ADD MATHS STUDY NOTES

FUNCTIONS
In the relation between one set and another, the first set is known
as the domain and the second set is known as the codomain.
Elements in the domain are called objects, whereas elements in
the codomain mapped to the objects is called the image.
Elements in the codomain not mapped to the objects are not the
image.
All images in codomain can be written as a set known as range.

A function is a relation in which every element in the domain has

a unique image (exactly one) in the codomain.
One-to-one relation and many to-one relation are examples of a
special kind of relation which we call function.

s shown in figure above, for a function f:XY, each element x in

the domain X has a unique image y in the codomain Y.

The function can be written as:

y=f(x) or f:x f(x)
y=f(x) or f:x f(x)
For y=f(x), we say y is a function of x.
f(x) is also called the value of the function f at x.

Return

Comparison Method

Substitution method

To Find the inverse function,f1(x) of f(x)

Put the function equal to y.
Rearrange to give x in term of y.
Rewrite as f1(x) replacing y by x

*In practice, the method of cross-multiplying means that we

multiply the numerator of each (or one) side by the denominator
of the other side, effectively crossing the terms over.

Inverse function

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

A quadratic equation is a polynomial equation of the second

degree.
A quadratic equation has only one variable
The highest power of the variable is 2.
General form of a quadratic equation is
ax2 + bx + c = 0
where a, b, and c are constants and a 0.
Roots of a quadratic equation are the values of
variables/unknowns that satisfy the equation.
Example:

Determine whether 1, 2, and 3 are the roots of the

quadratic equation x25x+6=0x25x+6=0.
Answer:
When x = 1,
x25x+6=0(1)25(1)+6=02=0
x25x+6=0(1)25(1)+6=02=0

x = 1 does not satisfy the equation

When x = 2,
X25x+6=0(2)25(2)+6=00=0
X25x+6=0(2)25(2)+6=0=0

x = 2 satisfies the equation.

When x = 3
x25x+6=0(3)25(3)+6=00=0
x25x+6=0(3)25(3)+6=00=0

x = 3 satisfies the equation.

Conclusion:

2 and 3 satisfy the equation x25x+6=0x25x+6=0,

hence there are the roots of the equation.
1 does not satisfy the equation x25x+6=0x25x+6=0,
hence it is NOT the root of the equation.

A quadratic equation may be solve by using one of the following

method
Factorisation
Completing the square
Using quadratic formula

2.2a Solving Quadratic Equations Factorisation

1. If a quadratic equation can be factorised into a product of two
factors such that

(x p)(x q) = 0

Hence
x p = 0 or x q = 0
x = p or

x=q

p and q are the roots of the equation.

Notes
1.The equation must be written in general form ax 2 + bx + c = 0
before factorisation.
2. This method can only be used if the quadratic expression can
be factorised completely.
How to factor any quadratic:
1) If there is a common factor among ALL terms, factor it out
first.
2) If a=1 (i.e. you have y=x2 + bx + c) Use Product Sum
3) If a is not equal to 1 ie you have y=ax2 + bx + c) use
decomposition

Is there a common factor among all termsYesfactor it out

firstno
Is the value of a 1yesuse product/sum..no
Use decomposition
Completing the Square
X2 10x 18 = 0
Remove the c first
Add 18 to both sides.
X2 10x = 18
A=1
B = 10
C = 18
Take b and half it. Then square it.

(b/2)2
Hence add 25 to both sides.
X2 10x + 25 = 18 + 25
X2 10x + 25 = 43
(x + b/2)2 = 43
(x 5)2 = 43
x 5 = 43
x= 5 43
The quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c= ax2+ bx + c = 0 can be
solved by using the quadratic formula

b b24 ac
2a

Forming Quadratic Equations from Given Roots

Let and be the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, this means

x=
or
x=
x=0
or
x=0
(x ) (x ) = 0
So, x2 ( + ) x + = 0
Conclusion:
x2 (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0

[Clue: 2+2=(+)22]

Forming New Quadratic Equation Given A Quadratic Equation

The Discriminant
The expression b24ac in the general formula is called the discriminant of the equation, as it
determines the type of roots that the equation has.

QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
General form of a quadratic function is

f(x)=ax2+bx+cf(x)=ax2+bx+c
where a, b, and c are constants and a 0, and x as a variable.

The Graph of Quadratic Function

1.

The graph of quadratic function is parabola.

2.

When the coefficient of x2 is positive the graph is a parabola with shape.

3.

When the coefficient of x2 is negative the graph is a parabola with U shape.

Axis of Symmetry
The axis of symmetry is a vertical line passing through the maximum or minimum point
of the parabola.

Maximum and Minimum Point

A quadratic functions f(x)=ax2+bx+c
can be expressed in the form f(x)=a(x+p)2+q by the method of completing the square.
The minimum/maximum point can be determined from the equation in this form (f(x)=a(x+p)2+q

Minimum Point
The quadratic function f(x) has a minimum value if a is positive.
The quadratic function f(x) has a minimum value when (x + p) = 0
The minimum value is equal to q.
Hence the minimum point is (-p,q)

Maximum Point
The quadratic function f(x) has a maximum value if a is negative.
The quadratic function f(x) has a maximum value when (x + p) = 0
The maximum value is equal to q.
Hence the maximum point is (-p,q)

Graphing Quadratic Function

If you are asked to sketch the graph of a quadratic function, you need to show
a. the shape of the graph
b. the maximum/minimum point of the graph
c. the x-intercept of the graph
d. the y-intercept of the graph
Example
Sketch the curve of the quadratic function

f(x)=x2x12f(x)=x2x12

Example 1
Express y=5+4xx2y=5+4xx2 in the form y=a(x+b)2y=a(x+b)2 , where a, b, and c are
constants. Hence state the maximum value of y and the value of x at which it occurs. Sketch the
curve y=5+4xx2y=5+4xx2 .

Quadratic Inequalities
Linear Inequality
https://youtu.be/u85dFT_5H-c

Graph Method
https://youtu.be/TFxnznhE51Y

Nature of the Roots (Combination of Straight Line and the Curve)

When you have a straight line and a curve, you can solve the equation of the straight line and the curve
simultaneously and form a quadratic equation,

ax2 + bx + c = 0. The discriminant,b24ac gives

information about the number of points of intersection.

4.1 Simultaneous Equations

(A) Steps in solving simultaneous equations:
1.

For the linear equation, arrange so that one of the unknown becomes the subject of the equation.

2.

Substitute the linear equation into the non-linear equation.

3.

Simplify and expressed the equation in the general form of quadratic

equation ax2+bx+c=0ax2+bx+c=0

4.

Solve the quadratic equation.

5.

Find the value of the second unknown by substituting the value obtained into the linear equation.

INDICIES AND LOGARITHIMS

Positive Integral Indices
When a real number a is multiplied by itself n times, the result is the nth power of a.
Example: 5555 = 54 (5 to the power of 4)
In general, if a is any real number and n is a positive integer, then

The integer n is called the index or exponent and a is the base.

5.1 Indices and Laws of Indices (Part 1)

(A) Zero Indices
The zero index of any number is equal to zero.
a 0 = 1, where a 0

Example 1:
Find the value of the followings:
(a) 2500
(b) 0.5130
(c) (27)0(d) (11125)0(c) (27)0(d) (11125)0

Solution:
(a) 2500 = 1
(b) 0.5130 = 1
(c) (27)0=1(d) (11125)0=1(c) (27)0=1
(d) (11125)0=1

B) Negative Integral Indices

an is a reprocal of an.

an=1/an

5.1 Indices and Laws of Indices (Part 2)

(C) Fractional Indices

1/n

is a nth root of a.

1/n

= a

am/n is a nth root of am.

n

am/n=am am

(D) Laws of Indices

+n

aman=am

aman=am

or am/an =am n ,a0

(ab)n=anbn
3

Example: (15) =(53) =2 3

b0

(a/b)n= an/bn
4

Example: (3/5) =3 /5 =81/625

N=ax logaN=x
logaN=x

is called the logarithmic form and N=ax is the index or exponential form.

Note:
1.

The logarithm of a negative number is not defined.

