Ingls

Adverbs of Frequency (in hierarchy order)

-always
-usually
-often
-sometimes
-never
-occasionally
-hardly ever
Gerunds and Infinitives
-I stopped to smoke a cigarette
-I stopped smoking (gerund) cigarettes (you quit)
When a verb follows another verb the structure is usually:
-verb + ing
-verb + (to) infinitive
Some verbs are only followed by ING (the gerund)
Some verbs are followed by the infinitive
Some verbs can be followed by both, the gerund or infinitive
Verbs always followed by ING
-admit I admit stealing the pencil
-avoid I avoied seeing her
-propose I proposed going by plane
-deny He denied kissing another girl
-dislike He disliked the racing
-risk I fancy going to the cinema tonight
-enjoy I enjoyed playing a game
-keep
-fancy
-finish
-imagine
-mind Do you think hell mind if we borrow his car without asking?
-miss I miss kissing you
-postpone He postponed going on holiday until September. He was supposed to go in
July
-understand
-Cant stand I cant stand your snoring. Please see a doctor.
Verbs followed by an infinitive with to
-afford You couldnt afford to buy a Porsche
-appear Salvini appeard to be a bit made
-ask

-decide
-hesitate The hesitated to buy it
-agree I agreed to buy it
-arrange I arranged to see her tonight
-choose I chose to go with them
-expect I expect to see her tonight
-hope I hope to go to university
-learn Im learning to use verbs followed by an infinitive with to
-manage I managed to pass every year
Verbs followed by either a gerund or infinitive
-begin
-continue
-attempt
-intend - (pretender)
-like
-I love to eat/eating choco crispies
-prefer
Notes:
Look forward to is followed by gerund
Painting this room yellow will really improve(verb) it
Past Simple
Used to describe an action that started and finished in the past
Regular verbs we add ed
But remember of irregular verbs
Past Continuous
Was/were + verbing
-Used to describe something that was happening in the past
-Used to describe an action that was interrupted by another action (in the past)
When and While
We use when and while to join a past simple sentence to a past continuous sentence
Remember! use:
When: before the past simple
While: before the past continous
Never use both at the same time.

Example:
-I was driving to work when I saw Fernanda Serrano
-I saw Fernanda Serrano while I was driving to work
Future Sentences
Will and Going to
Example:
1- (will) Ill buy him a bottle of wine
2- (going to) Veras going to buy a dvd on amazon
1- (will) I decided to do this now (at the moment of speaking)
2- (going to) She decided to do this in the past
Predictions
1-I think Chelsea will win the Champions league
2-We will one day be able to smell things on computer
1 and 2: These are predictions which we feel or believe will happen
3-Stop! Youre going to fall off the table look at these clouds. Its going to rain.
3: Predictions which we see or hear
Modal Verbs
1- Reporting speech or thoughtwould, could
2-speculating/making decisions might, must, would, could, can
3-commenting/criticisingshould, suppose, ought to
Present Continuous and Present Simple
Can also be used for the future
Example:
Present
- (PC) My parents are coming to Portugal for Christmas
-(PC) Im having a party on Friday

-(PS) They arrive on 23rd December

-(PS) Joos Portuguese exam starts at midday
Present Continuous: We use to talk about plans and arangments that we made with
other people (its similar iwht GOING TO)
We usually include a time word with the present continuous when he use it in this
way.
Present Simple: We use for the future when we are talking about timetables and
programmes
Future Continuous and Future Perfect
Future Continuous
Form: will be + ing
Use: To describe being in the middle of doing something
Ex:
-He will be spending time with Fernanda Serrano
-He will be having lunch
Future Perfect
Form: Will have + past participle
Use: To talk about complete actions in the future
Ex:
-Ill have gone to school
-Ill have learnt about the future continuous and future perfect
Past Perfect
Form: had + past participle
Use: to talk about a time earlier than another time in the past, to talk about things before
that time.
Present Perfect
Form: have/has + past participle

Use:
-To tell us about an indefinitive in the past EX: Joo has been to Spain
-Unfinished time
-To describe something which started in the past and continues up to the present. Its in
these cases that we use for and since.
-Joo has been to Spain
-Catarina has eaten snails
-Ins has driven a car
-Nuno has kissed a girl

These things all happened in the past.

We dont know when exactly

For and Since

We can use with the Present Perfect
Use:
-Since: With a point an time
-For: With a period of time
Ex:
-Nuno has lived in Areeiro for 2 years
-Nuno has lived in Areeiro since 2005
Already, yet and just.
Already: You finished it a while ago
Yet: You already done it
Just: You finished it very recently
Ex:
Have you done your homework yet?
-Yes, Ive already done it
-Yes, Ive just done it
Relative Pronouns
Who: people
Which/that: things
Where: places
Whose: position/possession

Conditionals
Forms
0 If + present simple + present simple
1 If + future will + infinitive
2 If + past simple + would + infinitive
3 If + past perfect + would have + past perfect
O
Use: For situations that are always true (included scientific facts)
Ex:
-If you boil water it evaporate
-If you eat too much, you get fat
1
Use: Possible/likely situations
Ex:
If I have time, Ill phone you
2
Use: Things that are impossible or unlikely/untrue
Ex:
-If I won the lottery, Id travel around the world
3
Use: Hypothetical situations in the past. THEY CANNOT BE CHANGED
Ex: If Salvini hadnt spoken in Portuguese he wouldnt have had to do press ups.
Can/Could
Can:
Use: For ability (could for past hability) and requests (less polite)

Ex: I can hold my breath for a minute

Could
Use: For requests (more polite)
Ex: I could swim 25 m underwater in the past. I cant now
Be able to and Was Able to
Be able
Use: Like can, be able is used to express present ability
Ex: Salvini is able to hold his breath for over a minute
Was Able to
Use: To say that somebody managed to do something on one occasion (usually
something that was not easy)
Ex: Asafa Powell was able to run 100 m in 9,77 seconds.
Past Habits
Form: used to + infinitive
Use: Things that we did but no longer to
Ex: I used to live
Form: be/get used to + gerund | be/get used to + noun
Use: Things that we or not accustomed to do
Ex: was used to driving
Comparatives and Superlatives
One-syllable adjetives
Two or more syllable
adjetives:
Adverbs
Irregular adjetives

Irregular adverbs

Word
Cheap
Reliable
Smoothly

Comparative
Cheaper than
More reliable than
Less smoothly than

Superlative
The cheapest
The most reliable
The least smoothly

Good
Bad
Far

Better
Worse
Farther/further (time)

Well
Badly
Little
much

Better
Worse
Less
more

The best
The worst
The farthest/furthest
(time)
The best
The worst
The least
The most

Passive Voice
Ative: Present Simple Passive: am/is/are + past participle
Ative: Past Simple Passive: was/were + past participle
Ative: Present Continuous Passive: am/is/are being + past participle
Ative: Past Continuous Passive: was/were being + past participle
Ative: Present Perfect Passive: has/have been + past participle
Ative: Past Perfect Passive: had been + past participle
Reported Speech
Direct Speech: Present Simple Reported Speech: Past Simple
Direct Speech: Past Simple Reported Speech: Past Simple/Perfect
Direct Speech: Present Continuous Reported Speech: Past Continuous
Direct Speech: Past Continuous Reported Speech: Past Continuous/ Perfect
Continuous
Direct Speech: Present Perfect Reported Speech: Past Perfect
Direct Speech: Past Perfect Reported Speech: Past Perfect
NOTES:
Willwould
Cancould
Musthad to
Maymight
Dont not to do
Now them
Yesterdaythe day before
Two days ago two days before
Todaythat day
Tomorrowthe following day
Herethere
This placethat place
These placesthose places
The Causative
Form: SHOP Subject + have + object + past participle

Ex: Opticions: Where you have your eyes checked

Informal Letter
Dear xxxx:
Body:
-How are you?
-Now Im doing.
-Ive been thinking the same as you
..
Lots of love/ a hug/ best regards