and tiles .............. 86
5.8.1
5.8.2
Non constant pixel size ....................................................................................... 86

Odd offsets .......................................................................................................... 87
5.9
Processing large blocks .......................................................................... 88
5.9.1
5.9.2
Two step processing ........................................................................................... 88

Subdividing a block in sub-blocks........................................................................ 88
5.10
Processing speed ..................................................................................... 89
End User License Agreement................................................. 91
Reference Manual OrthoVista
Introduction to OrthoVista
1.1 Quick start

Heres a guide that refers you to sections of the manual that will get you started
quickly with OrthoVista: If you already have OrthoVista installed and running, you
can use icons found on the toolbar to guide you through the three simple steps to
processing image data with OrthoVista:
Load image data. This icon invokes the Choose Directory dialog so that you can
specify the location of your input data and load the imagery for processing.
Select processing area. This icon invokes the Custom Area dialog where you can
define the image area to be processed. You can select all images or use your
mouse to define a processing area.
Process imagery. This icon invokes the Processing Options dialog. Simply specify
an output directory, adjust any processing options if necessary and click the
Process button.
1.2 What is OrthoVista?

OrthoVista is a powerful software product that improves the quality, utility and
value of ortho-rectified, digital image mosaics by performing a series of radiometric
adjustments designed to match color and intensity across component images and
producing seamless image mosaics.
1.3 Available Versions

OrthoVista is available in a Full, Lite and Education version. OrthoVista Lite is
considered being a small business solution for small companies dealing with
smaller projects. The lite version can easily be upgraded to the full version by just
changing the license on the dongle.
The lite / education versions have the following limitations:
Up to 250 images or 12 pushbroom images can be processed in one

project
Parallel processing limited to two processes/threads
No batch-processing
1.4 What can OrthoVista do for you?

OrthoVista computes radiometric adjustments that compensate for visual effects
such as hot spots, lens vignetting and mismatches between adjacent mosaic
images. In addition it offers a powerful set of tools to manipulate the radiometry of
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single or group of images. Finally OrthoVista automates production of high-quality,

photogrammetric orthophoto mosaics, providing the capability to define mosaic
production quickly and easily on a project-wide basis.
Figure 1: Sample data set before OrthoVista processing.
1.4.1 Manual or semi-automatic adjustments

The built-in Radiometrix tool offers a set of tools to correct gradation, intensity,
contrast, color and saturation, both manually and semi-automatically. Additional
tools for selective color correction in hue, saturation and lightness as well as the
possibility to record a macro have been added. Besides the functions in the
Radiometrix Editor, tools like the histograms and Color Picker can be used to
check the changes.
1.4.2 Balancing and tilting

OrthoVista removes solar reflection hot spots and improves visual uniformity of
most orthophotos by balancing the intensity and color variation across each frame.
The software compensates for lens vignetting and various illumination effects by
matching the color and intensity of adjacent input images in order to provide
smooth and consistent radiometric image properties across all images. OrthoVista
can correct color and intensity defects introduced during scanning or other
processing as well. Further on water reflections can be eliminated and images can
be interactively changed in color, brightness, contrast and saturation.
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Figure 2: Sample data set after OrthoVista processing
1.4.3 Mosaicking
OrthoVista can be configured to generate seamless image mosaics from large
numbers of individual orthophotos for use in Geographic Information System (GIS)
and remote sensing applications.
1.5 How does OrthoVista fit into your workflow?

OrthoVista works with digital orthophotos in standard formats. The imagery
produced by OrthoVista is immediately ready for delivery to clients or applications
that use orthophoto mosaics. OrthoVista processes the individual orthophoto
images and accompanying geodetic information that are typically produced by a
soft-copy photogrammetric workstation or an orthophoto production system.
Because processing can be performed in the background or after hours,
OrthoVista can dramatically increase production efficiency.
1.6 Will OrthoVista solve all your imagery problems?

While OrthoVista does an excellent job of performing radiometric corrections for a
majority of the imagery thats processed, there will always be extreme cases that
automated image processing cannot address satisfactorily. Likewise, while
OrthoVista will produce seamless mosaics most of the time, you may encounter
problems with some cases involving exceptionally demanding imagery.
Here are some specific issues that may be encountered during radiometric
correction and mosaic production:
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Definition of background pixels. By default OrthoVista treats 0,0,0 as

background. You can modify OrthoVistas interpretation of background values.
See the Setting Preferences for information on manipulation of background
pixel values.
Processing Options). This will promote a more stable solution, but will leave
hot spots in unbalanced imagery. Another option is to define an area to be
excluded from processing as discussed in the chapter 3.7.4 Vectors.
Contrast adjustments. Severe contrast differences between adjacent images
can result in a detectable visual difference between images. Radiometric
adjustments have two methods (multiplicative and additive), which have
different contrast effects. Experimenting with these methods may show that
selecting one method may provide better results than the other for a given set
of images. An effective approach is to manually adjust the contrast of input
images that have extremely disparate contrast properties with the use of the
OrthoVista Radiometrix Tool.
Trimble is committed to improving and enhancing OrthoVista. The software is
continually addressing more of these demanding situations and will get better and
better at handling problematic data; however, its important to note that results
may not be perfect when dealing with particularly difficult imagery.
1.7 How can you be trained in OrthoVista?

To get a quick start in using and understanding OrthoVista we offer an online
training package OrthoVista I Tools & Functionality. Closer information you can
find at Learning Center (http://learn.trimble.com/lms/)
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Furthermore we offer on-site trainings either at your place or here in Stuttgart. We

are pleased about your interest. Contact us at imaging_training@trimble.com
1.8 Installing OrthoVista

To install OrthoVista, load your distribution DVD-ROM or download an archive file
from the OrthoVista download page on the Inpho or Trimble Geospatial website:
http://www.inpho.de or http://www.trimble.com/geospatial/aerial-software.aspx
1.9 What are the system requirements for running

OrthoVista?
Processing time is determined mainly by CPU speed and even more important
disk access speed. OrthoVista requires a 64bit operating system with at least 4GB
RAM.
Always try to run OrthoVista with image data on fast, local disk storage
device. Should you use network drives, we strongly suggest to always map
the network drives, use a 1 Gbit network or even faster otherwise the
processing performance will be severely affected.
1.10 Windows installation

Just start the setup.exe and follow the installation instructions.
1.10.1 Windows registration

OrthoVista uses a hardware dongle to protect the software. You will get the dongle
when you purchase OrthoVista. It is also possible to run OrthoVista with a server
license where the dongle is managed and located on a server accessible via the
network.
1.11 Linux installation

You will find a detailed description in the Installation.pdf
Page 5
1.11.1 Linux registration

Starting with version 4.3 of OrthoVista, the Linux version of our software uses
hardware licensing via WIBU CodeMeter. This requires that the CodeMeter
software is installed and running on any computer that should run the software,
even if the license is acquired over the network.
The latest version of the CodeMeter runtime is always available under:
www.codemeter.com
For convenience, the current version is bundled with this software. Installation files
for Debian based systems (Debian, Ubuntu, ...) can be found under
opt/inpho/deb-packages, those for rpm based systems (SuSE, RedHat, ...) can be
found under /opt/inpho/rpm-packages. Both directories contain subdirectories for
64bit systems (amd64 or x86_64).
Please pick the appropriate installer package for your system and install it as
usual.
After installation, you might delete the directories /opt/inpho/deb-packages and
/opt/inpho/rpm-packages.
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Getting Started with OrthoVista
2.1 Invoking OrthoVista

To start OrthoVista, use one of the following instructions:
On Windows systems, double-click the OrthoVista icon.
On Linux systems, type orthovista (or the alias youve assigned) at any
command prompt. (Remember that Linux is case-sensitive.)
Figure 3: The OrthoVista Main Window and Project Dialog

Once started, OrthoVista displays its main window and the project dialog. Using
the software generally involves three simple steps that can be initiated using the
icons below available in the main windows toolbar:
Load image data. This icon invokes the Choose Directory dialog so that you can
specify the location of your input data and load the imagery for processing.
Select processing area. This icon invokes the Custom Area dialog where you can
define the image area to be processed. You can select all images or use your
mouse to define a processing area.
Process imagery. This icon invokes the Processing Options dialog. Simply specify
an output directory, adjust any processing options if necessary and click the
Process button.
Refer to the OrthoVista Tutorial for more help getting the software up and running
quickly.
To start using OrthoVista, you need georeferenced image data. This data must
consist of individual orthophoto images and accompanying geodetic reference
information.
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OrthoVista works with a variety of georeference data generated by common

mapping, remote sensing, photogrammetry and image processing software.
Orthophoto data typically are produced using a soft-copy photogrammetric
workstation, an orthophoto production system and/or various remote sensing
software packages.
2.2 Exiting OrthoVista

To quit OrthoVista:
Select Quit from the File menu.
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Basic Concepts
3.1 Main window

OrthoVista provides a number of tools that control the way in which your imagery
is displayed in the main window.
Figure 4: Main window

Once youve loaded your image data, you can manipulate the display using either:
The icons displayed on the left side of the main window.
The Display Layers pop-up menu.
Figure 5: Display Layer Popup Menu

To activate the Display Layers pop-up menu, right-click in the main window and
hold the mouse button down for at least 1 second.
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Note: The layer Editing is not used in OrthoVista, as it toggles the currently
digitized seamline while editing.
3.1.1 Show Histogram

To display histograms of single images, right-click on a certain image and hold the
mouse button down for at least 1 second. A pop-up menu allows you then to open
the histogram of this image.
Figure 6: Image histogram
3.1.2 To Front
If images overlap each other at a certain position, OrthoVista displays the last
loaded image on top of all the others. To change the sequence of images, rightclick on a certain position and hold the mouse button down for at least 1 second. A
pop-up menu allows you then to select a certain image which will be then on top of
all others.
Figure 7: Selection of an image to be on top
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3.1.3 Display Layers

The Display Layers Tool Bar contains a number of tool buttons to toggle the
display. Each option can be turned on and off independently.
Images: Displays the input images within the ortho borders.

Ortho Borders: Displays the borders of the input images in red.
Tile Borders: Displays the tile definition borders, if any are defined.
Output Areas: Displays the physical area (Tiles) to be processed.
Seams: Displays seam polygons in Seam Editor, does not display any information
in OrthoVista itself.
User Vector Data: Displays the borders of loaded user vector data like exclusion
areas, seam areas and water areas.
Names Display: Displays names of images and tile definitions.
3.1.4 Viewing Control

The View Control Tool Bar contains a number of tool buttons used to change the
area displayed in the Main Window.
Zoom window mode: This is the standard mode for zooming. By clicking and
holding the left mouse button, drag a rectangle over the desired view area.
Release the left mouse button, and the view display will zoom to the defined area.
A single right click will zoom back to the previous zoom level.
Note: If the zooming rectangle is too small, no zooming will take place. To zoom
into a tiny rectangle, you might have to use two subsequent zooms.
Panning mode: When panning is active, you can grab the image shown in the
Display Area and drag it to a new position. This is similar to using the scrollbars of
the Display Area. See also 3.1.4.1.
Zoom-in mode: While in this mode, each click with the left mouse button will recenter at that location and also zoom in by a factor of two. A single right click will
zoom back to the previous zoom level. See also 3.1.4.1.
Zoom-out mode: In this mode, each click with the left mouse button re-center at
that location and also zoom out by a factor of two. A single right click will zoom
back to the previous zoom level. See also 3.1.4.1.
Zoom reset button: This button resets the zoom stack and shows the whole project
in a fit-to-view zoom level.
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3.1.4.1 Single-shot versus Continuous mode:

The panning and the zoom in/out buttons operate in two different modes. A single
click on the button involves a single-shot operation. Once this operation is
activated the view control falls automatically back to the zoom-window mode.
Double clicking these buttons enters the modes permanently until a different
zoom/pan button or the zoom-window button is pressed.
3.2 Shortcuts
Zooming, panning and window sliders can be also controlled by using hard-key
shortcuts. The following shortcuts are supported:
Shortcut
+
F
C
Arrow Keys
Function
Zoom in
Zoom out
Full Screen or Reset Display
Center Position
Move Slider up/down/left/right
3.3 Language Selection

OrthoVista supports multiple languages for the user interface and messages. In
addition to English (the default language) there is support for German, Russian,
Spanish and Chinese, other languages may follow. The current language may be
selected using the Language Selection Dialog, available in the Setup menu
(second from left, in case you are unable to read the entries in the current
language) as item Language (second from bottom):
The language dialog searches for language files installed on the system and offers
all available languages in the drop-down box.
To pre-set the language for all users of the system, the application has to be
started with administrator privileges and the checkbox has to be activated.
Support for other languages may be added independent of the software and may
be provided by third parties. Please contact our support team if you are interested
in providing an additional language.
The OpenGL font setting is not used in OrthoVista and Seam Editor, this setting
should be left unchanged.
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3.4 Plugins
OrthoVista supports an innovative architecture that packages specific product
functionality into modules called plugins. The advantage of using a modular
architecture is that OrthoVista only loads the modules required to perform the
processing jobs that you specify resulting in faster, more efficient processing.
Plugins support third-party development and product customization. They
encapsulate product features such as image format support and specific image
processing capabilities. This allows independent development and delivery of
schedule-critical and/or proprietary processing modules.
Plugins are grouped into several categories; you can get details on each specific
plugin from OrthoVistas Info menu.
3.4.1 Image support plugins (image formats)

OrthoVista accepts a variety of image formats:
TIFF (scanline or tiled) and GeoTIFF
JPEG (read only, limited to 51MPixel uncompressed image data)
ADS (uncompressed and TIFF/JPEG, no hardware compression)
BigTIFF (scanline or tiled)
BIP/BIL/BSQ
To determine which specific image formats are supported by your installation of
OrthoVista (e.g., list the image support plugins that are currently installed), select
About Plugins from the Info menu and select Image Support Plugins. A dialog will
display the plugins currently available and provide detailed technical information
about image formats and their specifications.
3.4.2 Georeference data support plugins (report formats)

These plugins are used to read and write image georeference information.
GeoTIFF .tif format
Worldfile .tfw and .tifw (for TIFF images), .jgw, (for JPEG images) and .bpw,
.blw, and .bqw (for BIP/BIL/BSQ images) formats
Vision Softplotter .rpt format
Zeiss Phodis .inp format
ER Mapper raster file format .ers
GeoTIFF Note: OrthoVista handles GeoTIFF files that contain the image and
header data in the same file, and supports the following tags in GeoTIFF format:
ModelTiepointTag
ModelPixelScaleTag
ModelTransformationTag
Other tags that describe projections as well as extensions that are not supported
will be carried through the process and written in the output files without alteration.
More information concerning GeoTIFF can be obtained from OrthoVistas Info
menu.
3.4.3 Image adjustment plugins (image processing)

Many of OrthoVistas processing capabilities are implemented as plugins:
hot spot removal
intensity dodging
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global tilting adjustment

reflections removal
mosaic space resampling
plain mosaicking
sheet centered mosaicking
adaptive feathering
feature detection
seam applicator
Check the Info menu to determine the plugins currently installed. Custom plugins
may also be developed to meet an individual customers specific image processing
requirements.
3.5 Rotated images

OrthoVista can accommodate rotated input images. It can also rotate the output
image so that mosaics are generated with arbitrary pixel row/column azimuths. If
all input images are not aligned, then image sampling is required. OrthoVista
applies a bilinear resampling using existing image pyramids. Consequently,
processing of rotated images can be substantially slower than processing nonrotated imagery.
OrthoVista automatically detects input image rotation when it reads the input
orthophoto georeference data.
3.5.1 Rotation of output mosaic

Use the mosaic space specification, available in the project dialog. For further
information, please refer to chapter 3.7.1 Mosaic.
The canvas orientation button represents the North Direction.
3.6 File management
Create a new project: Creates a new project and clears data that was previously
loaded in OrthoVista.
Open an existing project: Displays a file selection dialog where you can select and
load an existing project.
Save the current project: The project itself and the selected processing area
respectively tile definitions are written to disk.
Imports a Configuration File. The configuration is imported and written into the
orthovista.cfg file located on the directory C:\Documents and settings\All
Users\Application Data\Trimble\Inpho5\Settings (on Windows 2000 and Windows
XP) respectively C:\ProgramData\Trimble\Inpho5\Settings (on Windows Vista/7).
Page 14
Saves the parameter settings into a user defined Configuration File.

