Ge 2021

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SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG.| Environmental Science and Engineering
(GE 2021)Year/semester III/V
2 Marks Question & Answers

Unit I
ENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
PART A
1. What is Environment?
Environment is defined as, the sum of total of all the living and non-living things
around us influencing one another.
2. Define Environmental Science
Environmental study is the study of the environment, its biotic (ie, biological) and
abiotic (ie, non biological) components and their interrelationship.
3. Define Environmental Engineering.
Environmental Engineering is the application of engineering principles to the
protection and enhancement of
the quality of the environment and to the
enhancement and protection of public health and welfare.
4. What are all the types of environment?
i) Natural Environment
ii) Man-made Environment
5. What are the important components of environment?
i) Abiotic or Non-living component
ii) Biotic or Living component
iii) Energy component
6. State the significance and scope of environmental education.
Significance:
i) Environmental studies inform the people about their effective role in
protecting the environment by demanding changes in laws and enforcement
systems.
ii) Environmental studies have a direct relation to the quality of life we live.
iii) Environmental studies develop a concern and respect for the environment.
Scope:
i)
To get an awareness and sensitivity to the total environment and its
related problems.
ii)
ii) To motivate the active participation in environmental protection and
improvement.
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7. State the need for public awareness for solving environmental problems.
Environmental pollution cannot be removed by the laws alone. The proper
implementation and especially public participation are the important aspects, which
should be given importance and stress. The public participation is useful in law
making process and controlling the pollution activities. Thus the public participation
plays a major role in the effective environmental management.
8. Mention the various types of public participation.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pressure group.
Watch dog.
Advisory council.
Enforcing the environmental laws.
9. What is Ecology?
Ecology is the study of interactions among organisms or group of organisms
with their environment. The environment consists of both biotic components (living
organisms) and abiotic components (non-living organisms).
10. What is mean by ecosystem?
A group of organisms interacting among themselves and with environment is
known as ecosystem. Thus, an ecosystem is a community of different species
interacting with one another and with their non-living environment exchanging energy
and matter.
11. What are all the types of ecosystem?
1. Natural Ecosystem
a. Terrestial
b. Aquatic
1. Marine water
2. Fresh water
i. Lotic
ii. Lentic
2. Artificial Ecosystem
12. What are the components of ecosystem?
An ecosystem has two major components
1. Biotic (living) components.
2. Abiotic (non-living) components.

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13. How are biotic components grouped?

The members of biotic components of an ecosystem are grouped into three
groups based on how they get their food.
1. Producers.
2. Consumers.
3. Decomposers.
14. Write photosynthesis equation.

hv
6CO2 + 12H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2 +6H2O
Chlorophy II
15. Write the first law of thermodynamics.

It states that, energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be
converted from one form to another.
16. Write the second law of thermodynamics.
It states that, whenever energy is transformed, there is a loss of energy
through the release of heat.
17. What is ecological succession? Mention their types.
The progressive replacement of one community by another till the
development of stable community in a particular area is called ecological succession.
Types:
1. Primary succession
i) Hydrosere
ii) Xerosere
2. Secondary succession.
18. What is all the process of Ecological Succession?
1. Nudation
2. Invasion
3. Competition 4. Reaction
5. Stabilizations
19. What are food chains?
The sequence of eating and being eaten in an ecosystem is known as food
chain.

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20. What are all the types of food chain?

1. Grazing food chain, 2. Detritus food chain.
21. What are tropical levels (or) feeding levels?
The various steps through which food energy passes in an ecosystem is called
as tropic levels.
The tropic levels are arranged in the following way as
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
22. What is food web?

The interlocking pattern of various food chains in an ecosystem is known as
food web.
23. What is Ecological pyramids?
Graphical representation of structure and function of tropic levels of an
ecosystem, starting with producers at the bottom and each successive tropic levels
forming the apex is known as an ecological pyramids.
24. Define the terms producers and consumers.
i) Producers synthesize their food themselves through photosynthesis.
ii) Consumers are organisms which cannot prepare their own food and depends
directly or indirectly on the producers.
25. Name the four ecosystems.
1. Forest ecosystems.
2. Desert ecosystems.
2. Grassland ecosystems.
4. Pond ecosystems.
26. Explain the concept of an ecosystem.

A group of organisms interacting among themselves and with environment is
known as ecosystem. Thus, an ecosystem is a community of different species
interacting with one another and with their non-living environment exchanging energy
and matter.

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27. How a biome does differs from an ecosystem.

The kind of organisms which can live in a particular ecosystem depends on
their physical and metabolic adoption to the environment of that place. On earth there
are many sets of ecosystems which are exposed to same climatic conditions and
having dominant species with similar life cycle, climate adoptions and physical
structure. This set of ecosystem is called a biome. Thus the biome is a small
ecosystem with in an ecosystem.
28. What are all the types of lakes?
1. Oligotrophic lakes
2. Eutrophic lakes
3. Dystrophic lakes
4. Volcanic lakes
5. Meromictic lakes
6. Artificial lakes
29. What are all the zones of oceans?
1. Coastal zone
2. Open sea
3. Euphotic zone
4. Bathyal zone
5. Abyssal zone
29. What is mean by Estuary.
An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal area at the mouth of a river, where
river joins the sea.
30. What is meant by keystone species?
With in a habitat each species connects to and depends on other species. But
while each species contribute to habitat functioning, some species do more than others
in the over all scheme of things. Without the work of these key species, the habitat
changes significantly. These species are called keystone species. When a keystone
species disappears from its habitat, that habitat changes dramatically.
31. What are the characteristics of desert ecosystem?
1.
2.
3.
4.
The desert air is dry and the climate is hot.

Annual rainfall is less than 25 cm.
The soil is very poor in nutrients and organic matter.
Vegetation is poor.

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32. What are autotrophic and heterotrophic components of an ecosystem? Give examples.
1. Autotrophic components
The members of autotrophic components are producers, which are autotrops
(self-nourishing organisms). They derive energy from sunlight and make organic
compounds from inorganic substances.
Examples: Green plants, algae, bacteria, etc.
2. Heterotrophic components
The members of heterotrophic components are consumers, which are
heterotrophs (dependent on others for food). The consume the autotrophs (producers)
.
33. What is biodiversity and what is its significance.
Biodiversity is defined as, the variety and variability among all groups of
living organisms and the ecosystem in which they occur.
Significance of Biodiversity:
1. Biodiversity is very important for human life, as we depend on plants, nicroorganisms, earths animals for our food, medicine and industrial products.
2. Biodiversity protects the fresh air, clean water and productive land.
3. It is also important for forestry, fisheries and agriculture, which depend on rich
variety of various biological resources available in nature.
4. Loss of biodiversity has serious economic and social costs for any country.
34. Explain the classification of biodiversity.
Biodiversity is generally classified into three types.
1. Genetic diversity.
2. Species diversity.
3. Community (or) Ecosystem diversity.
35. What are all the values of biodiversity?
1. Consumptive use value
2. Productive use value
3. Social values
4. Ethical values
5. Aesthetic value
36. How categorized biodiversity at local level?
1. Point richness
2. Alpha richness
3. Beta richness
4. Gamma richness

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37. What is point richness?

