Hysteresis

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Hysteresisisthetimebaseddependenceofasystem'soutputon
presentandpastinputs.Thedependencearisesbecausethe
historyaffectsthevalueofaninternalstate.Topredictitsfuture
outputs,eitheritsinternalstateoritshistorymustbeknown.[1]If
agiveninputalternatelyincreasesanddecreases,atypicalmark
ofhysteresisisthattheoutputformsaloopasinthefigure.
Suchloopsmayoccurpurelybecauseofadynamiclagbetween
inputandoutput.Thiseffectdisappearsastheinputchanges
moreslowly.Thiseffectmeetsthedescriptionofhysteresisgiven
above,butisoftenreferredtoasratedependenthysteresisto
distinguishitfromhysteresiswithamoredurablememoryeffect.

Electricdisplacementfield Dofa
ferroelectricmaterialastheelectric
field Eisfirstdecreased,then
increased.Thecurvesforma
hysteresisloop.

Hysteresisoccursinferromagneticmaterialsandferroelectric
materials,aswellasinthedeformationofsomematerials(such
asrubberbandsandshapememoryalloys)inresponsetoa
varyingforce.Innaturalsystemshysteresisisoftenassociated
withirreversiblethermodynamicchange.Manyartificialsystems
aredesignedtohavehysteresis:forexample,inthermostatsandSchmitttriggers,theprincipleof
hysteresisisappliedtoavoidunwantedfrequentswitching.Hysteresishasbeenidentifiedinmanyother
fields,includingeconomicsandbiology.

Contents
1 Etymologyandhistory
2 Types
2.1 Ratedependent
2.2 Rateindependent
3 Inengineering
3.1 Controlsystems
3.2 Electroniccircuits
3.3 Userinterfacedesign
3.4 Aerodynamics
4 Inmechanics
4.1 Elastichysteresis
4.2 Contactanglehysteresis
4.3 Adsorptionhysteresis
4.4 Matricpotentialhysteresis
5 Inmaterials
5.1 Magnetichysteresis
5.2 Electricalhysteresis
5.3 Liquidsolidphasetransitions
6 Inbiology
6.1 Cellbiologyandgenetics
6.2 Immunology
6.3 Neuroscience
6.4 Respiratoryphysiology
6.5 Voiceandspeechphysiology

6.5 Voiceandspeechphysiology
6.6 EcologyandEpidemiology
7 Ineconomics
7.1 Permanentlyhigherunemployment
7.2 Gametheory
8 Inlaw
9 Additionalconsiderations
9.1 Modelsofhysteresis
9.2 Energy
10 Seealso
11 References
12 Furtherreading
13 Externallinks

Etymologyandhistory
Theterm"hysteresis"isderivedfrom,anancientGreekwordmeaning"deficiency"or
"laggingbehind".Itwascoinedaround1890bySirJamesAlfredEwingtodescribethebehaviourof
magneticmaterials.
SomeearlyworkondescribinghysteresisinmechanicalsystemswasperformedbyJamesClerk
Maxwell.Subsequently,hystereticmodelshavereceivedsignificantattentionintheworksofFerenc
Preisach(Preisachmodelofhysteresis),LouisNelandD.H.Everettinconnectionwithmagnetismand
absorption.Amoreformalmathematicaltheoryofsystemswithhysteresiswasdevelopedinthe1970s
byagroupofRussianmathematiciansledbyMarkKrasnosel'skii.Hesuggestedaninvestigationof
hysteresisphenomenausingthetheoryofnonlinearoperators.[2]

Types
Ratedependent
Onetypeofhysteresisisasimplelagbetweeninputandoutput.Asimpleexampleisasinusoidalinput
X(t)andoutputY(t)thatareseparatedbyaphaselag:

Suchbehaviorcanoccurinlinearsystems,andamoregeneralformofresponseis

where istheinstantaneousresponseand
istheimpulseresponsetoanimpulsethatoccurred
timeunitsinthepast.Inthefrequencydomain,inputandoutputarerelatedbyacomplexgeneralized
susceptibilitythatcanbecomputedfrom itismathematicallyequivalenttoatransferfunctionin
linearfiltertheoryandanaloguesignalprocessing.[3]

Thiskindofhysteresisisoftenreferredtoasratedependenthysteresis.Iftheinputisreducedtozero,
theoutputcontinuestorespondforafinitetime.Thisconstitutesamemoryofthepast,butalimitedone
becauseitdisappearsastheoutputdecaystozero.Thephaselagdependsonthefrequencyoftheinput,
andgoestozeroasthefrequencydecreases.[3]
Whenratedependenthysteresisisduetodissipativeeffectslikefriction,itisassociatedwithpower
loss.[3]

