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David Sheppard
Ive always viewed the constellations as rather paper doll-like, static images pinned against the
blackness of the night sky, but a few evenings ago while surveying the heavens for a nights
viewing, I spotted the star Sirius and started wondering about a passage in Euripides play,
Iphigeneia at Aulis, that seemingly serves no narrative purpose. The tragedy concerns the Greek
fleet prior to sailing for Troy to fight the Trojans. At the beginning of the play, Agamemnon,
commanding general of the Greeks and father to Iphigeneia, paces outside his tent just before
daybreak. He calls to an old servant to join him, and this short exchange of words occurs before
more weighty concerns:
Agamemnon: What star is that, steering his course yonder?
Old Man: Sirius, pursuing the Pleiades sevenfold path, still traveling high at this hour.
I finally surrendered to the temptation to investigate this seemingly trivial passage, and since my
inclination is to think in astronomical terms, launched Starry Night, my planetarium software. I first
checked the declination of both Sirius and the Pleiades to see if Sirius does follows along behind
the Pleiades. I found that they are off track from each other by some 40 . That seemed to be a bit
of a stretch for Euripides to mean that Sirius was actually pursuing the Pleiades because of their
astronomical positions and motion westward with the evening. Plus, they are separated by the
constellations Orion and Taurus.
To make sense of this, I would have to look elsewhere.
In antiquity the night sky was much more a part of the human experience than today with our
never-dying street lights and blinking neon signs. Even miles from a major population center, the
glow can dim our view of the heavens, which today is primarily of interest to professionals and a
few dedicated amateurs. The night sky in Euripides time was brilliant and a constant reminder of
both divine and ancestral presence to everyone. I trusted that he knew something I didnt and had
offered this brief observation to infuse his story with more meaning. Perhaps he had in mind a
myth that connected Sirius and the Pleiades, one that would provide foreshadowing of the tragic
event unfolding in his story concerning Iphigeneia and at the same time provoke his countrymen,
the Athenians who were engaged in a war with Sparta that had been ongoing for over twenty
years, to reconsider their own situation.
I pulled my Meridian Handbook of Classical Mythology off the shelf. Of course, Sirius, known as
the Dog Star, is the brightest star in the night sky and is in the constellation Canis Major, which
represents the hound of Orion. Since it appears in the late summer sky, we have the term dog
days of summer. The ancient Greek had an even more foreboding connotation of Sirius as
As we all know, Agamemnon did finally overcome his misgivings, sacrifice Iphigeneia on the altar
of Artemis, and the Greek fleet received the favorable winds. They sacked Troy and returned with
many of the daughters of Troy, descendents of the Pleiades, as the spoils of war. Though many
Greeks died in the ten-year battle and on the return home, Agamemnon himself lived only to be
murdered by his own wife over his sacrifice of Iphigeneia, and because he returned with
Cassandra, a daughter of Troy as his concubine.
But the evil didnt stop there. Following the Trojan War, even though they won, the entire Greek
Mycenaean civilization collapsed. Only after a four-hundred-year dark age did Classical Greece, of
which Euripides Athens was the major influence, finally rise up from the ashes to invent
democracy and lay the groundwork for western civilization.
Perhaps Euripides motivation for inserting this short exchange concerning Sirius and the Pleiades
was to warn his countrymen of the possible aftermath of their own war with Sparta. If so, he would
have been correct. Athens lost the war, and thus ended the first democracy on planet earth. But
perhaps Euripides saw even deeper into the relationship of the metaphorical elements of his story
and Athens war. The Spartans were decedents of King Lacedaemon, whose named stood for the
entire area around its principal city, Sparta. Lacedaemon was the son of Taygete, another of the
Pleiades, so that the Greeks at the time Euripides wrote his play were also engaged in a war with
the descendents of the Pleiades, and the principal divine influence in Sparta was the goddess
Artemis.
Just as Ive deepened my knowledge of the constellations, Ive recently also gone deeper into the
cosmos by upgrading my four inch Dynascope to a twenty-inch Obsession, and now I pause in
remembrance of Euripides play whenever I turn my giant Dobsonian toward this region of the sky.
I no longer see any of the constellations as static images pinned against darkness but as dynamic
figures full of life, purpose and desire. As I stare up at Orion, I sometimes believe that I hear his
hound bay in the distance just as, for a fleeting moment, I see the stars shimmer, and he make up
a little ground in his eternal struggle to overtake the panic-stricken Pleiades.
This was Euripides last play, and he did not live to see it produced, nor did he see the defeat of
Athens two years later. Down through the millennia, all human beings have looked into the evening
sky and seen Sirius, Orion, the Pleiades, light from the same stars bearing down on them as on us
today as we live out our lives. Similarly, Euripides parting statement to the Athens he loved has
resonated down through the millennia because he spoke for all peoples and all times, and none
the less for our own. As we struggle with our own lives, internal misgivings and worldly conflicts,
hopefully we'll have the courage and wisdom to contemplate Euripides ancient warning.
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