It refers to the number of species that can be found at a single point in a given
space.
38. What are biodiversity hot-spots?
The hot spots are the geographic areas which possess the high endemic
species.
39. What are the criteria for recognising hot spots?
1. The richness of the endemic species is the primary criterion for recognising hot
spots.
2. The hot spots should have a significant percentage of specialised species.
3. The site is under threat.
4. It should contain important gene pools of plants of potentially useful plants.
40. Explain threatened and endangered species.
A species is said to be endangered, when its number has been reduced to a
critical level. Unless it is protected and conserved, it is in immediate danger of
extinction.
41. Explain vulnerable species.
A species is said to be vulnerable when its population is facing continuous
decline due to habitat destruction or over exploitation. Such a species is still abundant.
42. What is the need of biodiversity conservation?
1. It provides immediate benefits to the society such as recreation and tourism.
2. Drugs, herbs, food and other important raw materials can be derived from
Plants and animals.
3. It also preserves the genetic diversity of plants and animals.
4. Ensures the sustainable utilization life supporting systems on earth.
43. What is in-situ conservation?
In-situ conservation involves protection of fauna and flora within its natural
habitat, where the species normally occurs is called in-situ conservation.
44. What are all the methods of In-situ conservation?
1. Biosphere Reserves
2. National Park
3. Wildlife Sanctuaries
4. Gene Sanctuary

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45. What is Ex-situ conservation?

Ex-situ conservation involves protection of fauna and flora outside the natural
habitats.
46. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Ex-situ Conservation?
Advantages of Ex-situ Conservation:
1. Survival of endangered species is increasing due to special care and attention.
2. In captive breeding, animals are assured food, water, shelter and also security
and hence longer life span.
3. It is carried out in cases of endangered species, which do not have any chances
of survival, in the wild.
Disadvantages of Ex-situ Conservation:
1. It is expensive method.
2. The freedom of wildlife is lost.
3. The animals cannot survive in natural environment.
47. Enumerate the human activities which destroy the biodiversity.
1. The farmers prefer hybrid seeds; as a result, many plant species become extinct.
2. For the production of drugs the pharmaceutical companies collect wild plants,
so several medicinal plants now become extinct.
3. Tropical forest is the main sources of worlds medicine. Every year these
forests are disappearing due to agriculture, mining, logging.
48. Define genetic diversity and species diversity
Genetic diversity is the diversity within the species.
Species diversity is the diversity between different species. The sum varieties
of all the living organisms at the species level are known as species diversity.
49. What do you understand by the term flora and fauna?
Flora: Plants present in a particular region or period.
Fauna: Animals present in a particular region or period.
50. India is a mega diversity nation Account.
India is one among the 12 mega-diversity countries in the world. It has 89,450
animal species accounting for 7.31% of the global faunal species and 47,000 plant
species and 47,000 plant species which accounts for 10.8% of the world floral species.
The loss of biodiversity or endemim is about 33%.

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Unit II
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
1. Define pollution.
The unfavourable alteration of our surroundings. Is called pollution.
2. What are the types of pollutants?
1. Biodegradable pollutants.
2. Non-degradable pollutants.
3. Classify the pollution.
1. Air pollution.
2. Water pollution.
3. Soil pollution.
4. Marine pollution.
5. Noise pollution.
6. Thermal pollution.
7. Nuclear hazards.
4. What is mean by air pollution?
Air pollution may be defined as, The presence of one or more contaminants like dust,
smoke, mist and odour in the atmosphere which are injurious to human beings, plants and
animals.
5. Classify air pollutants with suitable example.
1. Primary pollutants: (CO, NO, SO2)
2. Secondary pollutants: (HNO3, H2SO4)
6. Give examples for primary and secondary air pollutants.
1. Primary pollutants:
Primary pollutants are those emitted directly in the atmosphere in harmful form.
Example:
CO, NO, SO2, etc,
2. Secondary pollutants:
Some of the primary pollutants may react with one another or with the basic
components of air to form new pollutants. They are called as secondary pollutants.
Example:
Moist
NO/NO2
(HNO3/NO3) etc.

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7. Define photochemical smog.

The brownish smoke like appearance that frequently forms on clear, sunny days over
large cities with significant amounts of automobile traffic.
It is mainly due to chemical reactions among nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbon by
sunlight.
8. Name any four air pollutants, and their sources and effects.
Name of the
pollutant
1. Carbonmonoxide
Sources
Effects
Cigarette smoking, incomplete

burning of fossil fuels.
Coma, brain cell damages.
2. Nitrogen
dioxide
Burning of fossil fuels.
Acid rain, Lung damage.
3. Sulphur
dioxide
Coal burning.
Breathing problem, acid

rain.
4. Lead
Paint, smelters, leaded petrol.
Mental retardation, harm

to wild life.
9. Give the Indian ambient air quality standards.

Category
A
B
C
Area
Industrial and mixed use
Residential and rural
Sensitive (hill stations, tourist
resorts, monuments)
Concentration in g/m3
SPM SO2 NOX CO
500 120 120 5,000
200
80
80
2,000
100
30
30
1,000
10. What are all the equipments used to control the air pollution.
1. Electrostatic precipitator.
2. Bag house filter.
3. Cyclone separator.
4. Wet scrubber.
11. Define water pollution.
Water pollution may be defined as, the alteration in physical, chemical and
biological characteristics of water which may cause harmful effects on humans and
aquatic life.

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12. Write any four major water pollutants.

1.
2.
3.
4.
Pesticides and biocides.

Heavy metals, mercury, crude oil, plastics.
Industrial and agricultural wastes.
Thermal pollution.
13. What are point and non-point sources of water pollution?