Rateindependent
Systemswithrateindependenthysteresishaveapersistentmemoryofthepastthatremainsafterthe
transientshavediedout.[4]Thefuturedevelopmentofsuchasystemdependsonthehistoryofstates
visited,butdoesnotfadeastheeventsrecedeintothepast.IfaninputvariableX(t)cyclesfromX0to
X1andbackagain,theoutputY(t)maybeY0initiallybutadifferentvalueY2uponreturn.Thevalues
ofY(t)dependonthepathofvaluesthatX(t)passesthroughbutnotonthespeedatwhichittraverses
thepath.[3]Manyauthorsrestrictthetermhysteresistomeanonlyrateindependenthysteresis.[5]
HysteresiseffectscanbecharacterizedusingthePreisachmodelandthegeneralizedPrandtlIshlinskii
model.[6]

Inengineering
Controlsystems
Incontrolsystems,hysteresiscanbeusedtofiltersignalssothattheoutputreactslessrapidlythanit
otherwisewould,bytakingrecenthistoryintoaccount.Forexample,athermostatcontrollingaheater
mayswitchtheheateronwhenthetemperaturedropsbelowA,butnotturnitoffuntilthetemperature
risesaboveB.(Forinstance,ifonewishestomaintainatemperatureof20Cthenonemightsetthe
thermostattoturntheheateronwhenthetemperaturedropstobelow18Candoffwhenthe
temperatureexceeds22C.)
Similarly,apressureswitchcanbedesignedtoexhibithysteresis,withpressuresetpointssubstitutedfor
temperaturethresholds.

Electroniccircuits
Often,someamountofhysteresisisintentionallyaddedtoanelectroniccircuittopreventunwanted
rapidswitching.Thisandsimilartechniquesareusedtocompensateforcontactbounceinswitches,or
noiseinanelectricalsignal.
ASchmitttriggerisasimpleelectroniccircuitthatexhibitsthisproperty.
Alatchingrelayusesasolenoidtoactuatearatchetingmechanismthatkeepstherelayclosedevenif
powertotherelayisterminated.
Hysteresisisessentialtotheworkingsofsomememristors(circuitcomponentswhich"remember"
changesinthecurrentpassingthroughthembychangingtheirresistance).[7]
Hysteresiscanbeusedwhenconnectingarraysofelementssuchasnanoelectronics,electrochromecells
andmemoryeffectdevicesusingpassivematrixaddressing.Shortcutsaremadebetweenadjacent
components(seecrosstalk)andthehysteresishelpstokeepthecomponentsinaparticularstatewhile

theothercomponentschangestates.Thus,allrowscanbe
addressedatthesametimeinsteadofindividually.
Inthefieldofaudioelectronics,anoisegateoftenimplements
hysteresisintentionallytopreventthegatefrom"chattering"
whensignalsclosetoitsthresholdareapplied.

Userinterfacedesign
Ahysteresisissometimesintentionallyaddedtocomputer
algorithms.Thefieldofuserinterfacedesignhasborrowedthe
termhysteresistorefertotimeswhenthestateoftheuser
interfaceintentionallylagsbehindtheapparentuserinput.For
SharphysteresisloopofaSchmitt
example,amenuthatwasdrawninresponsetoamouseover
trigger
eventmayremainonscreenforabriefmomentafterthemouse
hasmovedoutofthetriggerregionandthemenuregion.This
allowstheusertomovethemousedirectlytoanitemonthemenu,evenifpartofthatdirectmousepath
isoutsideofboththetriggerregionandthemenuregion.Forinstance,rightclickingonthedesktopin
mostWindowsinterfaceswillcreateamenuthatexhibitsthisbehavior.

Aerodynamics
Inaerodynamics,hysteresiscanbeobservedwhendecreasingtheangleofattackofawingafterstall,
regardingtheliftanddragcoefficients.Theangleofattackwheretheflowontopofthewingreattaches
isgenerallylowerthantheangleofattackwheretheflowseparatesduringtheincreaseoftheangleof
attack.[8]

