Chapter 8 :RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER

(Resource: Text Book Heat Transfer by Holman and Bhattacharya)

Heat Transfer : CHE F241

Lecture-9
by
Dr. Sonal Mazumder

BITS Pilani
Pilani|Dubai|Goa|Hyderabad

Assistant Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering

INTRODUCTION
Thermal Radiation is that electromagnetic radiation emitted by a body as a result of its temperature. The
propagation of thermal radiation takes place in the form of discrete quanta, each quantum having an energy of,

E h
Where h is the Plancks Constant

h 6.625 *1034 J .s

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

INTRODUCTION
The physical picture of the radiation propagation may be obtained by considering each quantum as a
particle having energy, mass and momentum.
E mc2 h
m

h
c2

momentum c

h h

c2
c

Stefan Boltzmann Law:

The total energy emitted is proportional to absolute temperature to the fourth power.
Eb T 4

where is the Stefan Boltzmann constant.

5.669 *108W / m2 .K 4

The subscript b denoted blackbody, because they do not reflect any radiation.
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

RADIATION PROPERTIES
When radiant energy strikes a material surface, part of radiation is reflected, part is absorbed, and part
is transmitted denoted as , & such that,
1

Most solids do not transmit thermal radiation, so

1

When radiation hits a surface, two phenomena are observed,

1. Specular: angle of incidence is equal angle of reflection.
Eg., Smooth, polished surface
2. Diffuse: incident beam is uniformly distributed in all direction.
Eg., Rough Surfaces.
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

KIRCHOFFs LAW
The emissive power of a body E is defined as the energy emitted by the body per unit area and per unit
time. Let the radiant flux arriving at some area in the enclosure be qi W/m2. at equilibrium the
energy absorbed by the body must be equal to the energy emitted,
EA qi A

If the body is replaced with a blackbody and allow it to attain equilibrium at

the same temperature.
Eb A qi A(1)

Eb

The ratio is defined as emissivity of the body

E

Eb

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

GRAY BODY
The gray body is defined such that the monochromatic emissivity of the body is
independent of wavelength. The monochromatic emissivity is defined as the ratio of
the monochromatic emissive power of the body to the monochromatic emissive
power of a blackbody at the same wavelength and temperature.
E

Eb
The total emissivity of the body may be related to the monochromatic emissivity,

E Eb d

E Eb d T 4
0

Eb

E d
b

T 4
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

GRAY BODY
For a gray body, = constant

The emissivity of various body vary widely with wavelength, temperature and surface condition.

Planks Law:
The function relation for the emissive power of the blackbody per unit wavelength.

Where,
C1 = 3.743x108 W.m4/m2
C2 = 1.4387x104 m.K

u c
Eb
4

C15
Eb C2 / T
e
1

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

WEINs LAW
The plot shows the peak of the curve shifts to a shorter wavelength for higher temperature.
The maximum points in the radiation curves are related
by Weins law,

max T 2897.6m.K
The shift in the maximum point of the radiation curve
explains the change in color of the body as it is heated.
As the body is heated, the maximum intensity shifts to
the shorter wavelength, and the first visible sign of the
increase in temperature of the body is a dark red color.
With further increase in temperature, the color changes
to brighter red, then bright yellow and finally white.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

WEINs LAW
The amount of energy radiated from a blackbody in a certain specified wavelength range ( 0 to ) is

given by,

Eb 0

Eb 0

E d
b

E d
b

If the radiant energy emitted between wavelength 1 & 2

E1 2

Eb 0 2 Eb 01
Eb 0 (

)
Eb 0 Eb 0
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BLACK BODY
The concept of black body is an idealization; i.e a perfect blackbody does not exist all surfaces reflect
radiation to some extent. But however it can visualized by construction of cavity as shown below,

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

INTRODUCTION
Consider two black bodies A1 & A2. The radiation shape factors are defined as