(i) Point sources:
Point sources are discharged pollutants at specific locations through pipes, ditches or
sewers into bodies of surface water.
(ii) Non-point sources:
They cannot be traced to any single site of discharge. They are usually large land.
areas or air sheds that pollute water by runoff, subsurface flow or deposition from the
atmosphere.
14. What is meant by BOD and COD?
BOD is the amount of oxygen required for the biological decomposition of organic
matter present in the water.
COD is the amount of oxygen required for chemical oxidation of organic matter using
some oxidising agent like K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
15. Write the specifications of drinking water.
1. Water should be clear and odourless.
2. It should be cool and pleasant to taste.
3. Turbidity of the water should not exceed 10 ppm.
4. pH of the water should be in the range of 7.0-8.5.
5. Chloride and sulphate contents should be less than 250 ppm.
6. Total hardness and dissolved solids of the water should be less than 500 ppm.
7. Fluoride content of the water should be less than 1.5 ppm.
16. Define soil pollution.
Soil pollution is defined as, the contamination of soil by human and natural activities
which may cause harmful effects on living beings.
17. What is the Composition of soil?
Components
Percentage
Mineral matter (inorganic)
45
Organic matter
5
Soil water
25
Soil air
25

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18. Write any two causes of soil pollution.

1. Industrial wastes.
2. Urban wastes.
3. Agricultural practices.
4. Radioactive pollutants.
5. Biological agents.
19. Write the control measures of soil pollution.
1. Control of soil erosion.
2. Proper dumping of unwanted materials.
3. Production of natural fertilizers.
4. Proper hygienic condition.
5. Public awareness.
6. Recycling and reuse of wastes.
7. Ban on toxic chemicals.
20. What is marine pollution?
The discharge of waste substances into the sea resulting in harm to living resources,
hazards to human health, hindrance to fishery and important of quality for use of sea
water.
21. What are all the factors affecting coral reefs?

1. The sediment from deforestation carried by the runoffs.
2. The agricultural and industrial chemicals reaching through river discharges.
3. The boat anchors and the careless divers.
4. Rising ocean temperatures.
22. Name the sources and effects of marine pollution.
SI.NO.
1.
2.
Sources
Dumping the
wastes
Oil
Effects
Marine birds ingest plastic which causes gastro-intestinal
disorders.
Damage to marine fauna and flora, retard the rate of O2
uptake by water.
23. What are all the methods of oil removing in marine?

1. Physical methods
2. Chemical methods
i) Dispersion.
ii) Emulsification.
iii) Using chemical additives.

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24. Define noise pollution.

Noise pollution is defined as, the unwanted, unpleasant or disagreeable sound that
causes discomfort for all living beings.
25. When does a sound causes noise pollution?
The sound intensity is measured in decibel (dB), which is tenth part of the longest unit
Bel. One dB is equal to the faintest sound, a human ear can hear. If the intensity of the
sound exceeds 1 dB, noise pollution occurs.
26. When a sound causes noise pollution.
Noise beyond 120 dB causes noise pollution.
27. Give any four methods to control noise pollution.
1. Source control.
2. Transmission path intervention.
3. Receptor control.
4. Oiling.
28. What are all the ambient noise levels?
Zone
Silent zone
Residential zone
Commercial zone
Industrial zone
Day-time
50
55
65
70
Night-time
40
45
55
70
29. Define thermal pollution.

Thermal pollution is defined as the addition of excess of undesirable heat to water that
makes it harmful to man, animal or aquatic life or otherwise causes significant departures
from the normal activities of aquatic communities in water.
30. What are all the sources of thermal pollution?
1. Nuclear power plants.
2. Coal-fired power plants.
3. Industrial effluents.
4. Domestic sewage.
5. Hydro-electric power.
31. What are all the effects of thermal pollution?
1. Reduction in dissolved oxygen.
2. Increase in toxicity.
3. Interference with biological activities.
4. Interference with reproduction.
5. Direct mortality.
6. Food storage for fish.

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32. What are all the control measures of thermal pollution?

1. Cooling towers.
i) Wet cooling tower.
ii) Dry cooling tower.
2. Cooling ponds.
3. Spray ponds.
4. Artificial lakes.
33. What are the various sources of radioactive pollution?
1. Natural sources:
a) The very important natural source is space, which emit cosmic rays.
b) Soil, rocks, air, water, food, radioactive radon-222 etc., also contain one or more
radioactive substances.
2. Man-made sources:
Man-made sources are nuclear power plants, X-rays, nuclear accidents, nuclear
bombs, diagnostic kits, etc., where radioactive substances are used.
34. How nuclear hazards can be disposed safely?
Nuclear hazards are disposed safely by dumping them in a big concrete tank and
throwing it in a deep sea.
35. Mention some important control measures of nuclear hazards.
1. Nuclear devices should never be exploded in air. If these activities are extremely
necessary then they should be exploded underground.
2. In nuclear reactors, closed-cycle coolant system with gaseous coolants may be used to
prevent extraneous activation products.
3. Containments may also be employed to decrease the radioactive emissions. It can be
achieved by using tightly sealed boxes and closed cycle system.
4. Production of radioisotopes should be minimized, as once produced they cannot be
harmless by any means except the passage of time.
5. Minimum number of nuclear installations should be commissioned.
36. What are the types of solid wastes?
1. Municipal wastes.
2. Industrial wastes.
3. Hazardous Wastes.
37. Define hazardous wastes.
Wastes like toxic chemicals, radioactive (or) biological substances which contribute
to an increase in mortality (death rate) or in serious irreversible illness to human health
and environment are called hazardous wastes.

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38. Differentiate between recycling and reuse.

(i) Reuse of waste materials:
a) The refillable containers, which are discarded after use, can be reused.
b) Rubber rings can be made from the discarded cycle tubes, which reduces the waste
generation during manufacturing of rubber bands.
(ii) Recycling of materials:
Recycling is the reprocessing of the discarded materials into new useful products.
Examples:
a) Old aluminium cans and glass bottles are melted and recast into new cans and
bottles.
b) Preparation of cellulose insulation from paper.
39. What are all the methods of removal of solid wastes?
a) Landfill.
b) Incineration.
c) Composting.
40. State the role and responsibility of an individual in the prevention of pollution.
1. Plant more trees.
2. Help more in pollution prevention than pollution control.
3. Use water, energy and other resources efficiently.
4. Purchase recyclable, recycled and environmentally safe products.
5. Use CFC free refrigerators.
6. Use natural gas than coal.
7. Reduce deforestation.
41. What are the roles of women in environmental protection?
1. In rural areas, women plant trees and grass, grow vegetables with the drip-irrigation
method in order to save water.
2. In urban areas, they go shopping using cloth bags to reduce white pollution.
3. Women refuse to use disposal products to save energy and resources.
4. Women choose green products instead of poor quality that harm the environment.
5. Women reduce the amount of trash they dispose off so as to recycle natural
resources.
42. Define Disaster.
Disaster is a geological process and is defined as an event, concentrated in time and
space, in which a society, or sub-division of a society undergoes severe danger and causes
loss of its members and physical property.
43. Give some important disasters.
1. Floods. 2. Cyclones.
3. Landslides. 4. Earth-quakes.
5. Tsunami.

