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UACEE International Journal of Advances in Computer Science and its Applications IJCSIA
Volume 3 : Issue 2
[ISSN 2250 3765]
Publication Date : 05 June 2013
Table of Contents
S.NO.

PAPER TITLE

PG NO.

1. Smart Home Safety Arrangement

1 5

2. Asterisk text steganography tool A highly secure text steganography approach

69

3. SAW Sensor Array Data Fusion for Chemical Class Recognition of Volatile Organic

10 13

Compounds
4. A Conceptual Method for Searching A positive integer searching algorithm

14 15

5. A Novel DWT based Encrypted Watermarking

16 19

6. Survey on Semantic Caching and Query Processing in Databases.

20 24

7. A Regenerative Feedback Approach to Green Computing

25 28

8. Security Metric Framework for the Software Architecture and Design Level

29 40

An Empirical Evaluation
9. Naive Bayesian Classifier for Uncertain Data using Exponential Distribution

41 45

10. jMAD- A small Java Mobile Agent Development platform

46 50

11. Implementation of Hybrid Algorithm for Secured Multimedia Messaging Service

51 56

System Using Android

12. E-Commerce & Law Trends & Challenges

57 61

13. Signicance Research Review on Real Time Digital Video Watermarking System

62 67

for Video Authentication

14. Digital Watermarking And Modulation Techniques Used By CTS For Secure

68 71

Transmission of Bank Cheques Images.

15. TAMIL BRAILLE SYSTEM: A Conversion methodology of Tamil into Contracted Braille

72 76

Script (Grade2)
16. Region Specific Crop Yield Analysis A Data Mining Approach

77 80

17. Security Framework for eHealth Services: A Study

81 85

18. Face Detection based on Video

86 88

19. Background Estimation Using 3 Parameter Based Running Average Method

89 92

20. Image Retrieval Using Navigation Pattern for Relevance Feedback: A Survey

93 97

21. E-Learning Implementation: Benefits and Challenges in Developing Countries

98 102

22. Introspection of various K-Nearest Neighbor Techniques

103 106

UACEE International Journal of Advances in Computer Science and its Applications IJCSIA
Volume 3 : Issue 2
[ISSN 2250 3765]
Publication Date : 05 June 2013
23. Interactive animation for user verification with the help of audio-visual parameters

107 111

for enhanced Human Computer Interaction (HCI)

24. An effective stemmer in Devanagari script

112 115

25. DWT based Self-Embedding watermarking

116 119

26. Effect of music on autonomic nervous system through the study of symbolic

120 124

dynamics of heart rate variability signals

27. Software Security Testing Process

125 129

28. Comparison Of Various Software Quality Models

130 133

29. A Novel Method of HASBE with Improved Efficiency and Delegation Mechanism in

134 139

Cloud
30. E-Textiles Desinged for Biomedical Applications- A Survey

140 144

31. Image Steganography : Self Extraction Mechanism

145 148

32. Biometrics : Echelon of Secured Authentication

149 153

33. Cloud Query Language for Cloud Databases

154 158

34. Support vector machine scheduler for uncertain communication demand in

159 163

computational grid
35. Global Prospect of Distributed Agile Software Development: A Review

164 168

36. An Evolution of Static Priority Scheduling in Real Time System

169 174

37. Localization of Region-Based Active Contours

175 179

38. An Ecological Model of Genetic Algorithm for Interpretation of the Data

180 182

39. Fish Stock Prediction Using Data Mining and Image Processing Techniques

183 187

Based on Salinity, Temperature and Chlorophyll distribution

40. Use of mobile agent in E-commerce

188 191

41. A Multi-round Algorithm for Minimum Processor in Real-time Divisible Load

192 195

Scheduling
42. Using the Technology Enhanced Interaction Framework for Interaction Scenarios

