ChecklistforExam3Biology2424HumanPhysiology

Usethislisttohelpyouprepareforexam3.Iwilluseseveralofthesequestionsexactlyasyouseethemhereontheexamforthe
criticalthinking/practicalapplicationsection.Otherswillbeembeddedinthemultiplechoicesectionoftheexam.Somematerialon
thislistmaynotbecoveredormaynotbelisteddependingonwherewegetinlecture.Thisisagoodstartingplacehowever.
Rememberthesewillbemultiplechoice.
1.Jillawakenssuddenlytothesoundofheralarmclock.RealizingsheislateforanappointmentwithherfriendJack,shejumpsto
herfeet,feelslightheaded,andfaintsbackonherbed.(a)Physiologically,whatprobablycausedthistohappen?(b)Whatisthename
giventothistransientchange?(c)Physiologically,whatwassupposedtohappenwhenshearosefromthebed?(d)Whydoesn'tthis
happenallthetime?
2.(a)DrawandlabelandECGandthen(b)correlatethewavesoftheECGwithwhatishappening(electrically)intheatriaandthe
ventricles.(c)Whyarethereonlythreeelectricaleventseventhoughthereshouldbefourcardiaccomponents?(d)Whatmechanical
eventsfolloweachelectricalevent?
3.Twodrugsusedtoreducecardiacoutputarecalciumchannelsblockersandbeta(receptor)blockers.(a)Describewhatcardiac
outputis(b)whatfactorscaneffectitand(c)howthesedrugsspecificallydecreasecardiacoutput.Finally(d)describewhat
conditionthesedrugsareusedtotreat.
4.(a)Explainphysiologicallyhowyouareabletoblowupaballoonusingyourknowledgeofrespiratoryphysiology.Besureto
describealltherespiratoryprocesses(inspiration/expiration),structures,andpressurechangesinvolved.Then(b)explainbriefly
howbreathingisregulatedandfinally(c)describewhyultimatelyyoubreathetomaintainhomeostasis.
5.(a)Describewhattherenninangiotensinaldosteronepathwayisand(b)howitworkstohelpregulatebloodpressure.
6.Manypeoplewithchronichypertension(>140/90)takeACE(angiotensinconvertingenzyme)inhibitorstolowertheirblood
pressure.(a)DescribewhattheACEenzymespecificallydoesand(b)whywouldblockingtheactivityofthisenzymeresultina
loweredbloodpressure(Hint:Increasedbloodvolumeresultsinanincreasedbloodpressure.(c)Theconcentrationofwhationis
importantinregulatingbloodvolume?
7.Baseduponwhatyouknowoftheionicbasistosinoatrialnodeautorythmicity(a)howdoesparasympatheticinput(i.e.ACH)slow
theheartrate?(b)howdoessympatheticinput(i.e.norepinephrine)causecardiacacceleration?
8.Twodrugsthatareusedtoreducechronichypertensionarealpha(adrenergicreceptor)blockersandbeta(adrenergicreceptor)
blockers.Knowingthebasicprinciplesbehindregulationofbloodpressure(ie.BP=COXTPR)(a),describethephysiologicalbasis
totheirutilizationinloweringbloodpressure.(HINT:Whattypesofadrenergicreceptorsarefound:ontheheart,onarterioles?)
9.OneofthedrugsusedinHuntsvilletokillconvictedfelonswhohavebeensentencedtodeathispotassiumchloride(KCl).Based
uponwhatyouknowabouttheionicoriginofautorythmicityinsinoatrialnodecells,(a)whydoesalargevolumeintravenous
injectionofpotassiumchloridestoptheheart?(b)WhatwouldTEA(tetraethylammonium=potassiumchannelblocker)dotothe
membranepotential(andhenceautorythmicity)ofsinoatrialnodecells?
10.Underincreasedmetabolicdemand,thetotaloxygenutilizationofyourbodymayincreaseby1012xyettheoutputofyourheart
increasesbyafactorofonly56x(ie.theoutputofyourheartcannotkeepupwiththetotaloxygendemand).Tosupplyoxygentothe
metabolicallyactivetissues,yourcirculatorysystempreferentiallysendsbloodtotheseareaswhilediminishingbloodflowto
unnecessaryareas.(a)Howisthisdone(ie.whatvariablesgoverningthebulkflowofafluidthroughatubechangeovertheshort
termtoallowyoutorerouteblood)and(b)whyisthisstrategysoeffectiveinalteringbulkflow?
11.AstabwoundvictimcomestotheERwhereyouworkasanurse.Younoticethata2lockbladeknifeisnicelylodgedin
betweenthe4and5thtrueribs.Thepatientisnotbleedingprofuselyandseemstobeokayotherthanlaboredbreathing.Immediately
youthinkpneumothorax.(a)Describewhatapneumothoraxisand(b)Whydoesisitcausesthelungstocollapse?Aftertheknifeis
removedyounoticethatuponinhalationtheairissuckedthroughtheholeinsteadofthroughthebronchialtreeasitshouldbe.(c)
Whyisthis?
12.(a)Whatarethethreeprocessesofthekidney?(b)Provideaphysiologicaldescription,andan(c)anatomicallocationforeach.