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44. Define floods.

Whenever the magnitude of water flow exceeds the carrying capacity of the channel
within its banks, the excess of water over flow on the surroundings cause floods.
45. Explain cyclone management.
1. Satellite images are used by meteorological departments for forecasting the weather
conditions, which reveal the strength and intensity of the storm.
2. Radar system is used to detect the cyclone and is being used for cyclone warning.
3. For observing the exact location of cyclone, every half an hour satellite pictures are
analysed.
4. It is difficult to stop the formation of cyclones, but the effect of which is minimised by
planting more trees on the coastal belt, construction of dams, dykes, embankments, wind
breaks.
46. Define: Landslides.
The movement of earthy materials like coherent rock, mud, soil and debris from
higher region to lower region due to gravitational pull is called landslides.
47. How does earthquake occurs?
The earths crust has several tectonic plates of solid rock. These plants move slowly
along their boundaries. When friction prevents these plates from slipping, stress develops
and results in sudden fractures along the fault lines within the plates. This causes
earthquakes and the violent vibrations in the earth.
48. Explain severity of an earthquake.
The severity of an earthquake is generally measured by its magnitude on richter scale
as shown in the table.
Richter Scale Severity of earthquake
Less than 4
Insignificant
4 4.9
Minor
5 5.9
Damaging
6 - 6.9
Destructive
7 - 7.9
Major
More than 8
Great
49. Define the term Tsunami.
A tsunami is large waves that are generated in a water body when the sea floor is
deformed by seismic activity. This activity displaces the overlaying water in the ocean.
50. What is the relation between earthquakes and tsunamis?
Tsunami is generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the
overlying water. Technoic earthquakes are associated with the earths crystal
deformation. When the earthquake occurs beneath the sea, the water above the deformed
area is displaced from its equilibrium position. Waves are generated, when the displaced
water mass regains its equilibrium.

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Unit III
NATURAL RESOURCES
1. What are renewable resources? Give examples.
These resources are capable of being regenerated by ecological processes wi thin a
reasonable time period. They have the potential to renew themselves.
Examples: Soil, water, air, wildlife, natural vegetation.
2. How are forests classified?
1. Evergreen forests.
2. Deciduous forests.
3. Coniferous forests.
3. Write any two functions of forests.
1. Forests perform very important functions both to humans and to nature.
2. They are habitats to millions of plants, animals and wildlife.
3. They recycle rainwater and remove pollutants from air.
4. They control water quality and quantity.
4. What are all the uses of forests?
1. Commercial uses
2. Ecological uses
3. Aesthetic value
4. Touristic value
5. Mention some important causes of over exploitation.
Over exploitations of forest wealth in developing countries occurs in the following ways
a) Increasing agricultural production.
b) Increasing industrial activities.
c) Increase in demand of wood resources.
6. What is mean by deforestation?
Deforestation is the process of removal of (or) elimination of forest resources due to
many natural or man-made activities. In general deforestation means destruction of
forests.
7. What are the causes of deforestation?
1. Developmental projects.
2. Mining operations.
3. Raw materials for industries.
4. Fuel requirements.
5. Shifting cultivation
6. Forest fires.

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8. What are the effects of deforestation on the environment?

1. Global warming.
2. Loss of genetic diversity.
3. Soil erosion.
4. Loss of biodiversity.
5. Loss of food grains.
6. Unemployment problems.
7. Flood and landslides.
9. What are the preventive measures of deforestation?
1. Steps should be taken by the government to discourage the migration pf people into
the islands from mainland.
2. To counter the depletion of forest areas, tree plantation programs have been started.
3. Education and awareness programmes must be conducted.
4. Strict implementation of low of Forest Conservation Act.
10. What are the consequences of timber extraction?
1. Large scale timber extraction causes deforestation.
2. Timber extraction leads to soil erosion, loss of fertility, landslides and loss of
biodiversity.
3. Timber extraction also leads to loss of tribal culture and extinction of tribal people.
4. Timber extraction reduces thickness of the forest.
11. What are the types of mining?
1. Surface mining: It involves mining of minerals from shallow deposits.
2. Underground mining: It involves mining of minerals from deep deposits.
12. Write the steps involved in mining.
a) Exploration (investigation and searching of minerals).
b) Development.
c) Exploitation (extraction of minerals).
d) Ore processing (separation of ore).
e) Extraction and purification of minerals.
13. Define sustainable forestry?
Sustainable forestry is the optimum use of forest resources, which meet the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs.
14. What are the effects of dams on tribals?
1. Due to continuous removal of minerals, forest covers, the trenches are formed on the
ground, leading to water logged area, which in turn contaminates the ground water.
2. During mining operations, the vibrations are developed, which leads to earthquake.
3. When materials are disturbed in significant quantities during mining process, large
quantities of sediments are transported by water erosion.
15. What are all the steps of hydrological cycle.
1. Evaporation.
2. Condensation and precipitation.
3. Transpiration and respiration.

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14. What are the effects on over-utilization of water?

1. Decrease of ground water.
2. Ground subsidence.
3. Lowering of water table.
4. Intrusion of soil water.
5. Earthquake and landslides.
6. Drying up of wells.
7. Pollution of water.
15. Define floods.
A flood is an overflow of water, whenever the magnitude of flow of water exceeds the
carrying capacity of the channel within its banks.
16. Explain flood management.
1. Floods can be controlled by constructing dams or reservoirs.
2. Channel management and embankments also control the floods.
3. Encroachment of flood ways should be banned.
4. Flood hazard may also be reduced by forecasting or flood warning.
5. Flood may also be reduced by reduction of runoff by increasing infiltration through
appropriate afforestation in the catchments area.
17. Define drought.
Drought is nothing but scarcity of water, which occurs due to inadequate rainfall, late
arrival of rains and excessive withdrawal of ground water.
18. What are the types of drought?
1. Meteorological drought.
2. Hydrological drought.
3. Agricultural drought.
4. Socio-economic drought.
19. Compare merits and problems of dams.
Merits of dams:
1. Dams are built to control flood and store flood water.
2. Sometimes dams are used for diverting part or all of the water from river into a
channel.
3. Dams are used mainly for drinking and agricultural purposes.
4. Dams are built for generating electricity,
Problems of dams:
1. Displacement of tribal people.
2. Loss of non-forest land.
3. Loss of forests, flora and fauna.
20. Define minerals.
Minerals are naturally occurring substances having definite chemical composition and
physical properties.