196 201

involving Disabled People

43. Investigating the Asymmetric Effects of Website Quality on Customer Satisfaction

202 206

and Trust:An application of information system success model

44. Synote Mobile HTML5 Responsive Design Video Annotation Application

207 211

45. Exploring Indonesian Web Based Career Center Discrepancy of Web Popularity

212 216

and Type of Services

ii

UACEE International Journal of Advances in Computer Science and its Applications IJCSIA
Volume 3 : Issue 2
[ISSN 2250 3765]
Publication Date : 05 June 2013
46. Effect of Financial Information Transparency on Website Popularity Case of

217 221

Indonesian General Insurance Company

47. A Prototype driven approach for the migration of legacy systems to current

222 226

Eclipse technology
48. E-Portfolio in Indonesian Private University Differences in Blogging Behavior,

227 231

Productivity, and Popularity of Students Blog

49. Digital Divide between Indonesian Provincial Governance Based on Web Evaluation

232 236

50. Evaluating Open Content Policy in Indonesian HEIs Divide and Effect of Internet

237 241

Based Resources
51. Students Activities and Behaviors in Virtual Class Environment Lesson Learnt from

242 246

Indonesian Private University

52. Graph Embedding Framework on Relevance Feedback: A Survey

247 250

53. Petri Nets Approach in Optimizing Container Loading and Offloading Process in

251 254

Inter Terminal Transfer Operation: A Research Framework

54. Digital Divide in Indonesian Higher Education Evidence from Website Popularity

255 259

and Reputation
55. Opinion Mining Results in the Education Domain

260 264

56. Different Software Security Requirements in Engineering

265 268

57. Earthquake Prediction System Based on The Earths Electric Field Signal Prior to

269 272

The Earthquake: Location Determination

58. Performance Measurements Analysis of Dual Stack IPv4-IPv6

273 280

59. Extensible Database Communication Modification Framework

281 285

60. Quality of the Website at Private Banks and National Government Banks in Indonesia:

286 289

Review from the Perspective of the Customer

61. A Novel and Efficient Data Structure to Facilitate Dictionary Search using Wildcards

290 294

62. Constructing a Competence Structure in Recommending Study Materials Links

295 299

63. Evaluation on Financial Information Disclosure on The Web of Indonesian City

300 304

Government
64. A Critical Analysis of the Uses and Gratifications experienced by the Users of

305 307

Digital Doorways
65. Optimal Design of a Bengali Virtual Keyboard seeking improved user perception
for a better text entry rate (Human Computer Interaction)
iii

308 312

UACEE International Journal of Advances in Computer Science and its Applications IJCSIA
Volume 3 : Issue 2
[ISSN 2250 3765]
Publication Date : 05 June 2013
66. Eye Position Estimation using Distance between Eyes Calibration base on Iris Tracking

313 317

67. IMG2XMI : Enhancement of Environment-Independent Data Exchange

318 322

68. Software Changes: Related Software Artifacts and their relationships

323 327

iv

UACEE International Journal of Advances in Computer Science and its Applications IJCSIA
Volume 3 : Issue 2
[ISSN 2250 3765]
Publication Date : 05 June 2013

Digital Divide between Indonesian Provincial

Governance Based on Web Evaluation
Ivan Maurits

Dessy Wulandari Asfary Putri

Department of Computer Engineering

Gunadarma University
Depok, Indonesia
ivan_maurits@staff.gunadarma.ac.id

Department of Informatics Management

Gunadarma University
Depok, Indonesia
dessy_wap@staff.gunadarma.ac.id

Muhammad Achsan Isa Al Anshori

Abdus Syakur

Department of Informatics Management

Gunadarma University
Depok, Indonesia
achsan@staff.gunadarma.ac.id

Department of Informatics Engineeering

Gunadarma University
Depok, Indonesia
syakur@staff.gunadarma.ac.id

countries, especially Indonesia. The constraints encountered

can be in the forms computer networks and database
communications that have not been equally implemented by
all provinces in Indonesia. This condition will bring into
digital divide in the use of information and communication
technology by certain group of people in different areas.
Indonesian government must be able to find the solutions of
the problems, so that the e-government will be successfully
implemented.
The
success
of
the
e-government
implementation in Indonesia will result in the betterment of
public sector services.