Inmechanics
Elastichysteresis
Intheelastichysteresisofrubber,theareainthecentreofa
hysteresisloopistheenergydissipatedduetomaterialinternal
friction.
Elastichysteresiswasoneofthefirsttypesofhysteresistobe
examined.[9][10]
Asimplewaytounderstanditisintermsofarubberbandwith
weightsattachedtoit.Ifthetopofarubberbandishungona
hookandsmallweightsareattachedtothebottomoftheband
oneatatime,itwillgetlonger.Asmoreweightsareloadedonto
Elastichysteresisofanidealized
it,thebandwillcontinuetoextendbecausetheforcetheweights
rubberband.Theareainthecentreof
areexertingonthebandisincreasing.Wheneachweightistaken
thehysteresisloopistheenergy
off,orunloaded,thebandwillgetshorterastheforceisreduced.
dissipatedduetointernalfriction.
Astheweightsaretakenoff,eachweightthatproduceda
specificlengthasitwasloadedontothebandnowproducesa
slightlylongerlengthasitisunloaded.ThisisbecausethebanddoesnotobeyHooke'slawperfectly.
Thehysteresisloopofanidealizedrubberbandisshowninthefigure.

Intermsofforce,therubberbandwashardertostretchwhenitwasbeingloadedthanwhenitwasbeing
unloaded.Intermsoftime,whenthebandisunloaded,theeffect(thelength)laggedbehindthe
cause(theforceoftheweights)becausethelengthhasnotyetreachedthevalueithadforthesame
weightduringtheloadingpartofthecycle.Intermsofenergy,moreenergywasrequiredduringthe
loadingthantheunloading,theexcessenergybeingdissipatedasheat.
Elastichysteresisismorepronouncedwhentheloadingandunloadingisdonequicklythanwhenitis
doneslowly.[11]Somematerialssuchashardmetalsdon'tshowelastichysteresisunderamoderateload,
whereasotherhardmaterialslikegraniteandmarbledo.Materialssuchasrubberexhibitahighdegree
ofelastichysteresis.
Whentheintrinsichysteresisofrubberisbeingmeasured,thematerialcanbeconsideredtobehavelike
agas.Whenarubberbandisstretcheditheatsup,andifitissuddenlyreleased,itcoolsdown
perceptibly.Theseeffectscorrespondtoalargehysteresisfromthethermalexchangewiththe
environmentandasmallerhysteresisduetointernalfrictionwithintherubber.Thisproper,intrinsic
hysteresiscanbemeasuredonlyiftherubberbandisadiabaticallyisolated.
Smallvehiclesuspensionsusingrubber(orotherelastomers)canachievethedualfunctionofspringing
anddampingbecauserubber,unlikemetalsprings,haspronouncedhysteresisanddoesnotreturnallthe
absorbedcompressionenergyontherebound.Mountainbikeshavemadeuseofelastomersuspension,
asdidtheoriginalMinicar.
Theprimarycauseofrollingresistancewhenabody(suchasaball,tire,orwheel)rollsonasurfaceis
hysteresis.Thisisattributedtotheviscoelasticcharacteristicsofthematerialoftherollingbody.

Contactanglehysteresis
Thecontactangleformedbetweenaliquidandsolidphasewillexhibitarangeofcontactanglesthatare
possible.Therearetwocommonmethodsformeasuringthisrangeofcontactangles.Thefirstmethodis
referredtoasthetiltingbasemethod.Onceadropisdispensedonthesurfacewiththesurfacelevel,the
surfaceisthentiltedfrom0to90.Asthedropistilted,thedownhillsidewillbeinastateofimminent
wettingwhiletheuphillsidewillbeinastateofimminentdewetting.Asthetiltincreasesthedownhill
contactanglewillincreaseandrepresentstheadvancingcontactanglewhiletheuphillsidewill
decreasethisistherecedingcontactangle.Thevaluesfortheseanglesjustpriortothedropreleasing
willtypicallyrepresenttheadvancingandrecedingcontactangles.Thedifferencebetweenthesetwo
anglesisthecontactanglehysteresis.
Thesecondmethodisoftenreferredtoastheadd/removevolumemethod.Whenthemaximumliquid
volumeisremovedfromthedropwithouttheinterfacialareadecreasingtherecedingcontactangleis
thusmeasured.Whenvolumeisaddedtothemaximumbeforetheinterfacialareaincreases,thisisthe
advancingcontactangle.Aswiththetiltmethod,thedifferencebetweentheadvancingandreceding
contactanglesisthecontactanglehysteresis.Mostresearcherspreferthetiltmethodtheadd/remove
methodrequiresthatatiporneedlestayembeddedinthedropwhichcanaffecttheaccuracyofthe
values,especiallytherecedingcontactangle.