The energy leaving surface 1 and arriving at surface 2,

Eb1 A1F12
The energy leaving surface 2 and arriving at surface 1,

Eb 2 A2 F21
The net energy exchange is,

Eb1 A1F12 Eb 2 A2 F21 Q12

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

INTRODUCTION
If both the surface are at same temperature then,

A1F12 A2 F21
The net energy exchange is therefore,

Q12 A1F12 ( Eb1 Eb 2 ) A2 F21( Eb1 Eb 2 )

Reciprocity relation:

Ai Fij Aj Fnm

The general relation for F12 or F21, specific geometry of the surfaces A1 & A2 must be known. The radiation from a
small area dA1 to flat disk A2 is given by,

FdA1 A2

D2

4R 2 D 2

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

RADIATION SHAPE FACTOR RELATIONS

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

RADIATION SHAPE FACTOR RELATIONS

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

RADIATION SHAPE FACTOR RELATIONS

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

REAL SURFACE
Real surfaces are not perfectly diffuse and hence exhibit interesting deviation from the idea surfaces.
Conductors emit more energy in a direction having large azimuth angle. The behavior of the
conductors and non conductors can be anticipated when heated to incandescent temperatures.
A conducting sphere will appear bright around the rim and non conductors have the opposite
behavior.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Relation between shape factors

Shape factor for radiation from A3 to combined area A1,2 is
F31, 2 F31 F32
A3 F31, 2 A3 F31 A3 F32

By reciprocity relations,
A3 F31, 2 A1, 2 F1, 23

A3 F31 A1F13
A3 F32 A2 F23

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Cont.,
The shape factor F1-4 is given by,
F14

1
( A1, 2 F1, 23, 4 A2 F23 A1, 2 F1, 23 A2 F23, 4 )
A1

For the bodies which do not see themselves,

F11 F22 F33 0

For the concave curved surfaces which may see themselves,

n

F
j 1

ij

F11 F12 F13 1

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN NONBLACKBODIES

All the surface considered are assumed to be diffuse and uniform in temperature and that the reflective
and emissivity properties are constant over all the surface.
G = irradiation
= total radiation incident upon a surface per unit time unit area.
J = radiosity
= total radiation which leaves the surface per unit time unit area.
The radiosity is the sum of energy emitted and the energy reflected when no energy is transmitted
J Eb G
J Eb (1 )G

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Cont.,
The net energy leaving the surface is the difference between the radiosity and irradiation,
q
J G Eb (1 )G G
A
q

A
( Eb J )
1

Now consider exchange between two surfaces A1 & A2,

q12 J1 A1F12 J 2 A2 F21
A1F12 A2 F21

q12

J1 J 2
1 / A1 F12

q12 ( J1 J 2 ) A1F12 ( J1 J 2 ) A2 F21

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Cont.,
To construct a network for a particular radiation heat transfer problem we need only connect a surface
resistance (1-)/ A to each surface and a space resistance 1/AmFm-n between radiosity potentials,

qnet

Eb1 Eb 2
(1 1 ) / 1 A1 1 / A1F12 (1 2 ) / 2 A2

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

THREE BODY SYSTEM

q12

J1 J 2
1 / A1 F12

q13

J1 J 3
1 / A1 F13

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

INSULATED AND LARGE SURFACES

If the surface is perfectly insulated it has zero heat flow and the potential difference across the surface
resistance is zero.
The J node in the network is floating that is it does not draw any current. On the other hand a surface
with very large area has a surface resistance approaching zero, which makes it behave like blackbody.

Thus insulated surface and surface with large area has J=Eb.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

INFINITE PLANES

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APPARENT EMISSIVITY OF A CAVITY

If we consider the imaginary surface A0 covering the opening and exchanging heat with Ai we have,
F0i 1

A0 F0i Ai Fi 0

The net radiant exchange of the surface Ai with large enclosure As is given by,
qi s

Ebi Ebs
(1 i ) / i Ai 1 / Ai Fis

The net radiant exchange of the imaginary surface Ao with large surrounding is given by,
qos a Ao ( Ebi Ebs )

a i Ai /[ Ao i ( Ai Ao )]

For Ao = Ai or no cavity,
For Ai >> Ao,

a i
a 1
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

THANK YOU

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956