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1. Define ores.
Ores are minerals or combination of minerals from which useful substances, such as
metals, can be profitably extracted and used for manufacture.
22. State the environmental effects of extracting and using mineral resources.
i) Devegetation and defacing of landscape.
ii) Ground water contamination.
iii) Surface water pollution.
iv) Air pollution.
v) Subsidence of land.
23. Define overgrazing.
Overgrazing is a process of, eating away the forest vegetation without giving it a
chance to regenerate.
24. Write any two adverse effects caused by overgrazing.
i) Land degradation. ii) Soil erosion.
iii) Loss of useful species.
25. Define agriculture.

Agriculture is an art, science and industry of managing the growth of plants and
animals for human use.
26. What are the types of agriculture?
The two major types of agricultural systems are
1. Traditional agricultural.
2. Modern agriculture. (a) Industrialized agriculture.
26. Enumerate the desired qualities of an ideal pesticide.
i) An ideal pesticide must kill only the target species.
ii) It must be a biodegradable.
iii) It should not produce new pests.
iv) It should not produce any toxic pesticide vapour.
v) Excessive synthetic pesticide should not be used.
vi) Chlorinated pesticides and organophosphate pesticides are hazardous, so they
should not be used.
27. What is water logging.
Water logging is the land where water stand for most of the year.
Problems in water logging:
During water-logged conditions, pore-voids in the soil get filled with water and the
soil-air gets depleted. In such a condition the roots of the plants do not get adequate air
for respiration. So, mechanical strength of the soil decreases and crop yield falls.
28. What are the advantages in conjuctive use of water?
i) Control of water logging.
ii) Use of saline water, especially for cooling purpose.
iii) Control of salt intrusion in coastal aquifers.
iv) Controlled withdrawal of water from ground water aquifer.

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29. What is mean by energy?

Energy may be defined as, any property, which can be converted into work.
(or)
Energy is defined as, the capacity to do work.
30. What are renewable and non-renewable energy resources? Give examples
Renewable energy resources are natural resources which can be regenerated
continuously and are inexhaustible. They can be used again and again in an endless
manner.
Examples:
Renewable energy resources: Wood, solar energy, wind energy.
Non-renewable energy resources: coal, petroleum.
31. What are the objectives of alternate energy sources?
a) To provide more energy to meet the requirements of increasing population.
b) To reduce environmental pollution and
c) To reduce safety and security risks associated with the use of nuclear energy.
32. Wood is a renewable resources but not coal-why?
Wood is renewable resources because we can get new wood by growing a sapling into
a tree within 15-20 years.
But the formation of coal from trees has taken million of years and cannot be
regenerated in our life time.
33. What are the conventional sources of energy for the mankind?
Non-renewable energy resources are natural resources, which cannot be regenerated
once they are exhausted. They cannot be used again.
34. What is mean by solar energy?
The energy that we get directly from the sun is called solar energy.
35. Write the significance of solar energy.
1. Solar cells are noise and pollution free.
2. Solar water heaters, cookers, require neither fuel nor attention while cooking food.
3. Solar cells can be used in remote and isolated areas, forests, hilly regions.
36. Write the significance of wind energy.
1. The generation period of wind energy is low and power generation starts from
commissioning.
2. It is recommended to broaden the nations energy options for new energy sources.
3. It is made available easily in many off-shore, on-shore and remote areas.
37. Write the significance of tidal energy.
1. Tidel power plants do not require large areas valuable lands as they are on the bays
or estuaries.
2. As the sea water is inexhaustible, it is completely independent of the uncertainty of
precipitation (rainfall).
3. It is pollution free energy source, as it does not use any fuel and also does not
produce any wastes.

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38. Write the significance of OTE.

1. OTE is continuous, renewable and pollution free.
2. The use of cold deep water, as the chiller fluid in air-conditioning, has also been
proposed.
3. Electric power generated by OTE can be used to produce hydrogen.
39. Write the significance of geothermal energy.
1. The power generation level is higher for geothermal than for solar and wind
energies.
2. Geothermal power plants can be brought on line more quickly than most other
energy sources.
3. GTE is effectively and efficiently used for direct uses such as hot water bath,
resorts, aquaculture, greenhouses.
40. Write the disadvantages of hydrogen fuel.
1. Hydrogen is highly inflammable and explosive in nature.
2. Safe handling is required.
3. It is difficult to store and transport.
41. Write the various stages of coal.
Stages
Percentage of carbon
Wood
Nil
Peat
60
Lignite
70
Bituminous coal
80
Anthracite
90
42. Differentiate renewable and non-renewable sources of energy.

SI.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Renewable energy
It is regenerated continuously
In exhaustible
It can be used again and again
It is pollution free
Available in limited amount in nature
It is developed in a long period
Non-renewable energy
Can not be regenerated
Exhausted
Cannot be used again
It pollutes the atmosphere
Available in unlimited amount in nature
It is developed in a short period
43. What are the uses of land resources?

1. Land provides food, minerals, etc., for us.
2. Land nurtures the plants and animals that provide our food and shelter.
3. Land is used as watershed or reservoir.
4. Land acts as a dust bin for most of the wastes, created by the modern society.
5. Land is used for construction of buildings, industries.

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44. Define land degradation.

Land degradation is the process of deterioration of soil or loss of fertility of the soil.
45. Differentiate between deforestation and forest degradation.
Forest Degradation
Deforestation
It is the process of deterioration of

forest materials.
It is the process of destruction

of forest materials.
Slow process.
Rapid process.
Can be recovered.
Cannot be recovered.
46. What do mean by environmental impact?

