Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION :With advancement of technology things are becoming simpler and

easier for us. Automation is the use of control systems and information
technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods
and services. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond
mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with
machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work,
automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental
requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly important role in
the world economy and in daily experience.
Automatic systems are being preferred over manual system.
Through this project we have tried to show automatic control of a house as a
result of which power is saved to some extent.

1.1 NEED OF AUTOMATION :Earlier, we looked into the face of future when we talked about
automated devices, which could do anything on instigation of a controller,
but today it has become a reality. An automated device can replace good
amount of human working force, moreover humans are more prone to errors
and in intensive conditions the probability of error increases whereas, an
automated device can work with diligence, versatility and with almost zero
error. Replacing human operators in tasks that involve hard physical or
monotonous work.
Replacing humans in tasks done in dangerous environments (i.e. fire,
space, volcanoes, nuclear facilities, underwater, etc) Performing tasks that
are beyond human capabilities of size, weight, speed, endurance, etc.
Economy improvement. Automation may improve in economy of enterprises,
society or most of humankind. For example, when an enterprise that has
invested in automation technology recovers its investment, or when a state
or country increases its income due to automation like Germany or Japan in
the 20th Century. This is why this project looks into construction and
1

implementation of a system involving hardware to control a variety of

electrical and electronics system

1.2 HOME AUTOMATION :Home/office automation is the control of any or all electrical devices in
our home or office, whether we are there or away. Home/office automation is
one of the most exciting developments in technology for the home that has
come along in decades. There are hundreds of products available today that
allow us control over the devices automatically, either by remote control; or
even by voice command.
A home automation system integrates electrical devices in a house
with each other. The techniques employed in home automation include those
in building automation as well as the control of domestic activities, such as
home entertainment systems, houseplant and yard watering, pet feeding,
changing the ambiance "scenes" for different events (such as dinners or
parties), and the use of domestic robots. Devices may be connected through
a computer network to allow control by a personal computer, and may allow
remote access from the internet.
Typically, a new home is outfitted for home automation during
construction, due to the accessibility of the walls,outlets, and storage rooms,
and the ability to make design changes specifically to accommodate certain
technologies. Wireless systems are commonly installed when outfitting a preexisting house, as they reduce wiring changes. These communicate through
the existing power wiring, radio, or infrared signals with a central controller.
Network sockets may be installed in every room like AC power receptacles.
Although automated homes of the future have been staple exhibits for
World's Fairs and popular backgrounds in science fiction, complexity,
competition between vendors, multiple incompatible standards and the
resulting expense have limited the penetration of home automation to
homes of the wealthy or ambitious hobbyists.
Chapter 2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION :In this project, we present a system to control home appliances from a
computer through password . The system is designed for controlling the
2

ON/OFF mode of different home appliances such as light, fan, TV, aircondition etc.
1. It can be used to control the printer as well as household and other
electrical appliance.
2. The computer program included as part of the project controls relays
through the interface circuit, which in turn, switch the appliance nor
ff.
3. The parallel port has 12 outputs including 8 data lines and 4 control
lines.
4. The parallel port or line printer terminal is found commonly on the back
of a PC as a D-type 25 female connector.
5. The port is composed of 4 control lines and 5 status lines and 8 data
lines.
6. The original port is a bundle of 3 ports namely data port, status port
and control port.
7. Each of the data , sataus and the control port have specific addresses
assigned to the them.
The parallel port

Fig 2.0 parallel port

We are using DB25 connector for parallel port

Pin2 through 9 from the 8 bit data output port
Pin s 1, 14 ,16, 17 from the control port which is capable of reading
and writing.
Pins 10 through 13 and 15 together from the status port.

2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT :-

Fig 2.1 circuit diagram

Chapter 3
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT :

Power supply
Transformer
Rectifier
Input filter
Regulator
Output filter
Output indication
Relay
Diode
Capacitor
Resistor
Transistor

3.1 POWER SUPPLY :Initial stage of every electronic circuit is power supply system
which
provides
required
power
to drive the whole system. The
specification of power supply depends on the power requirement and this
requirement is determined by its rating.
The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply.
The a.c. input i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by
transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from
rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage,
output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any

the
the
the
a.c
4

components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a

voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.