Adsorptionhysteresis
Hysteresiscanalsooccurduringphysicaladsorptionprocesses.Inthistypeofhysteresis,thequantity
adsorbedisdifferentwhengasisbeingaddedthanitiswhenbeingremoved.Thespecificcausesof
adsorptionhysteresisarestillanactiveareaofresearch,butitislinkedtodifferencesinthenucleation

andevaporationmechanismsinsidemesopores.Thesemechanismsarefurthercomplicatedbyeffects
suchascavitationandporeblocking.
Inphysicaladsorption,hysteresisisevidenceofmesoporosityindeed,thedefinitionofmesopores(2
50nm)isassociatedwiththeappearance(50nm)anddisappearance(2nm)ofmesoporosityinnitrogen
adsorptionisothermsasafunctionofKelvinradius.[12]Anadsorptionisothermshowinghysteresisis
saidtobeofTypeIV(forawettingadsorbate)orTypeV(foranonwettingadsorbate),andhysteresis
loopsthemselvesareclassifiedaccordingtohowsymmetrictheloopis.[13]Adsorptionhysteresisloops
alsohavetheunusualpropertythatitispossibletoscanwithinahysteresisloopbyreversingthe
directionofadsorptionwhileonapointontheloop.Theresultingscansarecalled"crossing,"
"converging,"or"returning,"dependingontheshapeoftheisothermatthispoint.[14]

Matricpotentialhysteresis
Therelationshipbetweenmatricwaterpotentialandwatercontentisthebasisofthewaterretention
curve.Matricpotentialmeasurements(m)areconvertedtovolumetricwatercontent()measurements
basedonasiteorsoilspecificcalibrationcurve.Hysteresisisasourceofwatercontentmeasurement
error.Matricpotentialhysteresisarisesfromdifferencesinwettingbehaviourcausingdrymediumtore
wetthatis,itdependsonthesaturationhistoryoftheporousmedium.Hystereticbehaviourmeansthat,
forexample,atamatricpotential(m)of5kPa,thevolumetricwatercontent()ofafinesandysoil
matrixcouldbeanythingbetween8%to25%.[15]
Tensiometersaredirectlyinfluencedbythistypeofhysteresis.Twoothertypesofsensorsusedto
measuresoilwatermatricpotentialarealsoinfluencedbyhysteresiseffectswithinthesensoritself.
Resistanceblocks,bothnylonandgypsumbased,measurematricpotentialasafunctionofelectrical
resistance.Therelationbetweenthesensorselectricalresistanceandsensormatricpotentialis
hysteretic.Thermocouplesmeasurematricpotentialasafunctionofheatdissipation.Hysteresisoccurs
becausemeasuredheatdissipationdependsonsensorwatercontent,andthesensorwatercontentmatric
potentialrelationshipishysteretic.Asof2002,onlydesorptioncurvesareusuallymeasuredduring
calibrationofsoilmoisturesensors.Despitethefactthatitcanbeasourceofsignificanterror,thesensor
specificeffectofhysteresisisgenerallyignored.[16]

Inmaterials
Magnetichysteresis
Whenanexternalmagneticfieldisappliedtoaferromagneticmaterialsuchasiron,theatomicdipoles
alignthemselveswithit.Evenwhenthefieldisremoved,partofthealignmentwillberetained:the
materialhasbecomemagnetized.Oncemagnetized,themagnetwillstaymagnetizedindefinitely.To
demagnetizeitrequiresheatoramagneticfieldintheoppositedirection.Thisistheeffectthatprovides
theelementofmemoryinaharddiskdrive.
TherelationshipbetweenfieldstrengthHandmagnetizationMisnotlinearinsuchmaterials.Ifa
magnetisdemagnetized(H=M=0)andtherelationshipbetweenHandMisplottedforincreasing
levelsoffieldstrength,Mfollowstheinitialmagnetizationcurve.Thiscurveincreasesrapidlyatfirst
andthenapproachesanasymptotecalledmagneticsaturation.Ifthemagneticfieldisnowreduced
monotonically,Mfollowsadifferentcurve.Atzerofieldstrength,themagnetizationisoffsetfromthe
originbyanamountcalledtheremanence.IftheHMrelationshipisplottedforallstrengthsofapplied

magneticfieldtheresultisa
hysteresisloopcalledthemainloop.
Thewidthofthemiddlesectionis
twicethecoercivityofthe
material.[17]
Acloserlookatamagnetization
curvegenerallyrevealsaseriesof
small,randomjumpsin
magnetizationcalledBarkhausen
jumps.Thiseffectisdueto
crystallographicdefectssuchas
dislocations.[18]
Magnetichysteresisloopsarenot
exclusivetomaterialswith
ferromagneticordering.Other
magneticorderings,suchasspin
glassordering,alsoexhibitthis
phenomena.[19]
Physicalorigin

Theoreticalmodelofmagnetization magainstmagneticfield h.
Startingattheorigin,theupwardcurveistheinitialmagnetization
curve.Thedownwardcurveaftersaturation,alongwiththelower
returncurve,formthemainloop.Theintercepts hcand mrsarethe
coercivityandsaturationremanence.

