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Thursday,October3,2013

HarringtonEmersonAPioneerIndustrialEngineer
HarringtonEmersoncontributedtothesystemsefficiencyfocusofindustrialengineering.HisbookTwelve
PrinciplesofEfficiencywasclassic.
Hediscussedefficiencydesignoforganizationthrough12principles
1.Clearlydefinedideals.
2.Commonsense
3.Competentcounsel
4.Discipline
5.Thefairdeal
6.Reliable,immediateandadequaterecords
7.Despatching
8.Standardsandschedules
9.Standardizedconditions
10.Standardizedoperations
11.Writtenstandardpracticeinstructions
12.Efficiencyreward
Standardsandstandardizationasabasisforefficiencywasstronglyadvocatedbyhim.Nearlytwohundred
companiesadoptedvariousfeaturesoftheEmersonEfficiencysystem,whichincludedproductionrouting
procedures,standardizedworkingconditionsandtasks,timeandmotionstudies,andabonusplanwhich
raisedworkers'wagesinaccordancewithgreaterefficiencyandproductivity[Guide].
HarringtonEmerson(18531931)wasoneofAmerica'spioneersinindustrialengineeringandmanagement
andorganizationaltheory.Hismajorcontributionsweretoinstallhismanagementmethodsatmany
industrialfirmsandtopromotetheideasofscientificmanagementandefficiencytoamassaudience
[Guide].
EmersonwasbornonAugust2,1853inTrenton,NewJersey.From1862to1876hestudiedundertutors
andattendedprivateschoolsinEngland,France,Italy,andGreece.Inadditiontolearninglanguagesand
archeology,heattendedengineeringclassesintheRoyalBavarianPolytechniquefrom1872to1875.
EmersonreturnedtotheU.S.in1876andacquiredapositionasProfessorofModernLanguagesatthe
UniversityofNebraska.
AfterasuccessfultenureasageneralmanagerofasmallPennsylvaniaglassfactoryin1900,Emerson
resolvedtotakeupefficiencyengineeringasaprofession.ThroughmeetingsoftheAmericanSocietyof
MechanicalEngineers,hebecamepersonallyacquaintedwiththepioneeringworkofFrederickW.Taylor,
thefounderofscientificmanagement,ansassimilatedmuchofthemethodologyforstandardizingworkand
remuneratingworkersinaccordancewithproductivity.
Emerson'smostnotableconsultingassignmentwasthereorganizationofthemachineandlocomotiverepair
shops of the sprawling Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad. Three years in duration (19041907), this
work involved the first successful application of scientific management to a large railroad system.
Engineering and railroad periodicals gave much attention to the system of "shop betterment" which he
installed. Emerson also developed and implemented a bonus pay system which was widely accepted in a

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numberofindustries.AsaresultofhissuccessfulworkfortheAtchison,Topeka,Emersonbegantoattract
an industrial clientele. During his tenure as a Standard Practice Engineer for the American Locomotive
Company, Emerson also founded the Emerson Company. This company hired out associate consulting
engineers to other firms on a contract basis. Emerson associates were entrusted with the tasks of
standardizingworkproceduresandapplyingtheEmersonbonusplanforclientcompanies.
Between1907and1910,theEmersonCompanyconsultedover200corporations,submittingreportsfor
whichtheywerepaidtwentyfivemilliondollars.Emersonefficiencymethodswereappliedtodepartment
stores,hospitals,colleges,andmunicipalgovernments.Between1911and1920Emerson'sfirmaveraged
annualearningsofover$100,000.00.
To distinguish his methods from those of Taylor, Emerson published three books: Efficiency as a Basis
for Operation and Wages (1909) The Twelve Principles of Efficiency (1912) and Colonel Schoonmaker
andthePittsburghandLakeErieRailroad(1913).
The1910EasternFreightCasebroughtmuchwiderpublicattentiontoEmerson'sideas.Emersonserved
as Louis D. Brandeis's star witness in the appeal of major eastern trunk railroads to the Interstate
CommerceCommissionforarateincrease.Emersontestifiedthattherailroadswastedonemilliondollars
dailybynotapplyingefficiencymethods.Hisbriefagainsttherailroadswonwideacclaimandmarkedthe
growth in public awareness of scientific management. Emerson became known as the "High Priest of
Efficiency."Hespokemorefrequentlyabouthiseffficiencyideastobusinessmen,civilorganizations,and
management and engineering students. In 1912, Emerson helped to found the New York Efficiency
Society which promoted and disseminated the ideals of reform through scientific management. Emerson
joinedotherprogressiveengineersinfoundingtheSocietyofIndustrialEngineersin1917.

