RADAR CROSS SECTION BENCHMARK FOR SIMPLE SHAPES

This application demonstrates Radar Cross Section (RCS) calculation for simple shapes including the NASA almond, ogive, double-ogive, conesphere and cone-sphere with gap. Simulation data is compared with published measurements data from A. C. Woo, H. T. G. Wang, and M. J.
Schuh, Benchmark Radar Targets for the Validation of Computational Electromagnetics Programs, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine,
vol. 35, no. 1, February 1993, pp. 84 - 89.

NASA Metallic Almond

NASA Almond RCS Comparisons

The NASA almond geometry and analytical expressions

used for shape generation are shown below. The total length
of the almond is 9.936 inches.
The RCS values for both horizontal (HH) and vertical (VV)
polarizations are plotted in dBSM [dB with respect to one
square meter] as a function of the azimuthal angle.

Radar cross section [dBSM]

-10

Metallic Almond Geometry

1.19 GHz (both polarizations)

-20
-30
-40
-50

HH (measurements)
VV (measurements)
HH (simulations)
VV (simulations)

-60
-70
0

50

100
Azimuth [degree]

150

7 GHz (HH-polarization)

7 GHz (VV-polarization)

x = d t inches, d = 9.936 inches

2

y = 0.13333 d 1
cos
0
.
416667

z = 0.064444 d 1
sin
0.416667

-20

-20

-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
0

VV (measurements)
VV (simulations)
50

for 0 < t < 0.58333 and < <

100
Azimuth [degree]

-10
Radar cross section [dBSM]

x = d t inches, d = 9.936 inches

2

y = 4.83345 d 1
0.96 cos

2.08335

z = 1.91115 d 1
0.96 sin

2.08335

Radar cross section [dBSM]

for 0.4167 < t < 0 and < <

Radar cross section [dBSM]

EMC Studio/EMCoS Antenna VLab

Introduction

-30
-40
-50
-60

HH (measurements)
HH (simulations)

-70
0

150

50

100
Azimuth [degree]

150

9.92 GHz (both polarizations)

-20
-30
-40
-50

HH (measurements)
VV (measurements)
HH (simulations)
VV (simulations)

-60
-70
0

50

100
Azimuth [degree]

150

Metallic Simple Ogive

Metallic Simple Ogive Geometry

The metallic ogive geometry and analytical expressions used for shape generation
are shown below.
The RCS for both horizontal and vertical polarization is plotted in dBSM as a function of the azimuthal angle.

Metallic Simple Ogive RCS Comparisons

-10
Radar cross section [dBSM]

x
f ( x) = 1 sin 2 (22.62o ) cos(22.62o ),
5

then
f ( x) cos
y=
1 cos(22.62o )
f ( x) sin
y=
1 cos(22.62o )

-10
Radar cross section [dBSM]

EMCoS Ltd.
27 Pekin Street, Tbilisi, 0160, Georgia
Phone: +995-32-2389091
E-mail: info@emcos.com
www.emcos.com

for 5 in < x < 5 in and < <

1.18 GHz (both polarizations)

-20
-30
-40
HH (measurements)
VV (measurements)
HH (simulations)
VV (simulations)

-50
-60
0

EMC Studio/EMCoS Antenna VLab Application Note: #12

50

100
Azimuth [degree]

150

9 GHz (both polarizations)

-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
HH (measurements)
VV (measurements)
HH (simulations)
VV (simulations)

-70
-80
-90
0

50

100
Azimuth [degree]

150

RADAR CROSS SECTION BENCHMARK FOR SIMPLE SHAPES

Metallic Double Ogive

The double ogive consists of two different-size half ogives. The metallic ogive
geometry and analytical expressions used for shape generation are shown below.
The RCS for both horizontal and vertical polarization is plotted in dBSM as a function of the azimuthal angle.

Metallic Double Ogive RCS Comparisons

-20
-30
-40
-50

HH (measurements)
VV (measurements)
HH (simulations)
VV (simulations)

-60
-70
0

50

Metallic Cone-sphere

100
Azimuth [degree]

-20
-30
-40
HH (measurements)
VV (measurements)
HH (simulations)
VV (simulations)

-50
-60
0

150

50

100
Azimuth [degree]

150

Metallic Cone-sphere RCS Comparisons

The metallic cone-sphere geometry and analytical expressions used for shape generation are shown below.
The RCS for both horizontal and vertical polarization is plotted in dBSM as a function of the azimuthal angle.

Radar cross section [dBSM]

0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50

-70

x 0.359
z = 2.947 1
sin
2.947

-20
-30
-40
-50
-60

-80
-180

HH (measurements)
HH (simulations)

Gap

-150

-120
-90
-60
Azimuth [degree]

-30

-30

0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
VV (measurements)
VV (simulations)

-70
-80
-180

0
9 GHz (VV-polarization)

10

-10

-70

Metallic Cone-sphere with Gap

-120
-90
-60
Azimuth [degree]

Radar cross section [dBSM]

x 0.359
y = 2.947 1
cos
2.947

-150

9 GHz (HH-polarization)

10

HH (measurements)
VV (measurements)
HH (simulations)
VV (simulations)

-60

-80
-180

for 23.821 in < x < 0 in and < <

y = 0.87145( x + 23.821) cos
z = 0.87145( x + 23.821) sin
for 0 in < x < 3.306 in and < <

869 MHZ (both polarizations)

10

Metallic Cone-sphere Geometry

Metallic Cone-sphere Geometry

9 GHz (both polarizations)

-10
Radar cross section [dBSM]

for 0 in < x < 5 in and < <

2

x
f ( x) = 1 sin 2 (22.62o ) cos(22.62o ), then
5

f
x
(
)
sin

f ( x) cos
y=
y=
1 cos(22.62o )
1 cos(22.62o )

1.57 GHz (both polarizations)

-10
Radar cross section [dBSM]

for 2.5 in < x < 0 in and < <

2

x
g ( x) = 1 sin 2 (46.6o ) cos(46.6o ), then
5

f ( x) sin
f ( x ) cos
y=
y=
1 cos(46.6o )
1 cos(46.6o )

Radar cross section [dBSM]

EMC Studio/EMCoS Antenna VLab

Metallic Double Ogive Geometry

-150

-120
-90
-60
Azimuth [degree]

-30

The metallic cone-sphere geometry with gap and analytical expressions used for
shape generation are shown below.
The RCS for both horizontal and vertical polarization is plotted in dBSM as a function of the azimuthal angle.

869 MHz (both polarizations)

x 0.359
y = 2.947 1
cos
2.947
2

x 0.359
z = 2.947 1
sin
2.947
for 0 < x < 0.25 in and < <
y = 2.697 cos z = 2.697 sin

-10
-20
-30
-40

HH (measurements)
VV (measurements)
HH (simulations)
VV (simulations)

-50
-60
-180

-150

EMC Studio/EMCoS Antenna VLab Application Note: #12

-120
-90
-60
Azimuth [degree]

9 GHz (both polarization)

10
Radar cross section [dBSM]

for 23.821 in < x < 0 in and < <

y = 0.87145( x + 23.821) cos
z = 0.87145( x + 23.821) sin
for 0 in < x < 3.306 in and < <

Radar cross section [dBSM]

EMCoS Ltd.
27 Pekin Street, Tbilisi, 0160, Georgia
Phone: +995-32-2389091
E-mail: info@emcos.com
www.emcos.com

Metallic Cone-sphere with Gap RCS Comparisons

-30

0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50

HH (measurements)
VV (measurements)
HH (simulations)
VV (simulations)

-60
-70

-80
-180

-150

-120
-90
-60
Azimuth [degree]

-30