Thephenomenonofhysteresisin
ferromagneticmaterialsistheresult
oftwoeffects:rotationof
magnetizationandchangesinsizeornumberofmagneticdomains.Ingeneral,themagnetizationvaries
(indirectionbutnotmagnitude)acrossamagnet,butinsufficientlysmallmagnets,itdoesnot.Inthese
singledomainmagnets,themagnetizationrespondstoamagneticfieldbyrotating.Singledomain
magnetsareusedwhereverastrong,stablemagnetizationisneeded(forexample,magneticrecording).
Largermagnetsaredividedintoregionscalleddomains.Acrosseachdomain,themagnetizationdoes
notvarybutbetweendomainsarerelativelythindomainwallsinwhichthedirectionofmagnetization
rotatesfromthedirectionofonedomaintoanother.Ifthemagneticfieldchanges,thewallsmove,
changingtherelativesizesofthedomains.Becausethedomainsarenotmagnetizedinthesame
direction,themagneticmomentperunitvolumeissmallerthanitwouldbeinasingledomainmagnet
butdomainwallsinvolverotationofonlyasmallpartofthemagnetization,soitismucheasierto
changethemagneticmoment.Themagnetizationcanalsochangebyadditionorsubtractionofdomains
(callednucleationanddenucleation).
Magnetichysteresismodels
ThemostknownempiricalmodelsinhysteresisarePreisachandJilesAthertonmodels.Thesemodels
allowanaccuratemodelingofthehysteresisloopandarewidelyusedintheindustry.However,these
modelslosetheconnectionwiththermodynamicsandtheenergyconsistencyisnotensured.Lastmodels
relyonaconsistentthermodynamicformulation.VINCHmodel[20]isinspiredbythekinematic
hardeninglawsandbythethermodynamicsofirreversibleprocesses.Inparticular,inadditiontoprovide
anaccuratemodeling,thestoredmagneticenergyandthedissipatedenergyareknownatalltimes.The

obtainedincrementalformulationisvariationallyconsistent,i.e.,allinternalvariablesfollowfromthe
minimizationofathermodynamicpotential.Thatallowstoobtaineasilyavectorialmodelwhile
PreisachandJilesAthertonarefundamentallyscalarmodels.
Applications
Thereareagreatvarietyofapplicationsofthehysteresisinferromagnets.Manyofthesemakeuseof
theirabilitytoretainamemory,forexamplemagnetictape,harddisks,andcreditcards.Inthese
applications,hardmagnets(highcoercivity)likeironaredesirablesothememoryisnoteasilyerased.
Softmagnets(lowcoercivity)areusedascoresinelectromagnets.Thenonlinearresponseofthe
magneticmomenttoamagneticfieldbooststheresponseofthecoilwrappedaroundit.Thelow
coercivityreducesthatenergylossassociatedwithhysteresis.

Electricalhysteresis
Electricalhysteresistypicallyoccursinferroelectricmaterial,wheredomainsofpolarizationcontribute
tothetotalpolarization.Polarizationistheelectricaldipolemoment(eitherCm2orCm).The
mechanism,anorganizationofthepolarizationintodomains,issimilartothatofmagnetichysteresis.

Liquidsolidphasetransitions
Hysteresismanifestsitselfinstatetransitionswhenmeltingtemperatureandfreezingtemperaturedonot
agree.Forexample,agarmeltsat85Candsolidifiesfrom32to40C.Thisistosaythatonceagaris
meltedat85C,itretainsaliquidstateuntilcooledto40C.Therefore,fromthetemperaturesof40to
85C,agarcanbeeithersolidorliquid,dependingonwhichstateitwasbefore.

