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Transfor
mer
Rectifier
Smoothin
g
Regulator
5v DC
AC
Figure 3.2: Block diagram of regulated power supply system
Transformer
Transformer is the electrical device that converts one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage
to a safer low voltage. Here a step down transformer is used to get 12V AC from the supply i.e.230V AC.
Rectifiers
A rectifier is a circuit that converts AC signals to DC. A rectifier circuit is made using diodes.
There are two types of rectifier circuits as Half-wave rectifier and Full-wave rectifier depending
Upon the DC signal generated. Here Full-wave bridge rectifier is used to generate dc signal.
Smoothing
Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply to act as
reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is decreasing. The
diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC and the smoothed DC. The capacitor charges quickly to the
peak of the varying DC and then discharges as it supplies current to the output. Here the capacitor of 470uF
is used as a smoothing circuit.
Voltage regulation
Fixed voltage regulator78xx, produce fixed DC output voltage from variable DC (a small amount of AC on
it). Fixed output is obtained by connecting the voltage regulator at the output of the
filtered DC. It can also be used in circuits to get low DC voltage from high DC voltage.
Mathematical modeling for power supply circuit
VREV (reverse voltage in diode) = VP VF
VP= VO max + 2VF = 12.6 + 2 (0.7) = 14V
VREV = 14V 0.7V = 13.3V
I (average forward current) =ILDC/2 = 35 mA
IFRM (forward repetitive current) = IL/t2 (t1+t2) = 500mA
Now from datasheet 1N4001 is chosen
For 1N4001 IF (surge) = 30A
So Rsurge =
VP
14 V
I surge = 30 A =0.5
Choose standard 1
Designers recommend;
C2 = C3 = 0.1F
For proper output of IC7805
Rectification circuit
Outputs 12V DC for 70mA load
Lets allow 10present ripple for the rectified output
Then: - R ripple = 0.1 * 12V
V max = 12V + 0.5 (1.2V) = 12.6V
V min = 12V 0.5 (1.6V) = 11.4V
T=
1
50 HZ =50Sec
1 V min
1 = sin V max
= 65o
2
360 *T=1.4m sec
t1 = discharging time =
Then C1=
T
2 - t2= 8.6m sec
Il
70 mA8.6 m sec
*t
=
=500 F
1
1.2 V
VR
= 65o
2
360 *T=1.4m sec
t1 = discharging time =
Then C1=
T
2 - t2= 8.6m sec
Il
100 mA8.6 m sec
*t
=
=615 F
1
1.2 V
VR
Analog (6): The area of pins under the Analog In label (A0 through A5 on the UNO) is
Analog In pins. These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor (like a temperature sensor)
and convert it into a digital value that we can read.
Digital (7): Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through 13 on the UNO). These
pins can be used for both digital input (like telling if a button is pushed) and digital output (like
powering an LED).
PWM (8): the digital pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 on the UNO). These pins act as normal digital
pins, but it can also be used for something called Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM).
AREF (Stands for Analog Reference) (9): Most of the time you can leave this pin
alone. It is sometimes used to set an external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the
upper limit for the analog input pins.
Sensors Used
Rotor speed
Lower cost
Does not require any external calibration
Linear output
Precise and accurate output
ii.
Ground
iii.
The temperature of the motor windings is measured using the LM35 temperature Sensor. The
LM35 series are type of precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors. The output of this sensor
is linearly proportional the Celsius. For every 10mv, the temperature value will be increase in 1
degree. It can measure the temperature from -55 to +150C range. The measured temperature
from the sensor unit was displayed in LCD through the controller circuit.
Filtering stage
To smooth the output of the rectifier a reservoir capacitor is used - placed across the output of the
reciter and in parallel with the load. This capacitor charges up when the voltage from the rectifier rises
above that of the capacitor and then as the rectifier voltage falls, the capacitor provides the required
current from its stored charge.
The output V1 of the transformer is fed to voltage transformation unit which transforms the input
voltage into 5 volts range. The voltage transformation unit consists of diode, and resistive divider
network.
RloadC 1 . (4)
Where:
Rload = the overall resistance of the load for the supply
C= Value of capacitor in Farads
f= the ripple frequency this will be twice the line frequency a full wave rectifier is used shown in
equation 5.
f = 2 line frequency. (5)
f = 2 50=100Hz
By rearrange equation (5)
C 1 f Rload
C 1/100Hz10K
C 1uF
For perfect smoothing purpose we take the capacitor value is 100uF
Current measurement
Current measurement is of vital importance in many power and instrumentation systems. Traditionally,
current sensing was primarily for circuit protection and control. However, with the advancement in
technology, current sensing has emerged as a method to monitor and enhance performance. Knowing the
amount of current being delivered to the load can be useful for wide variety of applications. Current sensing
is used in wide range of electronic systems, viz., Battery life indicators and chargers over-current protection
and supervising circuits, current and voltage regulators, DC/DC converters, ground fault detectors,
programmable current sources, linear and switch-mode power supplies, communications devices ,
automotive power electronics, motor speed controls and overload protection, etc.
A current sensor is a device that detects and converts current to an easily measured output voltage, which is
proportional to the current through the measured path. When a current flows through a wire or in a circuit,
voltage drop occurs. Also, a magnetic field is generated surrounding the current carrying conductor. Both of
these phenomena are made use of in the design of current sensors.
Thus, there are two types of current sensing: direct and indirect. Direct sensing is based on Ohms law,
while indirect sensing is based on Faradays and Amperes law.
Direct Sensing involves measuring the voltage drop associated with the current passing through passive
electrical components. Indirect Sensing involves measurement of the magnetic field surrounding a
conductor through which current passes. Generated magnetic field is then used to induce proportional
voltage or current which is then transformed to a form suitable for measurement and/or control system. The
current consumed by the induction motor is measured using the current transformer. The CT is a type of
instrument transformer that is designed to produce an alternating current in its secondary winding which is
proportional to the current being measured in its primary. CT reduce high voltage currents to a much lower
value and provide a convenient way of safely monitoring the actual electrical current flowing in an AC
transmission line using a standard ammeter. Current transformer with primary current 5Amps and rated
secondary current of 1Amps is used. The measured voltage and current are displayed in LCD. If the voltage
and current exceeds the rated value, the buzzer is used to indicate the overload condition of the motor.
We have to consider 60W load for our system so the current passing through the line is about 10A which is
60W 220V ac induction motor. Therefore I1=10A the output current is required to about
25mA therefore by using equation 1 the turn ration is calculated.
n = 1/ 2 .(1)
= 10/25A=400 turns
Some current transformers have a split core which allows it to be opened, installed, and closed,
without disconnecting the circuit to which they are attached. The toroid current transformer type
which have one turn primary winding (N1=1) and secondary winding 400turns (N = 400).
The burden resister is about 35ohm which if the standard resister for lower current value so the
output voltage calculated using equation 2.
IR(2)
= R
= 25A/35ohm=0.875v
Therefore, the maximum output voltage is 0.875V and the maximum secondary current is 30mA.