Printing the display
OrthoVista allows you to print what appears in the main window. You can output to
printers and/or postscript files.
To print the current display:
Select Print Display from the File menu.
The printed output represents what is on the screen, so zooming and scrolling the
main window will change what is printed. For best results, resize the main window
to match the proportions of the page to which you are printing.
3.7 Project Dialog

The project dialog allows parallel to the handling in the main window, four
additional options:
Mosaic: for resampling and rotations
Images: for image handling
Tiles: for loading, defining and selecting tiles
Vectors: for vector data handling
The selection of the meta data directory is listed in all 4 tabs.
The project dialog includes also some information about the number of loaded
images, the usability and the activation/deactivation status of the images. This
information is located in the lower left corner of the project dialog.
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3.7.1 Mosaic
The Mosaic Space Specification allows resampling the input data and aligning it to
a new reference point. The reference point is always referring to the corner of the
pixel, not the center of the pixel. For resampling, the bilinear resampling using
existing pyramids will be applied.
Note: changing the mosaic space specification requires a new tile
definition and selection. Therefore please change mosaic space
specifications, prior to the tile definition and selection.
OrthoVista rotates the view of the input images. Tile definitions and
selections are always displayed parallel to the main window. The main
window stays aligned with the output mosaic. The specified angle is
represented with the canvas icon in the lower left corner of the main
window.
The below graphics explain the display of the project in main view for a nonrotated project in comparison to a rotated project:
Non-rotated images:
Imported orthos, pointing north

Defined tile definition, always parallel to main
window
Axis of main window
Orientation angle of 0 degrees for output
tiles
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Canvas, showing the north direction
Rotated images:
Imported orthos, pointing north

Defined tile definition, always parallel to main
window
Axis of main window
Orientation angle of 20 degrees for output
tiles
Canvas, showing the north direction

20 deg
Automatic: The existing georeference (Reference Point) of one image will be used
and all others will be resampled accordingly.
Defined by Reference Point, Angle and Pixel Size: Allows defining manually a new
reference point, a rotation and a pixel size
Defined by Reference Point and Unit Vectors: Allows defining manually a new
reference point and unit vectors like in a TFW file
Reference Point (pixel corner): This option allows defining manually a new
reference point (X and Y) that should be used for resampling.
Column Vector: Defines the column vector in X and Y. The values refer to the first
and second entry in the TFW file:
0.100000
0.050000
0.050000
-0.100000
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2571491.475000
5647965.975000
Row Vector: Defines the row vector in X and Y. The values refer to the third and
fourth entry in the TFW file:
0.100000
0.050000
0.050000
-0.100000
2571491.475000
5647965.975000
Angle: The angle can be keyed in to define the rotation of the output images. In
case the Defined by Reference Point and Unit Vectors option is used, the
resulting angle value from the column entry is displayed.
Pixel Size: Allows defining a new output pixel size. This option can be used to
down sample images to a specific ground sample distance (GSD) or to unify
varying GSDs to one size. Changing the pixel size will result in resampling of the
images.
Apply Changes: Applies the changes and updates the main window. In case apply
changes is not used, the main window might represent different values compared
to the defined mosaic space specification.
Pending Changes and Active Settings: To avoid confusion and misunderstanding,
the dialog shows always the pending changes before applying them to the
project and the current active settings which are being represented in the main
window.
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3.7.2 Images
Loading orthophotos by file or directory

Like in the main menu, the project dialog allows to load either single or a group of
files or a whole directory. See also chapter 3.9.
Unload selected images allows to unload images after they are selected first in the
project dialog.
Change file path allows changing the file path of images after they are selected
first in the project dialog. This function is needed after having loaded a project file
and the file path of the images in the project file is no more correct.
To change the path, select images first, press the Change Path button
select a directory. The new directory will then be automatically applied.
to
The meta data directory can be changed as well by using the Browse button.
Activating/Deactivating images allows activating/deactivating images after they are
selected first in the project dialog. Only activated images are displayed in the main
menu and processed.
Select/Unselect images allows selecting/unselecting images for the Radiometrix
Editor after they are selected first in the project dialog.
The columns in general represent the status of individual images
Name
Lists the image name
Georeference Checks for information about the georeference. The tool tip
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window for a georeference entry shows some additional

information about the images georeference.
Image
Is the image online? The tool tip window shows some additional
information about the raster image.
Usable
Can the image be used and is e.g. not corrupt?
Active
Lists the activation/ deactivation status of the image
RDX sel.
Lists if an image is selected for radiometric changes in

Radiometrix Editor
Single
Lists if the image has been activated for single image adjustment
Group
Lists if the image has been activated for Image group adjustment
Output
Lists if the image has been selected for output of adjusted images
3.7.3 Tiles
Load tiles allow loading tiles from a tile definition file. See also Chapter 3.8.
Create a new tile definition file allows creating a new tile file (*.tsp). See also
Chapter 3.8.
Edit selected tile definition allows editing the select tile definition file (*.tsp). See
also Chapter 3.8.
Unload tiles allows to unload a tile file after being selected in the project dialog.
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Mark/unmark tiles for processing allows to mark/unmark tiles for processing after
they are selected first in the project dialog.
Mark all edited tiles for processing.
Clear the edited status of all tiles selected in the project dialog.
The Edited status is automatically modified by the Seam Editor when seam lines
influencing a certain tile are modified. Once seams are modified with the Seam
Editor the changes have to be applied with a Seam Applicator run. In order to
avoid that all tiles have to be reprocessed, the Edited status helps to check which
tile has to be re-processed. The Tiles list can be sorted for Edited and non-Edited
tiles and once sorted the tiles can be selected and marked for processing. If
further on seams are modified it is helpful to set the tile status back to not-Edited
before starting a new Editing.
3.7.4 Vectors
The vectors tab in the project dialog provides all functions for the vector file
handling. Compared to previous versions, the vector file handling has been
removed from the HotSpot Removal, the Reflections Removal and the Building
Outline functionalities and is located centralized in the vectors tab in the project
dialog.
Load vectors from file allows loading vector data files for further usage. Supported
formats are AutoCAD DXF and ESRI ARCshape. There is no naming restriction as
the type of the vector layer needs to be assigned in the vector layer properties.
Note: Vector data is not imported into the OrthoVista project file. The project file
only contains a reference to the original vector data file. Take care not to remove
vector data files you need to be available in OrthoVista or the Seam Editor.
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Edit the selected vector layer settings: allows assigning and modifying the layer
usage, type, complex polygon status, visibility and color. Depending on the layer
usage, options and default settings will change.
File Name:
Lists the name of the loaded file. This entry cannot be modified.
Layer Name:
Lists the name of the selected layer. This entry cannot be modified.
Layer Usage:
Allows the selection of the layer usage. Options are:
Ignored:
Files and Layers can be loaded for display purposes only. Layers will not be
used during processing.
Hot Spot Removal:
OrthoVista can skip radiometric balancing to the area within a polygon that is
used for the Hot Spot Removal function. Polygons are typically used as
exclusion areas for the radiometric correction. Please see the table below for
further details.
Area of Interest:
This function allows loading one or several polygons which can be used as
project boundary. Clipping the block to a specified area can be utilized as
inclusion or exclusion area.
Generated Seam:
Seamlines being generated in a previous OrthoVista run can be loaded for
visualization purposes.
Building Outlines:
Building outlines mark exclusion areas for seam lines. The automatic seam
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line finding functions (Feature detection) will then avoid these areas. Import of
closed polygons in DXF and SHP format are supported.
Note: If an exclusion area covers the complete overlap, the seam line may go
straight.
Reflection Area:
Polygons describing the water area have to be used for the removal of
reflections on water bodies. It is necessary to define the Reflection Areas with
closed polygons. Several areas can be defined. If a defined area is within
another area, the inner area defines an island which is then treated as an
exclusion area for the Reflection Removal. Currently the Reflection Areas
must be imported via a DXF file or ArcShape file.
Please see below table for further details on the layer usage options.
Layer Type:
Allows the selection of the layer type. Options are: Lines, Inclusion and Exclusion.
Please see below table for further details.
Complex Polygon:
When the option Complex Polygon is set to status yes then the import routine
analyses all the polygons. To skip the analysis, the polygon definition needs to
fulfill two requirements:
(1) The polygon must not be self-intersecting, i.e. there must not be any line
segments that intersect each other. In case partly overlapping areas are
found, they are merged together to one common polygon if the Allow
Complex Polygon Definition is switched on.
Figure 8: Two polygons overlapping
Result Complex Polygon activated
(2) The vertex order of the digitized polygons for Reflection Area is
important.
Water Area
Land Area/Islands
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Figure 9: Recommendation: Water area digitized counter-clockwise

If the status of Complex Polygon is set to no, the direction how polygons are
digitized is important. In this case digitize the outer water areas counter-clockwise
and all islands clock wise. If a polygon with the type left exclusive is used, then
the water area may also be digitized clockwise and the islands have to be digitized
counter-clockwise.
If the polygon definition does not satisfy both requirements, the status of Complex
Polygon must be set to yes.
Note: In case of Complex Polygon - for large Reflection Area Definition files the
analyzing can take a considerable time (several hours). In case partly overlapping
areas are found, they are merged together to one common polygon. So enable
this option only if you would like to combine polygons to one and you dont like to
consider the digitization direction.
Layer Visibility:
Allows to activate the layer display in the main window. Please note that
visualizing larger files in the main window might take several minutes. It is not
necessary for the processing to activate the display of the vector layers in the main
window. Files are being used for the selected processing as long as soon as the
layer usage is selected.
Layer Color:
Allows changing the display color of layers in the main window. Default colors are:
Hot Spot Removal: purple
Area of Interest: green
Generated Seam:
Building Outlines: red
Reflection Area: blue
Unload selected vector file allows unloading selected vector data files. Unloading
single layers from a vector file is currently not supported.
Changes the file path for selected vector files: allows modifying the path of already
loaded vector data files, in case file locations have been changed.
Layer
Usage
ignored
Layer
Type
Lines
Inclusion
Area
Exclusion
Area
Description
Files and Layers can be loaded for display purposes
only. Layers will not be used during processing.
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Hot Spot
Removal
Inclusion
Area
Digitized Polygon
Hot Spot Removal corrected Area
Non-corrected Area
Exclusion
Area
Digitized Polygon
Hot Spot Removal corrected Area
Non-corrected Area
Area of
Interest
Inclusion
Area
Digitized Polygon
Output Area
Clipped Area
Exclusion
Area
Digitized Polygon
Output Area
Clipped Area
Generated
Seam
None
Loaded Seamline
Display Background color
Building
Outlines
None
Reflection
Area
Inclusion
Area
Files and Layers can be loaded for

display purposes only. Layers will not
be used during processing.
Polygons representing building
outlines are treated automatically as
exclusion areas for the seamline
detection (Feature Detection
algorithm only)
Digitized Polygon
Land Area
Water Area
Exclusion
Area
Digitized Polygon
Land Area
Water Area
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3.8 Defining the processing area

For your convenience, you can define specific areas of the input image data for
processing.
Each area defines an output file. Radiometric corrections are only computed for
the areas that are defined by the collection of all processing areas. OrthoVistas
processing does not include images whose area is not included in a defined
processing area.
A common first step in production operations is to create a tile definition file. Often,
the output tile definition is created during flight planning or project management
activities. OrthoVista can read tile definition files and use them to define output
mosaic boundaries.
The following sections describe alternative techniques to define the image
processing areas.
3.8.1 Using a tile definition with simple parameters (standard file

extension is tsp)
To create this form of a tile definition file, use tile definition creation dialog from the
Project Dialog window. First step is then to define a tile definition file first. All
changes defined in the tile definition menu are then directly applied to the stored
tile definition file.
Note: The images must be loaded before defining the tiles. The tile definition has
to know pixel size and image location to work correctly.
Reference Point
The Reference Point can be either keyed in or picked in the
main window using the left mouse button. It describes the
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East/North of any exact corner. The aligned to information

displays the coordinates rounded according to the loaded
georeference of the images. Please note that the output tiles
will be generated according to the aligned value.
Tile Size
The Tile Sizes are X(E-W) and Y(N-S) tile dimensions in
ground units, e.g. meter. The aligned to information displays
the coordinates rounded according to the loaded ground
sample distance of the images. Please note that the output
tiles will be generated according to the aligned value.
Tile Skip
The Tile Skip is optional and can be used to define overlapping
tiles.
Tile Count
Tile Count specifies for each direction (east, west, north, and
south) the quantity of tiles starting at the reference point.
Name Pattern
The name pattern editor can be used to automatically create
output file names for the tiles. Name patterns may include
coordinate values (east, north), incremental indices (east-west,
south-north) or simple text. Make sure that no duplicate names
for the tiles are being generated.
Name Pattern Editor
Add
Select a new name pattern (coordinate values, incremental
indices or text).
Edit
Edit existing patterns.
Remove
Remove existing patterns
Up/Down
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Defines the order of the name pattern. Up and down can be

used to change the existing name pattern order.
The pattern fields can have the following values:
Coordinate
Direction indicator:
Select whether the x or y coordinate is to be written to the
name pattern string.
Reference specifier:
Define if the coordinates shall be displayed for the ceter or for
one of the four tile corners
Trim to field width:
Define the field width
Truncate by:
Truncate by a number of digits to cut off the last digits ofa
coordinate value
Pad with leading zeros:
Fills the specified field width with leading zeros if the
coordinate value is too small.
Index
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Direction indicator:
To name the output tiles with incremental indices, define the
direction indicator whether index number of the 1st, 2nd tile
from east to west or from north to south is to be used.
Trim to field width:
Define the field width for the index numbers.
Pad with leading zeros:
Fills the specified field width with leading zeros if the index
number is too small
Text
Text:
Any explanatory comment can be written to the name pattern.
Apply
The Apply button overwrites existing tile definitions in the
OrthoVista Project Dialog and automatically stores the changes
in the earlier defined *.tsp files.
3.8.2 Using an ESRI ARCshape file as tile definition