Inbiology
Cellbiologyandgenetics
Cellsundergoingcelldivisionexhibithysteresisinthatittakesahigherconcentrationofcyclinsto
switchthemfromG2phaseintomitosisthantostayinmitosisoncebegun.[21]
Darlingtoninhisclassicworksongenetics[22][23]discussedhysteresisofthechromosomes,bywhichhe
meant"failureoftheexternalformofthechromosomestorespondimmediatelytotheinternalstresses
duetochangesintheirmolecularspiral",astheylieinasomewhatrigidmediuminthelimitedspaceof
thecellnucleus.
Indevelopmentalbiology,celltypediversityisregulatedbylongrangeactingsignalingmolecules
calledmorphogensthatpatternuniformpoolsofcellsinaconcentrationandtimedependentmanner.
ThemorphogenSonicHedgehog(Shh),forexample,actsonlimbbudandneuralprogenitorstoinduce
expressionofasetofhomeodomaincontainingtranscriptionfactorstosubdividethesetissuesinto
distinctdomains.Ithasbeenshownthatthesetissueshavea'memory'ofpreviousexposuretoShh.[24]
Inneuraltissue,thishysteresisisregulatedbyahomeodomain(HD)feedbackcircuitthatamplifiesShh
signaling.[25]Inthiscircuit,expressionofGlitranscriptionfactors,theexecutorsoftheShhpathway,is
suppressed.Glisareprocessedtorepressorforms(GliR)intheabsenceofShh,butinthepresenceof
Shh,aproportionofGlisaremaintainedasfulllengthproteinsallowedtotranslocatetothenucleus,

wheretheyactasactivators(GliA)oftranscription.ByreducingGliexpressionthen,theHD
transcriptionfactorsreducethetotalamountofGli(GliT),soahigherproportionofGliTcanbe
stabilizedasGliAforthesameconcentrationofShh.

Immunology
ThereissomeevidencethatTcellsexhibithysteresisinthatittakesalowersignalthresholdtoactivate
Tcellsthathavebeenpreviouslyactivated.Rasactivationisrequiredfordownstreameffectorfunctions
ofactivatedTcells.[26]TriggeringoftheTcellreceptorinduceshighlevelsofRasactivation,which
resultsinhigherlevelsofGTPbound(active)Rasatthecellsurface.SincehigherlevelsofactiveRas
haveaccumulatedatthecellsurfaceinTcellsthathavebeenpreviouslystimulatedbystrong
engagementoftheTcellreceptor,weakersubsequentTcellreceptorsignalsreceivedshortlyafterwards
willdeliverthesamelevelofactivationduetothepresenceofhigherlevelsofalreadyactivatedRasas
comparedtoanavecell.

Neuroscience
Thepropertybywhichsomeneuronsdonotreturntotheirbasalconditionsfromastimulatedcondition
immediatelyafterremovalofthestimulusisanexampleofhysteresis.

Respiratoryphysiology
Lunghysteresisisevidentwhenobservingthecomplianceofalungoninspirationversusexpiration.
Thedifferenceincompliance(volume/pressure)isduetotheadditionalenergyrequiredduring
inspirationtorecruitandinflateadditionalalveoli.[27]
ThetranspulmonarypressurevsVolumecurveofinhalationisdifferentfromthePressurevsVolume
curveofexhalation,thedifferencebeingdescribedashysteresis.Lungvolumeatanygivenpressure
duringinhalationislessthanthelungvolumeatanygivenpressureduringexhalation.[28]

Voiceandspeechphysiology
Ahysteresiseffectmaybeobservedinvoicingonsetversusoffset.[29]Thethresholdvalueofthe
subglottalpressurerequiredtostartthevocalfoldvibrationislowerthanthethresholdvalueatwhich
thevibrationstops,whenotherparametersarekeptconstant.Inutterancesofvowelvoiceless
consonantvowelsequencesduringspeech,theintraoralpressureisloweratthevoiceonsetofthe
secondvowelcomparedtothevoiceoffsetofthefirstvowel,theoralairflowislower,thetransglottal
pressureislargerandtheglottalwidthissmaller.

EcologyandEpidemiology
Hysteresisisacommonlyencounteredphenomenoninecologyandepidemiology,wheretheobserved
equilibriumofasystemcannotbepredictedsolelybasedonenvironmentalvariables,butalsorequires
knowledgeofthesystem'spasthistory.Notableexamplesincludethetheoryofsprucebudworm
outbreaksandbehavioraleffectsondiseasetransmission.

