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http://bjp.rcpsych.org/ on May 18, 2014
Published by The Royal College of Psychiatrists
confirmation
sixhad no psychiatric
illness
whatsoever(Cox eta!,
1983). The 30-item General Health Questionnaire of
was
found
to require
some
slight
modifications.
also
Edinburgh,
782
EDINBURGH
POSTNATAL
DEPRESSION
irritability
concerning
environment.
783
SCALE
confirmation
of Snaith's
earlier
observation
that
were normal',
depressed',
or wereconsideredas having
problems'.
As we envisaged that a useful function of the
scale would be to confirm the diagnosis
of depression
in
when
The
it was administered
mother's
home
in a domestic
was,
therefore,
an
link
eta!,
administering
Diagnostic
Criteria
of Spitzer
et a! (1975).
Mothers
who
Resufts
Validation
sample
784
COX ET AL
Validation
in Fig. 1.
A threshold score of 12/13 was found to identify all of
the 21 women with an RDC diagnosisof Definite Major
Depressive Illness and two of the three women with
Probable Major DepressivelUness.Four of the 11women
with Definite Minor Depressionwere false negatives,i.e.
theyscored 12or below,and there were 11false
positives',
although
again
remaining
blind
to both
the EPDS-l
and
20
10
S
S
No,ud
n:33
mood
n'12
pivbable
n:O
.@___fl@
FIG. 1
Validation
of Edinburgh
Discussion
Postnatal
Minor
definils
i;:11
Mojor
prob@1s
,,:3
M@or
definite
n=21
dsprsss,on.
Depression
Scale.
setting
and on women
who were
785
care worker
to confirm
whether
& Ku@t@a,
R. (1986)
Impactofmaternal
postnatal
depression
on cognitive development of young children. British Medical
Journal, 292, 11651167.
Cox, J. L. (1986) Postnatal
,
Co@oR,
Y.
&
KENDELL,
R.
E.
(1982)
Prospective
study
of
HENDERSON,
1.,
Mc0urna,
R.
J.
&
KENDELL,
R.
E.
ROONEY,
A.,
THOMAS,
P.
F.
&
W@m,
R.
W.
(1984)
How
of Psychiatric
Illness by
or not
Depression
COOPER,
B..
EASTWOOD,
SHEPHERD, M. (1970)
M.
R.,
A standardised
KEDWARD,
H.
psychiatric
B.
interview
&
for
Kui@u@a.
R. (1982)Neuroticdisordersin childbearingwomen. In
Motherhood and Mental Illness, eds I. Brockington & R. Kumar.
London:AcademicPress.
&
ROBSON,
K.
M.
(1984)
prospective
study
of
emotional
Medicine,12, 409413.
O'H@a@,M. W., REHM, L. P. & CAMPBELL,
S. B. (1983)
Postpartumdepression:
a roleforsocial
networkand life
stress
variables.
Journal
ofNervousandMentalDisease,
171,
336341.
,
NEUNABER,
study
of
D.
J.
&
postpartum
Zsicosici,
E.
depression:
M.
(1984)
Prospective
prevalence,
course
and
E@tt@s,
E.
M.,
FL@rcnea,
J.
&
RASSABY,
E.
5.
(1980)
Life
138,512514.
(1983)Pregnancy-relatedpsychiatricdisorder.BritishJournal
of Hospital Medicine, 29, 450456.
Acknowledgements
CoP4smwroPouLos,
JARDINE,
M.
Y.
&
MCGUFFIN,
P.
Diagnostic
Psychiatric Institute.
WATSON,
J. P.,
ELLIOT-r, S. A.,
Ruoc,
A. J. & BROUGH, D. I.
References
Banroan, A. & Fouws, 0. (1978)Dehisions-Symptoms-States.State
of Anxiety anti Depression(Manual) Windsor: National
Foundation
A.,
WILuAMS,
A.
for Educational
Research.
P., T@apioi'oisjcy,
A. & H@,
Anxiety
and
COX ET AL
786
Appendix
to assist
primary
care
health
professionals
to detect
10 of women
and
that
many
depressed
mothers
remain
Hardly at all
*
3.
I have
A careful
clinical
assessment
when
things
went
should
unnecessarily
No, never
myself
blamed
wrong
Yes, most of the time
to things
household
tasks,
buttheir
enjoyment
oflife
isseriously
affected
and it is possible that there are long-term effects on the family.
Edinburgh. It consists of ten short statements. The mother
underlines which of the four possible responses is closest to how
shehasbeenfeeling
during
thepastweek.Mostmothers
complete
with enjoyment
untreated. These mothers may cope with their baby and with
Hardly ever
Yes, sometimes
Yes, very often
* 5.
I have
felt
scared
or panicky
for no very
good
reason
* 6.
Things
been
getting
on
top
of
me
usual
I have
been
so
unhappy
that
I have
that
had
difficulty
sleeping
EDINBURGH
POSTNATALDEPRESSIONSCALE(EPDS)
J. L. Cox, J. M. Holden, R. Sagovsky
Department of Psychiatry, Universityof Edinburgh
have
Yes, sometimes
Not very often
I have
felt
sad
or
miserable
Name:
Address:
Baby's age:
9.
have
been
so
unhappy
have
been
crying
to how you have felt IN THE PAST 7 DAYS,not just how you
feel today.
of harming
to me
Hardly ever
Never
Here is an example,alreadycompleted.
I have felt happy:
Yes, all the time
of the symptom.
Itemsmarkedwithan asteriskarereversescored(i.e. 3,2, 1and 0). Thetotal
score is calculated by adding together the scores for each of the ten items.
Users may reproduce the scalewithout furtherpermission providingthey respect
copyright (which remains with the British Journal of Psychiairy)by quoting the
namesof the authors, the titleand the sourceof the paper in all reproducedcopies.