2.

log in the calculator denotes log10log10 or common logarithm.

3.

log10log10 may be written as lg.

4.

If the base is other than 10, the base should be specified, e.g.

log381

logab=logcb/logca
and

logab=1/logba

COORDINATE GEOMETRY
6.1 Distance between Two Points

A(x1, y1) and C(x2, y2) are two points on a coordinate plane as shown below. BC is parallel to
the x-axis and AB is parallel to the y-axis. Hence ABC = 90.

Distance between Point A and C =

Example:
Find the distance between the points P (2, 2) and Q (4, 5).
Solution:
Let P (2, 2) = (x1, y1 ) and Q (4, 5) = (x2, y2 ).

6.2 Division of a Line Segment

(A) Midpoints of a Line Segment

Formula for the midpoint, M of A(xl, y1) and B(x2, y2) is

Example 1:

Given B (m 4, 3) is the midpoint of the straight line joining A (1,n)

and C (5, 8). Find the values of m and n.

Solution:

B is the midpoint of AC(m4, 3)=(1+52, n+82)(m4, 3)=(2,

n+82)m4=2

and

n+82=3m=6

and

n+8=6

n=2B is the midpoint of AC(m4, 3)=(1+52, n+82)

(m4, 3)=(2, n+82)m4=2

and

n+82=3m=6

and

n+8=6

n=2

(B)

Point

Ratio m

that

Internally

Divides

Line

Segment in

Formula for the point P that lies on AB such that AP : PB = m : n is

the
n

Example 2:

The coordinate of R (2, 1) divide internally the line of AB with the ratio 3 :
2. If coordinate of A is (1, 2), find the coordinate of B.

Solution:

Let point B=(p, q)(2(1)+3p3+2, 2(2)+3q3+2)=(2,1)(2+3p5, 4+

3q5)=(2,1)Equating

the x-coordinates,

2+3p5=22+3p=103p=12p=4Equating

the y-

coordinates,4+3q5=14+3q=53q=9q=3 The coordinates of poi

nt B=(4,3).

6.3 Areas of Polygons

(A) Area of Triangle

Area of Triangle

1. When the given points are taken in an anticlockwise direction the result ispositive;
taken in a clockwise direction the result is negative. The answer for the area must be
given as a positive value.
Example 1:
Calculate the area of ABC with the vertices A (-5, 5), B (-2, -4),
C (4, -1).

Solution:

Area of ABC=125 2
(4)+(2)(1)+(4)(5)

4 5

4 1 5 5=12|(5)

(5)(2)(4)(4)(1)(5)|=12|

20+2+20+10+165|=12|63|=3112 unit2

6.4 Axes Intercepts and Gradient

(A) Formula for gradient:
1. Gradient

2. Gradient

of

of

the

the

line

line

with

joining (x1, yl) and (x2, y2)

is:

knowing xintercept and yintercept

is:

3. The gradient of the straight line joining P and Q is equal to the

tangent of angle , where is the angle made by the straight line
PQ and

the

positive

direction

of

the x-axis.

(B)

Collinear

points

The gradient of a straight line is always constant i.e. the gradient of AB is equal to
the gradient of BC.

Example 1:
The gradient of the line passing through point (k, 1 k) and point

(3k,

3)

is

5. Find

the

value

of k.

Solution:

Gradient, m=y2y1x2x13(1k)
3kk=531+k4k=54+k=20k21k=4k=421Gradient, m=y2y1x2x13

(1k)3kk=531+k4k=54+k=20k21k=4k=421

Example 2:
Based on the diagram below, find the gradient of the line.

Solution:

Gradient, m=(y interceptx intercept)=(510)=12Gradient, m=

(y interceptx intercept)=(510)=12
6.4 Equation of Straight Lines
Case 1
1. The gradient and coordinates of a point are given.
2. The equation of a straight line with gradient m passes through the
point (x1,

Example 1:

y1) is:

A straight line with gradient 3 passes through the point (1, 5). Find the
equation of this line.
Solution:
y y1 = m (x x1)
y 5 = 3 (x (1))
y 5 = 3x 3
y = 3x + 2
Case 2
1. The coordinates of two points are given.
2.