Ineconomics

Economicsystemscanexhibithysteresis.Forexample,exportperformanceissubjecttostrong
hysteresiseffects:becauseofthefixedtransportationcostsitmaytakeabigpushtostartacountry's
exports,butoncethetransitionismade,notmuchmayberequiredtokeepthemgoing.
Whensomenegativeshockreducesemploymentinacompanyorindustry,therearefeweremployed
workersleft.Asusuallytheemployedworkershavethepowertosetwages,theirreducednumber
incentivizesthemtobargainforevenhigherwageswhentheeconomyagaingetsbetterinsteadofletting
thewagebeattheequilibriumwagelevel,wherethesupplyanddemandofworkerswouldmatch.This
causeshysteresis:theunemploymentbecomespermanentlyhigherafternegativeshocks.[30][31]

Permanentlyhigherunemployment
Theideaofhysteresisisusedextensivelyintheareaoflaboreconomics,specificallywithreferenceto
theunemploymentrate.[32]Accordingtotheoriesbasedonhysteresis,severeeconomicdownturns
(recession)and/orpersistentstagnation(slowdemandgrowth,usuallyafterarecession)cause
unemployedindividualstolosetheirjobskills(commonlydevelopedonthejob)ortofindthembecome
obsoleteorbecomedemotivated/disillusioned/depressedorlosejobseekingskills.Inaddition,
employersmayusetimespentinunemploymentasascreeningtool,i.e.,toweedoutlessdesired
employeesinhiringdecisions.Then,intimesofaneconomicupturn,recovery,or'boom',theaffected
workerswillnotshareintheprosperity,remainingunemployedforlongperiods(e.g.,over52weeks).
Thismakesunemployment"structural,"i.e.,extremelydifficulttoreducesimplybyincreasingthe
aggregatedemandforproductsandlaborwithoutcausingincreasedinflation.Thatis,itispossiblethat
thereisaratcheteffectinunemploymentrates,soashorttermriseinunemploymentratestendsto
persist.Forexample,traditionalantiinflationarypolicy(theuseofrecessiontofightinflation)leadstoa
permanentlyhigher'natural'rateofunemployment(morescientificallyknownastheNAIRU).This
occursfirstbecauseinflationaryexpectationsare'sticky'downwardduetowageandpricerigidities(and
soadaptslowlyovertimeratherthanbeingapproximatelycorrectasintheoriesofrationalexpectations)
andsecondbecauselabormarketsdonotclearinstantlyinresponsetounemployment.
Theexistenceofhysteresishasbeenputforwardasapossibleexplanationforthepersistentlyhigh
unemploymentofmanyeconomiesinthe1990s.HysteresishasbeeninvokedbyOlivierBlanchard
amongotherstoexplainthedifferencesinlongrununemploymentratesbetweenEuropeandtheUnited
States.Labormarketreform(usuallymeaninginstitutionalchangepromotingmoreflexiblewages,
firing,andhiring)orstrongdemandsideeconomicgrowthmaynotthereforereducethispooloflong
termunemployed.Thus,specifictargetedtrainingprogramsarepresentedasapossiblepolicy
solution.[30]However,thehysteresishypothesissuggestssuchtrainingprogramsareaidedby
persistentlyhighdemandforproducts(perhapswithincomespoliciestoavoidincreasedinflation),
whichreducesthetransitioncostsoutofunemploymentandintopaidemploymenteasier.

Gametheory
Hysteresisoccursinapplicationsofgametheorytoeconomics,inmodelswithproductquality,agent
honestyorcorruptionofvariousinstitutions.Slightlydifferentinitialconditionscanleadtoopposite
outcomesandresultingstable"good"and"bad"equilibria.

Inlaw
Whenhysteresiswasfirstappliedtothelaw,itwasunderstoodasthesluggishnessintheproductionof
internationalrules.[33]Morerecently,legalscholarshaveaffirmedthatthelawexhibitsahysteretic
naturewhenitcomestotheregulationoftechnologyandtheslownesscanbeworsenedbya

misconceptionofdemocracyasneverendingbargaining.Oneoftheconsequencesoflegalhysteresisis
privateordering.Inthiscontext,byprivateorderingneitheronemeansthespontaneousenforcementof
agreements(usuallyduetothesocalledreputationalmechanism),northeabuseofcontractsinorderto
eludethelaw.Onemeansthat,asaresponsetoalegislatorthatintervenesalwaystoolate,trappedinold
legalcategories,therearemanyregulatinggapswhenitcomestotechnologyandthesegapsarefilledby
thecontracts.[34]