13.(a)Listthecomponentsofbloodandthe(b)functionsofeach.(c)Whatishematopoiesis?(d)Wherearebloodcells
manufactured?(e)WhatistheprimaryhormonestimulatesRBChematopoiesis?(f)Whereisthishormonemade?(f)Whatis
thrompoietin?(h)Whereisitmade?(i)Whatdocolonysimtulatingfactorsdo?(j)Wherearetheymade?
14.AsameansforcelebratingtheendoftheschoolyearagroupofintrepidASUstudentssetsouttobackpackacrossthe"Great
Divide"(withaltitudesinexcessofonemile)oftheRockyMountainsintheGilaNationalForestofSouthwetsernNewMexico.They
arriveatthetrailheadbrightandearlyafteralongdrivethroughthenight,withneitherofthemdrivingformoretwohoursatatime
whiletheothersslept.Anxioustocommunewithnaturetheystretchabitandsetoutonthetrail,energizedwiththeanticipationof
theadventurethatlayahead.Althoughtheyareinexcellentphysicalcondition,littlemorethanonedayoutonthetrailtheybeginto
experiencemorethantheusualamountofexhaustion,achesandpains,musclecramps,fatigue,frequentheadaches,profusesweating,
andgenerallethargy.Sincetheyareheadingdeeperintoatruewildernessareaseveralofthemdecideitmightbebesttoheadbackto
theirvehiclesbeforetheyreachthehalfwaypointoftheirjourneyandseekmedicalattentioninthetownofSilverCity,nearthetrail
head.Arrivingattherangerstationtheyreporttheirsymptomstoasympatheticranger.Asshelistenstotheirstoryareassuringsmile
comesoverherfaceandsheassuresthemtheyhavenothingtofeartheywillbefineandcancontinuetheirjourneyafteradayor
twoofrestintheirbasecamp.Thesymptomsandcircumstancesdescribedinthisscenarioareconsistentwithaconditioncommonly
referredtoas"HighAltitudeSickness".Reviewthesymptomsandanswerthefollowingquestions:
a)Ifyoucouldcollectasampleofbloodfromthestudentshowwouldyouexpecttheirleveloferythropoietininthemountainstobe
comparedtothelastdayoffinalexamsinSanAngelo?Why?
b)Explainfroma"bloodphysiologyperspective"whytherangerwascorrectinsayingtheywouldbealrightafteradayortwoofrest
andcouldcontinuetheirjourneyatthattime.(Hint:considerhematocritchanges,plasmavolume,andlacticacidandoxygendebtin
skeletalmuscleinformulatingyouranswer)
c)Besidesthepsychologicallifteveryoneexperiencesafterapleasantvacation,againconsideringbloodphysiologyanditsoverall
effectontotalbodyphysiology,whywoulditnotbesurprisingthatthesestudentswillfeelmoreenergizedand"reallygood"forat
leastadayortwoaftertheyreturnfromthemountains?(Thisisessentiallythesameprincipleappliedtoblooddopingwhereathletes
receivetransfusionsofpackedRBC'sbeforeacompetitionand/orwhyitisbecomingextremelypopularforseriousathletessuchas
olympianstotrainforcompetitionathighaltitudes)
d)Besidesbeingillegalforcompetition"blooddoping"asdescribedaboveisanextremelydangerousandriskymethodtoenhance
physicalperformancebyanathlete.Usingwhatyouknowaboutbloodphysiologytheheart,andcardiovasculardynamicsexplain
whythisisso.
15.Whenthebodyexperiencesanysignificantwater(orblood)lossaresultantdecreaseinbloodpressurealsooccurs.(a)Whydoes
thishappen?(b)Howwouldtheurinaryandcardiovascularsystemwouldworktogethertorestorebloodpressurebyinitiatingwater
conservationmechanisms.Finally,(c)decidewhetherornotthekidneyscanreplacelostwatervolumeorpreventallwaterloss.(d)
Whatisoneofthefirstthingsahealthcarepractitionerwoulddotohelpincreasethepatientsbloodpressure.
16.Manyofyouwillbeonthefrontlinesofhealthcareascoaches,athletictrainers,andnurses.Itisvitalthereforethatyou
understandtheprocessesthatunderliefluidandionbalanceinthebody.Asyouwellknowsodiumandpotassiumandneedby
neurons,skeletal,smooth,andcardiacmusclestogenerateactionpotentialsandcanbelostduetonumerousactivitiesincluding
physicalexertion,diet,anddiseases.(a)Whateffectwouldthefollowingconditionshaveonapersonsabilitytogenerateaction
potentialstosustainlife:hyperkalemiaandhypokalemia.(b)Whatisthephysiologicalexplanation?(c)Whatmightspecifically
causetheseconditions?
17.FridaynightaftergraduationyouwenttotheclubtocelebratethesuccessfulcompletionofHumanPhysiology.Totallyby
accident,youconsumedtoomanyMargaritas.Saturdaymorningyoufeellikedoodoo.Yourememberthat&@#*youwere
warnedthatthiswouldhappen.(a)Whatresponseintermsofurineandbloodpressureresponsewouldyourbodyhavetothis
consumptionfromtheperspectiveofrenalphysiology?(b)whatistheoriginofthisfeelingand(c)whywasitinducedsointenselyby
Margaritas?(d)Whatsthecure?Hintthinkaboutwhatalcoholdoestoneuronsandseep.641642inyourtext.