What is kinesis (3)

Kinesis is a very simple behaviour found in invertebrate animals. It is a rapid and

random non directional movement response in changes of movement as a result
of a stimulus . Until they are in a favourable condition.
How do you calculate the rate of movement of a maggot in mms^-1(2)
Measure the distance in mm and time taken in s for the maggot to move from
the centre of the filter paper then divide the distance by time to calculate the
rate.
Why are there variations in the data of the graph? (2) (similar question and
graph to that of june 2011) showed variations (answer is in june 2011. but i think
it was Age and sex of maggot)
Variation in in maggot;(age,sex,size)
Variation in environmental
conditions/change in a named environmental condition;

Two factors that you should have kept the same? (temp, light intensity)
Name two non-environmental conditions that must remain the same before the
maggot is used in the investigation (2) (factors affecting how different maggots
act
Predation, intraspecific competition, age, size, sex, same amount of food.
'An increase In The number of turns increases the amount of time maggots stay
in favourable conditions'. Use the graph to evaluate this statement (3)
It has a positive correlation. However correlation does not mean causation
therefore other factors maybe involved such as food may be present therefore,
maggots spend more time. Also, there is a wide range and points on the graph
overlaps at 4s as there are 3 points on it, number of turns of 2,3 and 4 all spent
4 seconds.
Why did the student plot the results on a scatter graph?
Two find a relationship between two continuous variables. Tests for a correlation
between them.
----------------------------------------------------------------------Resource A
Farmers decided to test the use of push-pull stimuli (basically a way of getting rid
of pests from crops)
Push stimuli = pushes pest away
Pull stimuli = draws in pest
Data: mass of test crop (maize) eaten drops significant for the test compared to
control. Total income increases massively. Cost to produce the crops increases
slightly in the test compared to control. None of the standard deviations here
overlap.
Control: 50x50m square plot of just maize

Test: 50x50m square plot of maize and legume plants. Around the border is bare
land. Then after a small space of bare land. There is a perimeter of grass.
Grass draws stompers (pest) in.
Maize + legume plants pushes it away.
----------------------------------------------------------------------What was the push stimuli and what was the pull stimuli? (1)
Grass- pull stimuli , legume plants push

Why was there bare land between the maize + legume and grass? (2)
Provides a barrier to prevent the grass competing for nutrients and soil. Also acts
as a trap, allows the pests to be easily spotted to be collected and removed.

A government decided to use this data as a reason to push forward push-pull

stimuli, how does the data correspond to this conclusion? (3)
Theres a significant decrease from 24 to 6 % of maize eaten by the pest when
using the push pull stimuli compared to the control. Also there are not overlap
in S.D therefore results are significant and not due to chance.( Correlation does
not mean causation therefore other factors may be involved that affects the
reduction of plants eaten). However, the profit of using the push- pull stimuli is
double (use data )compared to without use of the stimuli and have similar costs
to produce.
Nitrogen fixation came up... How does it help the plant grow?
-produces ammonia. Used in amino acids and proteins. Proteins are responsible
for growth

-I forgot one or two questions here.

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Resource B:

Bar chart: mass of plant eaten

Left: 2 bars (both control group) one with pesticide. One without pesticide.

Right 2 bars (test) one with pesticide + chemical (push stimuli) one without
pesticide + hormone (pull stimuli). Standard errors for without pesticide (control)
overlap with both test bars.
The push stimuli massively decreases mass eaten. Pull stimuli massively
increases it.

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A journalist writes 'The days of pesticides are over' use the data from both
resources to evaluate this conclusion (3)
In resource A, without the use of the pesticide, we can deduce that there is a
significant decrease from 24% to 6% when using the push pull stimuli. In
resource B, without pesticide with push pull stimuli in the test group showed a
significant reduction in % mass eaten compared to the control group with
pesticide. Therefore data from both resources suggests that the pull stimuli is
more effective than use of pesticide. However, there are overlap of standard
error bar of control without pesticide with use of pesticide and using the pull
stimuli, therefore results are not significant and unreliable and therefore could
due to chance. (use data values)

Resource B is an example of an integrated pesticide system. What is an

integrated pesticide system? (2)
Use of both chemical pesticide and biological agents.

Why was a control group used? (1)

To enable comparison, to make sure we are investigating one variable
Describe the results of the control group (2)
Using pesticide showed a greater reduction in % mass eaten compared to
without pesticide in the control group. However, there is an overlap between
both, therefore suggests that the results are not significant and are due to
chance.(use data)
Also, 'what sort of taxis is observed if the insect goes towards the plant?' (1)
Positive chemo taxis

How to collect/do a random sample of flowers

Divide the area into a grid by laying out two tape measures at right angles,
along two sides of the study area.
Obtain a series of coordinates by using random numbers either generated by a
computer or table. This allows to remove any bias.

Place a quadrat at the intersection of each pair of coordinates and record the
species within it.