An ESRI ARCshape file defining the tile extents and names can be imported. The
file can be generated using different software packages like the DTMaster.
Important is the following specifications are being fulfilled:
- The ARCshape file must contain polygons
- The associated database must contain a column called NAME of type
C(haracter). The database may contain other columns also
- For each polygon there needs to be a corresponding database record where
the content of the NAME column defines the tile name the database must
not contain other records
- The order of the polygons in the file must match the order of the database
entries defining their name
- No duplicate tile names are allowed
- Currently limited to maximum 10 000 polygons per file. In case files >10 000
polygons need to be loaded, the shp tile definition needs to be split in
different files.
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3.8.3 Using an explicit tile definition file (standard file extension is txt)
To create this form of tile definition file, use any text editor, spreadsheet, or
processing script to write an ASCII .txt file in the format below. OrthoVista ignores
lines where the second column has double quotes ( e.g., ). The file consists of
data in five columns:
<tile-id> ascii string
<northwest-X-coordinate> floating point number
<northwest-Y-coordinate> floating point number
<southeast-X-coordinate> floating point number
<southeast-Y-coordinate> floating point number
A sample file might look like this:
"TileID" "NWx" "NWy" "SEx" SEy"
"tile-A1" 470000 4510000 480000 4500000
"tile-A2" 480000 4510000 490000 4500000
:
:
These files are read by a tile definition plugin. Select About Plugins from the Info
menu to determine the tile definition plugins supported by OrthoVista and to obtain
detailed specifications for each format.
3.8.4 Using a tile definition with simple parameters from a text editor
(standard file extension is tsp)
To create this form of a tile definition file, use any text editor, spreadsheet, or
processing script to write an ASCII .tsp file in the format below.
File is a 'keyword value(s)' format with content:
NOTE: Keywords INCLUDE the ':'(colon) character!
-----------#Everything after a '#' character is comment

TileCorner:
x0 y0
TileSize:
dX dY
TileSkip:
dX dY
TilesToWest: nXW
TilesToEast: nXE
TilesToNorth: nYN
TilesToSouth: nYS
TileNameFormat: fmt
# end of file
-----------Where:
: x0, y0 : are East/North of any exact corner
: sizeX, sizeY : are X(E-W) and Y(N-S) tile dimension
: dX, dY : are X(E-W) and Y(N-S) distance between tiles
: nXW : number of tiles to west of corner
: nXE : number of tiles to east of corner
: nYN : number of tiles to north of corner
: nYS : number of tiles to south of corner
: fmt : format for the output file names (see below)
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TileSkip is optional and defaults to TileSize and can be used to define tiles, which
overlap each other.
TileNameFormat is optional. The default is a row and column based numbering
that guarantees unique tile numbers.
Example:
#----Start of File
# place tiles on even 10k grid
# NOTE: all units are 'world/ortho' units
TileCorner: 120000 1320000
TileSize:
10000 10000
# assume corner is upper left (N/W) of project area
# and that project area is covered by 5 by 7 tiles
# but we also want to pad one extra column to the west
# NOTE: units are 'number of tiles'
TilesToWest: 1 # pad one column west of corner
TilesToEast: 5
TilesToNorth: 0 # no rows above corner
TilesToSouth: 7
TileNameFormat: t%03.3ulx%03.3uly
#----End of File
NOTE: numbers are expressed in decimal notation (e.g. the decimal is
represented by a '.'(dot) character. Do _not_ use ','(comma) characters!
Format String Description:
A format string can be an arbitrary string that contains placeholders for tile specific
information. The placeholder structure is as follows:
Structure Option 1:
a '%' sign
an optional '0' (leadingZeroIndicator)
an optional number (fieldWidth)
the character 'e' or 'n' (eastNorthIndicator)
Structure Option 2:
a '%' sign
an optional '0' (leadingZeroIndicator)
an optional number (fieldWidth)
an optional '.' followed by a number (cutLength)
'ul', 'ur', 'll', 'lr', or 'c' (cornerSpecifier)
the character 'x' or 'y' (rightUpIndicator)
The first structure is to include the horizontal ('e') or vertical ('n') tile number. It is
printed using up to 'fieldWidth' digits. If there is a 'leadingZeroIndicator', there are
exactly 'fieldWidth' digits; missing digits are padded with 0. Given the horizontal tile
number 13, '%3e' gives '13', while '%05e' gives '00013'.
The second structure is used to include the X ('x') or Y ('y') coordinate of a tile
corner or the center in the tile name. The 'cornerSpecifier' is 'ul' for the upper left
corner, 'ur' for the upper right corner, 'll' for the lower left corner, 'lr' for the lower
right corner, and 'c' for the tile center. 'fieldWidth' - as above - specifies the
Page 31
maximum number of digits in the output, and 'leadingZeroIndicator' also behaves

as described above. In addition, 'cutLength' gives the number of digits to be
truncated from the right after rounding the coordinate value.
Example: Assume the x coordinate of the upper left corner is 167874.738. First
this is rounded to integer, giving 167874. A placeholder structure '%ulx' will thus
result in '167874', '%8ulx' gives '167874', and '%08ulx' results in '00167874'. If
'fieldWidth' is less than the number of digits, digits are truncated at the left. For our
example, '%4ulx' results in '7874'. To truncate from the right, 'cutLength' can be
used. Thus '%.2ulx' gives '1678'. A combination might be '%2.3ulx', which results
in three digits cut from the right, then taken the rightmost 2 digits: '67'.
One more example: assume your coordinates are in meters, and you want a threedigit kilometer value of the lower left corner. The tile name must have the prefix 't_'
and the X and Y values have to be marked with 'E' and 'N'. The format string for
this tile specification is 't_%3.3llxE%3.3llyN'. For a lower left corner of (7521344.0 ;
13557412.0) the tile name will be 't_521E557N'.
Example with TileSkip:
TileCorner:
10000
TileSize:
1000
TileSkip:
900
TilesToWest: 1
TilesToEast: 1
TilesToNorth: 1
TilesToSouth: 1
10000
1000
900
Above settings lead to following tile corner coordinates:
11000/10900
9100/10900
10000/10000
9100/900
11000/9000
Figure 10: Example with TileSkip definition.
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The corners of the tiles are computed as follows:

The given TileCorner defines the upper left corner of one tile (shaded tile).
There are no more tiles to be generated to the south east as the one
already defined
To the north east, north west and south west the TileSkip value of 900
units is added and then an area of 1000 by 1000 units is defined. See tiles
11, 12, 22 so that the tiles overlap each other by 100 units.
TileSkip defines the skipping distance from upper left corner to the next
corner in x and y. At this corner then an area of TileSize dx, dy units is
defined.
3.8.5 Loading a tile definition file:

Select Load Tile Definition from the Setup menu.
OrthoVista displays the Open dialog.
Locate and select your tile definition file and click OK.
OrthoVista displays the tiles youve defined in blue.
Note:
- TileSpec files must have the file extension tsp
- Explicit tile definition files can have the file extension shp or txt.
3.8.6 Clipping to Area of Interest

Tile definitions and selections can additionally be used with the Area of Interest
option, to clip the output area to a predefined polygon. For further information,
please refer to chapter 3.7.4 Vectors
3.9 Loading input image data

To process your input image data, you need to specify the location of the inputimage data along with the georeference data (e.g. tfw).
The image-data files and the georeference data files must be in the same
directory. Note that all the georeference data files found in the directory will be
utilized. If you dont want to process a specific image, move the georeference data
file to another directory before proceeding. Alternatively, you can load individual
image files rather than all of the files in a directory
Note: If you are using GeoTIFF images with accompanying geodetic reference
data files (e.g. TIFF world files) the OrthoVista status window will inform you that
there are 2 georeference information. In this case, the TIFF World files (tfw) are
overruling the geotiff information.
To load input imagery from a directory:
Select Load Orthos by Directory from the Setup menu or press the corresponding
icon buttons.
OrthoVista displays the Find Directory dialog.
Select the directory containing the input images and click OK.
OrthoVista loads the imagery into the main window and displays the boundaries of
each individual input file in red.
To load input imagery by file:
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Select Load Orthos by File from the Setup menu or press the corresponding icon
button. Select either tfw, ads or tif (in case of geotiff images) files.
OrthoVista displays the Specify Input Files dialog. Select the input image(s) and
click OK.
You can load each image individually or select multiple images. If you select
multiple images, OrthoVista checks for georeference information (e.g. tfw files)
and loads only these files.
Once youve loaded your input imagery, you can modify the display as explained
in the previous section.
In case of ADS Pushbroom files select the ADS files to load the images. This will
then load automatically all files belonging to an ADS file.
General Preferences
By Selecting the Set General Preferences function the following Global settings
window is started.
Figure 11:
General Preferences Dialog
Standard Cache Size

This parameter defines a cache size, which is used
to cache meta data for computation purposes.
Note: Beside the given Cache Size, OrthoVista needs more
memory to process data, especially when Save Vector
Seams is activated. If too much cache size is defined with
larger projects the physical memory will be reached. The
operating system will then either kill OrthoVista or the
computer uses the virtual memory, which slows down
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processing considerably.
According to our testing, a larger cache size does not
necessarily speed up processing but can enhance the
reaction time in the Radiometrix Editor or if rgn files
keeping Background Pixel information are large.
Seam Editor Cache Size This parameter defines a cache size, which is used
to cache meta data and images for Seam editing. For 64bit
operating systems, the cache size can be set to 1024 when
having at least 4GB RAM in the computer
Log File
This parameter is for problem tracking only. Should you have a
problem with the OrthoVista processing then it might be helpful
to define a log file and enable the Verbose switch. When done
try to reproduce the problem and send the Trimble Geospatial
support team the log file.
Display Background Color
This parameter defines the background color of the OrthoVista
main window area.
Email Settings
OrthoVista allows sending emails once a process has finished.
The email address and SMTP settings are defined within the
email settings dialog.
Enable Parallel Processing
OrthoVista allows parallel processing for the generation of
region files, the HotSpot Removal, Feature Detection and for
writing output images when this option is enabled. When
enabled the number of parallel processes can be selected.
Maximum number is 16. Do not select more processes then
cores are available on your computer. Should you have only
one core (CPU) available we suggest to enable this option but
to select 1 for the number of sub-processes. Dependent on the
file IO speed there might not be much improvement in speed
between 2 sub-processes and more. Only by improving the file
IO 3 or even 4 sub-processes will allow faster processing.
Overview Generation
Overviews or a Full Set of Overviews are down sampled
(minified) images of the original input image. They are stored in
separate Files in the same directory as the input images. They
have the file extension .pyr.
The overview files are very important for a fast display of the
images and for fast processing. Therefore we strongly
suggest generating overviews if they do not exist.
If the parameter No Overviews is activated OrthoVista will not
create Overviews.
If the parameter Single Overviews is activated, then
OrthoVista will generate one single Overview per image (if it
does not already exists) with an extension of about 1024x1024
pixels.
If the parameter Full Set of Overviews is activated, then
OrthoVista will generate several overviews with a downsampling rate factor of 2 from overview to overview. A full set
Page 35
of overviews allow a much faster zooming into the images, and

is especially helpful if you use the images in the Seam Editor.
If Delay Overview Generation is activated, then OrthoVista
computes the Overviews only if they are opened for display or
accessed for computation. Otherwise OrthoVista will start the
overview generation in a multi-threaded mode as soon the
images are loaded.
Note: No computation of overviews for an image is done if
either one or several overviews already exist.
Enable Background Checking
To enable automatic detection of background pixels, click on
the Enable Background Checking checkbox. If your images
have no background pixels you can disable this parameter. If
disabled all pixels will be treated as valid image data, and the
processing is faster.
Minimum Non-Background Image Data Value
Maximum Non Background Image Data Value
To set the pixel values that will be considered background,
change the minimum and maximum values in the Image Data
Values box. If your images have black borders, set a range
from 1 to 255 for 8 bit and 1 to 65535 for 12/16 bit images. If
they have white borders, set a range from 0 to 254 for 8 bit and
0 to 65534 for 12/16 bit images. If you do not have black or
white borders, disable Background Checking.
You can define the Min/Max values independent on the input or
output image resolution (8, 12 or 16 bit). The 16bit options give
higher resolution steps.
Note: If you define the Min/Max range from 1 to 254, you
are defining both black and white as background
information. In this case OrthoVista tries to fill such
background colors with valid image data from overlaying
images. If such areas cannot be filled from overlaying
images, OrthoVista uses the parameter Output
Background Color to fill the areas. It is possible that a
white area is transformed to black or vice versa.
Output Background Color
This parameter defines the color to be used to fill Background
Color areas if the areas cant be filled by valid image data.
Display Mapping
To control which image data are displayed in a specific display
channel, change the values in the Display Mapping boxes. See
also chapter 3.9.2.
Note: Changing the settings for Min/Max Image data values and
Background Checking invalidates all meta data files generated with the
previous settings: This includes:
*.rdx Radiometrix data files
*.rgn Boundary Region files
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*.bal Image Balancing files

*.tlt Group Adjustment files
*.cld Seam Definition files
If you apply the changes, you have to delete all previously generated meta data
files in the meta data directory and the *.rdx files manually.
In addition you have to restart OrthoVista before the changes are effective.
3.9.1 Background pixels

Images are considered to have two pixel types consisting of either image pixels
or background pixels. A common situation in which this occurs is when a rotated
image is ortho-rectified. For example, if a square image is aligned 45-degrees from
North and is rectified into a North-South coordinate system, the resulting data file
will consist of a diamond-shaped area of image pixels surrounded by triangular
areas of background pixels. Because background areas are commonly produced
during ortho-rectification operations, OrthoVista provides several options for
handling them.
A significant feature of OrthoVista is the ability to automatically detect the border
between the background pixels and the image pixels. The distinction between
image and background pixels is controlled by the Image Data Values minimum
and maximum values. By default, background pixels are defined as pixels, which
have an intensity value of 0 (0,0,0 for black) or 255 (255,255,255 for white). These
values can be adjusted higher or lower respectively to determine what will be
considered background pixels.
If the pixel intensity value is greater than or equal to the minimum and is also less
than or equal to the maximum, then this pixel is considered to be a valid image
pixel. If the intensity is outside of this range (and is connected by other
background pixels that touch the edge of the data file), the pixel is classified as a
background pixel. In mosaicking, the pixels will be treated as background if they
are outside the edge of the image data. However, in image balancing, all values
that are background will be ignored no matter where they are located.
3.9.2 Display mapping

OrthoVista allows handling multi-channel images. But a color monitor can display
only 3 channels as RGB images. For a multi-channel image it is therefore
necessary to define which channel shall be combined to show up as Red, Green
and Blue.
See also chapter 3.14.2 for a description of the RGB channel assignment.
Note that grayscale images are always displayed as grayscale independent of the
display mapping settings (e.g., the 0 image channel is displayed equally in the
display R, G and B channels).
The image channels are denoted by the names Red, Green, Blue and if more
channels are available with a number starting with 0. For example, a grayscale
image has only channel 0. A typical color image has three channels: Red, Green
and Blue. The display has three-color channels: red, green and blue commonly
identified as R, G and B, respectively.
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You can use these setting to view individual image channels. For example, if you
want to view only image channel 0 (typically the red channel of a color image) as a
grayscale image, you can set all display channels to this same image channel.
3.10 Specifying a custom area

If you dont have a tile definition file, you can use this function to define tiles for
processing.
To specify a custom area:
Click Select Area
Figure 12:
Custom Area dialog
Click in the Tile Id box

and type a unique name for the new tile you want to define (e.g., area01). Be
sure to use different names for each Tile ID you define. OrthoVista will warn
you if you try to use the same Tile ID twice.
To define the custom area, do one of the following:
Click and drag a rectangle in the main window.
Type exact coordinates in the data entry boxes and click the Add Tile button.
Click the Select All button.
OrthoVista displays the custom area youve defined (green shaded). The new tile
will be stored in the project as an area to be processed. You can select multiple
areas for processing at the same time, just be sure to use different names for each
Tile ID.
To deselect the area, left-click on the main window while the Custom Area dialog
is still open.
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3.11 Selecting one or a group of tiles:

After having loaded tiles with Load Tile definition (see chapter 3.7) it is necessary
to define which tile shall be processed. This definition is done with the Tile
Selection.
To select an area of predefined tiles, you can select individual tiles or groups of
tiles.
Choose Select Tiles.
Figure 13:
Select Tiles dialog.
Select From Layer drop-down box:

Choose Tile Borders to define a processing area by clicking on the blue tile
borders (assuming youve loaded a tile definition file).
Choose Ortho Borders to define a processing area by clicking on the red
image borders to select all tiles that overlay the image.
Selection Mode.
In Tile Borders mode, you can define the processing area by selecting
individual tiles (by their tile or orthophoto borders) or by dragging to select
multiple tiles. If you set the Selection Mode to Single Tile, simply click each
tile in the main window that will become part of the processing area. You can
select one or more tiles. If you click on a tile again it will be deselected from the
processing area. If you set the Selection Mode to Select Area, you can use
your mouse to click and drag a selection rectangle around a group of tiles to
define the processing area. Dragging a rectangle across tiles that are already
selected will deselect them from the processing area.
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Figure 14:
Tile selection
The tile selection display can be turned on or off using the bottom icon found on
the left side of the main window.
To deselect one or a group of tiles:
In single tile Selection Mode, click on the specific tile to be deselected.
In select area Selection Mode, drag through the selected tiles again to
deselect them. (Note that when the Select Tiles dialog is open, this
operation replaces the zoom operation in the main window.)
3.12 Begin Processing

The begin processing button starts the setup window for processing options, and
allows starting the process after having defined some of the parameter options.
See chapter 0 for a detailed description.
3.13 Clearing the defined processing area

This function clears all previously defined processing areas and tile selections. It
should be used if you want to restart with new definitions of processing areas or
tile selections.
3.14 Image Commander

The Image Commander allows to
Generate overviews for the images
Assign which channels of an image contain the RGB channels
View single images
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The Image Commander is a tool available for all ApplicationsMaster applications

and is now also integrated in OrthoVista.
The main purpose for OrthoVista is the assignment of the RGB channels.
Figure 15:
Image Commander window
3.14.1 Generation of Overviews

Select first the images for which overviews shall be generated and then press the
button Generate Overviews.
Figure 16: Generate Overview option dialog

Define your options for the overview generation and press then the Start button.
Note: The Schedule Task option is at time not supported in OrthoVista. For more
detailed information, please refer to the ApplicationsMaster Reference Manual.
3.14.2 RGB Channel Assignment

The channel assignment allows you to define if and which channel of your image
contains the Red, Green and Blue bands. This assignment allows you later on to
address the channel with the names Red, Green and Blue.
Select first the images for which you would like to assign the RGB channels and
then press the button RGB Channel assignment.
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Figure 17: RGB Channel Assignment option dialog

Define now if your selected images contain RGB information and in which
channels they are.
3.14.3 Radiometrix
This option allows you to start the Radiometrix Tool. See chapter 3.15 for a
detailed description on the tool. The difference here is that the Image Commander
lets you select the images for which you would like to use the Radiometrix Tool.
3.14.4 View Image

The image viewer allows selecting a certain image and start then the Image
Viewer, which is also a standard viewer developed for the ApplicationsMaster
environment.
3.15 Radiometrix Editor

During normal processing, OrthoVista matches the colors, contrast and intensity
from one image to the next throughout the processing areas. If the input images
are fairly uniform in color, contrast or intensity, you probably wont need to use the
Radiometrix Editor. However, if some images were flown at different dates or if the
film or scanner settings varied for different images (or groups of images), you can
use the Radiometrix Editor to make corrections to the selected images. The
Radiometrix Editor also can be used to stretch the histogram of 16 bit images that
appear dark or almost black. The reason for the dark images is that usually the
digital sensors only are able to record 11, 12 or 14 bit, but store the image in a 16
bit format.
3.15.1 Adjusting images with the Radiometrix Editor

By starting the Radiometrix Editor the first time OrthoVista computes for all images
the min/max and mean values in color/intensity/contrast and saturation. These
values are then displayed in different tabs.
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Figure 18:
Radiometrix Editor
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Shortcuts
The following shortcuts are available to activate specific functionalities for further
usage.
Shortcut
S
U
M
z
Arrow Keys
Function
Select Images
Unselect Images
Activate Modify
Activate Zoom
Move point in curve correction
Zoom in/out
Can be done by pointing with the cursor on a position and pressing the + or -
keys on the keyboard. If zoom is selected zooming can be also done by dragging
a rectangle with the left mouse button. Pressing the right mouse button zooms to
the previous zoom level.
Selecting/Unselecting images
The Selection/Unselection of images can be done either in the project dialog or in
the main window.
Selection/Unselection in the Project Dialog is done by selecting first images of the
image list and pressing then the select or unselect buttons.
Selection/Unselection in the Main Window is done by pressing the Select/Unselect
button in the Radiometrix Editor and then clicking with the left mouse button on an
image or by dragging a rectangle.
All images can be selected or unselected by pressing in the Radiometrix Editor the
Select All or Unselect All buttons.
Color Space
The color space shows the average color of each individual image. The red dot in
the center of the color editor represents the center of the color space (perfect
gray).
Intensity/Contrast Space
The intensity/contrast space shows the average intensity and contrast of each
individual image. The intensity changes from left to right (dark to bright) and
contrast changes from top to bottom (low contrast to high contrast). The red line
represents the mean intensity.
Saturation Space
The saturation of the images is displayed in the so-called YUV color model. In the
YUV color model the color is decomposed into three components called
Y - luminance
U - Cb: Chroma channel, U axis, blue component
V Cr: Chroma channel, V axis, red component
The range of the U and V values is from 0.5 to +0.5
U = V = 0.0 is gray, +/- 0.5 are the extreme color values.
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Each dot represents the average of the U/V values of an image. The red line
represents the centerline of the UV range.
To make adjustments, you should zoom into the dot display area since very small
changes have a large impact on the saturation which is highly important to image
quality.
Changing the position of an image along/parallel to the red line, enhances the
saturation for all colors. Moving the dot away or closer to the line changes the
saturation for a specific color only.
Note: in case a group of images is
selected, the center of the image group is
represented as a green dot. This can help
the user to estimate the manual
modification in an easier way.
Selective Color Correction

The Selective Color Correction function allows changing particular colors in
images without affecting others. This is done using the HSL color space. (H=Hue,
S=Saturation, L=Lightness).
The reset button resets the values to default.
Hue:
Hue describes the individual values on the chromatic circle
60
120
180
240
300
360
It can be modified for the reds, oranges, yellows, greens, aquas, blues, purples
and magentas of a color.
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Figure 19:
Default settings Hue
Figure 20:
Modified settings for purples The blue has
changed in the swimming pool
Saturation:
Saturation is the colorfulness and is being described in Percent in a range from
-100 to +100. The default value is 0 Percent.
Saturated, pure color = +100%
Medium saturated color = 0%
Neutral gray = -100%
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Figure 1: Default settings Saturation
Figure 2: Modified settings for Reds The car is now having the
maximum saturation of red component
Lightness:
Lightness describes the amplitude of light or the intensity of the color impression.
The maximum value would be represented as white, the minimum value as pure
black.
Full lightness = +100
Neutral gray = 0%
No lightness = -100%
Automatic Gradation and Intensity correction

This function automatically manipulates the histogram of images, basically to
enhance brightness and color. To do this, the histograms of the images are
analyzed and the brightest and darkest values are determined. Then the brightest
value is defined as white and the darkest as black, and all the other values are
proportionally spread.
The automatic correction helps to get good results if the full image color range is
using the complete histogram, e.g. a 12 bit image stored in a 16 bit file or if the
image has a color cast. However the interactive correction can be more precise.
To use the function select first the images to modify (See further information
below). Then press the Run Auto-Adjustment button.
The Automatic Gradation correction is preferred for RGB images, as also slight
color casts can be corrected.
The Automatic Intensity correction is preferred for IR (infrared) imagery, as here,
color changes are not wanted.
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Channels:
Common Adjustment Based On All Channels
Analyzes the histogram of each color band individually. The darkest value of
the color bands altogether and the brightest value of the color bans altogether
is used as a reference to create a histogram of the mixed channel. The
amount of stretching for the mixed channel is proportionally applied to the
individual color channels. Therefore, the automatic manipulation based on all
channels should not result in a color cast.
Individual Adjustment for Each Channel
Each histogram is stretched individually not considering the other bands.
Therefore, this automatic manipulation usually will also change the color which
in most cases is not wanted.
Images
Note that the adjustments are only affecting selected images. However, different
options are available to complete the necessary histogram manipulations.
Common Adjustment Based On All Images
Analyzes the histograms of all images no matter, if selected or not. This option
might be used to adapt few selected images to the rest of the block.
Common Adjustment Based On Selected Images
Analyzes the histograms of the selected images only. This option might be
useful if by nature the selected images have a different color or intensity
compared to the rest of the block, e.g. water images.
Individual Adjustment for Each Channel
Performs a histogram manipulation for each image separately without
considering all other images. This option might produce a block of images that
are looking very inhomogeneous.
Magnitude of Correction:
According to the settings for all images or all selected images the software
computes the min/max values of the image histogram. The auto-adjustment
modifies the histograms of the images by considering the magnitude of correction.
Figure 3:
Original histogram of one or all selected images

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Figure 4:
Correction with 100% magnitude
In this case, the histogram is stretched using the full extents of the color range (0256 respectively 0-65535).
Figure 5:
Correction with 90% magnitude
In this case, the difference between the min/max values of the histogram to the
maximum extents is computed and the histogram is stretched to 90% of the
missing data range.
Note: The gradation and intensity correction overwrites
enhancements made with the contrast/intensity, saturation and color
editor.
As a general rule: If you intend to work with all functions of the
Radiometrix Editor, always work through the tabs from left to right.
Cutoff Percentage
This option allows to cutoff a certain percentage of the dark and bright pixels of the
histograms before they are stretched. The option helps to automatically enhance
the images much better as there might be noise on the dark and bright side of the
histogram that might badly influence the histogram and therewith the images.
Note: Do not cutoff too much as you might lose image content.
Interactive Gradation Curve and Intensity correction

This function allows modifying the gradation curves or intensity of only selected
images. The changes can be made on individual channels or on the mix channel.
Gradation curves are the most flexible tool for image enhancements. The
advantage is, that the darkest and brightest image values are not changed
(compared to stretching a histogram too much), so that no texture is lost.
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--> X
The x-axis of the diagram represents the input of the pixels. The y-axis represents
the output values. The dark values (0) are on the left. The linear line represents
identical input and output values.
To change the color balance/intensity, first select the images you want to modify
(See Modifying Images below). Then select the channel you want to modify and
activate the Auto Preview button to see the changes in the main window
immediately.
To change values, click on the curve with the left mouse button. Keep the mouse
button pressed and release the button on the desired position. Doing this allows to
add as many points as necessary. Each point represents a vertex of a polygon.
The resulting modified curve is a B-spline.
To modify vertex points, click on the point with the left mouse button and drag the
point by keeping the mouse button pressed.
To delete vertex points, click with the right mouse button on the point to delete.
The Apply button saves all changes in the corresponding rdx files of the images
and the curve is then changed back to a straight line.
Note: The gradation and intensity correction overwrites
enhancements made with the contrast/intensity, saturation and color
editor.
As a general rule: If you intend to work with all functions of the
Radiometrix Editor, always work through the tabs from left to right.
Macro recording:
The macro functionality allows recording a set of changes that can be reproducible
applied to selected images. The macro has to be recorded on a selection of
images, whereas the tabs need to be used from the left to the right side. The
macro recording and application is especially helpful when working with large data
sets. Therefore please select a subset of representative images for the recording
of the macro and apply it afterwards to additional images. Please note that not all
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functions are supported during the macro recording. These functions will be
deactivated as soon as the recording is started.
Record Macro
This starts the recording of the macro. The recording can only be started if one
or several images are being selected. Changing the selection during the
recording is not possible.
Stop/Undo Preview
Stops the macro after the recording and resets the changes that were applied
to the images to their initial state.
Stop/Apply Preview
Stops and directly applies the recorded changes to the selected images. This
option can be used if all images that should be corrected are already selected.
Save Macro
Saves the macro to a text file (*.rdm). It includes all changes in text format and
should not be edited! The file name is suggested based on the recorded
Radiometrix Editor functionalities:
aG = automatic gradation
mG = manual gradation
aI = automatic intensity
mI = manual Intensity
IC = Intensity/Contrast
Sat = Saturation
UV = Color
RSC = Selective Color Correction
Load Macro
Loads a previously stored macro for further usage on selected images.
Apply Macro
Applies the loaded or recorded macro to a selection of images.
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Examples:
Figure 6: Situation before working with the gradation correction
Figure 7: Correcting all channels images are too bright
Figure 8: Correcting all channels images are now darker
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Figure 9: Correcting all channels images are now darker and have more
contrast
Figure 10: Correcting upper row of images and blue channel only too blue
images are better adjusted to the other images
Modifying contrast/brightness/color/saturation of images

These editors are more intuitive to use than editing gradation curves however, be
aware that gradation curves are more flexible to use.
To modify images:
Select images to be changed.
The corresponding dots in the Radiometrix Editor will be highlighted and the
center coordinates of the selected images are displayed with Selection
Location.
Select Modify
Click with the left mouse button on a position in the Radiometrix window.
This position will be the new position of the group of selected images and
the selected images are respectively changed.
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New location
Figure 11: Situation before and after modification with pointer to new
position
Relative Mode shifts the average value for the selected images while
preserving the relative relationship (and differences) between them.
Absolute Mode moves each selected image to the same position. This will
cause all the selected images to have the same average value. This can be
desirable in giving the group a consistent look; however, it can also shift
images away from true relative colors. For example, moving the color
space of an image containing a brown field to the same colors of an image
of a grove of green trees can cause the brown field to look green.
new position
Original Position of selection
relative modification
new position
new position
50 % relative/absolute
absolute modification
Now go to the various Tabs with the mouse, and reposition the desired
selected images by selecting the new location with a left mouse button click.
The selected images will move to the new location and if the main window is
displaying the input orthos, the color or contrast/intensity or saturation of the
selected images will be changed.
Continue with changing the images until you are satisfied with the
enhancements.
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History of Changes
The History of Changes lists all functions that were
used in one session. By clicking into the list of
changes, the functionality with the used settings
will be opened and can be changed. The undo and
redo buttons allow a step-by-step change of the
listed steps.
History of Preview Changes

The history of preview changes is only available in
the manual gradation and manual intensity option.
The single steps used in these two options can be
undone step-by-step.
3.15.2 Save/Reject changes of the Radiometrix Editor
By pressing the Ok button all changes are saved for further use and the
Radiometrix Editor will be terminated.
By pressing the Cancel button all changes are rejected and the
Radiometrix Editor will be terminated.
By pressing the Undo Changes button any changes made to images since
starting the Radiometrix Editor will be undone.
By pressing the Reset to Source button all changes are reset and the
original color/intensity/contrast values are recomputed from the source
images.
3.15.3 Radiometrix Editor: Background information

When starting the Radiometrix Editor for the first time, OrthoVista generates a rdx
file for each image, on the directory where the images are stored. This makes it
necessary that the protection setting for this directory is write enabled. When the
Radiometrix Editor is started afterwards, it reads all changes stored in the rdx files.
All changes done with the Radiometrix Editor will be taken into account when
processing the images. Note they are even used if you have defined none for
Single image and Group image adjustment under Processing Options.
3.16 Color Picker

The color picker allows checking the color of a certain pixel or the mean color of a
selected area.
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Figure 12: Color Picker Window

To pick a color of a pixel or a mean color of an area the Pick Point/ Select Area
button must be activated first. Then you have to either select a single pixel by
clicking with the left mouse button or drag a rectangle. The color picker displays
the RGB color values of the pixel or the mean value of the selected area. If several
images are overlapping each other at the selected position, the software displays
the mean value of all overlapping images.
Once such a color is available, it can be assigned to the parameter settings
Display Background Color or Output Background Color or Reflections Removal
Base Color with the Use as button.
If the images are changed with the Radiometrix tool the color picker will
immediately change the color according to the changes triggered by the
Radiometrix Tool.
Multiple Color Picker instances can be active at a time. Each Color Picker
indicates its position by a small circle (for points) or a rectangle (for areas).
3.17 Status Dialog

The Status Dialog informs about the current status of the processing but also
contains information about start and termination of a process. In addition it
displays warnings, errors and messages. The status dialog is automatically
opened as soon as OrthoVista writes information into the status dialog.
3.18 Move To Dialog

This dialog allows moving the display centre to an arbitrary position given by its X
and Y coordinate.
Entering coordinates and clicking the Move To button re-centres the display at the
given position.
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Processing Options
Once your imagery is loaded and the processing area is defined, you can process
imagery using OrthoVista. Almost all image-processing options are controlled in
the Processing Options dialog.
To begin processing:
Select Begin Processing
Figure 13: Processing Options dialog

The Processing Options dialog maintains and displays the settings from your last
processing run, so you only need to decide which settings to change from your
previous session. However, the Output Directory location is not saved. The output
directory has to be defined with each start of the Processing Option Dialog.
To start processing, click the Close And Process button.
OrthoVista processes the images defined by Tile definition or Area definition.
A status window shows the status of the processing. When the processing is
complete, a small dialog window notifies you that your output images are
available.
The processing options you specify are automatically saved for the next
processing run.
The Close button closes the window without processing but saves the current
settings.
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The Cancel button closes the window without processing and without saving the
current settings.
4.1 Output options

4.1.1 Specifying the Output Directory
The Output Directory is the directory into which the adjusted imagery and/or new
mosaics will be written. To specify the output directory either:
Click in the Output Directory box and type the appropriate path for the directory.
Click the Browse button and use the Select Directory dialog to browse for the
desired output directory.
Remember to specify an Output Directory location different from the input image
directory location.
4.1.2 Meta Data Directory

OrthoVista generates the following meta data files.
.rgn (region) files contain information about valid image areas. Valid image
areas are those areas that do not include background color information
.rrn (rotated region) files contain the same information like the .rgn files, but
for rotated imagery.
.tlt (global tilting) files contain information generated by the global tilting
adjustment
.bal or .spb (single image balancing) files contain information generated by
the single image adjustment
cld and fda files contain the seam lines and blending information for the
Feature Detection mode
cld and agd files contain the seam lines and blending information for the
Adaptive Feathering mode
autoseam.trn files contains additional blending information for Adaptive
Feathering
Other interim files are generated during the processing and after a normal
stop of OrthoVista automatically removed. These files are interim files that
are not important for later processing.
The definition of the Meta Data directory is no longer optional. If not defined,
OrthoVista computes the above-mentioned data and stores it on the same
directory, as the input files are located. By default OrthoVista defines a meta data
directory called meta which is located on the output directory.
The purpose of the Meta Data directory is:
Speed up processing. Data is computed then stored and used later when
needed again. For instance, the region (rgn) information is needed in
OrthoVista and Seam Editor. If you run OrthoVista before using Seam
Editor and store the meta data, Seam Editor has not to re-compute the
information and therefore the project setup is much faster.
Transferring balancing and tilting information from one sub-block to another.
For instance if you have to process a large block in two separate parts it is
helpful to process the first part and store the meta data. Then to process
the second part later on with overlapping images to the first part and use
the same meta data directory. Meta data, which is already available, is not
re-computed but used. With the help of this you transfer then tilting and
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balancing information from part one to part two. The result is that the
radiometric difference between the two parts would be lower as compared
to running the two parts independent from each other.
Note: Do not use the same Meta Data directory if you just want to re-run
OrthoVista with different parameters, as OrthoVista does not re-compute the
information if it exists, resulting in no difference between the different runs.
4.1.3 Output Image format

OrthoVista supports a variety of image formats. TIFF, BigTIFF and BIP/BIL/BSQ
are standard, but other formats may be supported through the use of plugins. To
find out the specific image formats supported by your installation of OrthoVista,
select About Plugins from the Info menu and select Image Support Plugins.
To specify the image file format for the output images, select the desired format
from the Image Format drop-down box. Each image format also has a variety of
options that can be accessed by clicking the Options button next to the Image
Format drop-down box.
Note: When changing the image format, the extension for the output
filenames will be changed according to the format to reduce confusion and
incompatibility with other image programs. Modifying software configuration
options may overwrite the specific extension for each file type.
For the TIFF and BigTIFF format, additional options may be specified from the
TIFF/BigTIFF Options dialog.
Figure 14: TIFF and BigTIFF Options dialogs.

Options for TIFF/BigTIFF image format:
Layout:
Supports Tiled TIFF/BigTIFF and Scanline TIFF/BigTIFF.
Sample Format:
Supports a variety of Tiff formats.
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Overview:
When checked, OrthoVista includes one down-sampled image overview or a full
set of down-sampled images as supported by the TIFF format. The Overviews are
stored either in a separate file or within the output file itself. The separate files will
be located on the same directory as the output files. The overviews, especially a
full set of overviews make the display faster for software that supports this TIFF
capability.
For the BIP/BIL/BSQ format, additional options may be specified from the Options
dialog.
Figure 15: BIP/BIL/BSQ Options dialog.

Layout:
Supports band interleaved by pixel or line or sequential.
4.1.4 Output Report format

To specify the georeference file format for the output reports, select the desired
format from the Report Format drop-down box. Some report formats have a variety
of options that can be accessed by clicking the Options button next to the Report
Format drop-down box.
GeoTIFF Note: OrthoVista handles GeoTIFF files that contain the image and
header data in the same file and supports the following tags in GeoTIFF format:
ModelTiepointTag
ModelPixelScaleTag
ModelTransformationTag
Other tags that describe projections as well as extensions that are not supported
will be carried through the process and written in the output files without alteration.
More information concerning GeoTIFF can be obtained from OrthoVistas Info
menu.
The fractional precision and notation of coordinates stored in the TiffWorld file can
be changed with optional parameters.
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Figure 16: TiffWorld file format options

The notation style options are
Fractional which generates coordinates with a notation like 12.123456
Exponential which generates coordinates with a notation like 0.12123456e4
Automatic generates dependent on the coordinates either the fractional or
exponential format
4.1.5 Save Background Information for Output Images

If this option is activated, OrthoVista automatically generates the region files (rgn
files) for the output images. This greatly reduces the time for activating the images
in the Seam Editor, if and only if you load in the Seam Editor your output images.
What you only do when you use the Save Adjusted Images option and you load
the adjusted images in the Seam Editor or when you do the mosaic file editing in
the Seam Editor. In most cases you dont need this function.
4.2 Adjustment options

OrthoVista supports for some of the adjustment options parallel processing.
Automatically depending on the used hardware the parallel processing will be
activated and up to 8 processes can run in parallel. At time the parallel processing
is supported by the region generation, the Hot Spot Removal and the Feature
Detection. Please find speed tests about the processing time in the Release
Notes.
4.2.1 Specifying radiometric adjustments for single images

The following radiometric adjustment methods are available for processing
individual images and are described in detail in the following paragraphs:
None
Hot Spot Removal
Intensity Dodging
Hint: From experience with many data sets we can say that Hot Spot removal and
Intensity Dodging should be only applied when your images show lens vignetting
effects or color variances. If either Hot Spot removal or Intensity Dodging has to be
applied, the Hot Spot Removal function works better for color images and the
Intensity Dodging function better for black and white images.
NONE
If you select None, single image processing will not be performed on individual
images. This is the default and should be selected whenever possible.
Hot Spot removal

Applies correction to compensate for effects such as illumination hot spots and
lens vignetting. See also chapter 5.5. Corrections are applied to each input image
individually. For hot spot removal, additional options may be specified from the Hot
Spot Removal dialog.
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Figure 17: Hot Spot Removal dialog.

Hot spot removal Options:
Images with large Background Areas
Should be activated if the images have many pixels with background color. If
this option is not activated but the images have large background areas, the
relevant images will be skipped for Hot Spot Removal
Sampling Grid Size.
The number in this box defines the number of samples taken in each of two
directions from each of the input images to derive the optimal balancing
parameters for each image. The grid size value affects the quality of the
balancing correction in the output image. Larger values produce better
quality but require more processing time. The data range is 40-300 if images
with large background areas is deactivated and 50-2000 if images with
large background areas is activated.
Note: At least 1500 valid samples are required for the Hot Spot Removal
Example: An image is covered with about 20% valid image pixels (80%
background color). 1500 samples need to cover 20% of the image
1500 samples = 20%
7500 samples = 100%
Sqrt(7500) = ~87 => 100
To make sure enough samples can be derived, a sampling grid size of 100
should be defined.
Method.
The method defines the algorithm used to perform the radiometric
corrections. Often, one method is better than the other for certain types of
projects. Additive is generally much faster than Multiplicative (see the
Additive vs. Multiplicative section in Chapter 6 Advanced Techniques).
Maintain Intensity.
The Maintain Average Input Intensity checkbox defines whether the software
will ensure that the average intensity of the output images after radiometric
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correction will match the average intensity of the input images. Average
Intensity on best preserves input image intensity.
Apply Color Correction (For Color Images Only).
When enabled, individual image processing includes correction for
systematic color trends within individual images. If disabled, color remains
unaffected and only the intensity is modified during processing.
Intensity Dodging
Performs intensity modification to remove complex intensity variation within
images. Corrections are applied to each input image individually. See also chapter
5.6. For Intensity Dodging, additional options may be specified from the Dodging
options dialog.
Figure 18: Dodging options dialog

Intensity dodging options:
Grid size and Sample Size.
Together the two "Sampling Grid" options work as follows. Assume only one
dimension (e.g. across a row) for illustration - but the algorithm works in two
dimensions.
For illustration, assume a (very) small image with 36 by 36 pixels. If
GridSize=4, this image will be sampled at 4 equally spaced locations in each
direction. At each location, many of pixels are sampled. SampleSize
determines the number of pixels sampled at each location. E.g. if
SampleSize=3, then three adjacent input image pixels will be used in the
computation.
Of course the sampling is done in each of 2 dimensions, so that a
SampleSize=3 actually includes 9 pixels in the computation at each of the 16
(4x4) locations. So for this example, there are a total of 1296 pixels of which
144 pixels (3x3 x 4x4) are used in the computation.
This example is illustrated graphically in the following: The "+" indicates the
location on which each sample is centered (remember this will actually be done
in each dimension - so that for a 36x36 pixel image, a grid of 4x4 locations will
be selected.
----+--------+--------+--------+---At each location, a sample of contiguous pixels is taken. Below, the "X"
indicates pixels used in the computation. In two dimensions, a patch (e.g. 3x3
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for this example) is sampled.

---XXX------XXX------XXX------XXX--If the SampleSize parameter is 0 or negative (e.g. <=0), then the samples
expand until they touch the adjacent samples. Therefore, in such a case (the
default), ALL pixels of the input image are sampled.
----+--------+--------+--------+---XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Note that the location points, still determine the amount of detail used in the
computation ( e.g. order of the mathematic model being fit).
Sample Size defaults to value "-1" which means to use *ALL* pixels of the input
image (compatible with previous behavior). This can be set to a small value to
provide faster image dodging -- e.g. 200 or perhaps 500 should work fine in
many cases (unless there are unusually large bright/dark areas in the image)
and will run faster.
But to get best results we suggest using the parameter 1.
Method.
The method defines the algorithm used to perform the radiometric corrections.
Often, one method is better than the other for certain types of projects (See the
Intensity Dodging section in Chapter 6 Advanced Topics).
Maintain Intensity.
The Maintain Average Input Intensity checkbox defines whether the software
will ensure that the average intensity of the output images after radiometric
correction will match the average intensity of the input images.
Apply Color Correction (For Color Images Only).
This option is not available for this method.
4.2.2 Per-Image Selection

If Hot Spot removal or Intensity Dodging is applied, it is possible to define on a per
image bases in which image the functions shall be applied. By default all images
are selected.
Figure 19: Individual Image selection box for applying single image
adjustment
4.2.3 Image group adjustment

Image group adjustment allows applying two different functions.
The Global Tilting Adjustment function compares images radiometrically in the
overlapping areas and computes with the comparison result radiometric
adjustment parameters for the images.
The Reflections Removal function tries to detect and eliminate e.g. sun reflections
on water areas.
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Note: Both functions cannot be applied during the same OrthoVista

processing run since they would interfere with each other. We suggest that
you first process with the Reflections Removal option and use then the
resulting images for the global tilting adjustment.
4.2.3.1 Global Tilting Adjustment
The following radiometric adjustment methods are available to compute
corrections to compensate for intensity/color/contrast variation between adjacent
images and are described in detail in the following paragraphs:
Global Tilting Adjustment
None
If you select None, radiometric image processing will not be performed between
adjacent/overlapping images.
Global Tilting Adjustment performs radiometric adjustment to compensate for
intensity/color differences between adjacent/overlapping images. For the global
tilting adjustment, additional options may be specified from the Tilt Options dialog.
Figure 20: Global Tilting Adjustment dialog.

Options for global tilting adjustment:
Adjustment Iterations.
The global tilting adjustment is an iterative algorithm. This number determines
the number of iterations that are performed. A value of 2 or 3 is usually
sufficient. Larger values increase processing time but can be helpful in solving
light falloff effects.
Grid Size
Global Tilting is using a grid cells to compare overlapping parts of the images
for computing the adjustment values. By default a grid size of 80 by 80 cells is
used. The Slider allows alternating the default (slider in the center). When set
to Coarse 20 by 20 grid cells are used. When set to Fine 140 by 140 cells are
used. For images with large radiometric differences we suggest to increase the
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default value up to fine. Images with low radiometric differences or with a large
overlap we suggest to lower the default up to coarse. The larger the value the
higher the processing time of the global tilting process.
"Hold extreme corners at input values":
If activated, the image corners located at the extreme corners of the mosaic
are not radiometrically changed. Default is Do not hold extreme corners. This
parameter should only be activated in cases where the global tilting adjustment
produces extreme corners that are too bright or too dark. Review the following
Figure. Input for the example are 4 single images upper left was dark upper
right was white lower right was gray lower left was dark at the lower left
edge and gray at the upper right edge.
Figure 21: Hold extreme corners
Do not hold extreme corners
Adjust Color
If this option is activated then the software performs an intensity/color
adjustment.
Figure 22: Before (left) and after (right) intensity/color adjustment
Adjust Contrast
When activated the software performs a contrast adjustment. See chapter
4.2.3.2 for a detailed explanation of the function and its parameters.
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Figure 23: Before (left) and after (right) intensity/color/contrast adjustment
Maximum Gray and Color Difference

The global tilting adjustment is done by comparing images in the overlapping
areas. The difference between the images is used to compute correction
values. Global tilting might lead to unsatisfactory results in cases where the
image content in one image which does not occur in the overlapping image or
at least not on the same position. Good examples of this are clouds and sun
reflections on water. To avoid this problem, adjustment options provide a
method to define percentage levels of gray and color differences. This value
determines if a gray or color difference at a certain position shall be used or
excluded for the tilting adjustment. Figure 20: shows the default values.
Note: Define these values only, if you do have images containing extended
clouds or sun reflections on extended water surface.
These two parameters are newly introduced with version 4 of OrthoVista. If you
would like to have the same processing behavior as with former versions, you
have to define 100 percent.
4.2.3.2 Contrast adjustment options

The Contrast Adjustment allows reducing or eliminating brightness/contrast
differences between images from north to south and east to west. Such
differences are mainly caused by shadows.
Such brightness/contrast differences in the images can be already greatly reduced
by generating orthophotos containing image information from the center of the
aerial images and having enough image information so that orthophotos overlap
but do not overlap too much.
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Figure 24: Orthophotos with full extent and reduced extent

The above figure shows on the left a data set with orthophotos having the full
extent of the aerial images. The big brightness/contrast differences can be clearly
seen in east-west and north-south direction.
On the right it shows a data set processed with OrthoMaster containing only
information of the center of the aerial images but having an extent large enough so
that the orthophotos overlap by about 15%. In this data set the differences in eastwest direction are already eliminated. Still differences in north south are available
but compared to the left example the differences are smaller and therefore
OrthoVista will not have to make such adjustments.
Note: If you do not have east-west and north-south contrast differences,
then dont enable the contrast adjustment as it takes more processing time
to do this kind of adjustment.
Figure 25: Global Tilting adjustment options with Contrast adjustment
Maximum Contrast Difference

The contrast adjustment is done by comparing images in the overlapping
areas. The difference between the images is used to compute correction
values. The contrast adjustment might lead to unsatisfactory results in cases
where the image content of the overlapping images is too different (e.g. one
image shows a cloud where others show the ground).
If this option is activated and the contrast difference is above the limit then the
observations at a certain position are not considered for the adjustment.
Contrast Ratio
Contrast Ratio defines a scaling factor for the correction value computed with
the adjustment. Because of speed issues the correction values are computed
with the overview levels. As in overviews always the contrast is reduced
compared to the original image level, the correction values might be too low.
The Contrast Ratio 100% means that the correction values are used as
computed. A value of e.g. 120% defines that the computed contrast values are
scaled with a factor of 1.2. The valid range is 50% to 200%.
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Contrast Target
The function computes for all the images the contrast values. The Contrast
Target defines now the target value for the new contrast. Minimum means in
principle that the image with the lowest contrast defines what shall be
achieved. Whereas maximum means that the image with the highest contrast
value defines what shall be achieved. This parameter therefore allows defining
if the resulting files shall have a more strong or soft contrast.
Figure 26: Example of contrast adjustment with the settings above

4.2.3.3 Reflections Removal
The reflections removal function checks for sun reflections and tries to eliminate
them. The area which is checked and modified for sun reflection must be defined
by a DXF file.
When sun reflection is found, the area is smoothed to filter out the reflection. The
smoothing can be influenced by changing the smoothing degree from low to high.
In addition to the smoothing, the area can be filled with a certain color which
represents the mean color of the water area.
Along the given water area the software is blending the area with the surrounding
area to get a smooth transition between water and non-water areas. The blending
distance to the left and right is given in pixels.
Figure 27: Reflections Removal Options
Texture Smoothing
First of all, the Reflections Removal function eliminates only the reflections, but
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structures such as waves and underwater elements within the images are kept.
These structures can be smoothed with the texture smoothing filter.
The above figures show from left to write an original orthophoto section with
sun reflection on the water. The next image shows then the result of the
Reflections Removal function with low filtering and further on with high filtering.
Intensity Only
The following figure shows again the section processed with intensity only.
Color artefact
In some cases, this method may cause color artifacts (we used here CIR
images which contained a high red color cast). To avoid such color artifacts,
you should use a base color to process the reflections removal.
Use Base Color
The above image was processed with a base color and a low texture
smoothing. The sun reflection is completely removed, with no added color
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artifacts as they can occur with the Intensity Only option. The base color can
be easily defined with the Color Picker (See chapter 3.16).
Feather Distance
The Feather Distance defines the blending area in pixels on each side of the to
be defined Reflection Area.
4.2.3.4 Per Image Selection
For Global Tilting, single images can be considered as fixed by excluding them
from processing. These images are not modified, but they are still used in the
adjustment process of neighboring images.
The per-image selection comes in useful when adding new images at the edge of
an already processed mosaic.
4.2.4 Mosaic adjustment

The Mosaic Method drop-down box allows you to specify the algorithm used to
fuse individual images into a mosaic:
Plain Mosaic
Sheet Centered
Adaptive Feathering
Seam Applicator
Plain Mosaic
Generates mosaics by arbitrarily placing one image on top of the other. It is the
fastest mosaicking method; however, geometric seams are restricted to image
edges and no feathering is performed.
This method should be used if you already have fitting mosaics and you want to
combine them to larger mosaics.
Sheet Centered
Generates an image in which all data for a single output tile are drawn from a
single input image. This means that within an output tile there is no mixing of data
from multiple input images. For this to be effective, orthos should be produced on
a sheet-centered basis, and the completely contained sheets should be within one
input orthophoto. This method allows you to color balance and radiometrically
adjust images and then to crop each one to an appropriate sheet extent. The
result is a set of sheets, which are produced with pixels from only one image.
However, the images will have been radiometrically adjusted so that the resulting
sheets will match when reassembled.
This method should be used if you want to cut out images from existing images
and you want to be sure that data be taken from a certain image.
Adaptive Feathering
Merges individual input images into a seamless mosaic. This method performs
digital adaptive feathering that replaces conventional manual procedures. The
method automatically computes a blending function, which determines how to
combine the individual input images into the output mosaic. A blending sharpness
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parameter controls the steepness of the blending function, which in turn controls
the default width of the blending function. In areas of complex relief displacement
(e.g. buildings), the blending function is automatically made steeper, so that the
image-to-image transition occurs more quickly in these regions. Additional options
may be specified from the Adaptive Feathering Options dialog.
Figure 28: Adaptive Feathering Options dialog

Options for adaptive feathering:
Support True-Ortho Mosaic
Enable this option if you have to process orthophotos that do have small
background pixel areas within the images (e.g. True-Orthophotos). If not
enabled, the software might not detect these areas and might then not fill them
up or blend them with other overlapping images.
Area Type
The area type gives parameter setting suggestions for different terrain types.
User defined allows modifying the parameters as you like. If you select a
certain terrain type the parameters are fixed to Inphos suggestions.
Alpha Grid Size.
Determines the amount of detail considered during the adaptive feathering
computations. Larger values produce a more detailed and complex transition
boundary between overlapping images. Note that the processing time is
strongly dependent on this value.
Hint: Use the default settings Urban, Mixed, Rural dependent on the terrain
type. As for images which are much more long than wide, like the ADS40
images, the standard settings are not optimal. For these type of files 3 default
settings called ADS40 urban, ADS40 mixed and ADS40 rural are selectable.
Sharpness.
Controls the sharpness with which one image blends into another. Larger
values produce a quicker transition. For example a value of 0 (not typically
used) would produce an equal weighting of images throughout the overlap
region. A value of approximately 2.5 produces a very smooth transition (similar
feathering across an approximately 1/5 of the overlap region). A larger value
such as 20 produces a very sharp transition within approximately a pixel width.
Hint: We suggest using a Blending Sharpness of 3 with small-scale orthos and
a Blending Sharpness of 5 to 7 in urban areas or large-scale orthos. For forest
areas use a Blending Sharpness value of 4 or 5.
The following examples show an urban area with an image scale 1:4000. It is
obvious that a grid width of 80 is too low since cars are not detected and the seam
line cuts the cars. The blending sharpness setting of 2.5 is too wide for this area
type. Cars would be blended which would lead to ghosting effects.
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Figure 29: Left image:

Right image:
Grid Size 200 and Blending Sharpness 2.5

Grid Size 200 and Blending Sharpness 7
Figure 30: Processed with: Grid Size 80 and Blending Sharpness 7
Feature Detection
The Feature Detection function is a second method allowing automatically derived
seam lines. Feature Detection is better adapted to urban areas than the Adaptive
Feathering function, and it can also be used in different areas such as mixed and
rural. The Feature Detection function is in general slightly faster than Adaptive
Feathering with seam lines avoiding more features, like buildings, especially in
urban areas.
Parameters of the Feature Detection function:
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Figure 31: Feature Detection parameters
Area Type
The area type gives parameter setting suggestions for different terrain
types.
User defined allows modifying the parameters as you like. If you select a
certain terrain type the parameters are fixed to Trimble Geospatial
suggestions.
Feature Size
Feature Detection works by subdividing an image into small cells and
comparing the radiometric content of these cells. Cells that fit together are
used to define the seam line. The parameter Feature Size defines the size
of a quadratic cell in pixels. The cells should be small enough to contain
details of features being not mixed up with other features. On the other side
the cell should not be too small to avoid long processing times.
Feature Granularity
Defines with which image resolution the processing is done. The following
three granularities are offered.
Fine
Processing on image resolution 1:1
Normal
Coarse
Use Maximum Values
For each cell radiometric parameters are computed. Either the mean or
maximum values are used to compare cells with each other.
Minimum Coverage
Determines if a cell is considered being part of the overlap or not. A cell is
part of the overlap if more than Minimum Coverage in percent of the pixels
in this cell are valid pixels in overlapping images.
Blending Threshold
Specifies if a cell is blended or not. If the computed value is lower than the
threshold, the cell is blended between overlapping images. Smaller values
lead to sharper blending, while higher values may introduce ghosting
effects.
Use Edge Detection
Specifies if an edge detection method is used in addition to the feature
detection method to define the seam lines.
Edge Detection Weight
Determines the weight of the edge detection differences compared to the
radiometric differences. A value of 1 defines an even weighting of edge
detection and radiometric difference.
Add Border Distance
Specifies if an adaptive border distance should be added or not. If activated
an adaptive border distance is added to keep the Seamline in the middle
area of the overlap. It can be deactivated if the images have less overlap or
if building outlines are used.
Seam Applicator
Generates seamless mosaics with the help of seam polygons defined with the
Seam Editor
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The complete process of mosaicking with manually defined seams consists of two
main steps: 1) define a polygon partition for the mosaic with OrthoVista SE
program; and 2) apply that polygon definition during OrthoVista processing via the
Seam Applicator. The polygon data are transferred between the two steps via the
meta data directory.
Here it is assumed that a polygon partition has been defined, and that the partition
data have been stored in a meta data directory of your choosing (See OrthoVista
SE documentation).
In order to run the Seam Applicator it is necessary to define the meta data
directory on which the Seam Editor has stored the seam polygons. This is
accomplished by specifying a directory in the OrthoVista processing options dialog
(See section: Meta Data Directory). Complete the other fields in the processing
options dialog, as you would normally do - except, ensure that you select "Seam
Applicator" as the mosaicking option.
Additional Seam Applicator options may be specified from the Seam Applicator
Options dialog. When Seam Applicator has been selected, this options dialog can
be accessed from the "Options" button next to the mosaicking method selection
box.
Figure 32: Seam Applicator Option Window

Fixed Width/Adaptive Blending
The blending defines if a fixed blending width should be applied or a adaptive
blending. The adaptive blending is better for rural areas as radiometric
differences are minimized.
Adaptive Blending (preferred method)
Blending is done in the frequency domain which avoids ghosting effects but
generates a smooth transition. Please note that the seam may still be visible for
orthos that do not match. The adaptive blending also works for tiles that touch
each other, but do not overlap. The blending width can be specified with the slider
(urban rural), whereas rural uses a larger blending as the urban setting. The
larger the blending width, the more time consuming is the blending process.
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Feather Size
The feather size is given in pixels and defines the blending width with which
one image blends into another. With the feather mode, you define how the
blending is performed. Two options are available:
Linear
Linear blending between the overlapping images
Inverse Distance
Blending with a functional curve dependent on the blending width and
radiometric differences between the images
Blend Output Area Borders

By default the blending is only done along the seam lines, which are
interactively defined in the Seam Editor. If you activate this mode then
OrthoVista will blend also along the orthophoto border, which might lead to
unwanted effects.
Tip: If you know beforehand that you will have to quality check and likely edit the
automatically detected seam polygons generated by the Adaptive Feathering or
Feature Detection run, then you can save time by using the Adaptive Feathering or
Feature Detection and run the process to generate the seam polygons but not the
mosaics themselves. You do not absolutely need the mosaics for the seam
editing.
4.3 Output Selection

4.3.1 Saving adjusted images
Activate the Save Adjusted Images checkbox to output radiometrically corrected
versions of individual input images which can be viewed and used independently
of the mosaic. This checkbox does not affect processing of the mosaic.
The Options dialog defines further on how the mosaics are saved.
4.3.2 Generate Seam Data (*.cld Files)

If activated OrthoVista generates and saves the Seam Data as cut line definition
files (*.cld) to the meta directory. The export selection offers the choice between
the generation of the cld files only and both cld and DXF files.
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Note: This option must be activated if later on you would like to edit the
seam polygons with the Seam Editor. Saving seam data increases the
overall processing time by about a factor of 10 to 15%.
4.3.3 Save Vector Seams

OrthoVista allows saving the automatically generated seams (e.g. by Adaptive
Feathering) in a DXF file. The seams are exported as 2D Polyline into the Layer
SIMPLIFIED. In addition to this a boundary around the whole area is exported.
This boundary is stored in the layer BOUNDARY.
The purpose of the seam export is to document the results and to overlay the DXF
data on top of the mosaics in order to check the result.
4.3.4 Save Vector Seams for each image

If activated OrthoVista saves the seam lines in individual DXF files for each image.
These DXF files could be imported in the Seam Editor e.g. for images flown at a
later time to use exactly the same seam lines as with the first mosaicking process.
Note: this works only if the images have the same size, position and image
border pixels as the originally used images.
4.3.5 Seam simplification tolerance

OrthoVista internally treats seams pixel-wise. If this kind of data would be exported
to DXF, the file size would be very large. Therefore the Save Vector Seams
function simplifies the pixel information and changes it into polyline. The Seam
Simplification Tolerance defines the maximum displacement of the polygon
against the individual pixel positions. Default is a simplification factor of 3.
4.3.6 Save Mosaic Output

If enabled then OrthoVista saves according to the settings for Mosaic Adjustment
mosaics, also called tiles. The Options dialog defines further on how the mosaics
are saved.
4.3.7 Options for Saving Adjusted Images and Mosaic Output
Figure 33: Output options

The output options define the File Naming Format, the Output Ratio, number of
channels to be written and allows to assign channels. Several definitions can be
made at the same time and allow to save different file formats in different channel
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combinations. All defined channel combinations will be processed one after

another.
4.3.7.1 Internal Name of Output
Several different data formats can be defined. For each definition, OrthoVista will
later on save on different directories adjusted images and/or mosaics. New
definitions are made by pressing the Add button. The Remove button allows
removing already defined names. The Default setting cant be removed and will
always be processed. In addition, new defined sets will be processed as well.
4.3.7.2 Directory
The Directory display shows on which directory the files are stored. For each
Internal Name definition a subdirectory below the output directory will be created.
Only the default settings are saved on the output directory directly.
4.3.7.3 File Name Format
%s is a placeholder in case of Save Adjusted Images options for the input file
name and in case of Save Mosaic for the tileID. The file naming format can be
modified by adding alphanumerical characters in front or behind the %s
placeholder. Never remove %s, as then your output file names are no more unique
and OrthoVista will then not generate all files but overwrites them several times.
Example:
Input file name 1 = orthophoto1.tif
Input file name 2 = orthophoto2.tif
%s is then the placeholder for orthophoto1 and orthophoto2.
In case of output format is set to %s
Save Adjusted Images would save 2 orthophotos with the names
orthophoto1.tif and orthophoto2.tif.
In case of output format is set to abc_%s_north
Save Adjusted Images would save 2 orthophotos with the names
abc_orthophoto1_north.tif and abc_orthophoto2_north.tif.
4.3.7.4 Ratio
You can use OrthoVista to generate down-sampled output images. To do this,
enter an integer number larger than 1 to generate output images at a scale smaller
than that of the input images. For example, if you type 2, 2 by 2 pixels are taken to
resample a new pixel, which means that the width and height are divided by 2 and
the image size is reduced by factor 4 (2x2 pixels).
If you activate the Average pixels during down-sample toggle, averaging input
pixel neighborhoods will produce the output pixels. This results in a smootherappearing result and should be usually activated.
4.3.7.5 Number of channels and RGB component setting
The parameter Number of Channels defines how many channels shall be saved.
It allows e.g. to convert a 4 channel image to a 3 channel image.
Output RGB components defines if the output file shall have the information that
the output file contains RGB channels or not.
4.3.7.6 Channel assignment
The channel assignment table allows defining which input channel shall be
mapped to which output channel. By default the channel assignments lists the
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same number of input channels as output channels. These settings can be used
directly or can be modified from the user.
4.3.7.7 Example for 4 Channel RGB and Infrared image
In the following it is assumed that the input images are multi-channel images
containing 4 channels. The first three channels are RGB and the fourth channel
contains Infrared information.
The output shall provide two different image types containing just the RGB
information and in another file containing the Color Infrared images.
When the Options dialog is called the first time it comes up with the default
settings.
Figure 34: Default settings of 4 channel RGB-IR images

In a first step the default settings are now modified, so that by default only RGB
images are processed.
Figure 35: Modified Default settings to save RGB images

In a next step a new definition (Add..) is made for an additional color infrared
image (CIR) output.
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Figure 36: Settings for a CIR output

Note: OrthoVista is generating with the above settings a set of RGB images
directly in the output directory and a set of CIR images in a subfolder named
CIR.
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Advanced Information
5.1 Multi-Channel Image Support

OrthoVista supports multi-channel images. If the multi-channel images contain
RGB channels then it is important to define the RGB channels with the Image
Commander in a first step. The RGB channels are treated then as an RGB image
whereas all other channels are treated as single bands. Should you have to
process RGB images which are stored in 3 band images like ERDAS Imagine is
doing this, you should also use the Image Commander to define the RGB
channels.
Processing of single bands of multi-channel images.
The effect is the same as if:
1) original image bands were separated into separate grayscale images;
2) each of the separated grayscale images was adjusted in a single channel
mosaic;
3) the single band mosaics were recomposed into a multi-channel mosaic.
Each channel is adjusted to its a-priori average value. Therefore mosaic-wide
average relationships between image channel values are maintained.
Summary: The following describes the behavior of radiometric adjustments
when operating on multi-channel imagery.
HotSpot: Each channel is adjusted independently based on a
mathematical model of the 'hot-spot' effect. Each channel's intensity
value is adjusted to match that channel's own target value.
ImageDodging: Each channel is adjusted independently based on an
abstract mathematical model designed to produce uniform intensity.
Each channel's intensity value is adjusted to match that channel's own
target value.
GlobalTilting: Each channel is adjusted independently for each image
to best match the corresponding channel of the neighboring images.
Mosaicking: During all mosaicking operations (Plain Mosaicking,
Sheet Centered, Adaptive Feathering, Feature Detection) all image
channels are blended by the same amounts at the same locations.
Therefore, the relative band-to-band intensity values are preserved
across transitions from one component image to another.
File format support: Currently supported multi-channel image formats include
the TIFF or BigTIFF variants and also BIP/BIL/BSQ formats
5.2 Batch Mode Processing Capabilities

The following options control startup behavior and are useful for batch processing.
-project=projectFileName
-config=configFileName
-batch
The project file is the same as the project file saved by OrthoVista. The config file
is the same format as the OrthoVista "orthovista.cfg" configuration file. Only
parameters that are defined under Setup Preferences are stored and retrieved
from the config file.
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The precedence of config file use is:

No arguments: Use default file (orthovista.cfg) on the directory C:\Documents and
settings\All Users\Application Data\Trimble\Inpho5\Settings (on Windows 2000
and Windows XP) respectively C:\ProgramData\Trimble\Inpho5\Settings (on
Windows Vista).
The -config argument: Use specified file in place of default
The project and config files can be created (in advance of processing) by
interactively defining an OrthoVista project then saving the results into an
OrthoVista project and config file format.
The config file of version 4.5 upward defines non-project related parameters like
the cache size settings, parallel processing on/off and number of parallel jobs and
the log file verbose. All project related settings are stored in the new project file
format ipd.
OrthoVista version 5.5 still supports project files and configuration files of older
versions (ovd, cfg). If these files are given, OrthoVista 5.5 treats them as they
were treated with former versions.
5.2.1 Examples
Preload Specific Project File
The following will start OrthoVista and load input data from the file 'myproject.ipd'
OrthoVista -project=myproject.ipd
Batch Mode Processing
The following will run OrthoVista in batch mode. The input data (e.g. source
images, and area to be processed) will be read from the project file 'myarea.ipd'.
The global settings like the Cache Size will be read from the configuration file
'myoptions.cfg'. If the cfg file is not defined the default orthovista.cfg file is used to
define necessary global settings.
OrthoVista -batch -project=myprj.ipd
OrthoVista -batch -project=myprj.ipd -config=myoptions.cfg
5.3 Using user-defined vectors

Exclusion areas can be used to avoid using data from anomalous areas during
radiometric processing. For example, it may be desirable to avoid using pixels
within large water bodies during processing.
During radiometric adjustments, OrthoVista determines the intensity (and color) of
the input images by sampling the images in a two dimensional pattern which
extends to cover all images. If a large area represents a non-characteristic
intensity or color (e.g., large water bodies), the samples taken from this area can
bias the computed solution from what is desired. For example, a bay may span
many images. Some images may have very little land area covering only an edge
or a corner of the image. Other images may show no land at all. The exclusion
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area polygon file has to be loaded in the vector tab in the project dialog and needs
to be set to Hot Spot Removal for the layer usage. It will then be used during the
Hot Spot Removal.
OrthoVista allows displaying vector data of the e.g. exclusion polygons as
described below:
1. Load file into the vector tab in the project dialog using the Load Vector from
File button.
2. To activate the display, open the layer for editing and set the layer visibility to
active. Apply the changes to update the view. Depending on the selection of
Layer usage or layer color, the displayed color of the vector data can change.
3. To easily deactivate the display of all loaded vector data files, toggle the User
Vector Data button from the display options.
5.4 Radiometric Models

Under single image balancing options in both Hot Spot Removal and Intensity
Dodging options (see the following two sections respectively), there are two
methods for balancing image intensity. OrthoVista supports either additive or
multiplicative methods as options for intensity balancing. These are two models by
which the scene intensity (signal) and unwanted intensity (noise) may be
combined to produce the observed image (measurement).
Conceptually, the balancing model can be thought of as mathematical function that
represents the image intensity as a function of position within the frame (e.g.,
I(x,y)). The intensity observed at the image is a combination of two functions: the
desired scene intensity (e.g., S(x,y)) and the undesirable intensity variation (e.g.,
N(x,y)). The job of intensity correction is to remove the N(x,y) component from
I(x,y) so that only S(x,y) remains.
The first is the Additive model, viz.: I(x,y) = S(x,y) + N(x,y)
The second is the Multiplicative model, viz.:
I(x,y) = S(x,y)*N(x,y)
Note that use of a logarithmically sensitive detector (e.g., film density values)
effectively transforms a multiplicative model into an additive one.
Application of the additive model produces results in which intensity values are
shifted or offset from those of the input imagery. Therefore, the additive model
affects primarily image intensity values. For example, consider only a small image
area (so that the (x,y) dependency can be neglected). The result of using the
additive correction would then tend to shift the intensity histogram for this area to
the left or the right. It would tend to leave the shape unchanged (other than end
clipping effects). Note however, that the histogram shape for the entire image (not
shown) is affected because of the spatial dependency over large image areas.
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Additive Balancing: Affects primarily image brightness
Input Histogram
Additive Offset
Figure 37: Additive Correction Method

Application of the multiplicative model modifies input intensity values with both a
gain and an offset. Therefore, the multiplicative model affects both image
intensity and image contrast. For example, considering the same small image area
as in the above example, application of the multiplicative method would tend to
stretch or compress the histogram in addition to shifting it to the left or the right.
Multiplicative Balancing: Affects both brightness and contrast
Input Histogram
Multiplicative Gain
Figure 38: Multiplicative Correction Method

Although it is possible to select a preferred model based on analysis of data
lineage and theoretical considerations, it is generally more pragmatic to try each
method on data sets representative of an application. Then, use the model that
works best.
In addition to selecting the method that works best for you, another practical
consideration is the amount of processing time required for each method. Since
the Multiplicative method is an iterative procedure, it can require considerably
more processing time than the Additive method, typically increasing processing
time by a factor of 3-to-5. A maximum value can be set on the number of iterations
for the multiplicative method.
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5.5 Hot spot removal

The hot spot removal method for single image processing consists of a
mathematical model for handling image "hot spots" common to aerial photography.
This model is based on physical laws representing scene illumination and light
propagation. To provide maximum utility under a variety of actual conditions and to
mitigate sensitivity to special cases, the physical model is simplified to its
fundamental components.
The locations at which the image intensity is desired to be a specific value are
distributed across the image in a grid pattern. The number of grid elements is
controlled by the Grid Sampling Size parameter. The value to which the image
intensity is transformed is either the explicitly provided value or the computed
image average value. The choice depends on the setting of the Maintain Average
Input Intensity option.
When selected as the balancing method, hot spot removal is actually implemented
in two components. The first is the intensity model as just described. The second
component is a color model. The color model is decoupled from the intensity
model and can be independently enabled or disabled via the Apply Color
Correction checkbox.
When Apply Color Correction is enabled, the image color is adjusted with a loworder detrending algorithm. This is useful to compensate for strange color variation
within an image (e.g., compensate for color change during the course film
scanning as the scanner warms, etc.). Considerations:
Pros:
Based on physical lighting model
Allows color trend removal
Cons:
Can be sensitive to high-order departures from simple model (e.g., water
glint, changing soil types, etc.)
Can overreact near image corners and edges
The Excluded Area section allows you to use ArcView shape files or DXF files to
exclude an area from balancing operations. Either type in the path and filename of
the shapefile, or use the Browse button to select the desired file and exclude the
area inside the selected vectors from image balancing operations.
5.6 Intensity Dodging