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Through the decade of the 1920s, Emerson publicized the potential for promoting efficiency on a global
scale.HewasoneofeighteenprominentengineerschosenbySecretaryofCommerceHerbertHooverin
1921toserveonacommitteeinvestigatingtheeliminationofwasteinindustry.
Emerson was an efficiency educator also. In 1924, he rewrote and marketed an earlier version of a
correspondencecourseinhumanengineering.UndertheaegisoftheEmersonInstitute,Emerson'shome
study course in personal efficiency had a nationwide subscription of 40,000 in 1925. Up to his death in
May, 1931, he documented his contributions to scientific management and industrial engineering in his
manuscriptautobiography,inessays,andinpersonalletters.
Emerson
documents
are
available
in
Pennsylvania
State
University
http://www.libraries.psu.edu/speccolls/FindingAids/emerson.frame.htmlforreference.
Sources:
Guide,http://www.libraries.psu.edu/speccolls/FindingAids/emerson.frame.html

Library.

AccessthebooksbyEmersonfromArchive.org
TheTwelvePrinciplesofEfficiency(1912)
http://www.archive.org/details/twelveprinciples00emerrich
EfficiencyasaBasisforOperationandWages
http://www.archive.org/details/efficiencyasbasi00emeruoft

QuotationsbyHarringtonEmerson

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"Thetwentiethcenturydawnswithasyetunaccomplishedtaskofconservation,ofeliminatingwastes
wantonandwickedwastesofallkinds,wastesthatmakeourcivicgovernmentsabyword,ourdestruction
ofnaturalresourcesaworldscandal,ourcomplacentindustrialefficiencyapeculiarlynationaldisgrace,of
allnations,weAmericansoughttoknowbetter."
[TheTwelvePrinciplesofEfficiency(1912)P.9]
"Efficiencylikehygieneisastate,anidealnotamethod"P.23

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Strenuousnessandefficiencyarenotonlynotthesame,butareantagonistic.Tobestrenuousistoputforth
greaterefforttobeefficientittoputforthlesseffort.(P.39)

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"Hedidnotknowthatefficiencyrewardoughttobeprecededbythecareful,systematic,andexpert
applicationofelevenotherprinciples,ofwhich"Wages"isaminorelementofone."P.41
Accountinginallitsphasesisaminordivisionofoneofthetwelveefficiencyprinciples,trustworthy,
immediateandadequaterecords.P.43
Anefficiencyengineeroughtsimilarlytoactasfunnel,beingequippedtogatherfromallavailablesources
whateverisofoperatingvaluefortheorganizationheisadvising.P.54
Ifalltheidealsanimatingalltheorganizationfromtoptobottomcouldbelinedsoastopullinthesame
straightline,theresultantwouldbeaverypowerfuleffort.P.60
Therailwaylinebetweenst.PetersburgandMoscowcost$337,000amileforadistanceof400miles.In
Finlandsimilarlinewasmadefor$23,000amileP.65(Sentencerewritten)
Theideasofonecompanyarethatitscustomersshallbetreatedwithabsolutefairness,thatitsemployees
shallbeofhigherskillandbebetterpaidthanthoseofneighboringcompetitors,thattheyshallhave
permanenceofemployment.P.84
ThereareonlyadozenshopsintheUnitedStatesinwhichanyscientificstandardsofmanandmachine
efficiencyexist.P.111
Thelegalcounselordoesnot,cannotknowallthelawsandproperlegalformalitiesineverystate,andhe
thereforeemploysjuniorandoftenseniorcounsel.Similarlyacounselorastoefficiency,wouldnotpretend

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tobeexpertastoallefficiency,butitwouldbehisdutytobeintouchbothastomenandscientificreports
withallthatwaslatestandbestandmakeitallavailableforhisemployerwhetherindividualorcorporation.
P.129
Thereisnothingmenwillnotattemptwhengreatenterprisesholdoutthepromiseofgreatrewards.Livy
Outofeighteenitemsofoperatingcosts,asdistinguishedfromsellingcosts,onlyoneisdirectlyinfluenced
bytheworker,thatistimequalityofthework.P.355

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Efficiencyrewardisnotamoneypayment,thisisonlyoneofitsmyriadforms.Menhavebeenwillingtodie
forasmile.P.36566
Theidealthatinspirestheformulationoftheprinciplesofefficiencyiseliminationofwaste,ofwastesofall
kindsresultingfinallyinwastesofthecollectivesoul.P.371
Theidealthatinspirestheformulationoftheprinciplesofefficiencyiseliminationofwaste,ofwastesofall
kindsresultingfinallyinwastesofthecollectivesoul.P.371

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TheidealsofUnitedStatesSteelCorporation

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Theidealsofthecorporationseemtohavebeen
(1)Lawabidence
(2)Rationalpublicity
(3)Steadypricesatahighlevel
(4)maximumtonnage
(5)Permanenceforitsownbusinessbythepurchaseoflargeoreandcoalreserves
(6)Rapidimprovementofthepropertiessoastomakethemworththecapitalizedvalue
(7)Maintenanceofahighlevelofwages
(8)Identificationoftheworkerwiththeprofitsofhiswork,thusincreasinghisinterestinginhisoccupation.
P.383
DoestheSteelCorporationknowastoeverydetailwhatoughttobeaswellasitknowswhathasbeen?
P.391

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