Fig 3.1 power supply

3.2 TRANSFORMER :Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic

equipment and these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages
cannot be obtained directly.Thus the a.c input available at the mains
supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level. This
is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to
decrease the voltage to a required level.
The main source of power supply is a transformer. The maximum
output power of power supply is dependent on maximum output power of
transformer .We determine power from its current and voltage rating. e.g.:
if there is a transformer of 12V, 500mA then
maximum power delivered by transformer is
6Watt.
In our project our maximum power
requirement is 1watt. So to provide this power we
use 12V/250mA transformer. The maximum
output power of this transformer is 4watt.it
means it can easily drive load up to 4 watt.
Fig 3.2 transformer

3.3 RECTIFIER :-

The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It

converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full
wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its
merits like good stability and full wave rectification.
The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc
voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier
circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit has four diodes connected to
form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally
opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between
the other two ends of the bridge.

Fig 3.3 circuit diagram of rectifier

3.4 INPUT FILTER :After rectification we obtain dc supply from ac but it is not pure dc it
may have some ac ripples .To reduce these ripples we use filters. It
comprises of two filters low frequency ripple filter and high frequency
ripple filter.
To reduce low frequency ripples we use electrolytic capacitor. The
voltage rating of capacitor must be double from incoming dc supply. It
blocks dc and passes ripples to ground.

3.5 REGULATOR :Regulator is a device which provides constant output voltage with
varying input voltage. There are two types of regulators(a) Fixed voltage regulator
(b) Adjustable regulator
We have used fixed voltage regulator LM78XX last two digits signify
output voltage. The voltage for our system is 5V

Fig 3.5 circuit diagram of regulator

3.6 OUTPUT FILTER :It is used to filter out output ripple if any.
3.7 OUTPUT INDICATOR :We use LED to observe the functioning of our system. If the LED glows
it confirms
proper functioning of our supply. We have used four power supply units.
The supply is for the microcontroller, display and relay unit.. The
microcontroller
requires 5 volt supply to perform any desired task.
3.8 RELAY :A relay is an electrically controllable switch widely used in
industrial controls, automobiles and appliances.The relay allows the
isolation of two separate sections of a system with two
different voltage sources i.e., a small amount of
voltage/current on one side can handle a large
amount of voltage/current on the other side but there is
no chance that these two voltages mix up.
Fig 3.8 circuit symbol of relay

3.9 DIODE :Diodes are used to convert AC into DC

these are used as half wave rectifier or full wave
rectifier. Three points must he kept in mind while
using any type of diode.
1. Maximum forward current capacity
7

2. Maximum reverse voltage capacity

3. Maximum forward voltage capacity

fig 3.9 circuit diagram

of diode

3.9.1 P N JUNCTION OPERATION :Now that you are familiar with P- and N-type materials, how these
materials are joined together to form a diode, and the function of the diode.
But before we can understand how the PN junction works, we must first
consider current flow in the materials that make up the junction and what
happens initially within the junction when these two materials are joined
together.
3.9.1.1 CURRENT FLOW IN N-TYPE MATERIAL :Conduction in the N-type semiconductor, or crystal, is similar to
conduction in a copper wire. That is, with voltage applied across the material,
electrons will move through the crystal just as current would flow in a copper
wire. The positive potential of the battery will attract the free electrons in the
crystal. As an electron leaves the crystal, an electron from the negative
terminal of the battery will enter the crystal, thus completing the current
path. Therefore, the majority current carriers in the N-type material
(electrons) are repelled by the negative side of the battery and move
through the crystal toward the positive side of the battery.
3.9.1.2 CURRENT FLOW IN P-TYPE MATERIAL :Current flow through the P-type material is illustrated. Conduction in the P
material is by positive holes, instead of negative electrons. A hole moves from the
positive terminal of the P material to the negative terminal. Electrons from the
external circuit enter the negative terminal of the material and fill holes in the
vicinity of this terminal. At the positive terminal, electrons are
removed from the covalent bonds, thus creating new holes

3.10 CAPACITOR :-A capacitor or condenser is a passive

electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated
8

by a dielectric. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct
current while allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing
the output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular
frequencies and for many other purposes.

