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Many people object to water containing harness greater than 150 mg/L
as CaCO3, suppliers of public water have considered to soften the
water (remove hardness) to < 120 mg/L as CaCO3.
Total Hardness (TH) = Ca2+ + Mg2+
Total Hardness (TH):
1. Carbonate Hardness (CH) - Combination of Ca and Mg ion with
CO32-, or HCO-3 ion. Also called as temporary hardness because can
be removed by heating.
2. Non-carbonate Hardness (NCH) - associated with other anions,
Cl-, SO42-, or NO-3 . Called as permanent hardness. Defined as the
total hardness in excess of the alkalinity. If the alkalinity total
hardness, there is no NCH.
TH = CH + NCH
precipitate.
Ca 2+
Ca(HCO3)2
Mg 2+
CaCO3
+ HCO3-
Mg(HCO3)2
CO32-
MgCO3
ion.
softening.
(EW of X (mg/meq))
Ca 2+
Mg 2+
CaCl2
CaSO4
Ca(NO3)2
Cl-
SO42-
MgCl2
CaSO4
NO3-
Mg(NO3)2
Constituent
mg/L
Ca2+
95.2
Mg2+
13.5
Na+
25.8
Cl-
67.8
SO2-4
76.0
NO -3
15.3
Al 2(SO4)3
18.4
MW
EW
mg/L as CaCO3
recalled:
15
BOD
DOi DO f
P
BOD
[( DOi DO f ) ( BOi BO f )] f
P
DOi DO awal (initial DO)
DO f DO akhir ( final DO)
BOi DO awal air kawalan
BO f DO akhir air kawalan
P faktor pencairan sampel
Latihan 3
H 2O produk stabil
dLt
Lt
dt
dLt
kLt
dt
Pers. 1
Kamirkan pers. 1
Lt
Lo
t
dLt
k dt
o
Lt
lnLt
Lt
Lo
kt
Pers. 2
ln Lt ln Lo kt
Lt
ln kt
Lo
Lt
Lo
kt
e 10 Kt
Pers. 3
Lt Lo e
kt
Pers. 4
BODt, yt = Lo Lt
= Lo Lo e-kt
= Lo (1 e-kt)
BOD 5 hari :
y5 = Lo L5
= Lo (1-e-5k)
kT = k20 (T-20)
Di mana = 1.047
Latihan 4
Tentukan BOD 1 hari dan BOD akhir (ultimate BOD, Lo) bagi satu
sample air sisa. Diberi BOD5,20C air sisa tersebut adalah 200 mg/l
dan k = 0.23 d-1
According to Thomas,
(1-e-kt) = kt (1+kt/6)-3
Therefore
BODt=Lo(1-e-kt)
BODt=Lo(kt)[1+(1/6)kt]-3
.....(1)
....(2)
intercept is
A = (kLo)-1/3
.(3)
a
b
C =(kLo)-1/3
Recalled , y = c + mx
x=t
.(4)
m=a/b = (k2/3/6Lo1/3)
Solving Lo1/3 in Eq.(3) substituting into Eq. (4) and solving for
k yields:
k= 6(B/A) (5)
Lo = 1/6(A)2(B) (6)
10
BOD
(mg/L)
125
200
220
230
237
Solution:
10
BOD (mg/L)
125
200
220
230
237
0.252
0.271
0.301
0.326
0.348
(t/BODt)1/3
0.5
0.4
B= 0.0124
0.3
0.2
A= 0.224
0.1
0
10
Time (t)
k = 6 (B/A)
Lo = 1/ 6(A)2(B)
Therefore:
k= 6(B/A)
= 6(0.0125/0.224)
= 0.335 / day
Lo = 1/6(A)2(B)
= 266 mg/L