AbstractAll provinces in Indonesia have implemented

websites as the information and communication media for public.
The number of provinces involved as the samples in this research
are 33 provinces. The URL name structure and minimal content
of the websites have been in accordance with rules and policies
stated by the government. The ideal numbers of features are 18
for each websites. However, based on the observation toward the
ideal number of the features, it is found that most of the websites
have not fulfilled the amount yet. Province websites are rarely
accessed by visitors. They prefer visiting the websites of
companies or education institutions. The popularity of the
websites is measured based on Alexa Global Traffic Rank, the
number of referring domain, and external back link. The
research also reveals that there is a digital divide between
provinces in Java island and other islands based on the
discriminant analysis using four independent variables, namely
feature index, total backlink, global traffic rank, and total
webpage.

One of the media that can be used to improve the public

service quality is websites. This can be used by the local
government as the information and communication media as
well as transactions between government and public. The
digital government is a global phenomenon and public
servants around the world are adopting novel ways to leverage
IT to better serve their constituents [2]. There remains
significant variation in the extent to which county
governments delivers Internet-based services and information
to their citizens [3].

Keywordsgeographical, indonesian, provincial, digital

I.

Introduction

The total land area of Indonesia is 1.904.556 km2. It

consists of 17504 islands and 9634 of them have not got the
names yet. Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in
the world with a population of 238,452,952. These
demographical and geographical data denote potentials as well
as challenges in the globalization and information era. This is
due to the fact that information technology can be used as a
means to integrate the spreading islands. However, such kind
of technology has not been optimized by the Indonesian
government yet. Provincial governments, districts, and cities
located outside the island of Java relatively have less
information as well as services on their websites [1].

Indonesia is the worlds largest archipelago with more than

17.000 islands that consists of 33 provinces, 399 districts, and
98 municipalities. Having areas that are located separately and
various societies, Indonesia is able to utilize ICT as the
alternatives to integrate all administrative areas. Using of
ICTs, and particularly the Internet, as a tool to achieve better
government [4].
Indonesia is still left behind in the development of egovernment comparing to other countries. Since 2003 some egovernment policies has been issued by the government but in
facts year by year, the global rank of e-government readiness
as well as regional rank of Indonesia still in low rank [5].
Website of local government in Indonesia has not provided

The development of e-government must be in accordance

with the readiness and constraints of under-developing
232

UACEE International Journal of Advances in Computer Science and its Applications IJCSIA
Volume 3 : Issue 2
[ISSN 2250 3765]
Publication Date : 05 June 2013
good service for the four types of services: the FAQ,
electronic procurement, site map, and geographical
information [1]. The digital divide between Java and outside
Java is still significant relative to the information richness and
popularity of the web [6].
II.

coordination,
poor
trust/satisfaction [13].

standardization,

and

lack

of

Anything available on an e-government site can be taken

down or altered with little evidence that corrections were
made, there may be a reduced effort to perform duties
correctly [14]. There are a number of factors that may help to
explain the variation of county government websites. This
investigation considered two of those factors, income and
population, and found that a significant correlation exists
between each of these factors and e-government involvement
[3]. E-governance is more than just a government website on
the Internet [8]. Adoption of e-government portals was highly
associated with certain social and economic factors [15].
Government portal websites are the core components of eGovernment because it is a platform integrating different
government resources [16].

Theoretical Background

Over the past ten years the dramatic advances made in

information and communications technology (ICT) have
transformed much of the world into a digitally interconnected
community that is increasingly functioning on a 365/24/7
basis [7]. But, It is not difficult for people in developed
countries to imagine a situation in which all interaction with
government can be done through one counter 24 hours a day, 7
days a week, without waiting in lines. However to achieve this
same level of efficiency and flexibility for developing
countries is going to be difficult [8]. According to Henry,
although the link between technology, growth and poverty
reduction is not as empirically solid as one might expect, the
fact remains that technologically advanced countries have
higher incomes [26].

