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lecture 13/1
Content:
Introduction, definition of walls
1. Constructional rules
2. Resistance to axial compression
3. Resistance to eccentric compression
4. Design of the wall reinforcement for shear
5. Shear connection between columns and walls and between
walls concreted in two different construction phases
6. Reinforcement details of rc walls
7. Stiffening wall systems
-ways of bracing
-rigidity of shear walls and bracing frames
-stiffening wall systems
8. Distribution of horizontal loads between elements of the wall
system
9. Determination of the design eccentrricity of the compression
force acting in walls
Reinforced Concrete 2012
lecture 13/2
10. Tie-beams
11. Local compression
lecture 13/3
lecture 13/4
1. Constructional rules
t 8 cm
if t < 100 mm: one-layer reinforcement possible
if t > 200 mm: two-layer reinforcement necessary
S-hooks
column-like reinforcement
at wall end
shorizontal 400 mm
S-hooks: 4 pcs/m2
min= 0,3%
max= 4%
NR= ,
, =Acfcd+Asfyd
=
lecture 13/6
ls
lecture 13/7
(one bar)
(mm2/m)
lecture 13/8
2nd phase
lecture 13/9
lecture 13/10
Reinforcement system of
an rc wall section at
ground
floor
level
showing
doublesided
welded meshes H1 with
transverse overlap of
250 mm (the vertical
overlap is 350 mm) and
elements of the columnlike reinforcement at the
wall extremities. Hooks
no. 2 are interconnecting
the the two reinforcement layers
Hook:
s
8-0,23 4pcs/m2
lecture 13/11
lecture 13/12
couple-sheared
rc frame +
solid rc wall
wall
rc frame
frame filling wall
k= 100
k= 20
k= 2
Displacement rgidity k: the magnitude of a horizontal force causing unit
displacement at top
Reinforced Concrete 2012
lecture 13/13
If the number of bracing walls is greater than 3, as a safe approximation, the three most rigid bracing walls can be considered by checking
the system.
Reinforced Concrete 2012
lecture 13/14
C: center of rigidities
Reinforced Concrete 2012
Bracing walls: 1 to 8
Resultant of wind forces: Ry and Rx
lecture 13/15
k=
3EI
H3
As E= Ec,eff = const. and H= const, rigidity of the
th 3
wall units is proportional to I =
.
12
Position of the center of rigidities (C):
(I xi x i )
x0 =
I xi
y0 =
(I yj y j )
I yj
I = (I yi .ryi2 ) + (I xj rxj2 )
and Ryexo
qwx,d and qwy,d are the design value of the wind load in x- and ydirections respectively (sum of wind pressure and suction) in kN/m2
The forces absorbed by the bracing walls in x and y-directions:
From Rx in walls in x direction:
I yi
ryi I yi
SRxix = R x
+ e yo
i = 1,2,,n
I yi
I
lecture 13/17
M Ed
N Ed
ei can be substituted by the effect of an additional horizontal force Hi:
e = ee + ei + e2
Hi = i (Nb Na )
i = nmo
ee=
2
3
m = 0,5(1 + 1 / m)
1
o =
200
where l is the height of the wall in m, m is the number of pralallel bracing walls
n = 2 / l
lecture 13/18
e2/d is tabulated
lated in the design aids in function of the slanderness ratio
l o / d of the wall in the plane under consideration:
lecture 13/19
10. Tie-beams
They are designed for better distribution of loads
and effects, in extreme cases to prevent progressive collapse by providing alternative load paths
after local damage.
-Peripheral and internal ties at floor levels
-Vertical ties where required
Independent ties for diff. dilatation joints
They work generally in tension
Min. reinforcement: 410 long. bars +8/200 links
Functions of tie beams:
-absorb tension due to thermal expansion,
uneven settlement, damage of the struture
-partial restraint of prefabricated floor beams
-distribution of concentrated loads
-lintel above openings with additional steel
Reinforced Concrete 2012
lecture 13/20
lecture 13/21
x0
Terhelt
fellet
loaded
area
x0
x
y0
x
y0
Ac0
Ac0
x 1- x 0 h
y1-y0 < h
Ac1
y1<3y0
Ac1
y1<3y0
x1=x0
x1<3x0
Due to the spatial stress state, the capacity force can be determined
from the expression:
FRd = A c 0 f cd where
A /A
= min c1 c0
3
lecture 13/22
In case of several spot-like loaded areas, the areas Ac1 can not intersect
each other.
The diagonal spreading of compression stresses may split the concrete
in vertical plane, which should be impeded by horizontal reinforcement
designed for:
a
F
N
h=b
N=T
0.3 h
1
a
T = 1 F
4
b
and distributed between 0,3h to
0,9h depth.
0.6 h
(b)
(c)
b
(a)
lecture 13/23