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V
j
L j 1 , xi , j 1 , h ,
V j , yi , j , h ,
Pj , T j
Pj 1 , T j 1
Wj
F j , zi , j , h Fj , PjF , T jF
Uj
L j , xi , j , h Lj ,
Pj , T j
Short-cut methods:
Qj
Stage j
V j 1 , yi , j 1 , hVj1 ,
Pj 1 , T j 1
Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland
(+Kirkbride)
Key components
In practice we usually choose two components
separation of which serves as a good indication
that a desired degree of separation is achieved
These two components are called key components
- light key
- heavy key
There are different strategies to select these key
components
Choosing two components that are next to each other
on the relative volatility: sharp separation
key
light non-distributed components
(will end up in the overhead product) components
Complete design
A mixture of 4% n-pentane, 40% n-hexane, 50% n-heptane and 6%
n-octane is distilled at 1 atm. The goal is to recover 98%of hexane and
1% of heptane in the distillate. The feed is boiling liquid.
a) Design a distillation process
n-pentane: 0.04
n-hexane:0.40
n-heptane: 0.50
n-octane: 0.06
condenser
F, z f
100kmol/h
boiler
Complete design
A mixture of 4% n-pentane, 40% n-hexane, 50% n-heptane and 6%
n-octane is distilled at 1 atm. The goal is to recover 98%of hexane and
1% of heptane in the distillate. The feed is boiling liquid.
- Design a distillation process
n-pentane: 0.04
n-hexane:0.40
n-heptane: 0.50
n-octane: 0.06
condenser
F, z f
100kmol/h
boiler
What is design of
a column?
- P (pressure)
- N (stages)
- R (reflux)
- D (diameter)
- auxilary
equipment
(condenser, boiler)
- Pressure consideration:
- what if you were not given P=1atm, how would you choose it?
- how do you validate that P=1atm is appropriate?
condenser
F, zf
boiler
Complete design
A mixture of 4% n-pentane, 40% n-hexane, 50% n-heptane and 6%
n-octane is distilled at 1 atm. The goal is to recover 98%of hexane and
1% of heptane in the distillate. The feed is boiling liquid.
- Design a distillation process
n-pentane: 0.04
n-hexane:0.40
n-heptane: 0.50
n-octane: 0.06
LNK
LK
HK
HNK
F, zf
condenser
100kmol/h
boiler
xF
F xF
Moles in D
xD
Moles in B
xB
Ki
LNK
Pentane
0.04
3.62
LK
Hexane
0.4
40
1.39
HK
Heptane
0.5
50
0.56
HNK
Octane
0.06
0.23
100
xF
F xF
Moles in D
xD
Moles in B
xB
Ki
LNK
Pentane
0.04
LK
Hexane
0.4
40
39.2
1.39
HK
Heptane
0.5
50
0.5
0.56
HNK
Octane
0.06
100
3.62
0.23
F xF
Moles in D
xD
Moles in B
xB
Ki
LNK
Pentane
0.04
3.62
LK
Hexane
LK
0.4
40
39.2
1.39
HK
Heptane
HK
0.5
50
0.5
0.56
HNK
Octane
0.06
0.23
100
xF
F xF
Moles in D
xD
Moles in B
xB
Ki
LNK
Pentane
0.04
0.092
3.62
LK
Hexane
LK
0.4
40
39.2
0.897
1.39
HK
Heptane
HK
0.5
50
0.5
0.011
0.56
HNK
Octane
0.06
0.23
100
D=43.7
F xF
Moles in D
xD
Moles in B
xB
Ki
LNK
Pentane
0.04
0.092
LK
Hexane
LK
0.4
40
39.2
0.897
0.8
1.39
HK
Heptane
HK
0.5
50
0.5
0.011
49.5
0.56
HNK
Octane
0.06
100
D=43.7
3.62
0.23
F xF
Moles in D
xD
Moles in B
xB
Ki
LNK
Pentane
0.04
0.092
3.62
LK
Hexane
LK
0.4
40
39.2
0.897
0.8
1.39
HK
Heptane
HK
0.5
50
0.5
0.011
49.5
0.56
HNK
Octane
0.06
0.23
100
D=43.7
B=56.3
F xF
Moles in D
xD
Moles in B
xB
Ki
LNK
Pentane
0.04
0.092
3.62
LK
Hexane
LK
0.4
40
39.2
0.897
0.8
0.014
1.39
HK
Heptane
HK
0.5
50
0.5
0.011
49.5
0.879
0.56
HNK
Octane
0.06
0.107
0.23
100
D=43.7
B=56.3
y
y1
zf
yB
xB x N
zf
xD
x
y
y1
zf
yB
xB xN
zf
xD
x
condenser
F, z f
boiler
condenser
F, z f
boiler
condenser
F, z f
boiler
condenser
F, z f
boiler
Distribution of components in