Website popularity does not depend on information richness

and number of web features. The amount of information and
the number of service features have not been able to increase
the popularity of the provinces website in Indonesia[6]. There
were no significant improvements on information richness and
website features in Indonesia local government website. This
indicates that the most websites of local governments in
Indonesia have not been fully utilized for public services [1].
The citizens higher perception of usefulness, ease of use,
quality and trust of e-Government services directly enhanced
the level of adoption of e-Government [17].

The e-Gov field (also called Electronic Government, Digital

Government, Electronic Governance, and similar names)
emerged in the late 1990s [9]. According to Worldbank
definition, E-Government refers to the use by government
agencies of information technologies (such as Wide Area
Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing) that have the
ability to transform relations with citizens, businesses, and
other arms of government. ICTswith the exception of the
institutional efficiency and sustainability factorhave a
positive relationship with governance indicators. ICTs
therefore, have the potential to promote good governance [10].
The Stages of E-Government are (1) Emerging: an official
government online presence is established; (2) Enhanced:
Government sites increase; information becomes more
dynamic; (3) Interactive: Users can download forms, e-mail
officials and interact through the web; (4) Transactional: Users
can actually pay for services and other transactions online; and
(5) Seamless: Full integration of e-services across
administrative boundaries [7].

The assessment toward the utilization of websites covers all

aspects and attributes that might result in different judgments
amongst experts and researchers. However, the different point
of view is still focused on the different categories of the
attributes and parameters used. One of the aspects used to
assess the website usability is how the content of the websites
provides valuable information to the users [18]. Criteria or
attributes to assess websites managed by the government in 6
categories, namely (1) Security and Privacy; (2) Usability; (3)
Content; (4) Services; (5) Citizen Participation; and (6)
Features [19].
III.

The internet provides a powerful tool for reinventing local

government [11]. It encourages transformation from the
traditional bureaucratic paradigm, which emphasizes
standardization, departmentalization, and operational costefficiency, to the e-government paradigm, which
emphasizes coordinated network building, external
collaboration, and costumer services. Websites become an
important tool that the government used to market their
institution to prospective customers and, to provide
government information and services available on-line [12].
Virtually all government services can be classified under one
of three fundamental categories: informational, interactive and
transactional [7]. There are some impediments to the
improvement of the usability of government websites, such as
lack of testing and monitoring, lack of involvement of endusers, lack of a clear framework of collaboration and

Methodology

The procedures and models used in this research referred to

the research done by [6] and [1] that employed webmetrics
and website evaluation approach toward 33 province websites
in Indonesia. Two other variables are employed in this
research namely total backlink and referring domain. The
province websites used as samples are 7 in which located in
Java and Bali. They are assumed as the provinces that have
higher economic conditions and advancement in technology
than the 26 other provinces.
The website features were evaluated by 4 researchers using
standard worksheet containing ideal features from the
government websites that referred to the reasearch done by
Silfianti and Suhatril [6]. The number of features observed
were 19 features. One feature was added in this research
233

UACEE International Journal of Advances in Computer Science and its Applications IJCSIA
Volume 3 : Issue 2
[ISSN 2250 3765]
Publication Date : 05 June 2013
namely the availability of GIS-based map. The richness of
information was measured based on the number of webpages
indexed in google search engine with syntax: site:url
address. The range of the richness was measured in 0 which
means no feature and 1 which means there is a feature in the
website. At first, the total scores were counted for each
website, then the feature index was obtained by dividing score
total in each website province with the highest score of the
province website.

TABLE I
N

A.

Descriptive Statistics
Max.