Intensity Dodging is one of the single image or balancing adjustments. As the
name implies, the intensity dodging method attempts to flatten the intensity of an
image by suppressing large-scale variations. This balancing method does not
affect image color; only the intensity is adjusted. Intensity dodging is conceptually
similar to the dodging technique applied in photographic darkrooms. In the photo
lab case, a technician modifies the image by lightening dark areas and darkening
light ones. This is essentially how the intensity-dodging algorithm works, at a level
of detail controlled by the Grid Size parameter.
This method is an abstract algorithm and does not have a physical interpretation.
The dodging method utilizes two-dimensional mathematical equations. These
equations modify the image intensity so that it takes on a specified value at
locations arranged on a regular grid. The intensity dodging method can be applied
in one of two modes, additive or multiplicative.
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The locations at which the intensity is forced to a specific value are distributed
across the image in a grid pattern. The number of grid elements is controlled by
the Grid Size setting in the Dodging options dialog. The larger the number of grid
elements, the more uniform the intensity of the resulting image.
The value to which the image intensity is transformed is either the explicitly
provided value or the computed image average value. The choice depends on the
setting of the Maintain Average Input Intensity option. Intensity values used in the
adjustment are computed using pixel neighborhood average values computed at
each of the evaluation grid positions. The size of the pixel neighborhood is
determined by the Sample Size option.
With a very large number of grid values, the resulting image will have a fairly flat or
uniform intensity. For example, a grid size of 2 implies one grid location at each
corner of the image. Therefore, after adjustment (using grid size of 2) each of the
corners should exhibit nearly the same average intensity.
Note that this method is most appropriate if the image scene content is
relatively homogeneous across the images. However, if image scene content
changes dramatically, this method may overcorrect image intensity in some
areas.
Considerations:
Pros:
Is conceptually similar to dodging performed in a photographic darkroom
Capable of modeling complex intensity variations
Very stable computation across entire image
Cons:
No physical basis for this model
Does not provide color trend removal
5.7 Coordinate reference

The reference of the coordinates in the georeference files concerning the pixel
position depends on the georeference definition. In all georeference files, but
TiffWorld and GeoTIFF, the reference is the outer border of the pixel (lower left
corner, upper right corner ...). In TiffWorld the reference is the center of the upper
left pixel in the upper left corner. GeoTIFF allows different definitions. This
definition is stored with the coordinates in the GeoTIFF header.
5.8 Non constant pixel size, odd offset of orthophotos

and tiles
5.8.1 Non constant pixel size
OrthoVista can handle only
Orthophotos with quadratic pixels having the same size in x and y.
If Orthophotos have non-quadratic pixels then OrthoVista will compute a
mean value for the pixel size and treats the orthophoto like the pixel size
would have the mean value.
To avoid geometric offsets based on adopted pixel sizes, please use images with
quadratic pixels only.
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5.8.2 Odd offsets

In case orthos with so called odd offset are being imported, OrthoVista will prompt
an information message. To compensate the odd offset, OrthoVista will then
automatically define or use a manually defined reference point and does a bilinear
resampling using existing image pyramids.
There are 2 odd offset cases:
Figure 39:
Orthophotos having an odd offset
Orthophotos do not overlap exactly and pixels are not being aligned properly.
Figure 40:
Tiles with odd offset against orthophotos with no odd offset
Orthophotos are aligned correctly, but the tile definition is shifted relative to the
input pixels of the orthophotos.
If one of the two upper cases appears, OrthoVista always applies bilinear
resampling using existing image pyramids, instead of applying a geometric shift in
order to align the pixels correctly.
However it is advisable to make sure that the data being used for the processing is
aligned correctly. You will never get problems with odd offsets if you make sure
with your orthophoto generation that the coordinates of the upper left corners of
the upper left pixel are dividable with whole-numbers by the pixel size. Also the
coordinates of the upper left corner of your tiles should be dividable with wholenumbers by the pixel size.
Note: The tfw files define the pixel center of the upper left corner. Therefore
if you check the coordinates of the orthophotos then subtract pixel size in
x and add pixel size in y to get the upper left corner of the upper left pixel..
Page 87
5.9 Processing large blocks

With the introduction of OrthoVista V4.0.0, the memory management of OrthoVista
was changed completely. From this version on, the meta data is no more kept
completely in memory but stored on the disk if not currently needed, and if the
given Cache Size overruns. With this technique OrthoVista should be now able to
handle any size of a block and any number of images. But still with this version, it
might be necessary to subdivide large blocks in sub-blocks.
Not enough disk space available
A block part has to be delivered before another one
Processing time for the whole block lasts too long
If you have to run large blocks we very much suggest installing as much RAM as
possible in the compute.
If you have problems running a large block, we suggest two methods to
successfully complete the process.
For large blocks you should not enable the option Save Vector Seams.
With the introduction of 64bit systems, OrthoVista is now able to handle any size
of a block and any number of images. For large projects, the workstation should
be equipped with at least 8GB RAM.
5.9.1 Two step processing

This method can be used if the RAM overruns.
The Radiometric processing (apply Radiometrix changes, apply single image
adjustments, apply global images adjustments) can be done in a first step and the
Adaptive Feathering can be done in a second step. To do this, load all images,
select all images, set your processing options, select Save Adjusted Images and
switch off Save Mosaic output and process the images. Load then in a second
step all radiometrically adjusted images set Single and Group Image Adjustment
to None, switch off Save Adjusted Images and switch on Save Mosaic output
and process the mosaics.
Advantage of this method:
Not so much memory is needed to process a block
Steps 1 and 2 are leading faster to a result.
Disadvantage of this method:
More disk space to save the adjusted images needed
Process has to be started a second time interactively. Whereas this
disadvantage can be avoided by using the batch processing functionality
There is no guaranty that employing this method will not lead to a memory
overrun because of fragmentation problems
5.9.2 Subdividing a block in sub-blocks

If you have to subdivide a block in sub-blocks, you will face two problems.
The first problem is that the radiometry of the single sub-blocks might be
different resulting in final mosaics that do not fit together as well.
Overlapping the sub-blocks by one image and using the meta data files can
reduce this problem. By doing this sub-blocks are bridged via the meta
data, and the mosaics along the sub-blocks will radiometrically fit.
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The second problem is that the seam lines of the Adaptive Feathering
function will not fit together, and you could have geometric problems along
the sub-blocks like shifted buildings.
Defining the sub-blocks so that they do not intersect developed areas can
reduce this problem. If this is not possible, you will have to use the Seam
Editor to correct seams in such situations.
5.10 Processing speed

The processing speed depends very much on following facts:
Size of the block
Available memory of the computer and computer speed
Orthophoto overlap:
Should not be too large. 20 - 30% is optimal.
Orthophotos are rotated against each other:
OrthoVista must resample the images several times, which is very time
consuming. Please rotate such images once beforehand. (Select "Rotate
adjusted images before saving")
Orthophotos are rotated against the mosaic area
OrthoVista must resample the images several times, which is very time
consuming. Please rotate such images once beforehand. (Select "Rotate
adjusted images before saving")
Multiplicative - additive method
The multiplicative method works iterative and therefore needs more time
than the additive method.
Hot Spot Removal Sampling Grid Size
Adaptive Feathering Alpha Grid Size
Feature Detection Feature Size and Feature Granularity
Scan resolution and color images
Larger images have more pixels requiring more processing time. In addition
color images have to be transformed several times into different color
spaces requiring more processing time than B&W images.
Overviews. Each image should have at least one overview. The overview
speeds up the image display very much but also the processing of data. A
full set of overviews is advisable in case you work interactively with the
images in OrthoVista but especially in Seam Editor.
Number of iterations set for Global Tilting Adjustment
Contrast adjustment on/off
The color adjustment should be always enabled. But the contrast
adjustment should be only done if necessary.
RAM. Your computer should be equipped with at least 8 GB of RAM. In
case this is not enough RAM, it is possible to have physical RAM overruns
and Virtual Memory has to be used. In this case, memory will be swapped
to the disk by the operating system. This leads to a slower processing time.
Cache Size
For 64bit operating system a cache size of 1024 can be used if the
workstation is equipped with at least 8GB RAM.
Enabling Sub-Processing
When sub-processes are used for writing images then writing of the images
Page 89
is about 2 times or even more faster. Writing images might need a big
portion of the overall OrthoVista processing time.
Page 90
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Provision) is in conflict with any other term or condition in this agreement, the
Local Provision will supersede such other term or condition with respect to any
licenses purchased in the Local Territory.
Belgium and France
Page 95
(a) Limitation of Liability (Section 5): The following replaces the terms of this
section in its entirety:
Except as otherwise provided by mandatory law, Trimbles liability for any
damages and losses that may arise as a result of the performance of its
obligations in connection with this License Agreement is limited to the
compensation of only those damages and losses proved and actually arising as an
immediate and direct consequence of the non-fulfillment of such obligations (if
Trimble is at fault), for a maximum amount equal to the charges You paid for the
Software that has caused the damages. This limitation shall not apply to damages
for bodily injuries (including death) and damages to real property and tangible
personal property for which Trimble is legally liable.
UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES IS TRIMBLE, OR ANY OF ITS LICESORS
AND/OR SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS, LIABLE FOR ANY OF THE FOLLOWING,
EVEN IF INFORMED OF THEIR POSSIBILITY: (i) LOSS OF, OR DAMAGE TO,
DATA; (ii) INCIDENTAL OR INDIRECT DAMAGES, OR FOR ANY ECONOMIC
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES; (iii) LOST PROFITS, EVEN IF THEY ARISE AS
AN IMMEDIATE CONSEQUENCE OF THE EVENT THAT GENERATED THE
DAMAGES; OR (iv) LOSS OF BUSINESS, REVENUE, GOODWILL, OR
ANTICIPATED SAVINGS.
The limitation and exclusion of liability herein agreed applies not only to the
activities performed by Trimble, but also to the activities performed by its suppliers
and Software developers, and represents the maximum amount for which Trimble
as well as its suppliers and Software developers, are collectively responsible. This
limitation shall not apply to damages for bodily injuries (including death) and
damages to real property and tangible personal property for which Trimble is
legally liable.
Germany and Austria

(a) Warranty (Section 4): The following replaces the terms of this section in its
entirety:
Trimble warrants that the Software provides the functionalities set forth in the
associated documentation (Documented Functionalities) for one (1) year
following delivery of the Software when used on the recommended hardware
configuration. Non-substantial variation from the Documented Functionalities does
not establish any warranty rights. THIS LIMITED WARRANTY DOES NOT APPLY
TO SOFTWARE PROVIDED TO YOU FREE OF CHARGE (FOR EXAMPLE,
UPDATES, OR ACADEMIC OR EVALUATION LICENSES) OR SOFTWARE
THAT HAS BEEN ALTERED BY YOU, TO THE EXTENT SUCH ALTERATION
CAUSED A DEFECT. To make a warranty claim, you must return, at Trimbles
expense, the Software and proof of purchase to Trimble. If the functionalities of the
Software vary substantially from the agreed upon functionalities, Trimble is
entitled, by way of re-performance and at its own discretion, to repair or replace
the Software. If that fails, you are entitled to a reduction of the license fee or to
cancel this License Agreement.
Page 96
(b) Limitation of Liability (Section 5): the following paragraph is added to this
Section:
The limitations and exclusions specified in this Section will not apply to damages
caused by Trimble intentionally or by gross negligence. In addition, Trimble shall
be responsible up to the amount of the typically foreseeable damages from any
damage which has been caused by Trimble or its agents due to the slightly
negligent breach of a material contractual duty. This limitation of liability shall apply
to all damage claims, irrespective of the legal basis thereof and in particular, to
any pre-contractual or auxiliary contractual claims. This limitation of liability shall
not, however, apply to any mandatory statutory liability under the product liability
act, or to any damage which is caused due to the breach of an express warranty to
the extent the express warranty was intended to protect You from the specific
damage incurred. This clause shall not be intended to limit liability where the
extent of liability is provided by mandatory law.
Italy
(a) Limitation of Liability (Section 5): the following replaces the terms of this
section in its entirety:
Apart from damages arising out of gross negligence or willful misconduct for which
Trimble may not limit its liability, Trimble liability for direct and indirect damages
related to the original or further defects of the Software, or related to the use or the
nonuse of the Software or related to any case whatsoever for breach of the
Agreement, shall be limited to the fees paid by you to Trimble for the Software or
for the part of the Software upon which the damages were based.
Page 97

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REFERENCE MANUAL

Introduction to OrthoVista ........................................................ 1

Quick start ................................................................................................... 1

What is OrthoVista? ................................................................................... 1

Available Versions ..................................................................................... 1

What can OrthoVista do for you? ............................................................. 1

Manual or semi-automatic adjustments ................................................................. 2

How does OrthoVista fit into your workflow? ......................................... 3

Will OrthoVista solve all your imagery problems? ................................. 3

How can you be trained in OrthoVista? ................................................... 4

Installing OrthoVista .................................................................................. 5

What are the system requirements for running OrthoVista? ................. 5

Windows registration ............................................................................................. 5

Linux installation ........................................................................................ 5

Linux registration ................................................................................................... 6

Getting Started with OrthoVista ............................................... 7

Invoking OrthoVista ................................................................................... 7

Exiting OrthoVista ...................................................................................... 8

Basic Concepts ......................................................................... 9

Main window ............................................................................................... 9

Language Selection ................................................................................. 12

Image support plugins (image formats) ............................................................... 13

Rotated images ......................................................................................... 14

Rotation of output mosaic .................................................................................... 14

File management ...................................................................................... 14

Project Dialog ........................................................................................... 15

Defining the processing area .................................................................. 26

Loading input image data ........................................................................ 33

Background pixels ............................................................................................... 37

Specifying a custom area ........................................................................ 38

Selecting one or a group of tiles: ........................................................... 39

Begin Processing ..................................................................................... 40

Clearing the defined processing area .................................................... 40

Image Commander ................................................................................... 40

Generation of Overviews ..................................................................................... 41

Radiometrix Editor ................................................................................... 42

Adjusting images with the Radiometrix Editor ..................................................... 42

Color Picker .............................................................................................. 55

Status Dialog ............................................................................................ 56

Move To Dialog .................................................................................. 56

Processing Options ................................................................ 57

Output options .......................................................................................... 58

Specifying the Output Directory ........................................................................... 58

Adjustment options .................................................................................. 61

Output Selection ....................................................................................... 76

Advanced Information ............................................................ 81

Multi-Channel Image Support ................................................................. 81

Batch Mode Processing Capabilities ..................................................... 81

Using user-defined vectors ..................................................................... 82

Radiometric Models ................................................................................. 83

Hot spot removal ...................................................................................... 85

Intensity Dodging ..................................................................................... 85

Coordinate reference ............................................................................... 86

Non constant pixel size ....................................................................................... 86

Processing large blocks .......................................................................... 88

Two step processing ........................................................................................... 88

Processing speed ..................................................................................... 89

End User License Agreement................................................. 91

Reference Manual OrthoVista

1.1 Quick start

1.2 What is OrthoVista?

1.3 Available Versions

Up to 250 images or 12 pushbroom images can be processed in one

Parallel processing limited to two processes/threads