Environmental impact is nothing but the effect on the natural environment caused by
various human actions. It includes two types
i) Indirect effects
Example: Pollution
ii) Direct effects
Example: Cutting down trees.
47. Explain soil leaching.
The process in which materials in or on the soil gradually dissolve and are carried by
water seeping through the soil.
Effects of soil leaching:
1. It removes valuable nutrients from the soil.
2. It may carry buried wastes into ground water and contaminates it.
48. What is meant by soil erosion?
Soil erosion is the process of removal of superficial layer of the soil from one place to
another. Soil erosion also removes the soil components and surface liter.
49. Mention the factors causing soil erosion.
1. Water 2. Wind 3. Biotic agents 4. Landslides 5. Construction.
50. What is desertification? Give any two reasons for it.
I is a progressive destruction of arid or semi arid lands to desert.
Reason:
1. Deforestation.
2. Overgrazing.
3. Water management.
4. Mining and quarrying.
5. Pollution.

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51. What are the causes of landslides?

1. Removal of vegetation.
2. Underground mining.
3. Transport.
4. Addition of weight.
5. Ground water level.
52. Write measures recommended for conservation of natural resource.
1. Conservation of energy.
2. Conservation of water.
3. Conservation of soil.
4. Conservation of food resources.
5. Conservation of forest.
53. Define sustainable development.
Sustainable development is the development of healthy environment without
damaging the natural resources. In other words, all the natural resources must be used in
such a way that it must be available for the future generation also.
54. Define unsustainable development.
Unsustainable development is the degradation of the environment due to over
utilization and over exploitation of the natural resources.

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Unit IV
SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT
1. Define the term sustainable development.
Sustainable development is defined as, meeting the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
2. What are the important aspects of sustainable development?
1) Inter-generational equity:
It states that the technological development of rich countries should support the
economic growth of the poor countries and help in narrowing the wealth gap and lead to
sustainability.
2) Intra-generational equity:
It states that technological development of rich countries should support the economic
growth of the poor countries and help in narrowing the wealth gap and lead to
sustainability.
3. Write the significance for sustainable development.

1. Developing appropriate technology. 2. Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle (3-R) approach.
3. Providing environmental education and awareness.
4. Consumption of Renewable Resources. 5. Population control.
6. Conservation of non renewable resources.
4. What is mean by urbanization?
Urbanization is the movement of human population from rural areas to urban areas for
the want of better education, communication, health, employment, etc.,
5. Define water conservation.
The process of saving water for future utilization is known as water conservation.
6. Explain the need for water conservation.
1. Though the resources of water are more, the quality and reliability are not high due to
changes in environmental factors.
2. Better lifestyles require more fresh water.
3. As the population increase, the requirement of water is also more.
4. Due to deforestation, the annual rainfall is also decreasing.
5. Over exploitation of ground water, leads to drought.
6. Agricultural and industrial activities require more fresh water.
7. What are the strategies of water conservation?
1. Reducing evaporation losses. 2. Reducing irrigation losses. 3. Re-use of water.
4. Preventing wastage of water. 5. Decreasing run-off losses.
6. Avoid discharge of sewage.

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8. What is mean by Rainwater harvesting?

Rainwater harvesting is a technique of capturing and storing of rainwater for further
utilization.
9. What are the advantages of rain water harvesting?
1. Reduction in the use of current for pumping water.
2. Mitigating the effects of droughts and achieving drought proofing.
3. Increasing the availability of water from well.
4. Rise in ground water levels. 5. Future generation is assured of water.
6. Minimizing the soil erosion and flood hazards.
7. Upgrading the social and environmental status.
10. Define watershed.
Watershed is defined as the land area from which water drains under the influence of
gravity into a stream, lake, reservoir or other body of surface water.
11. Define watershed management
The management of rainfall and resultant runoff is called watershed management.
12. Explain the factors affecting watershed.

1. The watersheds are found to be degraded due to uncontrolled, unplanned and
unscientific land use activities.
2. Overgrazing, deforestation, mining, construction activities also affect and degrade
various watersheds. 3. Droughtly climates also affect the watershed.
13. Write the watershed management techniques.
1. Trenches (Pits). 2. Earthern dam (or) Stone embankment.
3. Farm pond. 4. Underground barriers (Dykes).
14. What are the components of integrated watershed management.
1. Water harvesting. 2. Afforestation and Agroforestry. 3. Reducing soil srosion.
4. Scientific mining and quarrying. 5. Public participation.
6. Minimising livestock population.
15. What are the causes of displacement of people?
1. Due to developmental activities. 2. Due to Disaster.
3. Due to conservation initiatives.
16. Define Resettlement.
Resettlement is simple relocation or displacement of human population. This process
does not focus on their future welfare.
17. Define the term environmental ethics.
Environmental ethics refers to the issues, principles and guidelines relating to human
interactions with their environment.

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18. Write the function of environment.

1. It is the life supporting medium for all organisms.
2. It provides food, air, water, and other important natural resources to the human
beings.
3. It disintegrates all the waste materials discharged by the modern society.
4. It moderates the climatic conditions of the soil.
5. A healthy economy depends on a healthy environment.
19. What are all the environmental problems?
1. Deforestation activities.
2. Population growth and urbanisation.
3. Pollution due to discharge of effluent and smoke discharge from the industries.
4. Water scarcity.
5. Land degradation and degradation of soil fertility.
20. Define Climate.
Climate is the average weather of an area. It is the general weather conditions,
seasonal variations of a region. The average of such conditions over a long period i s
called climate.
21. What are the important causes of climate change?
1. Presence of green house gases in the atmosphere increases the global temperature.
2. Depletion of ozone layer also increases the global temperature.
22. What is green house effect?
The green house effect may be defined as, the progressive warming up of the earths
surface due to blanketing effect of man made CO2 in the atmosphere.
23. Give some examples of green house gases.
CO2, CH4, N2O and chlorofluoro carbons (CFCs).
24. Explain the term Global Warming.
The increased inputs of CO2 and other green house gases into the atmosphere from
human activities will enhance the earths natural green house effect of raising the average
global temperature of the atmosphere near the earths surface. This enhanced green house
effect is called global warming
25. What are the causes and effects of global warming?

Causes:
Increased inputs of CO2 and other green house gases into the atmosphere from human
activities.
Effects:
1. Sea level increases. 2. Negative effect on crop production and forest growth.
3. Water resources decreases. 4. Drought nature increases.

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26. What is meant by CDM?

CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) is an arrangement under the Kyoto protocol
allowing industrialised countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment to invest
in projects that reduce emissions in developing countries. It aims to develop sustainable
development in all countries by reducing CO2 and HFC (Hydro Fluro Carbon) emissions.
27. What is meant by green house gases?
Green house gases are gases (CO2, CH4, N2O and CFCs) present in atmosphere,
which absorb heat and do not radiate, cause increase in atmospheric and global
temperature. It is similar to the warming effect observed in the green house made of green
glass.
28. Define air pollutant according to air prevention and control of pollution act.
The presence of any solid, liquid or gaseous substance in the atmosphere in such
concentration as may be harmful to human beings (or) living creatures or plants or
environments.
29. What is acid rain?
The presence of excessive acids in rain water is known as acid rain.
30. What is acid precipitation?
It includes acid rain, acid fog, acid snow and other form of precipitation that is more
acidic than normal.
The presence of SO2 and NO2 gases in the atmosphere decreases the pH of the water
during the rainfall. This type of precipitation of water is called acid deposition.
31. Mention the causes and effects of acid rain.
The gases, nitrous oxide, sulphur dioxide, due to burning of coal and oil, in the
atmosphere, react with water to form acids.
SO2 + H2O H2SO4
NO2 + H2O HNO3
Effects:
1. Acid rain corrodes houses, monuments, statues, bridges and fences.
2. Acid rain and dry deposition of acidic particles contribute to the corrosion of
metals, and the deterioration of paint and stone.
3. Dry deposition of acidic compounds can also dirty buildings and other structures,
leading to increased maintenance costs.
32. How the ozone is formed?
Ozone is formed in the stratosphere by photochemical reaction,
O2 + hv O + O
The atomic oxygen rapidly reacts with molecular oxygen to form ozone.
O + O2 + M O3 + M
Where, M = Third body such as nitrogen.
Ozone thus formed distributes itself in the stratosphere and absorbs harmful UV
radiations.

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33. How does ozone layer depletion take place? Write its consequences.
Depletion of ozone occurs due to the presence of CO2, CFC in the atmosphere.
Cl + O3 ClO + O2
ClO + O Cl + O2
Consequences:
1. Damage genetic materials in the skin cells, which cause skin cancer.
2. Affect the aquatic forms (fish). 3. Global warming. 4. Degradation of paints, plastics,
etc.,
34. What are the causes and effects of ozone layer depletion?
Causes:
1. Chlorofluoro carbon. 2. Hydro Chlorofluoro carbon (HCFC).
3. Bromo Fluoro carbon (BFC).
Effects:
i) UV rays destroys the melamine pigment in human skin.
ii) It also effect the aquatic forms.
iii) It degrade paints, plastics and other polymeric materials.
iv) Increases the average temperature of the earth.
35. How CFCs are accumulated in atmosphere.
CFCs are accumulated in atmosphere through
i) Aerosol propellants. ii) Cleaning solvents. iii) Refrigerants (Freon).
iv) Foam plastic blowing agent.
36. What is a Dobson unit?

The amount of atmospheric ozone is measured by Dobson spectrometer and is
expressed in Dobson units (DU). 1 DU is equivalent to a 0.01 mm thickness of pure
ozone at the density it posses if it brought to the ground level (1 atm) pressure.
37. What are all the types of nuclear accidents?
1. Nuclear test. 2. Nuclear power plant accidents. 3. Accident during transport.
4. Improper disposal of radioactive waste. 5. Core melt down.
38. What are all the causes of waste land formation?
1. Due to soil erosion, deforestation, overgrazing water logging, salinity.
2. The increasing demand for fire-wood and excessive use of pesticides.
3. Developmental activities like construction of dams and power projects have
Caused considerable damage to land due to water logging.
4. Over-exploitation of natural resources.
5. By the sewage and industrial wastes.
6. Mining activities destroy the forest and cultivable land.

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39. Write the methods of waste land reclamation.

1. Drainage. 2. Leaching. 3. Irrigation practices. 4. Green-manures and bio fertilizers.
5. Application of Gypsum. 6. Afforestation programmes. 7. Social forestry
programmes.
40. Give the four seller and buyer rights?
Seller Rights:
1. The right to introduce any product.
2. The right to charge any price.
3. The right to spend any amount to promote their product.
4. The right to use incentives to promote their products.
Buyer rights:
1. The right to buy or not to buy.
2. The right to expect a product to be safe.
3. The right to expect the product to perform as claimed.
41. Write some important protection Acts.
1. Water Act 1974, 1978.
2. Water amendment Act, 1987.
3. Air Act, 1981 amended in 1987.
4. Wildlife Act, 1972.
5. Forest Act, 1980 and
6. Environment Act, 1972.
42. What is meant by environmental audit.
Environmental audits are intended to quantify environmental performance and
environmental position. In this way they perform analogous function to financial audits. It
also aims to define what needs to be done to improve on indicators of such performance
and position.
43. What is meant by ISO 14000?
ISO 14000 is the environmental management standards which exist to help
organizations minimize how their operations negatively affect the environment and
comply with applicable laws and regulations.
44. State a few drawbacks of pollution related acts.
1. The penalties in the act is very small when compared to the damage caused by the
big industries due to pollution.
2. A person cannot directly file a petition in the court.
3. Litigation, related to environment is expensive, since it involves technical
knowledge.
4. For small unit is very expensive to install Effluent Treatment Plant.
5. The position of chairman of the boards is occupied by political appointee. Hence it
Is difficult to implement the act without political interference.

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45. What are the objectives of public awareness?

1. To create awareness among people of rural and city about ecological imbalances,
local environment, technological development and various development plants.
2. To organise meetings, group discussion on development, tree plantation
programmes, exhibitions.
3. To focus on current environment problems and situations.
4. To train our planners, dicision-makers, politicians and administrators.
5. To eliminate poverty by providing employment that overcomes the basic
environmental issues.
6. To learn to live simple and eco-friendly manner.

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Unit V
HUMAN POPULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT
1. Define population.
Population is defined as a group of individuals belonging to the same species, which
live in a given area at a given time.
2. What is mean by population density?
It is expressed as the number of individuals of the population per unit area or per unit
volume.
3. Write the parameters affecting population size.
1. Birth rate or Natality. 2. Death rate or Mortality. 3. Immigration. 4. Emigration.
4. Define immigration and emigration.
Immigration:
It denotes the arrival of individuals from neighbouring population.
Emigration:
It denotes the dispersal of individuals from the original population to new
areas.
5. What are the reasons behind the increased population growth in the less developed nations
compared with developed nations.
1. The rapid population growth is due to decrease in death rate and increase in birth
rate.
2. The availability of antibiotics, immunisation, increased food production, clean
water and air decreases the famine-related deaths and infant mortality.
3. In agricultural based countries, childrens are required to help parents in the fields
that is why population increases in the developing countries.
6. Define doubling time with reference to population growth.
It is the time required for a population to double its size at a constant annual rate. It is
calculated as follows
Td (Doubling time) = 70/r
Where, r = annual growth rate.
If a nation has 2% annual growth, its population will double in next 35 years.
7. What are the environmental issues of population growth?
1. Increasing demands for food and natural resources.
2. Inadequate housing and health services.
3. Loss of agricultural lands.
4. Unemployment and socio-political unrest.
5. Environmental pollution.