The

equation

of

straight

line

joining

the

points (x1, y1)

and (x2, y2) is:

Example 2:
Find the equation of the straight line joining the points (2, 4) and
(5, 6).
Solution:
yy1xx1=y2y1x2x1Let

(x1,y1)=(2, 4) and (x2,y2) = (5, 6)y4x2=6452y

4x2=233y12=2x43y=2x+8

Case 3
1. The equation of a straight line with xintercept a and
yintercept b is:

Example 3:
Find the equation of the straight line joining the points (5, 0) and
(0, 6).
Solution:
xintercept, a = 5, yintercept, b = 6
Equation of the straight line
xa+yb=1x5+y(6)=1x5y6=1xa+yb=1x5+y(6)=1x5y6=1

The equation of a straight line can be expressed in three forms:

(a)

(b)

(c)

6.5 Parallel Lines and Perpendicular Lines

(A) Parallel Lines
1. If two straight lines are parallel, they have same gradient.

In the above diagram, if straight line L1 is parallel to straight line L2, gradient
of L1 = gradient of L2

m1=m2m1=m2
Example 1:

Given that the equation of a straight line parallel to x + 8y = 40 and passes

through the point A (2, 3k) and B (-6, 4k2), find the values of k.
Solution:

x+8y=408y=x+40y=18x+5gradient m1=18Given a straight line

passes through point A and point B is parallel to x+8y=40,m1=m2
18=4k23k628=32k224k1=4k23k4k23k1=0(4k+1)

(k1)=04k+1=0 or k1=0k=14

or

k=1x+8y=408y=x+40y=

18x+5gradient m1=18Given a straight line passes through point A and p

oint B is parallel to x+8y=40,m1=m218=4k23k628=32k224k1=4k2
3k4k23k1=0(4k+1)(k1)=04k+1=0 or k1=0k=14

or

k=1

(B) Perpendicular Lines

1. If two lines are perpendicular to each other, the product of their
gradients is 1.

In the above diagram, if straight line L1 is perpendicular to straight line L2,

gradient of L1 gradient of L2 = 1

m1m2=1m1m2=1
Example 2:

Given that points P (2, 4), Q (4, 2), R (1, 3) and S (2, 6), show that PQ
is perpendicular to RS.
Solution:

mPQ=244(2)=13mRS=6(3)2(1)=3(mPQ)(mRS)=(13)
(3)=1mPQ=244(2)=13mRS=6(3)2(1)=3(mPQ)(mRS)=(13)
(3)=1

Hence, PQ is perpendicular to RS.

6.6 Equation of a Locus

1. The equation of the locus of a moving point P (x, y) which is
always at a constant distance (r) from a fixed point (x1, y1) is:

2. The equation of the locus of a moving point P (x, y) which is

always at a constant distance from two fixed points (x1, y1) and
(x1, y1) with a ratio is:

3. The equation of the locus of a moving point P (x, y) which is

always equidistant from two fixed points A and B is the
perpendicular bisector of the straight line AB.

CIRLCE GEOMETRY
8.1 Radians
(A) Terminology:

(B) Convert degrees to radians:

(C) Convert radians to degrees:

(A) Formulae for Length and Area of a Circle

r = radius

A = area

s = arc length

= angle

l = length of chord

(A) Area of a Sector of a Circle

1. If a circle divided into two sectors of different sizes, the smaller sector
is known as the minor sector while the larger sector is known as the major
sector.

2. If AOB is the area of a sector of a circle, of radius r, that subtends an

angle radians, at the centre O, then

DIFFERENTIATION
9.2 First Derivative for Polynomial Function

(A) Differentiating a Constant

(B) Differentiating Variable with Index n

(C) Differentiating a Linear Function

(D) Differentiating a Polynomial Function

(E) Differentiating Fractional Function

(F) Differentiating Square Root Function

9.3 Find the Derivatives of a Product using Product Rule

(A) The Product Rule
Method 1
If u(x) and v(x) are two functions of x and y = uv then

Example:

9.3 Find the Derivatives of a Product using Product Rule

(A) The Product Rule
Method 1
If u(x) and v(x) are two functions of x and y = uv then

Example:

Method 2 (Differentiate Directly)

Example:

Given that y=(2x+3)(3x32x2x), find dydxGiven that y=(2x+3)

(3x32x2x), find dydx

Solution:

y=(2x+3)(3x32x2x)dydx=(2x+3)(9x24x1)+(3x32x2x)
(2)dydx=(2x+3)(9x24x1)+(6x34x22x)

9.4 Find the Derivatives of a Quotient using Quotient Rule

Method 1

The Quotient Rule

Example:

Method 2 (Differentiate Directly)

Example:

Given that y=x22x+1, find dydxGiven that y=x22x+1, find dydx

Solution:

y=x22x+1dydx=(2x+1)(2x)x2(2)(2x+1)2
=4x2+2x2x2(2x+1)2=2x2+2x(2x+1)2y=x22x+1dydx=(2x+1)(2x)x2(2)(2x+1)2
=4x2+2x2x2(2x+1)2=2x2+2x(2x+1)2

Practice 1:

Given that y=4x3(5x+1)3, find dydxGiven that y=4x3(5x+1)3, find dydx

Solution:

y=4x3(5x+1)3dydx=(5x+1)3(12x2)4x3.3(5x+1)2.5[(5x+1)3]2
1)2(5x+1)6

=(12x2)(5x+1)2[(5x+1)5x](5x+1)6

=(5x+1)3(12x2)60x3(5x+

=(12x2)(5x+1)2(1)(5x+1)6

=12x2(5x+1)4y=4x3(5x+1)3dydx=(5x+1)3(12x2)4x3.3(5x+1)2.5[(5x+1)3]2
=(5x+1)3(12x2)60x3(5x+1)2(5x+1)6
(5x+1)6

=(12x2)(5x+1)2[(5x+1)5x]

=(12x2)(5x+1)2(1)(5x+1)6

=12x2(5x+1)4

(A) Differentiate Composite Function using Chain Rule

Example:
Differentiate y = (x2 1)8 .
Solution:

(B) Differentiate Composite Function using Alternative Method

- Easy Version
Example:

Differentiate y = (x2 1)8 .

Solution:

9.6 Gradients of Tangents, Equations of Tangents and Normals

If A(x1, y1) is a point on a line y = f(x), the gradient of the line (for a straight
line) or the gradient of the tangent of the line (for a curve) is the value of
dydxdydx when x = x1.
(A) Gradient of tangent at A(x1, y1):

(B) Equation of tangent:

(C) Gradient of normal at A(x1, y1):

(D) Equation of normal :

Example 1 (Find the Equation of Tangent)

Given that

y=4(3x1)2y=4(3x1)2 . Find the equation of the tangent at the

point (1, 1).

Solution:

y=4(3x1)2=4(3x1)2dydx=2.4(3x1)3.3dydx=24(3x1)3At point (1,

1), dydx=24[3(1)1]3=248=3Equation of tangent at point (1, 1) is,y1
=3(x1)y1=3x+3y=3x+4y=4(3x1)2=4(3x1)2dydx=2.4(3
x1)3.3dydx=24(3x1)3At point (1, 1), dydx=24[3(1)1]3=248=3E
quation of tangent at point (1, 1) is,y1=3(x1)y1=3x+3y=3x+4

Example 2 (Find the Equation of Normal)

Find the gradient of the curve

y=73x+4y=73x+4 at the point (-1, 7). Hence,

find the equation of the normal to the curve at this point.

Solution:

y=73x+4=7(3x+4)1dydx=7(3x+4)2.3dydx=21(3x+4)2At point (1, 7)

, dydx=21[3(1)+4]2=21Gradient of the normal =121Equation of the no
rmal isyy1=m(xx1)y7=121(x
(1))21y147=x+121yx148=0

(A) Second-Order Differentiation

1. When a function y = x3 + x2 3x + 6 is differentiated with respect
to x, the derivative dydx=3x2+2x3dydx=3x2+2x3
2. The second function dydxdydx can be differentiated again with respect
to x. This is called the second derivative of y with respect to x
and can be written as d2ydx2d2ydx2 .

3. Take note that d2ydx2(dydx)2d2ydx2(dydx)2 .

For example,
If y = 4x3 7x2 + 5x 1,
The first derivative

dydx=12x214x+5dydx=12x214x+5

The second derivative

d2ydx2=24x14d2ydx2=24x14

(B) Turning Points, Maximum and Minimum Points

(a) At Turning Points A and B,

(b) At Maximum Point A,

(c) At Minimum Point B,

Example 1 (Maximum Value of Quadratic Function)

Given that y = 3x (4 x), calculate
(a) the value of x when y is a maximum,
(b) the maximum value of y.
Solution:
(a)

y=3x(4x)y=12x3x2dydx=126xWhen y is maximum, dydx=00=12

6xx=2y=3x(4x)y=12x3x2dydx=126xWhen y is maximum, dydx=00
=126xx=2
(b)

y=12x3x2When x=2,y=12(2)3(2)2y=12y=12x3x2When x=2,y=12(

2)3(2)2y=12

Example 2 (Determine the Turning Points and Second Derivative

Test)
Find the coordinates of the turning points on the curve y = 2x3 + 3x2 12x +
7 and determine the nature of these turning points.
Solution:

y=2x3+3x212x+7dydx=6x2+6x12At turning point, dydx=0y=2x3+3

x212x+7dydx=6x2+6x12At turning point, dydx=0
6x2 + 6x 12 = 0
x2 + x 2 = 0
(x 1) (x + 2) = 0
x = 1 or x = 2
When x = 1
y = 2(1)3 + 3(1)2 12(11) + 7
y=0
(1, 0) is a turning point.
When x = 2
y = 2(2)3 + 3(2)2 12(2) + 7
y = 27
(2, 27) is a turning point.
d2ydx2=12x+6When

x=1,d2ydx2=12(1)+6=18>0 (positive)d2ydx2=12x+

6When x=1,d2ydx2=12(1)+6=18>0 (positive)

Hence, the turning point (1, 0) is a minimum point.

When x=2,d2ydx2=12(2)+6=18<0 (negative)When x=2,d2ydx2=

12(2)+6=18<0 (negative)
Hence, the turning point (2, 27) is a maximum point.
A) Related Rates of Change

1. If two variables x and y are connected by the equation y = f(x)

Notes:
If x changes at the rate of 5 cms -1 dxdt=5dxdt=5
Decreases/leaks/reduces NEGATIVES values!!!

Example 1 (Rate of change of y and x)

Two variables, x and y are related by the equation

y=4x+3xy=4x+3x .

Given that y increases at a constant rate of 2 units per second, find the rate
of change of x when x = 3.
Solution:

y=4x+3x=4x+3x1dydx=43x2=43x2dydt=dydxdxdt2=(43x2)dxdt
when x=32=(4332)dxdt2=113dxdtdxdt=611 unit s1y=4x+3x=4x+3x
1dydx=43x2=43x2dydt=dydxdxdt2=(43x2)dxdtwhen x=32=(4
332)dxdt2=113dxdtdxdt=611 unit s1

(B) Rates of Change of Volume, Area, Radius, Height and

Length

(C) Rate of Change of Any Combination of Two Variables

9.9 Small Changes and Approximations

If x is very small, yx will be a good approximation of dydx,If x is ve

ry small, yx will be a good approximation of dydx,

This is very useful information in determining an approximation of the

change in one variable given the small change in the second variable.

Example:
Given that y = 3x2 + 2x 4. Use differentiation to find the small change in y
when x increases from 2 to 2.02.
Solution:

y=3x2+2x4dydx=6x+2y=3x2+2x4dydx=6x+2
The small change in y is denoted by y while the small change in the second
quantity that can be seen in the question is the x and is denoted by x.

yxdydxy=dydxxy=(6x+2)(2.022)

x=new xoriginal xy=[6(2)+2]0.02

Substitute x with the original value of x, i.e. 2.y=0.28yxd

ydxy=dydxxy=(6x+2)(2.022)

x=new xoriginal xy=[6(2)+2]0.02

the original value of x, i.e. 2.y=0.28

Substitute x with