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Butterworth approximation:
Chebyshev approximation:
Elliptical approximation:
Bessel approximation:
Butterworth approximation:
The Butterworth low-pass filter provides maximum pass band flatness.
Therefore, a Butterworth low-pass is often used as anti-aliasing filter in
data converter applications where precise signal levels are required
across the entire pass band. 20N dB per decade roll-off, where
Elliptical approximation:
9Shows pass-band and stop-band ripple
9Even sharper cut-off.
Bessel approximation:
9no signal distortion in pass-band (i.e. linear phase
response)
Butterworth Filter
Maximally flat response.
Roll off smooth and monotonic.
20db/decade for every pole (order of filter)
5th order would have an attenuation rate of 100 db
for every factor of 10fold increase in frequency
beyond cutoff.
Quality Factor Q
The quality factor Q is an equivalent design parameter to the filter order n.
Instead of designing an nth order low-pass, the problem can be expressed as
designing a low-pass filter with a certain Q.
For band-pass filters, Q is defined as the ratio of the mid frequency, fm, to
the bandwidth at the two 3 dB points: Q = fm/(f2-f1)
For low-pass and high-pass filters, Q represents the pole quality and is defined
as: Q = bi /ai
High Qs can be graphically presented as the distance between the 0-dB line
and the peak point of the filters gain response
The higher the Q value, the more a filter inclines to instability.
Bessel (Q=0.57),
Butterworth (Q=0.707)-------( response is maximally flat)
Chebyshev (Q=1.124)
Elliptic (Q=10)
Q=
H L
0
BW
H ( j ) ( MFM ) =
1
s +
2
2s + 1
( N = 2)
s2 +
c2
( N = 2)
2
2 c s + c
KCL@V1
(VS V1 )Y1 = (V1 V2 )Y2 + (V1 V0 )Y3 (1)
KCL@V2
(V1 V2 )Y2 = V2Y4
V1Y2 = V2 (Y4 + Y2 )
(Y4 + Y2 )
V1 = V2
Y2
QVo = KV2 (2)
(Y4 + Y2 )
V1 =
Vo (3)
KY2
(Y4 + Y2 )
(Y4 + Y2 ) 1
(Y4 + Y2 )
Y1 + (
VS Y1 = Vo
)Y2 + (
1)Y3
KY2
KY2
K
KY2
Vo
KY1Y2
H (s) = =
Vs Y1Y2 + (1 K )Y2Y3 + Y4 (Y1 + Y2 + Y3 )
KCL@V1
(VS V1 ) (V1 V2 )
=
+ sC1 (V1 V0 ) (1)
R1
R2
KCL@V2
(V1 V2 )
= sC2V2
R2
(2)
RB
Vo = (1 + )V2 (3)
RA
RB
K = 1+
,
RA
1
1
Y1 =
, Y2 =
, Y 3 = sC 1 , Y 4 = sC 2
R1
R2
VO ( s )
K c2
H (s) =
= 2
Vs (s)
s + 2 k c s + c2
c2 =
1
R1 R 2 C 1C 2
1
1
1
1 K
(R1 R 2 C 1C 2 )2
+
+
2 k =
R1C 1 R 2 C 1 R 2 C 2
For butterwort filter :
1
Q =
= 0 . 707 2 k = 1 . 414
2k
Scaling:
To design a filter first design a filter for unity corner frequency and
impedance value of unity. Then the circuit is scaled to the desired
corner frequency and impedance values using scaling.
Impedance Scaling:
KZ = Znew / Zold
R = KZR and C = C/KZ
Frequency scaling:
K = new/ old
C = C/K
Rnew = KZR and CNew = (1/KzK)C
RB
, Y1 = sC1 , Y2 = sC2 ,
RA
1
1
, Y4 =
R1
R2
VO ( s)
Ks 2
= 2
H ( s) =
Vs ( s ) s + 2kc s + c2
1
=
R1 R2C1C2
2
c
1
1
1
1 K
(R1 R2C1C2 )2
2k =
+
+
R1C1 R2C2 R2C2
For butterworth filter :
1
= 0.707 2k = 1.414
Q=
2k
V2
V1