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All words belong to categories called word classes (or parts of speech) according
to the part they play in a sentence. The main word classes in English are listed
below.
Noun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
Pronoun
Preposition
Conjunction
Determiner
Exclamation
Noun
A noun is a word that identifies:
a person (man, girl, engineer, friend)
a thing (horse, wall, flower, country)
an idea, quality, or state (anger, courage, life,luckiness)
Read more about nouns.
Verb
A verb describes what a person or thing does or what happens. For example, verbs
describe:
an action jump, stop, explore
an event snow, happen
Adjective
An adjective is a word that describes a noun, giving extrainformation about it. For
example:
an exciting adventure
a green apple
a tidy room
Read more about adjectives.
Adverb
An adverb is a word thats used to give information about a verb, adjective, or other
adverb. They can make the meaning of a verb, adjective, or other adverb stronger or
weaker, and often appear between the subject and its verb (She nearly lost everything.)
Read more about adverbs.
Pronoun
Pronouns are used in place of a noun that is already known or has already
been mentioned. This is often done in order to avoid repeating the noun. For example:
Laura left early because she was tired.
Anthony brought the avocados with him.
That is the only option left.
Something will have to change.
Personal pronouns are used in place of nouns referring to specific people or things, for
example I, me, mine, you, yours,his, her, hers, we, they, or them. They can be divided
into various different categories according to their role in a sentence, as follows:
subjective pronouns
objective pronouns
possessive pronouns
reflexive pronouns
Read more about pronouns.
Preposition
A preposition is a word such as after, in, to, on, and with. Prepositions are usually used
in front of nouns or pronouns and they show the relationship between the noun or
pronoun and other words in a sentence. They describe, for example, the position of
something, the time when something happens, or the way in which something is done.
Read more about prepositions.
Conjunction
A conjunction (also called a connective) is a word such
as and, because, but, for, if, or, and when. Conjunctions are used to
connect phrases, clauses, and sentences.The two main kinds are known
as coordinating conjunctionsand subordinating conjunctions.
Read more about conjunctions.
Determiner
A determiner is a word that introduces a noun, such
as a/an, the, every, this, those, or many (as
in a dog, the dog, thisdog, those dogs, every dog, many dogs).
The determiner the is sometimes known as the definite article and the
determiner a (or an) as the indefinite article.
Read more about determiners.
Exclamation
An exclamation (also called an interjection) is a word or phrase that expresses strong
emotion, such as surprise, pleasure, or anger. Exclamations often stand on their own,
and in writing they are usually followed by an exclamation mark rather than a full stop.
Sentence Stretchers
Purpose: Syntactic Development
Focus: Expand grammatically correct sentences by adding new words in appropriate order
ELDC (Continuum) Level(s): Proficient 2, Proficient 3
Procedure: One team begins by making a sentence orally that contains the language or content focus of
the lesson. (Make the starter sentence as short as possible.) For example, in a lesson focusing on
weather and on adjectives, the first team might say, The cloud is floating. The first team gets a point.
Other teams take turns expanding the sentence, getting a point each time something is added
successfully or until teams run out of expansions.
Examples:
Begin with the sentence: The cloud is floating. The cloud is floating. The white cloud is floating. The
fluffy white cloud is floating. The fluffy white cloud is floating in the sky. The fluffy white cloud that looks
like a boat is floating in the sky. Etc.
Begin with the sentence: The tree was happy.(from lesson on The Giving Tree, by S. Silverstein) The tree
was happy because the boy returned. The Giving Tree was happy because the boy returned. The Giving
Tree was happy because the boy returned to sit in the shade. The Giving Tree was happy because the
boy returned to sit in the shade and rest. The Giving Tree was happy because the boy returned to sit in
the shade and rest quietly.
To express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and
wishes:
I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation); London is a large city (general truth)
To give instructions or directions:
You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.
To express fixed arrangements, present or future:
Your exam starts at 09.00
To express future time, after some conjunctions: after, when, before, as soon as, until:
He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.
Be careful! The simple present is not used to express actions happening now.
EXAMPLES
For habits
He drinks tea at breakfast.
She only eats fish.
They watch television regularly.
For repeated actions or events
We catch the bus every morning.
It rains every afternoon in the hot season.
They drive to Monaco every summer.
For general truths
Water freezes at zero degrees.
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
Her mother is Peruvian.
For instructions or directions
Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.
You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.
For fixed arrangements
His mother arrives tomorrow.
Our holiday starts on the 26th March
With future constructions
She'll see you before she leaves.
We'll give it to her when she arrives.
Interrogative
Negative
I think
Do I think?
I do not think
You think
Do you think?
He thinks
Does he think?
She thinks
It thinks
Does it think?
We think
Do we think?
We do not think.
They think
Do they think?
EXAMPLES
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
I usually don't drink coffee but I'm having one this morning because there is nothing else.
I often drive to work but I'm taking the train this morning because my car is in for repair.
I'm thinking about dying my hair blonde but I don't think my wife will be very happy about it.
My parents live in New York but I'm just visiting.
Notice how in all these examples we use the present continuous to talk about events which are
temporary/limited in time and the present simple to talk about events which are
habits/permanent.
PAST TENSE
The Simple Past Tense, often just called the Past Tense, is easy to use in English.
If you already know how to use the Present Tense, then the Past Tense will be easy.
In general, the Past Tense is used to talk about something that started and finished at a definite
time in the past.
PRESENT PREFECT
Use of Present Perfect
action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example: I have never been to Australia.
already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now
have or has
Irregular Verbs
for
a period
from start to end
since
a point
from then to now
>===<
x===>|
for 20 minutes
since 9am
for
a period
from start to end
since
a point
from then to now
for
for
for
for
for
for
since
since
since
since
since
since
three days
6 months
4 years
2 centuries
a long time
ever
all tenses
Monday
January
1997
1500
I left school
the beginning of time
perfect tenses
for
For can be used with all tenses. Here are a few examples:
They study for two hours every day.
They are studying for three hours today.
He has lived in Bangkok for a long time.
He has been living in Paris for three months.
I worked at that bank for five years.
Will the universe continue for ever?
We do not use for with "all day", "all the time":
I was there all day. (not for all day)
since
Since is normally used with perfect tenses:
He has been here since 9am.
He has been working since he arrived.
I had lived in New York since my childhood.