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8. What is population explosion?

The enormous increase in population, due to low death rate (mortality) and high birth
rate (natality), is termed as population explosion. The human population is not increasing
at a uniform rate in all parts of the world.
9. What are the causes of population explosion?
1. Invention of modern medical facilities reduces the death rate (mortality) and
increases the birth rate (natality), which leads to population explosion.
2. Increase of life expectancy is another important reason for the population
explosion.
10. What are the objectives of family welfare programme.
1. Solving down the population explosion by reducing the fertility.
2. Pressure on the environment, due to over exploitation of natural resources, is
reduced.
11. Write about stabilization ratio.

The ratio is derived by dividing crude birth rate by crude death rate.
The stabilization ratio of the developed countries is 1
The stabilization ratio of the developing countries is nearing 3.
12. What are all the factors influencing human health.
i) Nutritional factors. ii) Biological factors. iii) Chemical factors
iv) Psychological factors.
13. What is meant by NIMBY syndrome?
NIMBY means Not In My Back Yard, which describes the opposition of residents to
the nearby location of something they consider undesirable, even if it is clearly a benefit
for many.
14. Define human rights?
Human rights are the fundamental rights, which are possessed by all human beings
irrespective of their caste, nationality, sex and language.
15. Write some universal declared human rights.
1. Human right to freedom.
2. Human right to property.
3. Human right to equality.
4. Human right against exploitation.
5. Human right to food and environment.
6. Human right to good health.
16. What is mean by education?
Education is nothing but learning, through which knowledge about the particular thing
can be acquired.
17. What are the types education?
1. Formal education. 2. Value education. 3. Value-based environmental education.

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18. What are the methods to imparting value education?

1. Telling. 2. Modelling. 3. Role playing. 4. Problem solving.
5. Studying biographies of great man.
19. Write the types of values.
1. Universal values. 2. Cultural values. 3. Individual values. 4. Global values.
5. Spiritual values.
20. Define population equilibrium.
A state of balance between birth rate and death rate in a population is known as
population equilibrium.
21. Write the expansion for HIV and AIDS.
HIV: Human Immuno deficiency Virus.
AIDS: Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
22. Differentiate between HIV and AIDS.
HIV
AIDS
Human immuno deficiency virus. Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome.
It is a virus.
It is a disease.
23. How does HIV functions in human body.
White Blood cell (WBC), responsible in the formation of antibodies, are called Thelper cells. T-helper cells are the key infection fighters in the immune system. The HIV
enters into the human body and destroys the T-cells, as a result of which various types of
infection diseases occur. Even cancer can easily develop in the HIV infected persons.
24. What are the factors which do not influence transmission of HIV?
Tears, food and air, cough, handshake, mosquito, flies, insect bites, urine, saliva
during normal kissing, sharing of utensils, cloths, toilet, bathroom etc.,
25. Mention some ill effect of HIV/AIDS on the environment.
1. Large number of death occurs, which affect environment and natural resources.
2. Due to large number of deaths, there is loss of labour and level of production
decreses.
3. More water is required for maintaining hygiene in AIDS affected locality.
4. The people affected by HIV, cannot perform work well due to lack of energy and
frequent fever and sweating.
26. What are the major precautions to avoid AIDS?
1. Avoid indiscriminate sex and encourage the use of condoms and also avoid the use
if sharing razors, needles and syringes.
2. Prevention of blood borne HIV transmission.
3. Aids awareness programmes should be encouraged.
4. Counselling services should be provided.
27. Write the various schemes of women welfare.
1. The National Network for Women And Mining (NNWM).
2. United Nation Decade for Women.

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3. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination

Against Women (CEDAW).
4. Non-Government Organizations (NGOs).
5. Ministry for Women And Child Development.
28. Write the reason for child labour.
1. Poverty: Poverty is the main reason to force these children to work in unhealthy
conditions.
2. Want of Money: Parents require money for their family, so they are in a position to
send their children for work.
29. Write the various schemes of child welfare.
1. UN Conventions on Rights of Child (or) International Law.
2. World summit on children.
3. Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD).
30. State the role of information technology in Environment.
Information technology plays a vital role in the field of environmental education.
Information technology means collection, processing storage and dissemination of
information. A number of software have been developed so study about the environment.
31. What are the softwares used in Environmental Education?
1. Remote sensing. 2. Database. 3. Geographical Information System (GIS).
4. Satellite data. 5. World Wide Web.
.
Prepared by
Approved by
(K.Saravanan)
(AP/Mech)
(G.Selvaraj)
(HOD i/c/Mech.)

Ge 2021

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2 Marks Question & Answers

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL

13. How are biotic components grouped?

14. Write photosynthesis equation.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 +6H2O

15. Write the first law of thermodynamics.

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL

20. What are all the types of food chain?

22. What is food web?

26. Explain the concept of an ecosystem.

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL

27. How a biome does differs from an ecosystem.

The desert air is dry and the climate is hot.

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL

37. What is point richness?

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL

45. What is Ex-situ conservation?

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL

7. Define photochemical smog.

Cigarette smoking, incomplete

Coma, brain cell damages.

Burning of fossil fuels.

Acid rain, Lung damage.

Breathing problem, acid

Paint, smelters, leaded petrol.

Mental retardation, harm

9. Give the Indian ambient air quality standards.

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL

12. Write any four major water pollutants.

Pesticides and biocides.

13. What are point and non-point sources of water pollution?

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL

18. Write any two causes of soil pollution.

21. What are all the factors affecting coral reefs?

23. What are all the methods of oil removing in marine?

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL

24. Define noise pollution.

29. Define thermal pollution.

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL

32. What are all the control measures of thermal pollution?

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL

38. Differentiate between recycling and reuse.

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL

44. Define floods.

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL

8. What are the effects of deforestation on the environment?

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL

14. What are the effects on over-utilization of water?

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL

25. Define agriculture.

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL

29. What is mean by energy?

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL

38. Write the significance of OTE.

42. Differentiate renewable and non-renewable sources of energy.

43. What are the uses of land resources?

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL