Geo Mechanics

4/21/2016
PETR 5315 Lecture 11

Geomechanics
S. H. Emadi, Ph.D.
PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016
Geomechanics
Read:
Fundamentals of Drilling Engineering,
Chapter 2
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Wellbore Stability Problems

Lost Circulation
Mechanical Borehole Collapse
Drill String Stuck
Fishing
Sidetracking
Well Abandonment
Tectonic Stress Field
Normal
Strike-Slip
Reverse
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Far-Field Stresses
: Vertical/overburden Stress, psi

: Maximum Horizontal Stress, psi
: Minimum Horizontal Stress, psi
: Pore Pressure, psi
Rock Properties
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Stresses Around a Wellbore

0.5
0.5
0.5
2
0.5
Stresses at Wellbore Wall

Tangentinal Effectice Stress
8000
7000
30
6000
60
90
Effective Stress
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
Distance from Wellbore, Rw

4/21/2016

8000
Tangential Effective Stress
7000
Error
30
25
20
5000
4000
15
3000
10
Error, %
Effective Stress
6000
2000
5
1000
0
0
0
10
15
20
25


3500
Tangential Effective Stress
3000
Error
25
2500
20
2000
15
1500
10
1000
Error, %
Effective Stress
30
500
0
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20

10
4/21/2016

3500
Radial Effective Stress
3000
2500
2000
1500
0
1000
30
60
500
90
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20

11

17000
3.5
Vertical Stress
Vertical Stress
Error
16000
15000
1.5
14000
Error
Vertical Stress
2.5
13000
0.5
12000
10
15
20
25

12
4/21/2016

Where
: Radial stress
: Maximum total horizontal stress
: Minimum total horizontal stress
: Pore pressure
: Wellbore radius
r: Radial distance from the center of the wellbore
: Angle measured from the azimuth of
13
: Tangential stress
: Thermal stress
: Vertical stress
: Overburden stress
: Poissons ratio
14
4/21/2016
cos 2
cos 2
15

14
Hoops Stress
12
Vertical Stress
Effective Stress, ppg
10
Radial Stress
8
6
4
2
0
-2
6
10
12
14
16
BHP, ppg
16
4/21/2016
Stresses Around Wellbore Wall

14000
10000
Radial Stress
8000
Tangential Stress
6000
Vertical Stress
4000
2000
0
0
45
90
135
180
225
270
315
360
Angle, Degree
17
Mud Window
Density, ppg
0
10
15
20
25
0
2000
Lost Circulation
4000
TVD, ft
Effective Stress, psi
12000
Pore Pressure
6000
8000
Kick
Mud Density plus Trip Margine

Fracture Gradient
10000
Fracture Gradient Mines Trip Margine
12000
14000
16000
18
4/21/2016
Fracture Propagation Pressure (FPP)
from Reservoir Geomechanics, by Mark D. Zoback

19
Tensile Failure
BHP becomes greater than total minimum
horizontal stress.
FPP
3
T
20
10
4/21/2016
FPP Calculation

Eaton Method
21
FPP Calculation
Hubbert & Willis Method
1
2
1
3
1
1
2
Where,
F: Fracture Gradient, psi/ft
P: Pore pressure, psi
D: Depth, ft
22
11
4/21/2016
FPP Calculation
Eaton Method
Where,
F: Fracture Gradient, psi/ft
: Poissons Ratio
P: Pore Pressure, psi
D: Depth, ft
23
FPP Calculation
Micrfracturing
Leak Off Test
Run and Cement Casing
Drill out 10 to 20 ft below casing
shoe
Clos the BOPs
Pump slowly and monitor the
pressure
24
12
4/21/2016
FPP Calculation
Reservoir Geomechanics, by Mark D. Zoback

25
Wellbore Strengthening
Using Lost Circulation Material (LCM)

Using Cement Plug
Decreasing Pump Pressure (Decreasing ECD)
Underbalanced Drilling (UBD)
Stress cage (Propping Small Fractures intersecting the
wellbore)
26
13
4/21/2016
Shear Failure
Shear stress becomes more than rock strength.
Tight Holes
Excessive Torque & Drag
Drillstring Stuck
Difficulty in Landing CSG String
27
Shera Failure

28
14
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Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion
: internal friction
C: Cohesive Strength (Cohesion)
29
Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion
tan
Where
tan
: internal friction
: Cohesive Strength (Cohesion)
0.5
0.5
cos
0.5
sin
30
15
4/21/2016
Shear Failure
Isotropic Condition
1
sin
cos
Anisotropic Condition
0.5 3
cos
31
Mud Window
Density, lbs/gal
4
10
12
14
16
18
20
0
Pore Pressure
TVD, ft
2000
Lost Circulation
4000
Fracture Gradient
6000
Minimum MW to Prevent Shear Failure
8000
Kick
10000
12000
14000
16000
32
16
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Shear Stress (MPa)
Shear Failure
Effective Stress (MPa)

33
Shear Failure

34
17
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35
Determination
Where
2
36
18
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Stresses Around a Deviated Wellbore
37
Stresses Around a Deviated Wellbore
0.5
0.5
0.5
sin 2
sin
sin 2
sin 2
cos
38
19
4/21/2016
Wellbore Weakening Factors

Borehole Shape (Such as Hydraulically Conductive
Cracks)
Rock Shrinkage (Such as Cooling)
Increased Near Wellbore Pore Pressure (Such as Fluid
Invasion)
Strength Loss (Such as Rock Matrix Strength Loss)
39
Wellbore Stability in Shale Formations
Sedimentary Rock
High Clay Content
Extremely Low Permeability (10 10
Darcies)
Very small (less than 0.0004 cm) sized particles of silt and clay
90% of Wellbore Stability Problems
Shale Instability Problems costs more than Six billion U.S.
dollars
40
20
4/21/2016

Osmosis: is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a
partially permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the
direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.
41

Ideal semipermeable membrane: permeable to water, but
completely impermeable to all solutes.
Shale is not an ideal semipermeable membrane. (Leaky
membrane)
Membrane Efficiency: the ratio of actual osmotic pressure to
the ideal osmotic pressure
OBM prevents shale swelling due to high capillary pressure.

42
21
4/21/2016

Water activity: ratio of vapor pressure of water in a system to
the vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature.
In order to have reverse flow from the formation to the
wellbore, drilling fluid water activity has to be less than
formation fluid water activity.
Decreasing formation pore pressure increases wellbore
stability.
43
Increasing membrane efficiency

Decreasing drilling fluid water activity (7% KCl)
Using OMB
Minimizing contact time (Drilling Time) Key
Factor!!!!
44
22

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4/21/2016

PETR 5315 Lecture 11

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Wellbore Stability Problems

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Tectonic Stress Field

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

: Vertical/overburden Stress, psi

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Stresses Around a Wellbore

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Stresses at Wellbore Wall

Distance from Wellbore, Rw

Stresses at Wellbore Wall

Tangential Effective Stress

Distance from Wellbore, Rw

Stresses at Wellbore Wall

Tangential Effective Stress

Distance from Wellbore, Rw

Stresses at Wellbore Wall

Radial Effective Stress

Distance from Wellbore, Rw

Stresses at Wellbore Wall

Distance from Wellbore, Rw

Stresses Around a Wellbore

Stresses Around a Wellbore

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Stresses at Wellbore Wall

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Stresses at Wellbore Wall

Effective Stress, ppg

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Stresses Around Wellbore Wall

Effective Stress, psi

Mud Density plus Trip Margine

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Fracture Propagation Pressure (FPP)

from Reservoir Geomechanics, by Mark D. Zoback

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Reservoir Geomechanics, by Mark D. Zoback

Using Lost Circulation Material (LCM)

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Reservoir Geomechanics, by Mark D. Zoback

Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Minimum MW to Prevent Shear Failure

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Shear Stress (MPa)

Effective Stress (MPa)

Reservoir Geomechanics, by Mark D. Zoback

Reservoir Geomechanics, by Mark D. Zoback

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Stresses Around a Deviated Wellbore

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Stresses Around a Deviated Wellbore

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Wellbore Weakening Factors

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016