Mean

12446673 1600597.24

Std. Deviation

Global Rank

33

79416

Total
Backlink

33

1340

37598

19389.91

2319450.709
6626.517

webpage

33

1270

7240000

562256.06

1662616.775

Feature Index

33

.0000

.8421

.618820

.1969427

The table above shows that provincial websites are not

popular, incomplete features, inadequate information. The
scores or information usability is not discussed in this
research. The traffic does not depend on information richness
and number of web features. There were differences in
information richness and real traffic rank among the provinces
outside Java with Java [6].
From 19 features that are observed, the highest three
features are news, local government features, and link to other
sites. The lowest features are FAQ and GIS. In overall, the
websites features have not directed to the transactions and
have not involved public participations. Most activities done
by people in the websites include-either searching for relevant
information or doing online transaction- online registration,
online request, access to the database, downloading, proposing
complaint, and others [20].

The measurement was done in the same time to avoid the

fluctuation of the query result in the search engine. The data
were retrieved in the end of December 2012. The data
collected were the number of webpages, alexa traffic, and the
evaluation toward website features. The popularity of the
websites is measured using Alexa Traffic Rank. Other
variables are total backlink that measured using ahrefs.com.
Web metric differences between Java and outside-Java tested
by independent sample t test. Discriminant analysis used for
classification predictiton based on feature index, webpage
number, global traffic rank, and total backlink.
IV.

Min.

Result and Discussion

Variability of Web Feature

All provinces in Indonesia have implemented websites

with the URL names which refer to the government
regulations. The name of the URL must include the
abbreviation of the province and combined with prov such
as www.jabarprov.go.id. That regulation is not applied equally
for Jakarta as the capital city of Indonesia. The URL name of
Jakarta Special Province is www.jakarta.go.id. The way of
naming URL is regulated in the Decree of Minister of
Communication
and
Informatics,
number:
28/PER/M.KOMINFO/9/2006 about the use of domain name
go.id for official websites of central and local governments.

The number of features found in the websites has not

reflected a guarantee that the websites are popular or
frequently visited by public. One of the parameters to measure
the popularity is the total backlink or global traffic rank using
Majesticseo.com or alexa.com. The number of the contents
that are measured based on webpage using google.com is not a
guarantee that the number of the visits in the province
websites will increase. This condition is described in the
following figure.

The ministry of Informatics and Communication has

determined specific criteria to evaluate the websites content of
local government. One of the guidelines to evaluate is Buku
Panduan Pembangunan Situs Web Pemerintah Daerah Peserta
USDRP (Urban Sector Development Reform Project).
Referring to this book, every website must have overview,
organizational structure, geography, local map and
resources, rules and policy of local government, and
news. Beside those six minimal features, a website of local
government must be able to interact with public through
discussion forum and guests.
The observation toward local government website in this
research covers web features, the number of webpage, and the
popularity which are measured using alexa global rank and
total backlink retrieved from SEO. The description of scores
of each variable can be seen in the following table.

Figure 1. Global traffic rank and number of webpage

The above graphic shows that there is pattern that shows

the correlation between the completeness of the features and
the web popularity. The visit to the web is not caused by the
completeness of the web, or in other words the popularity of
the web is not caused by the completeness of the web. It is
assumed that there are other factors, such as the usefulness of
the information provided, and search engine friendliness. The
234

UACEE International Journal of Advances in Computer Science and its Applications IJCSIA
Volume 3 : Issue 2
[ISSN 2250 3765]
Publication Date : 05 June 2013
latter will make the information provided by the website is
easy to be found using search engine by typing relevant
keywords. However, based on the global rank or total backlink
of the local government websites, it can be identified that in
general the local government websites are rarely visited or not
popular. This condition shows that the local government
websites usability is still low. This result is in line with the
research done by Harfoushi [13] who stated that government
websites generally do not have a high level of usability, and
that there is a lack of understanding of the needs and
requirements of the end-users.
B.