Additionalconsiderations
Modelsofhysteresis
Eachsubjectthatinvolveshysteresishasmodelsthatarespecifictothesubject.Inaddition,thereare
modelsthatcapturegeneralfeaturesofmanysystemswithhysteresis.[2][35]AnexampleisthePreisach
modelofhysteresis,whichrepresentsahysteresisnonlinearityasalinearsuperpositionofsquareloops
callednonidealrelays.[2]Manycomplexmodelsofhysteresisarisefromthesimpleparallelconnection,
orsuperposition,ofelementarycarriersofhysteresistermedhysterons.
AsimpleparametricdescriptionofvarioushystereticloopsmaybefoundintheLapshinmodelof
hysteresis.[35]Alongwiththeclassicalloop(seefigureatthetopofthepage),substitutionofrectangle,
triangleortrapezoidalpulsesinsteadoftheharmonicfunctionsalsoallowspiecewiselinearhysteresis
loops(seeElectroniccircuitexample)frequentlyusedindiscreteautomaticstobebuiltinthemodel.
ThereisanimplementationofthehysteresismodelinRprogramminglanguage(packageHysteresis).[36]
TheBoucWenmodelofhysteresisisoftenusedtodescribenonlinearhystereticsystems.Itwas
introducedbyBouc[37][38]andextendedbyWen,[39]whodemonstrateditsversatilitybyproducinga
varietyofhystereticpatterns.Thismodelisabletocaptureinanalyticalform,arangeofshapesof
hystereticcycleswhichmatchthebehaviourofawideclassofhystereticalsystemstherefore,givenits
versabilityandmathematicaltractability,theBoucWenmodelhasquicklygainedpopularityandhas
beenextendedandappliedtoawidevarietyofengineeringproblems,includingmultidegreeof
freedom(MDOF)systems,buildings,frames,bidirectionalandtorsionalresponseofhystereticsystems
twoandthreedimensionalcontinua,andsoilliquefactionamongothers.TheBoucWenmodelandits
variants/extensionshavebeenusedinapplicationsofstructuralcontrol,inparticularinthemodelingof
thebehaviourofmagnetorheologicaldampers,baseisolationdevicesforbuildingsandotherkindsof
dampingdevicesithasalsobeeninthemodellingandanalysisofstructuresbuiltofreinforcedconcrete,
steel,masonryandtimber.

Energy
Whenhysteresisoccurswithextensiveandintensivevariables,theworkdoneonthesystemisthearea
underthehysteresisgraph.

Seealso
Backlash(engineering)
Blackbox
Bean'scriticalstatemodel
Deadband
Fuzzycontrolsystem
Hysteresivity

Hysteresivity
Markovproperty
Pathdependence
Pathdependence(physics)

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Furtherreading
Chikazumi,Sshin(1997).PhysicsofFerromagnetism.ClarendonPress.ISBN0198517769.
Jiles,D.C.Atherton,D.L.(1986)."Theoryofferromagnetichysteresis".JournalofMagnetismand
MagneticMaterials61:4860.Bibcode:1986JMMM...61...48J.doi:10.1016/03048853(86)900661.
Krasnosel'skii,MarkPokrovskii,Alexei(1989).SystemswithHysteresis.NewYork:SpringerVerlag.
ISBN9780387155432.
Mayergoyz,IsaakD.Bertotti,Giorgio,eds.(2005).TheScienceofHysteresis(3volumeset).Academic
Press.ISBN9780124808744.
Mielke,A.Roubek,T.(2015).RateIndependentSystemsTheoryandApplication.Springer,NewYork.
ISBN9781493927050.
Truesdell,C.Noll,Walter(2004).Antman,Stuart,ed.TheNonLinearFieldTheoriesofMechanics(Third
ed.).ISBN9783540027799.OriginallypublishedasVolumeIII/3ofHandbuchderPhysikin1965.
Visintin,Augusto(1994).Differentialmodelsofhysteresis.Springer.ISBN9783540547938.

Externallinks
OverviewofcontactangleHysteresis
(http://www.ramehart.com/contactangle.htm)
PreisachmodelofhysteresisMatlabcodesdevelopedby
Zs.Szab(http://sourceforge.net/projects/hysteresis/)
Hysteresis(http://hyperphysics.phy
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/hyst.html)
What'shysteresis?

Lookuphysteresisin
Wiktionary,thefree
dictionary.
Elastichysteresisof
householdstringis
examinedatWikiversity

(http://www.lassp.cornell.edu/sethna/hysteresis/WhatIsHysteresis.html)
Dynamicalsystemswithhysteresis(interactivewebpage)(http://euclid.ucc.ie/hysteresis/)
Magnetizationreversalapplet(coherentrotation)
(http://www.bama.ua.edu/~tmewes/Java/Reversal/reversal.shtml)
Elastichysteresisandrubberbands
(http://www.madphysics.com/exp/hysteresis_and_rubber_bands.htm)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hysteresis&oldid=712955151"
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