multicomponent distillation process
Feed stage
xi
hexane LK
heptane HK
Non-distributed
heavy non-key
component
pentane
octane
1
10
Non-distributed
Light non-key
component
Column diameter
f D
N 1
RD 1
f D
N 1
RD 1
Nmin
Rmin
R=1.5Rmin
N min
xD , LK xB , HK
ln
xB , LK xD , HK
1
ln LK , HK
LK light component
HK heavy component
K LK (T )
LK , HK (T )
K HK (T )
K LK (T )
LK , HK (T )
K HK (T )
T
D
LK , HK F
LK , HK
(TF )
LK , HK D
B
(
T
)
(TB )
D
LK , HK
LK ,HK
LK , HK 3 F
D
B
(
T
)
(
T
)
(TB )
F
D
LK , HK
LK , HK
LK , HK
x D ,i
x B ,i
N min 1
i , HK
xD , HK
xB , HK
i , HK
DxD , HK
Fx F ,i
Bx B , HK
DxD , HK
N min 1
1 i , HK
Bx B , HK
Ki
K HK
N min 1
i , HK
DxD ,i
Bx B ,i
i , HK xD ,i
V
Rm 1
D
i i , HK
i , HK xF ,i
(1 q )
i i , HK
1.48
i , HK xF ,i
0
i i , HK
i , HK xD ,i
V
Rm 1
D
i i , HK
i , HK xD ,i
V
Rm 1
D
i i , HK
2.33
1.48
Distribution of components in
multicomponent distillation process
Feed stage
xi
hexane LK
heptane HK
Non-distributed
heavy non-key
component
pentane
octane
1
10
Non-distributed
Light non-key
component
N R xF , HK
N S xF , LK
xB , LK
x
D , HK
0.206
c) Calculate
LK , HK
d) Use Fenske equation to find Nmin
e) Use Underwood method to find RDm
f) Use Gilliland correlation to find actual number of ideal stages
given operating reflux
g) Use Kirkbride equation to locate the feed stage
Vout,yout
Vin,yin
Local efficiency
Emv
yn yn 1
*
yn yn 1
Point efficiency
Actual separation
Separation that
would have been
achieved on an
ideal tray
high concentration
gradients
low concentration
gradients
EmV
yn yn 1
*
yn yn 1
EmV Emv
N Pe
2
L
Detc
eddy diffusivity
length of liquid
flow path
(Sinnott)
(Sinnott)
- AICHE method
- Fair-Chan
Chan, H., J.R. Fair, Prediction of Point Efficiencies for Sieve Trays, 1. Binary Systems,
Ind Eng. Chem. .Process Des. Dev., 23, 814-819 (1984)
Chan, H., J.R. Fair, , Prediction of Point Efficiencies for Sieve Trays, 1. Multi-component Systems,
Ind Eng. Chem. .Process Des. Dev., 23, 820-827 (1984)
(Sinnott)
N theoretical
EO
N actual
Multi-Component Distillation
Phase equilibrium For multi-components
Iterate over temperature till solution is found calculate the vapor mole fraction from
A liquid stream at 405.3 kPa with 40% butane, 25% pentane, 30% hexane and 15%
heptane is fed to a distillation column. Find the bubble point and the corresponding
vapor composition in equilibrium with the liquid.
component
Butane
Pentane
Hexane
Heptane
Total
xi
0.4
0.25
0.2
0.15
Ki
1.68
0.63
0.245
0.093
6.857
2.571
1.0
0.38
xi
2.743
0.643
0.2
0.057
3.643
A liquid stream at 405.3 kPa and 100 mole/h with 40% butane (A), 25%
bentane (B), 30% hexane (C) and 15% hepatne (D) is fed to a distillation
column. 90% of B is recovered in distillate and 90% of C is the bottom,
calculate
(a) mole and composition of distillate and bottom
(b) Dew point of the distillate and bubble point of the bottom
(c) minimum stages for total reflux
(d) minimum reflux ratio
(e) number of theoretical stage working at 1.5Rm
(f) location of feed tray
(a) solve the material balance
mole balance on butane
25 = nBD + nBB
Q nBD = 0.9(25) = 22.5 mole --> nDD = 2.5 mole
mole balance on hexane
30 = nCD + nCB
Part b)
part ( c)
let B light component; let C heavy component
LD = 2.5;
LB = 2.04
part (d)
Solve by trial-and-error
= 1.2096
part (d)
R = 1.5Rm = 1.5(0.395) = 0.593
R/(R+1) = 0.3723
Rm/(Rm+1) = 0.283
Using the chart Nm/N = 0.49 N = Nm/0.49 N = 5.4/0.49 = 11
part (e)
Ne/Ns = 1.184
Ne+Ns = 11
Ne = 6 ; Ns = 5