Global Rank which is different significantly. This regards that

the variances that different: equal variances are assumed for
size and equal variance is not assumed. The next analysis is to
predict the divide between local government in Java and
outside of Java based on discriminant analysis. To prove the
digital divide, 4 parameters are employed. They are webpage
(size), alexa global rank, total backlink, and feature index. The
levels of predictions using discriminant analysis can be seen in
the following table.
Classification results of discriminat analysisa

TABLE II

Geographical Digital Divide

Predicted Group
Membership

The dichotomy between provinces located in Java and out

of Java has become sensitive issue for the politicians. The
polemic is usually directed to the economic divide between the
two areas. Java islands are regarded as the central economy
and modernizations. However, they have relatively lower
economic condition the islands out of Java, although they have
wider areas and abandon natural resources. The government
has tried to decrease the divide and renew the
telecommunication infrastructures so that this can cover
thousands islands along the archipelago. For e-government to
be effective within a nation, the necessary technological
infrastructure must be present and provide service to all
citizens [14].
Regardless of the perception of the dichotomy Java and
outside of Java in politics or economy, this research is focused
on the possible digital divide based on the evaluations toward
provincial websites. In general the provincial websites in Java
have more contents, traffic, and the higher completeness of the
features than the websites of provinces out of Java. The
difference on the total webpage and global traffic rank can be
seen in the following figure.

Region
Original

Count

Total

26

27

50.0

50.0

100.0

3.7

96.3

100.0

a. 87.9% of original grouped cases correctly classified.

The result shows that the four variables are regarded as the
predictors toward the locations of the local government,
namely Java and outside of Java. The level of prediction is
quite high, that is 87.9%. This means that digital divide is very
high. The discriminating power can be put in order as the
following: webpage number, global rank, backlink, and feature
index. This result is line with Hermana and Silfianti who
stated that there are digital divide between Java and outside
Java for a webpage, inbound links and traffic [25].
The digital divide found in this research hopefully will be
taken into considerations by the government so that such
phenomenon can be decreased or eliminated. Indonesia needs
strategic and integrative policies to improve their egovernment system. The government should comprehend that
digital divide is not just about the inequality between those
who have access and those who do not, and therefore,
providing access is not the only policy needed to close the
digital divide [21]. The latest development shows that the
Indonesians are now quite literate to the internet. This
condition is supported by the availability of the
telecommunication infrastructures which gets better. In such
conditions, the technical skills of the website administrator
must be improved.
E-Government adoption is a function of financial, technical,
and human resources. Two factors that may result in the
digital divide are human resource competence and
infrastructures of telecommunications, particularly the internet
accessibality to public [22]. This is in line with the statement
that the success of e-initiatives depends largely on human
skills and capabilities [23]. Related with internet access,
egovernment will only be successful when access to the
Internet is widespread and available to every citizen [24]. The
challenge faced by the government is the width of Indonesia
and the number populations with different levels of

Figure 3. Differences of webpage and global traffic rank between regions

Global traffic rank and total webpage can be easily

identified as the predictors rather than two other variables
called feature index and external backlink. The difference of
the website evaluations between provinces in java and outside
of Java is analyzed using t test.
The result of independent sample t test shows that
statistically only the number of webpage (size) and Alexa
235

UACEE International Journal of Advances in Computer Science and its Applications IJCSIA
Volume 3 : Issue 2
[ISSN 2250 3765]
Publication Date : 05 June 2013
[9]

educations. This will be a further homework for the

Indonesian government.
V.

Conclusion

[10]

The popularity and content number of the provincial

websites in Indonesia are still low based on global traffic rank,
total webpage, and total backlink. From content point of view,
the websites features have not been optimal, although they
have fulfilled the minimum criteria determined by the
government. Technically, the transaction stage in the context
of e-government development has not been fully achieved.
The interaction and two-way communication between
government and public were also rarely implemented in the
provincial websites.

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

Provincial websites in Java island show higher webpages,

traffic, feature, and total backlink than those in other islands.
The digital divide needs government attention particularly the
the human resource competence of the local province, the
distribution of telecommunication infrastructures and internet
accessibility enabling to cover all areas within Indonesia. The
enrichment of the features must take into account by the
website managers so that the transactions and website usability
of the provincial websites can be improved in the future.

[15]

[16]
[17]
[18]

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