3.11 RESISTOR :Fig 3.10 capacitor

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component

designed to oppose an electric current by producing a voltage
drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is,
in accordance with Ohm's law : V = IR. Resistors are used as
part of electrical networks and electronic circuits. Practical
resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire
(wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).

Fig

3.11

resistor

3.12 TRANSISTOR :A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch

electronic signals. It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least
three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or
current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the
current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the
controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling
(input) power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal.
Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found
embedded in integrated circuits.
Fig

3.12

transistor

Chapter 4
WORKING :-

Here is a circuit for using the printer port of a PC, for control
application using software and some interface hardware. The interface circuit
along with the given software can be used with the printer port of any PC for
controlling up to eight equipment .
The interface circuit shown in the figure(in chapter 2) is drawn for
only one device, being controlled by D0 bit at pin 2 of the 25-pin parallel
port. Identical circuits for the remaining data bits D1 through D7 (available at
pins 3 through 9) have to be similarly wired. The use of opto-coupler ensures
complete isolation of the PC from the relay driver circuitry.
Lots of ways to control the hardware can be implemented using
software. In C/C++ one can use the outportb(portno,value) function where
portno is the parallel port address (usually 378hex for LPT1) and 'value' is
the data that is to be sent to the port. For a value=0 all the outputs (D0-D7)
are off. For value=1 D0 is ON, value=2 D1 is ON, value=4, D2 is ON and so
on. eg. If value=29(decimal) =

00011101(binary) ->D0,D2,D3,D4 are ON

and the rest are OFF.

Chapter 5
APPLICATIONS : Password Based Locking System
In this system we have ensured a safe locking system. This lock
can be opened and closed with the help of a password which we will
give using a keypad. The door will only open or close only if the
password

is correct else it will remain in its original state. The lock

cannot be broken because to the person standing outside can just see
the closed door and not the lock as it is inbuilt. The password is given
with the help of computre and can be changed by simply making a
small change in the program and then burning the program in the
controller.

10

 It can be used to control the printer as well ashousehold and other

electrical appliances.
It can be used in industries to control the machines where humans can
t reach.
Chapter 6
FUTURE SCOPE :Future will be of Automation of all products. Each and every product
will be smart devices that we use daily and that will be controlled through a
smart chip called microcontrollers. Each and Every home appliances will be
controlled either by PC or hand held devices like PDA or mobile handsets.
Some examples of it are when you want you can switch on/off Fan of your
home by mobile handset or PC.
Chapter 7
CONCLUSION :An automated home can be a very simple grouping of controls, or it
can be heavily automated where any appliance that is plugged into
electrical power is remotely controlled. Costs mainly include equipment,
components, furniture, and custom installation .Ongoing costs include
electricity to run the control systems, maintenance costs for the control and
networking systems, including troubleshooting, and eventual cost of
upgrading as standards change. Increased complexity may also increase
maintenance costs for networked devices .Learning to use a complex
system effectively may take significant time and training. Control system
security may be difficult and costly to maintain, especially if the control
system extends beyond the home, for instance by wireless or by connection
to the internet or other networks.

11

Chapter 8

BIBLIOGRAPHY :[1] Home appliance control through PC- Scribd

http://www.scribd.com/doc/23659427/home-app
[2] Control electrical appliances using PC circuit diagram
http://www.electronic-circuits-diagrams.com
[3] Help for The 555 Timer Chip
http://www2.ebtech.net/~pais/555_Timer_Help.html
[4]

http://www.slides-share.net

[5] eHow.com,How to Write a Bibliography

http://www.ehow.com/how_2859_write-bibliography.html

12